38:
725:, there are a series of regulated tests that material must pass to be certified for use. These include the United States Pharmacopoeia IV (USP Class IV) Biological Reactivity Test and the International Standards Organization 10993 (ISO 10993) Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices. The main objective of biocompatibility tests is to quantify the acute and chronic toxicity of material and determine any potential adverse effects during use conditions, thus the tests required for a given material are dependent on its end-use (i.e. blood, central nervous system, etc.).
673:. The application of biodegradable synthetic polymers began in the later 1960s. Biodegradable materials have an advantage over other materials, as they have lower risk of harmful effects long term. In addition to ethical advancements using biodegradable materials, they also improve biocompatibility for materials used for implantation. Several properties including biocompatibility are important when considering different biodegradable biomaterials. Biodegradable biomaterials can be synthetic or natural depending on their source and type of extracellular matrix (ECM).
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the composition of the implanted material, the surface of the implant, the mechanism of fatigue, and chemical decomposition there are several other reactions possible. These can be local as well as systemic. These include immune response, foreign body reaction with the isolation of the implant with a vascular connective tissue, possible infection, and impact on the lifespan of the implant.
559:
acute phase, the body attempts to clean and heal the wound by delivering excess blood, proteins, and monocytes are called to the site. Continued inflammation leads to the chronic phase, which can be categorized by the presence of monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. In addition, blood vessels and connective tissue form in order to heal the wounded area.
1337:. Cellulose is both the most common biopolymer and the most common organic compound on Earth. About 33% of all plant matter is cellulose. On a similar manner, silk (proteinaceous biopolymer) has garnered tremendous research interest in a myriad of domains including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, microfluidics, drug delivery.
104:. However, "biomaterial" and "biological material" are often used interchangeably. Further, the word "bioterial" has been proposed as a potential alternate word for biologically-produced materials such as bone, or fungal biocomposites. Additionally, care should be exercised in defining a biomaterial as
1195:
During the formation of a crystalline structure, different impurities, irregularities, and other defects can form. These imperfections can form through deformation of the solid, rapid cooling, or high energy radiation. Types of defects include point defects, line defects, as well as edge dislocation.
1044:
The molecular composition of a biomaterial determines the physical and chemical properties of a biomaterial. These compositions create complex structures that allow the biomaterial to function, and therefore are necessary to define and understand in order to develop a biomaterial. biomaterials can be
469:
In the United States, 49% of the 250,000 valve replacement procedures performed annually involve a mechanical valve implant. The most widely used valve is a bileaflet disc heart valve or St. Jude valve. The mechanics involve two semicircular discs moving back and forth, with both allowing the flow of
257:
Nearly all materials could be seen as hierarchically structured, since the changes in spatial scale bring about different mechanisms of deformation and damage. However, in biological materials, this hierarchical organization is inherent to the microstructure. One of the first examples of this, in the
558:
and healing responses during FBR. The inflammatory response occurs within two time periods: the acute phase, and the chronic phase. The acute phase occurs during the initial hours to days of implantation, and is identified by fluid and protein exudation along with a neutrophilic reaction. During the
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limits that a device may be subject to within or external to the body. Depending on the application, it may be desirable for a biomaterial to have high strength so that it is resistant to failure when subjected to a load, however in other applications it may be beneficial for the material to be low
747:
refers to the physical and chemical properties that compose the biomaterial for its entire lifetime. They can be specifically generated to mimic the physiochemical properties of the tissue that the material is replacing. They are mechanical properties that are generated from a material's atomic and
599:
are often made of more than one material, so it might not always be sufficient to talk about the biocompatibility of a specific material. Surgical implantation of a biomaterial into the body triggers an organism-inflammatory reaction with the associated healing of the damaged tissue. Depending upon
1099:
The sub atomic level observes the electrical structure of an individual atom to define its interactions with other atoms and molecules. The molecular structure observes the arrangement of atoms within the material. Finally the ultra-structure observes the 3-D structure created from the atomic and
240:
Molecular self assembly is found widely in biological systems and provides the basis of a wide variety of complex biological structures. This includes an emerging class of mechanically superior biomaterials based on microstructural features and designs found in nature. Thus, self-assembly is also
526:
Host response is defined as the "response of the host organism (local and systemic) to the implanted material or device". Most materials will have a reaction when in contact with the human body. The success of a biomaterial relies on the host tissue's reaction with the foreign material. Specific
604:
is an auto- and alloimmune disorder, exhibiting a variable clinical course. It can manifest in either acute or chronic form, affecting multiple organs and tissues and causing serious complications in clinical practice, both during transplantation and implementation of biocompatible materials.
