1892:
2458:
Valium, two minor tranquilizers that belonged to a new chemical class of drugs called the benzodiazepines. These were drugs that worked chiefly as anti-anxiety agents and muscle relaxants. The first benzodiazepine was
Librium. Three months after it was approved, Librium had become the most prescribed tranquilizer in the nation. Three years later, Valium hit the shelves and was ten times more effective as a muscle relaxant and anti-convulsant. Valium was the most versatile of the minor tranquilizers. Later came the widespread adoption of major tranquilizers such as chlorpromazine and the drug reserpine. In 1970, sales began to decline for Valium and Librium, but sales of new and improved tranquilizers, such as Xanax, introduced in 1981 for the newly created diagnosis of panic disorder, soared.
2437:
stabilizer category. Valpromide had distinct psychotrophic effects that were of benefit in both the treatment of acute manic states and in the maintenance treatment of manic depression illness. Psychotropics can either be sedative or stimulant; sedatives aim at damping down the extremes of behavior. Stimulants aim at restoring normality by increasing tone. Soon arose the notion of a tranquilizer which was quite different from any sedative or stimulant. The term tranquilizer took over the notions of sedatives and became the dominant term in the West through the 1980s. In Japan, during this time, the term tranquilizer produced the notion of a psyche-stabilizer and the term mood stabilizer vanished.
2832:(investigational new drug) applications (INDs), or single-patient INDs. These mechanisms, which fall under the label of expanded access programs, provide access to drugs for groups of patients or individuals residing in the US. Outside the US, Named Patient Programs provide controlled, pre-approval access to drugs in response to requests by physicians on behalf of specific, or "named", patients before those medicines are licensed in the patient's home country. Through these programs, patients are able to access drugs in late-stage clinical trials or approved in other countries for a genuine, unmet medical need, before those drugs have been licensed in the patient's home country.
3317:
3306:
2433:
activities of bacteria and other microorganisms by a chemical substance of microbial origin. Penicillin, introduced a few years later, provided a broader spectrum of activity compared to sulfa drugs and reduced side effects. Streptomycin, found in 1942, proved to be the first drug effective against the cause of tuberculosis and also came to be the best known of a long series of important antibiotics. A second generation of antibiotics was introduced in the 1940s: aureomycin and chloramphenicol. Aureomycin was the best known of the second generation.
2222:
Australia. The role of therapeutic goods regulation is designed mainly to protect the health and safety of the population. Regulation is aimed at ensuring the safety, quality, and efficacy of the therapeutic goods which are covered under the scope of the regulation. In most jurisdictions, therapeutic goods must be registered before they are allowed to be marketed. There is usually some degree of restriction on the availability of certain therapeutic goods depending on their risk to consumers.
2921:
high prices are required for pharmaceutical companies to recoup the large investments needed for research and development. One study concluded that marketing expenditures for new drugs often doubled the amount that was allocated for research and development. Other critics claim that patent settlements would be costly for consumers, the health care system, and state and federal governments because it would result in delaying access to lower cost generic medicines.
2123:(NME) was approximately US$ 1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, sometimes with research assistance from universities. The "final product" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II, and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.
71:
2879:(WHO), are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population; they should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community can afford." Recent studies have found that most of the medicines on the WHO essential medicines list, outside of the field of HIV drugs, are not patented in the developing world, and that lack of widespread
2454:
in children that
Ritalin came onto the market. Medical use of methylphenidate is predominantly for symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Consumption of methylphenidate in the U.S. out-paced all other countries between 1991 and 1999. Significant growth in consumption was also evident in Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and Norway. Currently, 85% of the world's methylphenidate is consumed in America.
6455:
6077:
2798:, including pharmaceutical development. U.S. drug prices are among the highest in the world, and drug innovation is correspondingly high. In 2000, U.S.-based firms developed 29 of the 75 top-selling drugs; firms from the second-largest market, Japan, developed eight, and the United Kingdom contributed 10. France, which imposes price controls, developed three. Throughout the 1990s, outcomes were similar.
6098:
2441:
of life. Doctors prescribe estrogen for their older female patients both to treat short-term menopausal symptoms and to prevent long-term diseases. In the 1960s and early 1970s, more and more physicians began to prescribe estrogen for their female patients. Between 1991 and 1999, Premarin was listed as the most popular prescription and best-selling drug in
America.
