Media censorship in Singapore

243:(restricted 21) – restricted to persons aged 21 and above. May contain frequent full frontal nudity with strong details (close ups of male/female genitalia) in sexual and non-sexual context, graphic but simulated sexual activity with strong details and could be prolonged/frequent, strong sexual violence, explicit portrayal and exploration of mature themes such as those involving deviant sexual activities (e.g. sadomasochism, bondage, orgies or sex involving violence) or strong homosexual themes including same-sex marriage/parenting as a main theme, homosexual activity with some details, pervasive strong coarse language, strong and realistic depictions of graphic violence and gore, depiction of graphic torture if it is not deemed excessive, hard drug use sequences with strong details and depictions of sustained graphic horror with strong details. (This classification was introduced in 2004). Movies that are classified as 133:(1998). Back then, violent content in movies released in Singapore were not held to the same standards as sexual content which enabled "Saving Private Ryan" to get a lower age-restricted film rating than the "R(A)" rating despite containing multiple scenes of strong graphic war violence. Content standards informally changed in the next few years when brief scenes of sexually related or non-sexually related upper body female frontal nudity/breast nudity and moderate sexual scenes without nudity or other details were gradually allowed under the "NC16" rating with films like "Gosford Park" (2001) while other films such as "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning" (2003) and "Kill Bill Vol 1" (2003) received an "R(A)" rating solely for graphic violent content for the first time. 231:(no children below 16) – no children below 16 years of age. May contain brief scenes of sexually related or non-sexually related upper body female frontal nudity/breast nudity, moderate sexual activity without nudity or other details, moderate sexual violence, strong sex references, brief same-sex kissing scenes, some homosexual references, graphic violence portraying infliction of pain and injuries with some details of blood and gore, frightening scenes which are more prolonged with disturbing gory images/scenes without strong details, mature themes including (religious themes, homosexual themes and political themes), brief scenes of drug use and strong coarse language (e.g. "motherfucker", "cocksucker" etc.). (This classification was introduced in 1993) 215:(parental guidance 13) – suitable for persons aged 13 and above but parental guidance is advised for children below 13. Recommended by the CRC in 2009, the PG13 rating is given to films with content deemed unsuitable for young children but for which a NC16 rating is not warranted. May contain moderate violence with some details and some infliction of pain and injury, moderate gore, some mature themes, more intense and realistic horror, moderate sexual references, sexual innuendoes, sexual imagery, crude hand gestures, sexual humour, rear nudity, side profile nudity, discreet drug use/references, frequent moderate coarse language and infrequent usages of the word "fuck". (This classification was introduced in 2011) 237:(mature 18) – for persons 18 years and above. May contain full frontal nudity with moderate detail (sexual & non-sexual context), sexual activity which may feature some details (such as infrequent views of bare breasts) but without stronger details, frequent strong coarse language, drug use with some details, stronger portrayal and exploration of mature themes including (religious themes, homosexual themes/homosexuality as a sub-plot and political themes), implied homosexual activity, occasional displays of affection (i.e. kissing and caressing) between persons of the same gender and prolonged and/or intense sequences that invoke fear and/or terror. (This classification was introduced in 2004) 111:

content in non-pornographic films in the beginning of Singapore's film classification attempts and thus, other objectionable content such as graphic violence and coarse language were able to slide pass the censors and be accepted under a mere "PG" rating. To prevent the release of further softcore sexploitative films that managed to somehow get by the censors when the film classification system began, The "R18" rating was later revised in the same year to the more stringent "R(A)" or "Restricted (Artistic)" rating and the age limit was raised from 18 to 21. In 1992, "R(A)" movies were restricted to screening in downtown venues only.

388:(2012) and banned the film a day after its premiere after receiving complaints from Indians who alleged that the "Porn Masala" section of the film contained scenes which were offensive to Singapore's Indian community. The film's director and producers submitted an appeal to Singapore's government-appointed Films Appeal Committee, asking for the ban to be lifted. In January 2013, the Films Appeal Committee overturned the Board of Film Censors' decision and lifted the ban, giving it an 821:(IMDA) as they operate on a regional scale and the same standard of censorship is carried out across the entire region because these channels have to conform with laws from the more conservative areas in Asia, meaning most territories in Asia watch the same censored version. At the moment, only Singapore-owned Video-On-Demand services offer English language programmes that can be regulated by the IMDA and therefore, passed uncut under classification ratings such as 265:

nature such as actual pornographic footage containing real sex acts, fetishes or practices which are offensive or abhorrent, explicit promotion and normalisation of homosexual lifestyle, explicit homosexual scenes, materials glorifying and encouraging drug and substance abuse, detailed and instructive depiction of illegal drug use, detailed or gratuitous depictions of extreme violence or cruelty and detailed instructions on methods of crime or killings.