192:
and bioactive ceramics this term refers to the ability of implanted materials to bond well with surrounding tissue in either osteo conductive or osseo productive roles. Bone implant materials are often designed to promote bone growth while dissolving into surrounding body fluid. Thus for many
1229:
Biomaterials can be constructed using only materials sourced from plants and animals in order to alter, replace, or repair human tissue/organs. Use of natural biomaterials were used as early as ancient Egypt, where indigenous people used animal skin as sutures. A more modern example is a hip
1204:
Macrostructure refers to the overall geometric properties that will influence the force at failure, stiffness, bending, stress distribution, and the weight of the material. It requires little to no magnification to reveal the macrostructure of a material. Observing the macrostructure reveals
164:. Biomaterials are also commonly used in dental applications, surgery, and drug delivery. For example, a construct with impregnated pharmaceutical products can be placed into the body, which permits the prolonged release of a drug over an extended period of time. A biomaterial may also be an
488:
Most of the time, artificial tissue is grown from the patient's own cells. However, when the damage is so extreme that it is impossible to use the patient's own cells, artificial tissue cells are grown. The difficulty is in finding a scaffold that the cells can grow and organize on. The
799:
refers to the chemical and topographical features on the surface of the biomaterial that will have direct interaction with the host blood/tissue. Surface engineering and modification allows clinicians to better control the interactions of a biomaterial with the host living system.
570:
is related to the behavior of biomaterials in various environments under various chemical and physical conditions. The term may refer to specific properties of a material without specifying where or how the material is to be used. For example, a material may elicit little or no
331:. The brittle component is arranged in a helical pattern. Each of these mineral "rods" (1 μm diameter) contains chitin–protein fibrils with approximately 60 nm diameter. These fibrils are made of 3 nm diameter canals that link the interior and exterior of the shell.
1144:
of a material refers to the structure of an object, organism, or material as viewed at magnifications exceeding 25 times. It is composed of the different phases of form, size, and distribution of grains, pores, precipitates, etc. The majority of solid microstructures are
661:. These nanobiomaterial-based delivery systems could effectively promote antitumor immune responses and simultaneously reduce toxic adverse effects." This is a prime example of how the biocompatibility of a biomaterial can be altered to produce any desired function.
148:. They are often used and/or adapted for a medical application, and thus comprise the whole or part of a living structure or biomedical device which performs, augments, or replaces a natural function. Such functions may be relatively passive, like being used for a
579:. Immuno-informed biomaterials that direct the immune response rather than attempting to circumvent the process is one approach that shows promise. The ambiguity of the term reflects the ongoing development of insights into "how biomaterials interact with the
513:
As discussed previously, biomaterials are used in medical devices to treat, assist, or replace a function within the human body. The application of a specific biomaterial must combine the necessary composition, material properties, structure, and desired
551:(FBR) in order to protect the host from the foreign material. The interactions between the device upon the host tissue/blood as well as the host tissue/blood upon the device must be understood in order to prevent complications and device failure.
1164:
structure is the order of the components. Crystalline has the highest level of order possible in the material where amorphous structure consists of irregularities in the ordering pattern. One way to describe crystalline structures is through the
197:
is formed at the surface. These days, the development of clinically useful biomaterials is greatly enhanced by the advent of computational routines that can predict the molecular effects of biomaterials in a therapeutic setting based on limited
249:, phase-separated polymers, thin films and self-assembled monolayers all represent examples of the types of highly ordered structures, which are obtained using these techniques. The distinguishing feature of these methods is self-organization.
305:
In another level of complexity, the hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral platelets that have a diameter of approximately 70 to 100 nm and thickness of 1 nm. They originally nucleate at the gaps between collagen fibrils.
1970:
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A biomaterial should perform its intended function within the living body without negatively affecting other bodily tissues and organs. In order to prevent unwanted organ and tissue interactions, biomaterials should be
73:, is about fifty years old. It has experienced steady growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of
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Nepal, Dhriti; Kang, Saewon; Adstedt, Katarina M.; Kanhaiya, Krishan; Bockstaller, Michael R.; Brinson, L. Catherine; Buehler, Markus J.; Coveney, Peter V.; Dayal, Kaushik; El-Awady, Jaafar A.; Henderson, Luke C.;
2751:
Sridharan, Rukmani; Cavanagh, Brenton; Cameron, Andrew R.; Kelly, Daniel J.; O'Brien, Fergal J. (February 2019). "Material stiffness influences the polarization state, function and migration mode of macrophages".
1399:
The definition "non-viable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems" recommended in ref. cannot be extended to the environmental field where people mean "material of natural
1100:
molecular structures of the material. The solid-state of a material is characterized by the intramolecular bonds between the atoms and molecules that comprise the material. Types of intramolecular bonds include:
470:
blood as well as the ability to form a seal against backflow. The valve is coated with pyrolytic carbon and secured to the surrounding tissue with a mesh of woven fabric called Dacron (du Pont's trade name for
928:. When this happens, irreversible damage to the brain can occur, thus the biomaterial must have an elastic modulus less than or equal to brain tissue and a low tensile strength if an applied load is expected.
193:
biomaterials good biocompatibility along with good strength and dissolution rates are desirable. Commonly, bioactivity of biomaterials is gauged by the surface biomineralization in which a native layer of
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therapies. All manufacturing companies are also required to ensure traceability of all of their products, so that if a defective product is discovered, others in the same batch may be traced.
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Choi, Suji; Lee, Hyunjae; Ghaffari, Roozbeh; Hyeon, Taeghwan; Kim, Dae-Hyeong (June 2016). "Recent
Advances in Flexible and Stretchable Bio-Electronic Devices Integrated with Nanomaterials".
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Konwarh, Rocktotpal (2019). "Can the venerated silk be the next-generation nanobiomaterial for biomedical-device designing, regenerative medicine and drug delivery? Prospects and hitches".