102:
1987:. The drug frequencies are often expressed as the number of times a drug is used per day (e.g., four times a day). It may include event-related information (e.g., 1 hour before meals, in the morning, at bedtime), or complimentary to an interval, although equivalent expressions may have different implications (e.g., every 8 hours versus 3 times a day).
701:
2453:
Stimulants such as
Ritalin (methylphenidate) came to be pervasive tools for behavior management and modification in young children. Ritalin was first marketed in 1955 for narcolepsy; its potential users were middle-aged and the elderly. It was not until some time in the 1980s along with hyperactivity
2342:
In Canada, the
Patented Medicine Prices Review Board examines drug pricing and determines if a price is excessive or not. In these circumstances, drug manufacturers must submit a proposed price to the appropriate regulatory agency. Furthermore, "the International Therapeutic Class Comparison Test is
2461:
Mevacor (lovastatin) is the first and most influential statin in the
American market. The 1991 launch of Pravachol (pravastatin), the second available in the United States, and the release of Zocor (simvastatin) made Mevacor no longer the only statin on the market. In 1998, Viagra was released as a
2440:
Premarin (conjugated estrogens, introduced in 1942) and
Prempro (a combination estrogen-progestin pill, introduced in 1995) dominated the hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during the 1990s. HRT is not a life-saving drug, nor does it cure any disease. HRT has been prescribed to improve one's quality
2436:
Lithium was discovered in the 19th century for nervous disorders and its possible mood-stabilizing or prophylactic effect; it was cheap and easily produced. As lithium fell out of favor in France, valpromide came into play. This antibiotic was the origin of the drug that eventually created the mood
2432:
Antibiotics first arrived on the medical scene in 1932 thanks to
Gerhard Domagk; and were coined the "wonder drugs". The introduction of the sulfa drugs led to the mortality rate from pneumonia in the U.S. to drop from 0.2% each year to 0.05% by 1939. Antibiotics inhibit the growth or the metabolic
2388:
High prices have been attributed to monopolies given to manufacturers by the government. New drug development costs continue to rise as well. Despite the enormous advances in science and technology, the number of new blockbuster drugs approved by the government per billion dollars spent has halved
2920:
Some have raised ethical objections specifically with respect to pharmaceutical patents and the high prices for drugs that they enable their proprietors to charge, which poor people around the world, cannot afford. Critics also question the rationale that exclusive patent rights and the resulting
2457:
The first minor tranquilizer was
Meprobamate. Only fourteen months after it was made available, meprobamate had become the country's largest-selling prescription drug. By 1957, meprobamate had become the fastest-growing drug in history. The popularity of meprobamate paved the way for Librium and
2444:
The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved by FDA in 1960. Oral contraceptives inhibit ovulation and so prevent conception. Enovid was known to be much more effective than alternatives including the condom and the diaphragm. As early as 1960, oral contraceptives were available in several
2126:
Drug discovery is different from Drug
Development. Drug Discovery is often considered the process of identifying new medicine. At the same time, Drug development is delivering a new drug molecule into clinical practice. In its broad definition, this encompasses all steps from the basic research
680:
Pharmaceuticals may also be described as "specialty", independent of other classifications, which is an ill-defined class of drugs that might be difficult to administer, require special handling during administration, require patient monitoring during and immediately after administration, have
2276:
of certain drugs. They publish a lengthy list of chemicals and plants whose trade and consumption (where applicable) are forbidden. OTC drugs are sold without restriction as they are considered safe enough that most people will not hurt themselves accidentally by taking it as instructed. Many
2532:
and new therapies dating from about 400 BC onwards. The student of Āyurveda was expected to know ten arts that were indispensable in the preparation and application of his medicines: distillation, operative skills, cooking, horticulture, metallurgy, sugar manufacture, pharmacy, analysis and
2221:
The regulation of drugs varies by jurisdiction. In some countries, such as the United States, they are regulated at the national level by a single agency. In other jurisdictions, they are regulated at the state level, or at both state and national levels by various bodies, as is the case in
2775:, and the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act required manufacturers to file new drugs with the FDA. The 1951 Humphrey-Durham Amendment required certain drugs to be sold by prescription. In 1962, a subsequent amendment required new drugs to be tested for efficacy and safety in
2913:, with developed world nations seeking strong intellectual property rights to protect investments made to develop new drugs, and developing world nations seeking to promote their generic pharmaceuticals industries and their ability to make medicine available to their people via
286:, academic scientists, and governments. As a result of this complex path from discovery to commercialization, partnering has become a standard practice for advancing drug candidates through development pipelines. Governments generally regulate what drugs can be marketed,
2343:
responsible for comparing the National Average Transaction Price of the patented drug product under review" different countries that the prices are being compared to are the following: France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States
2449:
for the oral contraceptive via a transdermal patch. In 1982, a new version of the Pill was introduced, known as the "biphasic" pill. By 1985, a new triphasic pill was approved. Physicians began to think of the Pill as an excellent means of birth control for young women.