3204: 1082: 3214: 209:(parental guidance) – suitable for most but parents should guide their young. May contain moderate violence without details, mild horror, brief rear nudity, infrequent moderate coarse language (e.g. "asshole", "bastard" etc.), discreet drug references, mild displays of affection (i.e. kissing and caressing) and mild sex references/innuendos. (This classification was introduced in 1991) 173:

edited or disallowed for home video releases as only "G" and "PG" rated titles were allowed on home videos previously. A "PG13" rating was later added in July 2011 on the recommendation of the Censorship Review Committee for titles that were deemed unsuitable for young children but not strong enough to warrant an "NC16" rating.

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In exceptional cases a film may be refused classification when the content of the film has been deemed to undermine national interest or erode the moral fabric of society. This includes themes that promote issues that denigrate any race or religion, language that denigrates religion or is religiously

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In 2004 film classification became more organised and consumer advisories for titles were added. An "M18" rating was added to provide more choices for young adults and the "R(A)" rating was done away. Violent content in films started to be held to a stricter standard, which resulted in Saving Private

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22. —(1) No newspaper printed in Malaysia shall be published, sold, offered for sale or distributed in Singapore unless the proprietor of the newspaper or his agent has previously obtained and there is in force a permit granted by the Minister authorising the publication, sale or distribution of the

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appointed Chief of Police and Master Attendant, founded Singapore's premier newspaper, the Singapore Chronicle. In an astoundingly foreshadowing manner that would symbolize the island's relationship to censorship for centuries to come, a legislative stipulation called "the Gagging Act" mandated that

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rating with the condition of a one-print theatrical release as the film was deemed to be "explicit in its portrayal of a lesbian family as a normal and acceptable lifestyle" which had exceeded the MDA's Films Classification Guidelines. The restriction served as a signal that the film had gone beyond

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These sites must also put up a performance bond of $ 50,000, and individual licenses have to be renewed on a yearly basis. Registered sites are expected to remove content that is in breach of MDA standards within 24 hours, if their content is considered by IMDA as being against the public interest,

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In 1993 an "NC16" rating was introduced for films that lacked adult content such as sex and nudity scenes but was still deemed thematically unsuitable for children such as strong graphic violence in a war setting which exceeded the then "PG" guidelines. However, the "NC16" rating was only used five

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Over the years Singapore has gradually moved away from film censorship to film classification. This means that the Board of Film Censors (BFC) now classifies content into age-appropriate ratings. Classification allows films to be suitably rated for different audiences so the public can have greater

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The MDA requires importers to "ensure that the publications/ audio materials brought in for distribution do not feature content which could be considered objectionable on moral, racial or religious grounds, or deemed detrimental to Singapore's national interests". According to the MDA, more than 2

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ranked Singapore as 144th out of 173 surveyed countries in terms of freedom of the press. The Singapore government said it is not ashamed of its low rank for press freedom because it has achieved top ratings for economic freedom and prosperity. Instead of subscribing to the Western press model, it

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about a gay teenager coming to terms with his identity and finding out which of his classmates is his anonymous online pen pal was given an R21 classification despite having no depictions of sexual activity, because MDA determined that "the theme of homosexuality... forms the main narrative of the

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that enables authorities to tackle the spread of fake news or false information. The law is designed specifically to allow authorities to respond to fake news or false information through a graduated process of enforcing links to fact-checking statements, censorship of website or assets on social

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Before 2004 some age-restricted shows were unfairly edited to meet the then 'PG" classification guidelines to release it as "PG" rated shows for theatrical release by distributors. Such examples included Starship Troopers (1997), Enemy at the Gates (2001) and The Green Mile (1999). They were also

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The controversial Section 33 of the Films Act originally banned the making, distribution and exhibition of "party political films", at pain of a fine not exceeding $ 100,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years. The Act further defined a "party political film" as any film or video