188:
The ability of an engineered biomaterial to induce a physiological response that is supportive of the biomaterial's function and performance is known as bioactivity. Most commonly, in
1361:
863:. The Young's Moduli of the tissue and the device that is being coupled to it must closely match for optimal compatibility between device and body, whether the device is
112:
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Espinosa, H. D.; Rim, J. E.; Barthelat, F.; Buehler, M. J. (2009). "Merger of structure and material in nacre and bone – Perspectives on de novo biomimetic materials".
2433:
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Pillai, C. K. S.; Sharma, C. P. (2010). "Review Paper: Absorbable
Polymeric Surgical Sutures: Chemistry, Production, Properties, Biodegradability, and Performance".
1955:
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is the composition of ions, atoms, and molecules that are held together and ordered in a 3D shape. The main difference between a crystalline structure and an
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is important. The material must be ductile for a similar reason that the tensile strength cannot be too high, ductility allows the material to bend without
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testing. Toxic biomaterials offer an opportunity to manipulate and control cancer cells. One recent study states: "Advanced nanobiomaterials, including
622:. A biomaterial should not give off anything to its environment unless it is intended to do so. Nontoxicity means that biomaterial is: noncarcinogenic,
518:
reaction in order to perform the desired function. Categorizations of different desired properties are defined in order to maximize functional results.
327:
are arthropods, whose carapace is made of a mineralized hard component (exhibits brittle fracture) and a softer organic component composed primarily of
896:
strength. There is a careful balance between strength and stiffness that determines how robust to failure the biomaterial device is. Typically, as the
634:. However, a biomaterial can be designed to include toxicity for an intended purpose. For example, application of toxic biomaterial is studied during
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Whitesides, G.; Mathias, J.; Seto, C. (1991). "Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: A chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures".
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1980:
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108:, since it is application-specific. A biomaterial that is biocompatible or suitable for one application may not be biocompatible in another.
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Waris, E; Ashammakhi, N; Kaarela, O; Raatikainen, T; Vasenius, J (December 2004). "Use of bioabsorbable osteofixation devices in the hand".
1049:. The structure of a biomaterial can be observed at different at different levels to better understand a materials properties and function.
233:(e.g., face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, etc.). The fundamental difference in equilibrium structure is in the spatial scale of the
213:
is the most common term in use in the modern scientific community to describe the spontaneous aggregation of particles (atoms, molecules,
37:
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The notion of exploitation includes utility for applications and for fundamental research to understand reciprocal perturbations as well.
313:
shell begins at the nanolevel, with an organic layer having a thickness of 20 to 30 nm. This layer proceeds with single crystals of
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Modification for Biocompatibility". In Lakhtakia, Akhlesh; Martín-Palma, Raúl J. (eds.).
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and having a high toughness allows biomaterial implants to last longer within the body, especially when subjected to large stress or
302:" are the basic building blocks of bones, with the volume fraction distribution between organic and mineral phase being about 60/40.
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1112:. These bonds will dictate the physical and chemical properties of the material, as well as determine the type of material (
489:
characteristics of the scaffold must be that it is biocompatible, cells can adhere to the scaffold, mechanically strong and
3608:
221:, etc.) without the influence of any external forces. Large groups of such particles are known to assemble themselves into
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For medical devices that are implanted or attached to the skin, another important property requiring consideration is the
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is affected by the body's response to the foreign material. The body undergoes a cascade of processes defined under the
3883:
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1177:. There are 14 different configurations of atom arrangement in a crystalline structure, and are all represented under
259:
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321:) consisting of "bricks" with dimensions of 0.5 and finishing with layers approximately 0.3 mm (mesostructure).
61:
for a medical purpose – either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair, or replace a tissue function of the body) or a
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Zhao, Rusin; Yang, Ruijia; Cooper, Paul R.; Khurshid, Zohaib; Shavandi, Amin; Ratnayake, Jithendra (2021-05-18).
1820:
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Zhu, H.; et al. (2018). "Nanostructural insights into the dissolution behavior of Sr-doped hydroxyapatite".
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setting. Because of this, biomaterials are usually subjected to the same requirements as those undergone by new
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between the atoms and molecules that compose the material will determine its material and chemical properties.
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strengths which quantify the maximum stresses a material can withstand before breaking and may be used to set
860:
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1005:
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785:
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1535:
Definitions in
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which govern the way that a given biomaterial behaves. One of the most relevant material parameters is the
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Department of
Biomaterials at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Topographical factors including: size, shape, alignment, structure determine the roughness of a material.
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stable, structurally well-defined arrays, quite reminiscent of one of the seven crystal systems found in
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Devices, and Combination Products: Biocompatibility Testing and Safety Assessment
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618:. The toxicity of a biomaterial refers to the substances that are emitted from the biomaterial while
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153:
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3194:. In Wagner, William R.; Sakiyama-Elbert, Shelly E.; Zhang, Guigen; Yaszemski, Michael J. (eds.).
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Song, Richard; Murphy, Maxwell; Li, Chenshuang; Ting, Kang; Soo, Chia; Zheng, Zhong (2018-09-24).
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Biological materials science : biological materials, bioinspired materials, and biomaterials
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1020:, as in epidermal electronics. Since flexural rigidity depends on the thickness of the material,
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343:
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1149:, however some materials such as certain polymers will not crystallize when in the solid state.