2820:
Governments worldwide have created provisions for granting access to drugs prior to approval for patients who have exhausted all alternative treatment options and do not match clinical trial entry criteria. Often grouped under the labels of compassionate use,
2411:
In the pharmaceutical industry, a blockbuster drug is one that achieves acceptance by prescribing physicians as a therapeutic standard for, most commonly, a highly prevalent chronic (rather than acute) condition. Patients often take the medicines for long
2782:
Until the 1970s, drug prices were not a major concern for doctors and patients. As more drugs became prescribed for chronic illnesses, however, costs became burdensome, and by the 1970s nearly every U.S. state required or encouraged the substitution of
2118:
Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, "expensive, difficult, and inefficient process" with a low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each
2329:
is able to purchase drugs at reasonable prices. The prices are negotiated between the Department of Health, acting with the authority of Northern Ireland and the UK Government, and the representatives of the Pharmaceutical industry brands, the
2523:
whose core dates from the second millennium BC, although the hymns recorded in it are believed to be older, is the first Indic text dealing with medicine. It describes plant-based drugs to counter diseases. The earliest foundations of
2249:. The precise distinction between OTC and prescription depends on the legal jurisdiction. A third category, "behind-the-counter" drugs, is implemented in some jurisdictions. These do not require a prescription, but must be kept in the
500:
Pharmaceuticals or drugs or medicines are classified into various other groups besides their origin on the basis of pharmacological properties like mode of action and their pharmacological action or activity, such as by
3012:. Since medications are inherently bio-active, most are naturally degradable in the environment, however they are classified as "pseudopersistent" because they are constantly being replenished from their sources. These
429:
Biological products are included within this definition and are generally covered by the same laws and regulations, but differences exist regarding their manufacturing processes (chemical process versus biological
2944:
439:
Drug use among elderly Americans has been studied; in a group of 2,377 people with an average age of 71 surveyed between 2005 and 2006, 84% took at least one prescription drug, 44% took at least one
2753:. Recently, multi-disciplinary approaches have yielded a wealth of new data on the development of novel antibiotics and antibacterials and on the use of biological agents for antibacterial therapy.
381:"Any substance or combination of substances which may be used in or administered to human beings either with a view to restoring, correcting, or modifying physiological functions by exerting a
3126:
Directive 2004/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 amending Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use – Article 1
2850:
was established in November 2001 by Frank Burroughs in memory of his daughter, Abigail. The Alliance seeks broader availability of investigational drugs on behalf of terminally ill patients.
2906:
3016:(EPPPs) rarely reach toxic concentrations in the environment, however they have been known to bioaccumulate in some species. Their effects have been observed to compound gradually across
2760:, were designed in laboratories and slowly came into preferred use. Although often accepted as an advance in some ways, there was some opposition, due to serious adverse effects such as
6029:
5109:
522:
261:
3206:
4602:
4379:
2825:, or named patient supply, these programs are governed by rules which vary by country defining access criteria, data collection, promotion, and control of drug distribution.
2331:
2175:
Chemicals extracted from natural products are used to make pills, capsules, or syrups for oral use. Injections for direct infusion into the blood drops for eyes or ears.
1891:
3013:
4671:
2262:
2291:, mis-prescription, contraindication and lack of detail in dosage and administration instructions. In 2000 the definition of a prescription error was studied using a
3957:
6086:
4489:"The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines – WHO Technical Report Series, No. 914: 4. Other outstanding technical issues: 4.2 Description of essential medicines"
2666:
antibiotics were developed. The Second World War saw the introduction of widespread and effective antimicrobial therapy with the development and mass production of
2640:
to famously comment in 1842 that "if all medicines in the world were thrown into the sea, it would be all the better for mankind and all the worse for the fishes".
2398:
4401:
Phillips L (4 September 2008). "Contract Law and Ethical Issues Underscore the Latest Lawsuit About Access to Experimental Drugs for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy".