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rating, with the MDA claiming that it undermined national security as "the individuals in the film have given distorted and untruthful accounts of how they came to leave Singapore and remain outside Singapore," and that "a number of these self-professed 'exiles' were members of, or had provided

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Christ), depiction of real sexual activities/unsimulated sex (e.g. actual penetration, actual ejaculation, actual oral sex, actual masturbation), themes that glorify undesirable and unnatural sexual activities (e.g. bestiality, paedophilia, etc.), content deemed to be exploitative or obscene in

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was singled out in a National Day rally speech. The Programmes Advisory Committee for English TV and Radio Programmes also singled out the use of Singlish in local sitcoms in its 2005 annual report, saying they "contain excessive Singlish" and "this should be avoided as it could give the wrong

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The first attempt at classification ratings started in 1991 which included the now defunct "R18" and "R(A)" ratings to allow mature audiences to watch such films containing more graphic sexual content and the presence of nudity. The focus of these early content ratings was mainly on sex/nudity

146:(2000), which would be rated "NC16" under the new guidelines instead of its previous "PG" rating. On the other hand, standards for sexual content in films was being liberalised. Many titles that were previously rated "R(A)" for graphic sex scenes/nudity were re-rated "M18". 115:

R18: Movies that has sex/nudity, graphic violence and coarse language or other mature content, and meant for 18 and above. A sizable amount of softcore pornography, especially from Hong Kong, entered the market and were released uncut under this rating. Public backlash soon

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media platforms, and criminal charges. The law is controversial and has received criticism both locally and internationally by opposition politicians, human rights groups, journalists and academics, and is thought to further add on to the stringent laws in Singapore.

2030: 618:, whose management shareholders are appointed by the government in accordance with the Newspaper and Printing Presses Act of 1974. While current shareholding structure does not imply direct governmental control on media content, their active presence promotes 926:

impression, especially among the young, that Singlish is the standard of spoken English in Singapore" Part 13.4 of the Code states that "All Chinese programmes, except operas or other programmes specifically approved by the Authority, must be generally in

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Often this film classification system compels film distributors to create an alternate, cleaner version of the film to qualify for less restrictive ratings and suburban theatrical screenings for commercial reasons. For example, in 2007, distributor

1912: 547:, are allowed. Since March 2009, the Films Act has been amended to allow party political films as long as they were deemed factual and objective by a consultative committee. Some months later, this committee lifted the ban on Singapore Rebel. 184:

for different groups of audiences. They also released the official set of film classification guidelines to the public online in 2010, which included a thorough explanation of what sort of content and themes is allowed under each film rating.

161:(1998) were some examples. Titles that still exceeded the guidelines for an "M18" rating were re-rated under "R21", another rating introduced in 2004 which was the maximum age limit for films. Some films that received the "R21" rating were 495:

Exceptions are, however, made for films "made solely for the purpose of reporting of current events", or informing or educating persons on the procedures and polling times of elections or referendums. In 2001 the short documentary called

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Film censorship started out strict before the gradual introduction of an official film classification system. As a result, many films were either simply censored to be approved for commercial screening or banned in the past. Films like

683:), have been subjected to defamation suits and/or had their circulations "gazetted" (restricted). The sale of Malaysian newspapers in Singapore is prohibited; a similar ban on the sale of newspapers from Singapore applies in Malaysia. 860:(IMDA), through its four Programme Advisory Committees (PACs) for each of the four official languages, monitors and provides feedback on broadcast content. Permissible content on free-to-air Singaporean TV is regulated by the IMDA's 648:

published a response letter on the same newspaper calling mrbrown a "partisan player" whose views "distort the truth". On 6 July, the newspaper suspended his column. Fellow blogger Mr Miyagi subsequently resigned from his column for

797:-rated content programmes containing more graphic content (e.g. sex scenes/nudity, graphic violence, strong language) and mature or sensitive subject matter relating to political issues, racial/religious issues and homosexuality. 354:

rating for commercial release in mainstream cinemas only if a scene featuring group sex was edited. However, when the film was re-submitted for classification for the Singapore Film Society screening in 2013, the MDA gave it an

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was also banned for being a "party political film". The makers of the documentary, all lecturers at the Ngee Ann Polytechnic, later submitted written apologies and withdrew the documentary from being screened at the 2001

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newspaper chief executive and editor-in-chief Mano Sabnani's resignation in November 2006. The action fuelled anger over the Internet due to the perceived heavy-handedness action taken by the government over criticisms.