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will decrease and vice versa. One application where a high-strength material is undesired is in
853:
27:
Any substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose
1714:
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Bycomplex-Fluidtemplation".
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or mounted externally. Matching the elastic modulus makes it possible to limit movement and
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453:(its α- and β-hemihydrates) is a well known biocompatible material that is widely used as a
431:
412:
351:
275:
177:
105:
3748:
Reis, Lewis A; Chiu, Loraine L Y; Feric, Nicole; Fu, Lara; Radisic, Milica (January 2016).
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within a material is one of the most important structural properties of a biomaterial. The
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4088:
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4011:
2400:
Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, H. Eugene, Jr.; Bursten, Bruce E. (2000). "12.3 Biomaterials".
1221:. The material's strength and elastic modulus are both independent of the macrostructure.
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3227:"Modern biomaterials: A review—Bulk properties and implications of surface modifications"
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in a given organism, and may or may not able to integrate with a particular cell type or
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3454:
3403:
2563:"Biomaterials/Tissue Interactions: Possible Solutions to Overcome Foreign Body Response"
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in the laboratory using a variety of chemical approaches utilizing metallic components,
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Saini, Monika; Singh, Yashpal; Arora, Pooja; Arora, Vipin; Jain, Krati (January 2015).
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2293:"Bone Grafts and Substitutes in Dentistry: A Review of Current Trends and Developments"
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materials (or biomaterials) are polymers due to their inherent flexibility and tunable
627:
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544:
385:
287:
242:
194:
3526:
3082:"Current development of biodegradable polymeric materials for biomedical applications"
3023:"Current development of biodegradable polymeric materials for biomedical applications"
2706:"Fibrogenic cytokines: the role of immune mediators in the development of scar tissue"
1735:
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4151:
3982:
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3486:
2906:"Biomaterials and emerging anticancer therapeutics: engineering the microenvironment"
2721:
2474:
1863:
1606:
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1237:
1169:, which is a three-dimensional representation of the location of a repeating factor (
1105:
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surface, which is especially important for devices that are measuring tissue motion (
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Two properties that have a large effect on the functionality of a biomaterial is the
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1996:
Ibrahim, H.; Esfahani, S. N.; Poorganji, B.; Dean, D.; Elahinia, M. (January 2017).
1519:
844:, biomaterials must be engineered specifically to their target application within a
434:, which must be resolved before a product can be placed on the market and used in a
4293:
3226:
2494:
Host
Response to Biomaterials: The Impact of Host Response on Biomaterial Selection
1494:"Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)"
1017:
908:; if a high-strength material is used in these applications the tissue will always
872:
868:
710:
669:
Biodegradable biomaterials refers to materials that are degradable through natural
555:
527:
reactions between the host tissue and the biomaterial can be generated through the
374:
133:
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474:). The mesh allows for the body's tissue to grow, while incorporating the valve.
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42:
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Basic material that is used to produce goods, energy, or intermediate materials
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2014:
1839:
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Ariga, K.; Hill, J. P.; Lee, M. V.; Vinu, A.; Charvet, R.; Acharya, S. (2008).
958:
is also important for dental implants as well as any other rigid, load-bearing
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A unit cell shows the locations of lattice points repeating in all directions.
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1941:
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689:. Medical devices made of plastics are often made of a select few including:
583:" and eventually "how those interactions determine the clinical success of a
430:
Biomaterials must be compatible with the body, and there are often issues of
17:
2831:
2351:
1692:
1298:
1170:
1029:
955:
943:
698:
615:
588:
494:
458:
314:
246:
234:
173:
169:
165:
82:
3974:
3904:
3896:
3834:
3791:
3478:
3462:
3369:
3342:
3250:
3125:
3066:
3004:
2947:
2857:
2773:
2705:
2658:
2596:
2547:
2383:
2336:
2205:
2170:
2111:
2068:
2023:
1998:"Resorbable bone fixation alloys, forming, and post-fabrication treatments"
1855:
1800:
1743:
1657:
1230:
replacement using ivory material which was first recorded in Germany 1891.
3869:
2737:
2690:
2518:
Williams, David F. (2008-07-01). "On the mechanisms of biocompatibility".
1700:
4057:
3098:
3039:
2814:
Velnar, Tomaz; Bunc, Gorazd; Klobucar, Robert; Gradisnik, Lidija (2016).
2135:"Current state of laparoscopic parastomal hernia repair: A meta-analysis"
1898:
1351:
1273:
1263:
1258:
1210:
1085:
971:
921:
780:
646:
639:
295:
271:
218:
214:
137:
74:
1417:. The use of "polymeric biomaterial" is recommended when one deals with
1206:
122:
exploited in contact with living tissues, organisms, or microorganisms.
4016:
2921:
2797:"Considerations for the Biocompatibility Evaluation of Medical Devices"
1419:
1346:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1294:
1218:
1121:
1113:
775:
650:
635:
619:
540:
515:
310:
78:
3765:
3826:
1302:
1268:
954:
in the tissue when the temperature changes. The material property of
435:
404:
328:
299:
291:
1819:; Keten, Sinan; Kotov, Nicholas A.; Schatz, George C. (2022-11-28).
3225:
Roach, Paul; Eglin, David; Rohde, Kirsty; Perry, Carole C. (2007).
2408:(Annotated Instructor's 8th ed.). Prentice-Hall, Inc. p.