2616:, (1205–1296), one of the most significant surgeons of the medieval period, responsible for introducing and promoting important surgical advances including basic
3571:
Strovel J, Sittampalam S, Coussens NP, Hughes M, Inglese J, Kurtz A, Andalibi A, Patton L, Austin C, Baltezor M, Beckloff M, Weingarten M, Weir S (1 July 2016).
2843:
in part to pressure the US government to put more resources into discovering treatments for AIDS and then to speed release of drugs that were under development.
2380:
2068:. Even more recently, scientists have been able to understand the shape of biological molecules at the atomic level and to use that knowledge to design (see
4515:
3238:
3129:
5099:
4436:
4853:
3184:
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campaign, which includes advocacy for greater resources to be devoted to currently untreatable diseases that primarily occur in the developing world. The
5880:
2888:
2806:
Controversies concerning pharmaceutical drugs include patient access to drugs under development and not yet approved, pricing, and environmental issues.
2385:
In the United States, drug costs are partially unregulated, but instead are the result of negotiations between drug companies and insurance companies.
3476:
2368:
3733:
6438:
6195:
5077:
3344:
4142:
3950:'Blockbuster medicine' is defined as being one which achieves annual revenues of over US$ 1 billion at global level." in European Commission,
3522:
Steven M. Paul, Daniel S. Mytelka, Christopher T. Dunwiddie, Charles C. Persinger, Bernard H. Munos, Stacy R. Lindborg, Aaron L. Schacht (2010).
6494:
2932:
2591:
1790:
981:
2835:
Patients who have not been able to get access to drugs in development have organized and advocated for greater access. In the United States,
2481:, the oldest known medical text of any kind, dates to about 1800 BC and represents the first documented use of any kind of drug. It and other
5453:
4321:
3830:
3629:
3375:
2269:
690:
5740:
5733:
4046:
447:; in a group of 2245 elderly Americans (average age of 71) surveyed over the period 2010 – 2011, those percentages were 88%, 38%, and 64%.
5840:
4466:
3257:"Changes in prescription and over-the-counter medication and dietary supplement use among older adults in the united states, 2005 vs 2011"
1877:. Euthanasia is not permitted by law in many countries, and consequently, medicines will not be licensed for this use in those countries.
2445:
different strengths by every manufacturer. In the 1980s and 1990s, an increasing number of options arose including, most recently, a new
2295:
conference; the conference was motivated by ambiguity in what a prescription error is and a need to use a uniform definition in studies.
3762:
3393:"Transdermal Drug Delivery: Innovative Pharmaceutical Developments Based on Disruption of the Barrier Properties of the stratum corneum"
2597:
2528:
were built on a synthesis of selected ancient herbal practices, together with a massive addition of theoretical conceptualizations, new
5483:
4979:"Occurrence, transformation, bioaccumulation, risk and analysis of pharmaceutical and personal care products from wastewater: a review"
2036:
were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as
6135:
5346:
4243:
3646:
837:
4624:
Barton J.H., Emanuel E.J. (2005). "The Patents-Based Pharmaceutical Development Process: Rationale, Problems and Potential Reforms".
4582:
4488:
4387:
4206:
4176:
732:
3975:
378:"Any substance or combination of substances presented as having properties for treating or preventing disease in human beings; or"
6489:
6413:
3054:
711:
3897:
Scannell JW, Blanckley A, Boldon H, Warrington B (1 March 2012). "Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&D efficiency".
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5636:
5092:
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3095:
3021:
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and other antibiotics. Drugs increasingly became "the center of medical practice". In the 1950s, other drugs emerged including
2216:
3154:
2160:
1910:
The administration is the process by which a patient takes medicine. There are three major categories of drug administration:
6484:
1931:
1559:
1129:
4667:
4265:
Everett N, Gabra M (8 August 2014). "The pharmacology of medieval sedatives: the "Great Rest" of the Antidotarium Nicolai".
2884:
2655:
developed the Carrel-Dakin method of treating wounds with an irrigation, Dakin's solution, a germicide which helped prevent
2403:
A blockbuster drug is a drug that generates more than $ 1 billion in revenue for a pharmaceutical company in a single year.
3588:
2768:
2277:
countries, such as the United Kingdom have a third category of "pharmacy medicines", which can be sold only in registered
404:
A substance intended for use as a component of a medicine but not a device or a component, part, or accessory of a device.