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million publications and 300,000 audio materials are imported into Singapore each year under the Registered Importers Scheme. Foreign publications that carry articles the government considers slanderous, including

1472: 1130: 485:(a) which is an advertisement made by or on behalf of any political party in Singapore or any body whose objects relate wholly or mainly to politics in Singapore, or any branch of such party or body; or 1275: 805:-rated content for Over-the-Top (OTT) services. However, the English language Pay-TV channels currently available for scheduled broadcast in Singapore comprises only Asian regional channels such as 102:(1989) was excised, even on its television broadcast in July 1995. Martial arts related films were also censored from 1973 onwards in attempt to restrain the growth in popularity of martial arts. 599:

each newspaper had to be submitted to Governor Raffles for review before publication. In 1835 the Gagging Act was abolished, coinciding with the founding of new newspaper called the Free Press.

930:." Dialects in dialogues and songs may be allowed provided the context justifies usage and is sparingly used. More leeway of dialects is given for Pay TV channels. In February 2008, the 1363: 119:

R(A): Several months after public backlash, R18 was replaced by "Restricted (Artistic)", which signaled only non-pornographic material would be accessed, and is meant for 21 and above.

1058: 1052: 1024:. Journalists and human rights groups have commented that the apologies were made to preserve the distribution system and editorial access of their media in the Singaporean market. 645: 2175: 1420: 533:'s five-part documentary series on Singapore's PAP ministers in 2005 were not considered a party political film. The government response was that the programme was part of 1476: 1039:

public security, or national harmony. The move was widely seen as a way of tightening control over non-traditional news reporting and socio-political websites before the

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and thus does not contravene the Films Act . Since they do not concern the politics of Singapore, films that call out political beliefs of other countries, for example

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pm should also be executed gradually" Hence, locally produced dramas aired before 10pm tend to be more family-based, with crime-horror-thrillers; etc. at a minimum.

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which comprises all free-to-air terrestrial local TV channels licensed to broadcast in Singapore, as well as 13 radio stations. In July 2011, Singapore relaxed the

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Ryan (1998) being re-rated "M18" for its prolonged and intense sequences of graphic war violence under the new classification guidelines. Another example was

2807: 463:, built in 1976, was probably the only theatre in Singapore where uncut softcore pornographic films were shown, it has closed its doors on 29 February 2016. 3243: 1095: 837:

was pulled from broadcast originally in the late 90s when the series debuted but the ban was later lifted after an earlier relaxation of guidelines in the

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Overseas media has faced warnings, defamation suits, and contempt of court proceedings filed by Singaporean officials in the local courts, including the

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newspaper in Singapore, which permit the Minister may in his discretion grant, refuse or revoke, or grant subject to conditions to be endorsed thereon.

340:-rated and uncut. At the same time, the MDA allows for "some leeway during classification" for films with "limited screenings". For instance, in 2012, 2672: 2012: 627:

believes that a non-adversarial press can report accurately and objectively. A recent Gallup poll found that 69% of Singaporeans trusted their media.

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video-on-demand (VOD) is now allowed on pay TV services. In July 2016, the MDA officially greenlit R21-rated content for Over-the-Top (OTT) services.

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pm must be generally acceptable for family audiences. The transition from family-oriented to more adult programming after the watershed time of 10

1393: 374:(2007) was subjected to edits involving three scenes of graphic gay sex to meet R21 classification guidelines. In June 2012, the MDA revoked the 3093: 1514: 1371: 526: 506: 919:"should not be encouraged and can only be permitted in interviews, where the interviewee speaks only Singlish." The popular Singlish sitcom 471:

was refused classification by the IMDA for insensitive portrayals of the Catholic Church, particularly a homosexual scene between two nuns.