1997:
1589:
1759:"Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly"
1326:
1131:
1117:
1056:
416:
36:
3385:"Materials and technologies for soft implantable neuroprostheses"
3298:"How surface roughness and wettability affects biocompatibility"
1069:
439:
324:
267:
263:
97:
4030:
3575:
Mercier, Jean-Pierre; Zambelli, Gérald; Kurz, Wilfried (2002).
3383:
Lacour, Stéphanie P.; Courtine, Grégoire; Guck, Jochen (2016).
96:
A biomaterial is different from a biological material, such as
3657:"crystal defect | Definition, Types, & Facts | Britannica"
2350:
Thomas, Mark V.; Puleo, David A.; Al-Sabbagh, Mohanad (2005).
2133:
Deasis, F. J.; Lapin, B; Gitelis, M. E.; Ujiki, M. B. (2015).
1318:
1314:
1073:
1028:), it is very important that a biomaterial can be formed into
979:
2871:
Thomas, Sabu; Grohens, Yves; Ninan, Neethu (8 January 2015).
2816:"Biomaterials and host versus graft response: a short review"
4026:
3609:"Crystalline Structure: Definition, Structure & Bonding"
1045:
designed to replicate natural organisms, a process known as
4021:
4004:
3633:"10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids – Chemistry"
245:. Molecular crystals, liquid crystals, colloids, micelles,
3999:
3504:(2nd ed.). Boston: Academic Press. pp. 255–312.
1548:
Cao, Wanpeng; Hench, Larry (1996). "Bioactive Materials".
2659:"Current concepts: immunology. Monocytes and macrophages"
1423:
or polymer device of therapeutic or biological interest.
1409:
This general term should not be confused with the terms
996:
will determine how well the device surface can maintain
3754:
Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
2449:
An Introduction to Biomaterials Science and Engineering
1881:
Present at the flood: How structural biology came about
3167:"what is a surface, why is surface analysis important"
3139:
Gad, Shayne Cox; Gad-McDonald, Samantha (2015-12-01).
1821:"Hierarchically structured bioinspired nanocomposites"
3555:
CES Information Guide - Materials Science Engineering
2395:
2393:
1080:
of a material can be viewed at different levels, the
278:, a triple helix with diameter of 1.5 nm. These
241:
emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis and
30:"Biomaterials" redirects here. For the journal, see
4326:
4304:
4292:
4285:
4269:
4257:
4241:
4223:
4203:
4171:
4162:
4134:
4118:
4111:
4095:
4071:
4064:
3705:"Natural Biomaterials by Isabel Hand - OpenWetWare"
3231:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine
3198:(Fourth ed.). Academic Press. pp. 41–51.
2795:Kammula, Raju G.; Morris, Janine M. (May 1, 2001).
1233:Valuable criteria for viable natural biomaterials:
657:, play a vital role in the codelivery of drugs and
554:Tissue injury caused by device implantation causes
2874:Nanotechnology Applications for Tissue Engineering
1362:Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins
132:Biomaterials can be derived either from nature or
3016:
3014:
3190:Zhang, Guigen; Viney, Christopher (2020-01-01).
2963:"Advanced biomaterials for cancer immunotherapy"
2356:Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants
1016:), or are designed to stick to the skin without
966:. Toughness describes the material's ability to
3750:"Biomaterials in myocardial tissue engineering"
1032:in the previously mentioned applications where
931:For implanted biomaterials that may experience
875:between implant and tissue as well as avoiding
543:functionality and longevity of any implantable
117:
45:is an example of an application of biomaterials
3326:"Implant biomaterials: A comprehensive review"
2451:. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. May 2021. pp. 82–93.
1972:Design of Artificial Human Joints & Organs
1321:are all examples of biopolymers, in which the
156:with a more interactive functionality such as
65:one. The corresponding field of study, called
4042:
4005:CREB – Biomedical Engineering Research Centre
2447:"Chapter 4: Biomaterials: Basic principles".
2092:Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland)
1626:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
840:In addition to a material being certified as
237:(lattice parameter) in each particular case.
8:
3729:"Kelp (Laminaria digitata) – Irish Seaweeds"
3319:
3317:
2432:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1763:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
1444:Schmalz, G.; Arenholdt-Bindslev, D. (2008).
270:by Astbury and Woods. In bone, for example,
258:history of structural biology, is the early
2611:"Exudate: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
848:. This is especially important in terms of
4289:
4168:
4115:
4068:
4049:
4035:
4027:
2615:United States National Library of Medicine
1954:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1452:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–12.
1247:Able to promote cell attachment and growth
421:Pins and screws for fracture stabilisation
3781:
3359:
3341:
3115:
3097:
3056:
3038:
2994:
2937:
2904:Gu, Luo; Mooney, David J (January 2016).
2847:
2820:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
2586:
2368:10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v15.i6.30
2326:
2308:
2240:
2160:
2150:
2050:
2013:
1975:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1906:
1790:
1647:
1637:
1588:
1509:
2801:Medical Device & Diagnostic Industry
4022:Open Innovation Campus for Biomaterials
3885:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1577:Journal of the European Ceramic Society
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1436:
1383:
379:Skin repair devices (artificial tissue)
3502:Introduction to Biomedical Engineering
3276:. Boston: Elsevier. pp. 189–220.