5335:
3951:
2048:
which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use
84:
Medicine, drug, pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical preparation, pharmaceutical product, medicinal product, medicament, remedy
5117:
2910:
2772:
2478:
1915:
1543:
924:
775:
6408:
5946:
2998:
2935:. The Supreme Court ruled narrowly against Novartis, but opponents of patenting drugs claimed it as a major victory.
2057:
1471:
973:
45:
2949:
Pharmaceutical medications are commonly described as "ubiquitous" in nearly every type of environmental medium (i.e.
2764:. Patients often opposed psychiatry and refused or stopped taking the drugs when not subject to psychiatric control.
2670:
antibiotics, made possible by the pressures of the war and the collaboration of British scientists with the American
1837:
2470:
Using plants and plant substances to treat all kinds of diseases and medical conditions is believed to date back to
5596:
5085:
3854:
Kesselheim AS, Avorn J, Sarpatwari A (23 August 2016). "The High Cost of Prescription Drugs in the United States".
2986:
2545:
2407:
was the first drug ever to reach more than $ 1 billion a year in sales, thus making it the first blockbuster drug.
2112:
316:
3573:"Early Drug Discovery and Development Guidelines: For Academic Researchers, Collaborators, and Start-up Companies"
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3125:
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2870:
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1965:
1475:
1117:
1109:
526:
328:
265:
53:
4583:"Access to Affordable HIV/AIDS Drugs: The Human Rights Obligations of Multinational Pharmaceutical Corporations"
4428:
6403:
6244:
4693:
4339:"EU Compassionate Use Programmes (CUPs): Regulatory Framework and Points to Consider before CUP Implementation"
3176:
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2892:
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was at the center of a high-profile debate regarding expanded access of cancer patients to experimental drugs.
1345:
1190:
969:
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particular regulatory requirements restricting their use, and are generally expensive relative to other drugs.
466:
287:
2767:
Governments have been heavily involved in the regulation of drug development and drug sales. In the U.S., the
4805:"Pharmaceuticals of Emerging Concern in Aquatic Systems: Chemistry, Occurrence, Effects, and Removal Methods"
6385:
5651:
5329:
5180:
3004:
Scientists generally divide environmental impacts of a chemical into three primary categories: persistence,
2854:
2671:
2326:
2103:. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of
2080:
1886:
890:
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283:
249:
41:
3500:
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2505:
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1357:
1001:
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811:
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2016:
Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by
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6345:
5373:
5309:
5154:
4977:
Anand U, Adelodun B, Cabreros C, Kumar P, Suresh S, Dey A, Ballesteros F, Bontempi E (1 December 2022).
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in the ng/L to ÎĽg/L ranges. The primary avenue for medications reaching the environment are through the
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1961:
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197:
49:
4883:"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): A review on environmental contamination in China"
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for physicians, attributed to fifth century BC Greece, refers to the existence of "deadly drugs", and
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Gadipelly C, Pérez-González A, Yadav GD, Ortiz I, Ibáñez R, Rathod VK, Marathe KV (23 July 2014).
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Dowling HF (June 1972). "Frustration and foundation. Management of pneumonia before antibiotics".
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2709:, a few biological vaccines, and a few synthetic drugs. In the 1930s, antibiotics emerged: first
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1957:
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1447:
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783:
614:
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205:
4713:"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are ecological disrupting compounds (EcoDC)"
4038:
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tracks how well pharmaceutical companies make their products available in the developing world.
200:(those that consumers can order for themselves). Another key distinction is between traditional
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4940:"Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewater: Review of the Technologies for Water Treatment and Reuse"
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saw advances in surgery compared to previously, but few truly effective drugs existed, beyond
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The drug is reviewed and monitored by FDA for the safety once it is available to the public.
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The Drug Development process starts with Discovery, a process of identifying a new medicine.
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3404:
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2909:, have centered on issues at the intersection of international trade in pharmaceuticals and
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arise from issues fundamental to economic development – lack of infrastructure and poverty.
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2141:
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1234:
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process of finding a suitable molecular target to supporting the drug's commercial launch.
401:
A substance (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body.
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4763:"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment"
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2718:
2644:
2612:. Folklore cures and potentially poisonous metal-based compounds were popular treatments.
2509:
2261:– purposes which the drugs were not originally approved for by the regulatory agency. The
2181:: Drugs go under laboratory or animal testing, to ensure that they can be used on Humans.
2156:(on humans) and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval to market the drug.