3138: 2845: 2769: 2715: 2451: 1766: 1027:

In 2014 a new regulatory framework for online news websites came into effect. Online content providers must apply for a licence if they:

2418: 997:'s ability to regulate all media, led the press to adapt a non-adversarial approach to reporting instead of facing defamation lawsuits. 397: 2544: 3169: 1100: 2179: 1720: 1424: 1040: 576: 247:

are currently excluded from home video releases and suburban theatres. However, as recommended by the latest CRC in September 2010,

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Movies with "strong homosexual themes" are typically given R21 ratings regardless of other content in the film. The American films

3248: 3238: 1891: 3179: 2928: 2646: 2066: 1842: 1740: 1170: 989:, with 7 television channels and 14 radio channels, is by far the largest media provider and the only television broadcaster. 801:-rated content was still restricted to only Pay TV Video-on-Demand (VOD) services. In July 2016, the IMDA officially greenlit 54:

access to a wider range of media choices without compromising on the need to protect young children from undesirable content.

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In August 2006 the government announced a tightening of rules on foreign publications previously exempt from the media code.

1561:"The Media Development Authority (MDA) says the film is not allowed for all ratings as contents undermine national security" 2803: 1340: 1250: 3038: 1929: 1229: 978: 716:

will be required to appoint a publisher's representative in Singapore who could be sued, and to pay a security deposit of

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report an average of at least one article per week on Singapore news and current affairs over a period of two months, and

728:, who claimed that leading members of the Singaporean government had "skeletons in their closets". On 28 September 2006, 1780: 900:-rated content are available only on Pay TV channels under the editorial control of the IMDA such as Singapore channels 712: 80: 2570: 1948: 1537: 1497: 2817: 1811: 1021: 994: 706: 675: 636: 604: 147: 2741: 3174: 3133: 3088: 3053: 3008: 2201: 1987: 1962: 1915:, Sec. 22. "Permit required for sale and distribution in Singapore of newspapers printed or published in Malaysia" 1564: 518: 407: 366:'s gangster-themed "15" (2003) suffered numerous cuts pertaining to national security concerns. In 2007, filmmaker 151: 2518: 1306: 3143: 2978: 2973: 2868: 2485: 2016: 1850: 1736: 1105: 623: 384: 285: 68: 2279: 425:

rating, but only after a mandatory cut was made for a graphic lesbian scene. In 2011, the Oscar-nominated drama

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are visited by at least 50,000 unique IP addresses from Singapore each month over the same period of two months

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was censored by Mediacorp in the rebroadcast of the program due to the filmmakers' mention of equal rights for

747:. However, magazines which are deemed non-pornographic and classified under "Adult Interest Magazines" such as 732:

was banned briefly for failing to comply with conditions imposed under the Newspaper and Printing Presses Act.

411:(2013) had to have an explicit and prolonged lesbian sex scene sequence considerably edited down to secure the 3073: 392:

rating subject to edits by the filmmaker to a scene which contained particularly racially offensive dialogue.

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The importing, making, distributing or exhibiting of films in Singapore is governed by the Films Act of 1981.

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The local papers ... are essentially organs of the state, instruments of only the most desirable propagation.

180:(IMDA) uses a proper and consistent system of age-appropriate film classification, assigning films different 3184: 3128: 3063: 3058: 2938: 1066: 1013: 952: 948: 841:

in 2004. Private ownership of satellite dishes is illegal, though international TV news broadcasts (such as

780: 749: 444: 401:(2013) had to have an orgy and threesome scene, as well as religiously profane language edited to secure an 98: 92: 19: 2391: 3078: 3033: 3013: 3003: 2903: 2898: 2621: 1307:"'Love, Simon' Isn't Allowed to Be Seen by Anyone Under the Age of 21 in Singapore, Leading to a Petition" 956: 3189: 634:

wrote an article, titled "TODAY: S'poreans are fed, up with progress!", for his weekly opinion column in

3103: 3018: 2998: 2993: 2883: 2873: 591: 169:(2003). Home video classification for films up to an "M18" rating was also introduced in the same year. 143: 26: 2698:"POFMA encourages democracy, does not disadvantage opposition: Shanmugam on upcoming General Election" 3148: 3083: 3048: 2983: 2963: 2953: 2913: 2893: 951:

which is currently in practice for free-to-air radio and television, which is also criticized in the

743: 2798: 2783: 771:, said "to promote feelings of ill-will and hostility between Christians and Muslims in Singapore". 460: 268:

The sale, possession, and exhibition of refused classification material is prohibited in Singapore.