3192:"1.2.3 - Bulk Properties of Materials"
2425:
1947:
912:before the device does (under applied
262:work on the hierarchical structure of
2633:
2631:
2486:
2484:
916:) because the Young's Modulus of the
883:. Other important properties are the
7:
4000:Journal of Biomaterials Applications
3086:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
3027:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
2039:Journal of Biomaterials Applications
2002:Materials Science and Engineering: C
1466:from the original on 9 December 2017
1450:Biocompatibility of Dental Materials
1092:created by the atoms and molecules.
2663:The New England Journal of Medicine
1716:Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
535:Biomaterial and tissue interactions
2532:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.023
2491:Badylak, Stephen F. (2015-05-08).
2186:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1599:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.07.056
1254:Examples of natural biomaterials:
900:of the biomaterial increases, the
298:of alternating directions. These "
25:
3578:Introduction to Materials Science
2139:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1736:10.1146/annurev.physchem.51.1.601
978:, like the stresses applied to a
2640:"Acute and chronic inflammation"
1185:Defects of crystalline structure
1173:) in the structure denoted with
816:Surface textures (smooth/rough)
362:Artificial ligaments and tendons
4135:Material by orientation or size
3967:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01560
3525:Partlow, William (2022-03-13).
3330:World Journal of Clinical Cases
1367:Synthetic biodegradable polymer
1064:of lithium-7's atomic structure
859:, which describes a material's
681:Some of the most commonly-used
595:)". Modern medical devices and
493:. One successful scaffold is a
2704:Kovacs, E. J. (January 1991).
2657:Johnston, R. B. (1988-03-24).
2404:Chemistry: The Central Science
1922:Meyers, Marc A. (2014-07-31).
1297:produced by living organisms.
924:tissue is on the order of 500
803:Important surface properties:
1:
4275:Certified reference materials
4085:Alternative natural materials
3862:10.1126/science.277.5330.1242
2278:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2009.05.001
2266:Progress in Materials Science
2251:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002
2229:Progress in Materials Science
1533:Williams, D. F., ed. (2004).
1278:Myocardial tissue engineering
970:under applied stress without
290:, calcium phosphate) forming
274:is the building block of the
53:is a substance that has been
4316:Building insulation material
4193:Strongly correlated material
3920:Bio-Design and Manufacturing
2766:10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.048
2722:10.1016/0167-5699(91)90107-5
2198:10.1097/PRS.0000000000001272
1783:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014109
1562:10.1016/0272-8842(95)00126-3
861:elastic response to stresses
309:Similarly, the hierarchy of
2675:10.1056/NEJM198803243181205
2561:Morais, Jacqueline (2010).
2352:"Calcium sulfate: a review"
1969:Pal, Subrata (2013-08-31).
751:Important bulk properties:
729:Surface and bulk properties
4393:
4312:List of building materials
4101:Extraterrestrial materials
3932:10.1007/s42242-019-00052-9
3412:10.1038/natrevmats.2016.63
2967:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
2457:10.1142/9789811228186_0004
2104:10.1016/j.jhsb.2004.02.005
2015:10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.069
1883:, by Richard E. Dickerson"
1840:10.1038/s41563-022-01384-1
1498:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1446:"Chapter 1: Basic Aspects"
1286:
1188:
976:cyclically loaded stresses
665:Biodegradable biomaterials
481:
472:polyethylene terephthalate
339:Biomaterials are used in:
29:
4350:
3243:10.1007/s10856-006-0064-3
2979:10.1038/s41401-020-0372-z
2579:10.1208/s12248-010-9175-3
2310:10.3390/molecules26103007
1926:. Chen, Po-Yu. New York.
1639:10.3389/fbioe.2020.565901
1325:units, respectively, are
952:concentration of stresses
902:ultimate tensile strength
602:Graft-versus-host disease
415:, clips, and staples for
4263:Thermoelectric materials
4231:Special nuclear material
4197:Electroshapable material
3392:Nature Reviews Materials
3302:www.biolinscientific.com
2152:10.3748/wjg.v21.i28.8670
2061:10.1177/0885328210384890
1511:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04
748:molecular construction.
630:, blood compatible, and
395:Drug delivery mechanisms
286:with the mineral phase (
100:, that is produced by a
71:biomaterials engineering
2832:10.17305/bjbms.2016.525
2644:Robbins Basic Pathology
1693:10.1126/science.1962191
1191:Crystallographic defect
786:Electrical Conductivity
691:cyclic olefin copolymer
371:Blood vessel prostheses
4112:Materials by structure
3955:ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng
3897:10.1002/anie.200460587
3557:. depts.washington.edu
3463:10.1002/adma.201504150
3343:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i1.52
2910:Nature Reviews. Cancer
1877:Stroud, R. M. (2006).
1550:Ceramics International
1537:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
1137:
1088:level, as well as the
1065:
1024:, to the third power (
950:and also prevents the
677:Biocompatible plastics
354:(IOLs) for eye surgery
124:
46:
32:Biomaterials (journal)
4189:Hyperelastic material
4185:Self-healing material
4181:Phase-change material
4164:Materials by property
3685:TheFreeDictionary.com
3274:Engineered Biomimicry
2638:Rn, Mitchell (2003).