2153:
2100:
2029:
1535:
1523:
1463:
1420:
1349:
1294:
1286:
1251:
1240:
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1208:
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1037:
1021:
879:
624:
592:
382:
154:
4559:
4492:
4994:
4898:
4728:
3985:
3579:. Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
2927:
fought a protracted battle with the government of India over the patenting of its drug,
70:
6479:
6398:
6297:
6081:
5981:
5976:
5830:
5820:
5770:
5755:
5745:
5646:
5641:
5631:
5569:
5541:
5493:
5488:
5220:
5175:
5171:
5019:
3798:
3785:
3702:
3677:
3427:
3392:
3281:
3256:
3064:
2776:
2757:
2625:
2482:
2149:
2108:
2025:
2010:
1996:
1852:
1841:
1817:
1774:
1739:
1716:
1677:
1673:
1555:
1384:
1341:
1325:
1302:
1093:
1017:
989:
965:
825:
807:
760:
641:
478:
462:
275:
201:
4414:
6473:
6254:
6249:
6013:
5986:
5845:
5663:
5574:
5554:
5550:
5413:
5341:
5230:
5145:
4711:
Richmond EK, Grace MR, Kelly JJ, Reisinger AJ, Rosi EJ, Walters DM (1 January 2017).
4081:
3103:
3049:
3039:
2974:
2829:
2784:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2694:
2648:
2549:
2446:
2325:
In the UK, the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme is intended to ensure that the
2292:
2284:
2258:
2145:
2002:
1806:
1766:
1762:
1575:
1467:
1428:
1290:
1214:
1194:
957:
859:
845:
833:
799:
787:
756:
569:
386:
221:
4653:
4364:
3883:
3524:"How to improve R&D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry's grand challenge"
3272:
6211:
5971:
5890:
5626:
5584:
5418:
5408:
5324:
5319:
3934:
3610:
Taylor D (2015). "The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Future of Drug Development".
3557:
3146:
2722:
2356:
2288:
2226:
2045:
2006:
1949:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1661:
1622:
1606:
1501:
1400:
1396:
1380:
1372:
1337:
1174:
1170:
953:
918:
886:
871:
841:
633:
490:
486:
419:
332:
291:
241:
233:
162:
37:
17:
5529:
1960:
and liquid such as syrup or suspension. Other ways to take the medication include
4907:
4882:
3409:
1948:, the most common form of enteral administration, can be performed using various
6158:
5855:
5765:
5505:
5458:
5403:
5286:
5252:
4821:
4804:
4778:
3823:
Social welfare policy for a sustainable future : the U.S. in global context
3620:
3313:
database of prescription pharmaceutical products including drug classifications
3059:
2621:
2576:
2516:
2273:
2069:
2017:
1864:
1833:
1825:
1786:
1665:
1638:
1579:
1563:
1459:
1329:
1282:
1263:
1226:
1178:
1097:
1045:
1033:
1013:
997:
910:
875:
855:
674:
670:
637:
628:
583:
540:
5002:
3786:"Promoting and regulating generic medicines: Brazil in comparative perspective"
3572:
2973:) worldwide. Their chemical components are typically present at relatively low
6285:
6237:
6033:
6004:
5962:
5931:
5926:
5865:
5860:
5850:
5788:
5774:
5714:
5669:
5617:
5537:
5533:
5474:
5434:
5389:
5385:
5275:
5211:
5161:
5126:
5122:
4278:
2714:
2710:
2667:
2617:
2404:
2250:
2092:
1870:
1747:
1712:
1688:
1653:
1614:
1583:
1507:
1479:
1455:
1451:
1424:
1306:
1270:
1218:
1087:
1075:
1005:
993:
985:
666:
657:
575:
565:
456:
173:
5010:
4978:
4963:
4939:
4916:
4830:
4786:
4744:
4637:
4286:
3918:
3840:
3488:
3418:
5941:
5921:
5895:
5870:
5805:
5783:
5611:
5524:
5398:
4199:
Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery,
3867:
3496:
2726:
2706:
1724:
1669:
1618:
1602:
1587:
1408:
1404:
1333:
1259:
1155:
1146:
1061:
1009:
645:
620:
600:
546:
494:
408:
374:
In Europe, the term is "medicinal product", and it is defined by EU law as:
245:
5028:
4924:
4838:
4645:
4598:
4567:
4294:
3926:
3875:
3807:
3711:
3584:
3549:
3436:
3290:
2064:. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for
4803:
Patel M, Kumar R, Kishor K, Mlsna T, Pittman CU, Mohan D (27 March 2019).