3158: 3108: 3068: 3043: 3023: 2958: 2933: 2923: 2908: 2831: 974: 341: 158: 130: 74: 43: 3213: 311:, both received R21 rating for depictions of homosexual sexual activities. However, the 2018 film 3028: 2948: 2943: 2332: 1662: 556: 299: 166: 362:

Some local films have also encountered censorship difficulties with the MDA. In 2003, filmmaker

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Undated Centre Street Broadcast in which Martyn See and others discuss the film Singapore Rebel

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are free to be distributed at all stores with a "Unsuitable For The Young" label on its cover.

2493: 2459: 2426: 2366: 2313: 2228: 1870: 1716: 1688: 1654: 1201: 1150: 842: 417: 346: 1646: 1087: 986: 927: 850: 834: 806: 717: 595: 590:

Singapore's history of a censored local press begins even before its independence. In 1824,

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on the same grounds and See is being investigated for possible violations of the Films Act.

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in April, having been told they could be charged in court. Another short documentary called

501: 467: 1826: 1806: 2344: 2220: 2202:"Medienobservationen Yun-Ching Chang: Traditional Media and Internet Control in Singapore" 1846: 1009: 990: 941: 913: 700: 694: 619: 615: 543: 308: 1017: 931: 846: 725: 572: 522: 323: 162: 853:, RT, etc.) are available on services such as Starhub TV and SingTel IPTV Singtel TV. 3232: 3207: 1666: 1005: 921: 669: 610: 538: 328: 2358: 1611: 735:

Pornography is strictly prohibited in Singapore; this encompasses magazines such as

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and costs of living in Singapore. Three days later, on 3 July, an official from the

2812: 2070: 2013:"MDA committees laud improvements in local TV, radio programmes – Channel NewsAsia" 1839: 1744: 761: 490:(b) which is made by any person and directed towards any political end in Singapore 304: 2305: 785:

Singapore's state investment arm, Temasek Holdings, is the parent organisation of

2146: 3217: 1635:"The Career of Francis James Bernard: Nepotism and Patronage in Early Singapore" 1214: 440: 363: 313: 294: 96:(1988) had a five-minute gang rape scene cut, while the fake orgasm sequence in 2673:"'Fake News' Law Goes Into Effect In Singapore, Worrying Free Speech Advocates" 1933: 203:(general) – suitable for all ages. (This classification was introduced in 1991) 1829:. Ministry of Information, Communication and the Arts, Singapore. 3 July 2006. 1612:"Martyn See's "Singapore Rebel" film gets green light : Channel NewsAsia" 1077: 810: 641: 514: 86: 2497: 2463: 2430: 2370: 2317: 2232: 1658: 892:

am, is the maximum rating available for free-to-air television in Singapore.

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Daily newspaper Today sacks blogger "mr brown" after government criticism

936: 916: 905: 814: 757: 688: 379: 2118: 1062: 909: 737: 631: 188:

The latest classification system as of 2011 consists of the following:

1634: 2823: 901: 1538:"Ban on 'Sex.Violence.FamilyValues' lifted, movie given R21 rating" 1421:"Singapore's SEX. VIOLENCE. FAMILYVALUES Banned For Racial Content" 912:. Part 13.3 of the Code states that use of the local English-based 2545:"What is the licensing framework for online news sites all about?" 2096: 336:-rated version that was nine minutes shorter and another that was 2596:"Mothership.sg to operate under MDA individual licensing regime" 1171:"Censorship: More sophisticated approach needed in cable TV age" 2827: 1473:"Producers of Sex.Violence.FamilyValues to appeal MDA decision" 303:, a 2005 romantic drama about two homosexual cowboys played by 129:

years later in 1998 with the release of the graphic war drama,

2820:, a review of censorship laws and practices. (5 November 2009) 2255:"What Lay Behind the Bizarre NY Times 'Apology' to Singapore?" 1949:"Singapore Revokes Far Eastern Economic Review's Sales Permit" 602:

Today, with the sole exception of MediaCorp's daily freesheet

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Refused classification material was formerly denoted with the

1276:"Singapore relaxes censorship of television sex and violence" 993:

has a monopoly over the print media. This, combined with the

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Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

1364:"One Rule to Rule Them All: a Study of Singapore Censorship" 2716:"Singapore controversial 'fake news' law goes into effect" 724:

published an interview with Singaporean opposition leader

1282:. Agence France-Presse. 29 September 2010. Archived from 2304:

Brook, Stephen; correspondent, press (18 October 2007).