1158:Crystalline structure
1153:Crystalline structure
1135:
1094:Intermolecular forces
1060:
964:replacement hip joint
850:mechanical properties
836:Mechanical properties
701:(PEI), medical grade
687:mechanical properties
549:foreign body response
398:Sustainable materials
382:Cochlear replacements
40:
4336:List of biomaterials
4247:Combustible material
4144:Orthotropic material
3196:Biomaterials Science
3099:10.2147/DDDT.S165440
3040:10.2147/DDDT.S165440
2877:. Elsevier Science.
1899:10.1110/ps.062627807
1372:List of biomaterials
1225:Natural biomaterials
877:stress concentration
791:Thermal Conductivity
756:Chemical Composition
715:polyetheretherketone
643:cancer immunotherapy
317:(a polymorph of CaCO
253:Structural hierarchy
67:biomaterials science
4320:Structural material
4217:Mesoporous material
4209:Ultralight material
4204:Density or hardness
4065:Materials by origin
3819:2009NatMa...8..175B
3455:2016AdM....28.4203C
3404:2016NatRM...116063L
1775:2008STAdM...9a4109A
1728:2000ARPC...51..601D
1685:1991Sci...254.1312W
1205:properties such as
1068:The arrangement of
987:flexural rigidity,
671:enzymatic reactions
146:composite materials
4306:Building materials
4258:Thermal properties
4251:Energetic material
4213:Superhard material
4172:Designed materials
4148:Nanophase material
4124:Composite material
4119:Combined materials
4010:2021-05-07 at the
3661:www.britannica.com
3527:"1 - Biomaterials"
3443:Advanced Materials
2922:10.1038/nrc.2015.3
2754:Acta Biomaterialia
2497:. Academic Press.
1138:
1066:
1010:electrical signals
881:mechanical failure
797:Surface properties
484:Tissue engineering
461:or as its binder.
368:for tooth fixation
352:Intraocular lenses
344:Joint replacements
87:tissue engineering
59:biological systems
47:
4359:
4358:
4353:Materials science
4346:
4345:
4327:Use in human body
4281:
4280:
4158:
4157:
4140:Layered materials
4107:
4106:
4077:Natural materials
3766:10.1002/term.1944
3511:978-0-12-238662-6
3449:(22): 4203–4218.
3283:978-0-12-415995-2
3205:978-0-12-816137-1
3152:978-1-4822-4838-8
2526:(20): 2941–2953.
2504:978-0-12-800500-2
2466:978-981-12-2817-9
2419:978-0-13-084090-5
1982:978-1-4614-6255-2
1933:978-1-107-01045-1
1583:(16): 5554–5562.
1357:Polymeric surface
1084:level, atomic or
1000:contact with the
994:Flexural rigidity
879:that can lead to
854:Young's Modulus,
813:Surface chemistry
703:polyvinylchloride
531:of the material.
223:thermodynamically
202:experimentation.
190:bioactive glasses
102:biological system
91:materials science
57:to interact with
16:(Redirected from
4384:
4290:
4286:Materials by use
4235:Fertile material
4225:Nuclear material
4169:
4116:
4081:Biotic materials
4069:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4028:
3987:
3986:
3961:(5): 2054–2078.
3950:
3944:
3943:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3856:(5330): 1242–8.
3845:
3839:
3838:
3827:10.1038/nmat2387
3807:Nature Materials
3802:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3681:"Macrostructure"
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3551:"Microstructure"
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3531:Beyond Discovery
3522:
3516:
3515:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3389:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3345:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3237:(7): 1263–1277.
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3101:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3042:
3018:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2710:Immunology Today
2701:
2695:
2694:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2567:The AAPS Journal
2558:
2552:
2551:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2423:
2407:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2312:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2272:(8): 1059–1100.
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2054:
2052:10.1.1.1013.5873
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1828:Nature Materials
1825:
1817:Kaplan, David L.
1811:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1679:(5036): 1312–9.
1668:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1592:
1572:
1566:
1565:
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1513:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1441:
1424:
1415:biomacromolecule
1407:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1293:Biopolymers are
1179:Bravais lattices
1078:atomic structure
1062:Rutherford model
1053:Atomic structure
982:during running.
810:(surface energy)
771:Tensile Strength
723:biocompatibility
721:(PP). To ensure
717:(PEEK) and even
707:polyethersulfone
659:immunomodulators
568:Biocompatibility
529:biocompatibility
432:biocompatibility
413:Surgical sutures
260:X-ray scattering
21:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4342:
4340:Dental material
4322:
4300:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4237:
4219:
4199:
4154:
4130:
4128:Hybrid material
4103:
4091:
4089:Parent material
4060:
4055:
4012:Wayback Machine
3996:
3991:
3990:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3891:(22): 3358–93.
3882:
3881:
3877:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3709:openwetware.org
3703:
3702:
3698:
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3674:
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2812:
2808:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2669:(12): 747–752.