4089:
2351:
In Brazil, the prices are regulated through legislation under the name of
347:, and patches. Medications can be administered in different ways, such as
294:. Controversies have arisen over drug pricing and disposal of used drugs.
101:
6185:
6144:
6042:
5906:
5902:
5875:
5314:
5247:
5166:
5057:
4736:
3074:
3017:
3009:
2978:
2966:
2924:
2734:
2686:
2656:
2581:
2571:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2278:
2065:
1972:(dropped into the eye or ear), and transdermally (applied to the skin).
1969:
1642:
1571:
1376:
1368:
1166:
961:
949:
894:
752:
653:
609:
474:
360:
356:
348:
166:
158:
33:
3693:
3483:. TechNote. Vol. 29, no. 9. Mary Ann Liebert. pp. 34–35.
2334:(ABPI). For 2017 this payment percentage set by the PPRS will be 4,75%.
6018:
5936:
5601:
5368:
5190:
5140:
4712:
4355:
4338:
4165:
Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine
2962:
2928:
2828:
Within the United States, pre-approval demand is generally met through
2702:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2636:
For most of the 19th century, drugs were not highly effective, leading
2609:
2534:
2033:
1979:. Administration frequencies are often abbreviated from Latin, such as
1911:
1798:
1735:
1657:
1650:
1416:
1392:
1159:
1142:
906:
863:
779:
560:
368:
307:
225:
217:
193:
4955:
4310:
Emerging Trends in Antibacterial Discovery: Answering the Call to Arms
5700:
5363:
5045:
3020:, rather than becoming acute, leading to their classification by the
2958:
2836:
2663:
2662:
In the inter-war period, the first anti-bacterial agents such as the
2075:
Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits,
1923:
1182:
1071:
1067:
1041:
768:
662:
320:, medication is "a substance used in treating a disease or relieving
3910:
3540:
3523:
3314:
3303:
2493:
to treat infections and the legs of bee-eaters to treat neck pains.
1899:
of a visiting nurse in St. Louis, Missouri, with medicine and babies
248:
therapies). Other ways to classify medicines are by mode of action,
91:
4546:
Banta D.H. (2001). "Worldwide Interest in Global Access to Drugs".
3255:
Qato DM, Wilder J, Schumm L, Gillet V, Alexander G (1 April 2016).
2787:
for higher-priced brand names. This also led to the 2006 U.S. law,
6000:
5710:
5205:
2954:
2945:
Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
2604:(found in such extremely popular drugs as the "Great Rest" of the
2601:
2533:
separation of minerals, compounding of metals, and preparation of
2490:
2265:
helps guide the referral process between pharmacists and doctors.
1890:
1770:
1519:
1298:
1204:
1113:
587:
100:
3614:. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology. pp. 1–33.
2931:, in India, which ended up in a Supreme Court in a case known as
2741:
for psychosis. As of 2007, thousands of approved drugs have been
2253:, not visible to the public, and be sold only by a pharmacist or
2152:. It includes pre-clinical research (microorganisms/animals) and
5704:
5062:
2970:
2950:
1551:
579:
550:
482:
321:
311:
229:
146:
138:
6117:
5081:
2756:
In the 1950s, new psychiatric drugs, notably the antipsychotic
2233:(OTC) which may be available without special restrictions, and
2201:
drug is sent to FDA before launching the drug into the market.
2111:. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve
4854:"Environmentally Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants (EPPPs)"
3759:"Schedule 7 – International Therapeutic Class Comparison Test"
3391:
Zaid Alkilani A, McCrudden MT, Donnelly RF (22 October 2015).
2194:
2190:
The drug is used on people to confirm that it is safe to use.
1935:
1626:
694:
4429:"Andrea Sloan Faces Pharma Firm With History of Indifference"
2997:
is another significant source derived from the prevalence of
852:, thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, aldosterone inhibitors.
5067:
4163:
H.F.J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004),
2500:
demonstrated the use of medication in the first half of the
260:. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the
6113:
4761:
Ebele AJ, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S (1 March 2017).
4525:. University of New Hampshire School of Law. Archived from
4380:"F.D.A. Debate on Speedy Access to AIDS Drugs Is Reopening"
2144:
is the process of bringing a new drug to the market once a
27:
Substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease
3368:
Lippencott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology 4th Edition
1789:
and mineral preparations (including iron preparations and
4225:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 1–26.