1061:, (POFMA) and known colloquially as Fake News Law, is a 525:'s acts of civil disobedience, was banned from the 2005 1515:"Sex.Violence.FamilyValues given R21 rating with edits" 756:

In December 2008 a Singaporean couple was charged with

2519:"Singapore to regulate Yahoo, other online news sites" 2419:"Bloomberg News Apologizes To Top Singapore Officials" 1059:

Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act

1053:

Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act

1047:

Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act

1932:. Agence France-Presse. 4 August 2006. Archived from 1888:"Media Development Authority – Imported Publications" 1767:"Singapore not ashamed of low rank for press freedom" 793:

guidelines allowing Pay TV operators to screen up to

2742:"Singapore's First Election Under the Fake News Law" 2119:"2022 World Press Freedom Index for Singapore | RSF" 646:

Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts

3157: 3117: 2859: 2392:"Singapore seeks contempt proceedings vs Dow Jones" 1827:"Letter from MICA: Distorting the truth, mr brown?" 973:As of 2022 Singapore is rated at 139 of 180 on the 944:as it violated the Free-to-air TV Programme Code. 90:(1979) were previously banned. In the late 1980s, 2141: 2139: 1587:"Info-communications Media Development Authority" 1241: 1239: 817:, which are outside the editorial control of the 196:These three ratings have no restriction in ages. 2571:"MDA rolls out licence scheme for news websites" 1930:"Singapore tightens rules on some foreign media" 1475:. Asiaviews.org. 17 October 2012. Archived from 2170: 2168: 1394:"Why MDA reclassified racially satirical movie" 868:states that "all programmes broadcast between 6 858:Info-communications Media Development Authority 819:Info-communications Media Development Authority 565: 224:In cinemas, these ratings are age-restricted. 178:Info-communications Media Development Authority 32:Info-communications Media Development Authority 2647:"New regulations hit Singapore's online press" 2452:"Singapore need not fear loosening censorship" 1882: 1880: 1678: 1676: 1096:Restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly 608:, all daily newspapers including the flagship 279:Examples of movies given several controversies 2839: 1807:"TODAY: S'poreans are fed, up with progress!" 1684:"Ancectdotal Times of Old Times IN Singapore" 1333:"A louder uncensored discourse on censorship" 8: 2093:"Mediacorp censors pro-gay speech, again at" 1270: 1268: 934:acceptance speech for the short documentary 1448:"Singapore Bans Film, Director Vows Appeal" 1198:"Martial art bodies and the triad gangs..." 2846: 2832: 2824: 2622:"Singapore: Internet freedom under threat" 2176:"Singapore media: Self-censorship or else" 1339:. Singapore Press Holdings. Archived from 1947:Subrahmaniyan, Nesa (28 September 2006). 1614:. Singapore-window.org. 12 September 2009 2280:"'Economist' apologises to Singapore PM" 1498:"Banned Film Gets New Life in Singapore" 439:In September 2014 Singaporean filmmaker 2031:"FREE-TO-AIR TELEVISION PROGRAMME CODE" 1865:Mixing welfare and elitism in Singapore 1230:"'No R(A) films at HDB estate cinemas'" 1122: 884:content, which is allowed only after 10 378:classification of Singaporean director 2818:The 3 tiers of censorship in Singapore 2340: 2330: 1155:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1148: 839:Subscription Television Programme Code 791:Subscription Television Programme Code 1783:. News.asiaone.com. 6 November 2010. 866:Free-to-Air Television Programme Code 862:Free-to-Air Television Programme Code 527:Singapore International Film Festival 507:Singapore International Film Festival 34:(IMDA) and effected by various laws. 7: 2671:Westerman, Ashley (2 October 2019). 1741:"Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2008" 1559:Mokhtar, Faris (10 September 2014). 1446:Mahtani, Shibani (23 October 2012). 1247:"MICA Press Releases & Speeches" 977:and labeled as "partly free" on the 2484:Jones, Alex S. (28 November 1985). 3244:Freedom of expression in Singapore 2486:"SINGAPORE ACTION TROUBLING PRESS" 1913:Newspaper and Printing Presses Act 1713:Self-Censorship: Singapore's Shame 1563:. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from 1305:Nordine, Michael (31 March 2018). 1101:Public demonstrations in Singapore 405:rating. Likewise, the French film 332:(2007) in two versions: an edited 14: 1536:Tan, Jeanette (11 January 2013). 1249:. App.mica.gov.sg. Archived from 577:Disneyland with the Death Penalty 456:support to, the proscribed CPM." 3212: 3203: 3202: 2417:Arnold, Wayne (27 August 2002). 1787:from the original on 4 June 2012 1423:. Twitchfilm.com. Archived from 1080: 985:, owned by state investment arm 640:newspaper concerning the rising 2306:"FT says sorry to Singapore PM" 1419:Brown, Todd (16 October 2012). 436:community values in Singapore. 3170:British Indian Ocean Territory 2206:www.medienobservationen.lmu.de 1196:Chia, Poteik (29 March 1974). 720:200,000. The move comes after 622:amongst journalists. In 2008, 1: 2775:Media censorship in Singapore 2789:Resources in other libraries 2219:Hoyt, Clark (3 April 2010). 2069:. Moe.gov.sg. Archived from 1890:. Mda.gov.sg. Archived from 1781:"Risks in having free press" 1002:International Herald Tribune 713:International Herald Tribune 81:The Texas Chain Saw Massacre 2799:Media Development Authority 2569:Wong, Tessa (28 May 2013). 2147:"Singapore country profile" 1769:. Reuters. 31 October 2005. 1715:. Singapore: Think Centre. 1022:Far Eastern Economic Review 995:Media Development Authority 979:Freedom of the Press report 707:Far Eastern Economic Review 676:Far Eastern Economic Review 584:Issue 1.04, September 1993. 3265: 1331:Lui, John (31 July 2013). 1228:Tan, H. Y. (21 May 1992). 1050: 966: 778: 554: 519:Singapore Democratic Party 421:(2010) was passed with an 408:Blue Is the Warmest Colour 41: 17: 3198: 2784:Resources in your library 2359:"Singapore Strikes Again" 1851:Reporters Without Borders 1737:Reporters Without Borders 1633:Wright, Nadia H. (2016). 1106:Human rights in Singapore 908:, both of which owned by 833:. The popular HBO series 624:Reporters without Borders 500:on opposition politician 445:Communist Party of Malaya 385:Sex.Violence.FamilyValues 289:, a 2008 biopic starring 2919:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 2095:. Plu.sg. Archived from 1700:– via NewspaperSG. 630:On 30 June 2006 blogger 447:(CPM) political exiles, 350:(2011) would receive an 261:profane (example: Jesus 25:Media regulation in the 3249:Regulation in Singapore 3239:Censorship in Singapore 3180:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2804:Censorship in Singapore 2221:"Censored in Singapore" 1502:The Wall Street Journal 1452:The Wall Street Journal 1067:Parliament of Singapore 1014:The Wall Street Journal 953:Speak Mandarin Campaign 781:Television in Singapore 653:. 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(15 January 2013). 1137:on 27 September 2007 662:Foreign publications 451:(2013), received an 431:(2010) was given an 192:Age-Advisory ratings 3121:limited recognition 2458:. 9 November 2010. 2398:. 11 September 2008 2363:Wall Street Journal 1845:9 June 2009 at the 1427:on 22 December 2012 975:Press Freedom Index 517:, which documented 159:Shakespeare in Love 153:Lost in Translation 131:Saving Private Ryan 75:Last Tango in Paris 44:Cinema of Singapore 2854:Censorship in Asia 2490:The New York Times 2423:The New York Times 2343:has generic name ( 2225:The New York Times 2153:. 30 November 2011 2099:on 7 February 2012 1894:on 29 January 2013 1874:, 23 November 2006 1747:on 22 October 2008 1692:. 15 November 1884 1479:on 13 January 2014 1286:on 25 January 2013 557:Media of Singapore 342:Cathay-Keris Films 300:Brokeback Mountain 167:Kill Bill Volume 1 69:A Clockwork Orange 3226: 3225: 3163:other territories 2770:Library resources 2626:www.aljazeera.com 2575:The Straits Times 2019:on 15 April 2015. 1992:The Straits Times 1967:The Straits Times 1871:Asia Times Online 1689:The Straits Times 1400:. 19 October 2012 1398:The Straits Times 1374:on 6 October 2014 1343:on 6 October 2014 1337:The Straits Times 1202:The Straits Times 1175:The Straits Times 843:CNN International 415:rating. 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