2656:
2655:
2651:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2467:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2424:
2420:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2242:10.1.1.466.3753
2226:
2225:
2221:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2036:
2035:
2031:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1946:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1887:Protein Science
1876:
1875:
1871:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1491:
1490:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1343:
1291:
1285:
1227:
1213:, gas bubbles,
1202:
1193:
1187:
1167:crystal lattice
1155:
1130:
1090:ultra-structure
1055:
1042:
940:dental implants
838:
825:Surface Tension
745:Bulk properties
739:bulk properties
731:
679:
667:
632:noninflammatory
611:
593:hip replacement
573:immune response
565:
537:
524:
511:
486:
480:
467:
451:Calcium sulfate
448:
401:Vascular grafts
391:Breast implants
366:Dental implants
337:
320:
294:that curl into
255:
208:
186:
158:hydroxy-apatite
130:
125:
116:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4390:
4388:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4245:
4243:
4242:Energy content
4239:
4238:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4177:Smart material
4175:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4122:
4120:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4075:
4073:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4002:
3995:
3994:External links
3992:
3989:
3988:
3945:
3926:(4): 278–286.
3910:
3875:
3840:
3797:
3740:
3720:
3696:
3672:
3648:
3624:
3600:
3587:
3567:
3542:
3517:
3510:
3492:
3433:
3375:
3313:
3289:
3282:
3264:
3217:
3204:
3182:
3171:www.kratos.com
3158:
3151:
3131:
3072:
3010:
2973:(7): 911–927.
2953:
2896:
2883:
2863:
2806:
2787:
2743:
2696:
2649:
2627:
2602:
2573:(2): 188–196.
2553:
2510:
2503:
2480:
2465:
2439:
2418:
2389:
2362:(6): 599–607.
2342:
2283:
2256:
2219:
2176:
2145:(28): 8670–7.
2125:
2082:
2045:(4): 291–366.
2029:
2008:(1): 870–888.
1988:
1981:
1961:
1932:
1914:
1893:(1): 135–136.
1869:
1806:
1749:
1706:
1663:
1612:
1567:
1556:(6): 493–507.
1540:
1525:
1477:
1458:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1287:Main article:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1226:
1223:
1215:stratification
1201:
1200:Macrostructure
1198:
1189:Main article:
1186:
1183:
1154:
1151:
1142:microstructure
1129:
1128:Microstructure
1126:
1110:metallic bonds
1106:covalent bonds
1054:
1051:
1041:
1038:
1036:is paramount.
846:medical device
837:
834:
833:
832:
830:Surface Charge
827:
822:
821:
820:
814:
811:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
761:Microstructure
758:
730:
727:
699:polyetherimide
678:
675:
666:
663:
610:
607:
585:medical device
564:
561:
545:medical device
536:
533:
523:
520:
510:
507:
482:Main article:
479:
476:
466:
463:
457:substitute in
447:
444:
428:
427:
422:
419:
410:
409:Nerve conduits
407:
402:
399:
396:
393:
388:
386:Contact lenses
383:
380:
377:
372:
369:
363:
360:
355:
349:
346:
336:
333:
318:
288:hydroxyapatite
282:molecules are
276:organic matrix
254:
251:
243:nanotechnology
207:
204:
195:hydroxyapatite
185:
182:
129:
126:
111:
110:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4389:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4152:Nanomaterials
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3813:(3): 175–88.
3812:
3808:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3638:
3637:opentextbc.ca
3634:
3628:
3625:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3590:
3588:9782842992866
3584:
3580:
3579:
3571:
3568:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3398:(10): 16063.
3397:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3145:. CRC Press.
3144:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3092:: 3117–3145.
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3033:: 3117–3145.
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2886:
2884:9780323328890
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:(6): 1740–8.
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1769:(1): 014109.
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1465:
1461:
1459:9783540777823
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Biocompatible
1241:
1239:
1238:Biodegradable
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:neural probes
903:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:
851:
847:
843:
842:biocompatible
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
818:
817:
815:
812:
809:
806:
805:
804:
801:
798:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
749:
746:
742:
740:
736:
728:
726:
724:
720:
719:polypropylene
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:polycarbonate
692:
688:
684:
683:biocompatible
676:
674:
672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:nonallergenic
625:
621:
617:
608:
606:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
563:Compatibility
562:
560:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
534:
532:
530:
522:Host response
521:
519:
517:
508:
506:
504:
503:glycolic acid
500:
496:
492:
491:biodegradable
485:
477:
475:
473:
464:
462:
460:
456:
452:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
426:
425:Surgical mesh
423:
420:
418:
417:wound closure
414:
411:
408:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
381:
378:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
316:
312:
307:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:tropocollagen
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
252:
250:
248:
244:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Self-assembly
206:Self-assembly
205:
203:
201:
196:
191:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
127:
123:
121:
114:
109:
107:
106:biocompatible
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
18:Medical-grade
4377:Biomolecules
4372:Biomaterials
4331:
4294:Raw material
4270:Legal status
3958:
3954:
3948:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3760:(1): 11–28.
3757:
3753:
3743:
3732:. Retrieved
3723:
3712:. Retrieved
3708:
3699:
3688:. Retrieved
3684:
3675:
3664:. Retrieved
3660:
3651:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:
3627:
3616:. Retrieved
3612:
3603:
3592:. Retrieved
3581:. Elsevier.
3577:
3570:
3559:. Retrieved
3554:
3545:
3534:. Retrieved
3530:
3520:
3501:
3495:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3395:
3391:
3378:
3333:
3329:
3305:. Retrieved
3301:
3292:
3273:
3267:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3209:. Retrieved
3195:
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478:Skin repair
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358:Bone cement
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152:, or maybe
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