4117:. New York and London, New York University, 2007. Print.
4115:
Medicating Modern America: Prescription Drugs in History
4129:
The Petrie Papyri: Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob
2559:, written between 50 and 70 CE by the Greek physician
2241:
by a licensed medical practitioner in accordance with
461:
One of the key classifications is between traditional
176:
in many ways. One of the key divisions is by level of
5110:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
4516:"Patent Landscape Analysis of Healthcare Innovations"
3128:". Published 31 March 2004. Accessed 17 August 2008.
523:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
262:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
4523:
The Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property
4459:"In cancer drug battle, both sides appeal to ethics"
3014:
Environmentally Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants
2257:. Doctors may also prescribe prescription drugs for
2087:(to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/
6384:
6321:
6278:
6204:
6151:
6027:
5999:
5955:
5764:
5699:
5662:
5610:
5523:
5467:
5427:
5384:
5268:
5204:
5116:
4541:
4539:
4223:
Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria
3753:
3751:
3370:. Lippencott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1–4.
2677:Medicines commonly used by the late 1920s included
2590:, covers a range of drugs known to the practice of
927:(statins) for lowering LDL cholesterol inhibitors:
465:drugs; usually derived from chemical synthesis and
80:
63:
2332:Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
2013:is the process by which new drugs are discovered.
282:are complex and expensive endeavors undertaken by
3953:Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry, Preliminary Report
2628:described some herbal treatments that were used.
2079:, and optimization of those hits to increase the
4696:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 12, 336–337 (2013)
3096:"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, SEC. 210"
2263:Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals
4944:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
3676:Dean B, Barber N, Schachter M (December 2000).
2839:formed in the 1980s, and eventually formed its
2794:As of 2008, the United States is the leader in
2409:
2399:List of largest selling pharmaceutical products
617:: Enovid, "biphasic" pill, and "triphasic" pill
184:(those that a pharmacist dispenses only on the
32:Several terms redirect here. For other uses,
6129:
5093:
4670:. Generic Pharmaceutical Association (GPhA).
4491:. Apps.who.int. 14 April 2016. Archived from
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
2563:, was widely read for more than 1,500 years.
2548:imported drugs from Egypt and elsewhere. The
2381:Prescription drug prices in the United States
2281:by or under the supervision of a pharmacist.
2272:of the United Nations imposes a world law of
2052:of large compound libraries against isolated
1903:A single drug may contain single or multiple
1439:For the reproductive system or urinary system
8:
5108:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
4024:Reasonable Rx: Solving the drug price crisis
3481:Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News
2791:, which offers Medicare coverage for drugs.
1809:, haematopoietic drugs, food product drugs.
536:A sampling of classes of medicine includes:
367:and is used in research studies is called a
4626:Journal of the American Medical Association
4548:Journal of the American Medical Association
3964:, 28 November 2008, page 17 (pdf, 1.95 MB).
2552:
2367:In India, drug prices are regulated by the
2148:has been identified through the process of
1975:They can be administered in one dose, as a
6136:
6122:
6114:
5100:
5086:
5078:
5068:U.S. Food & Drug Administration: Drugs
4143:"Ancient Egypt: The Kahun medical papyrus"
2889:Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines
1660:, desloughing agents, exudate absorbents,
5018:
4906:
4820:
4354:
4201:Oxford University Press, rev. ed. (1998)
3797:
3726:"PPRS: payment percentage 2017 – Details"
3701:
3619:
3539:
3426:
3408:
3280:
2901:negotiations in the 1990s, including the
2369:National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority
733:Learn how and when to remove this message
6196:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
3976:"Pharmaceutical Sales 101: Me-Too Drugs"
3821:van Wormer KS, Link RJ (18 March 2015).
3784:Fonseca Md, Shadlen KC (20 April 2017).
2729:as tranquilizers and antihypertensives,
1968:(placed underneath the tongue), eye and
363:. A medication that does not contain an
3087:
3024:as "Ecological Disrupting Compounds."
2933:Novartis v. Union of India & Others
2875:Essential medicines, as defined by the
2245:due to the risk of adverse effects and
1832:, somatostatin inhibitors, recombinant
982:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
6087:Pharmacological classification systems
5454:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
4674:from the original on 28 September 2015
3214:Official Journal of the European Union
2592:medicine in the medieval Islamic world
443:(OTC) drug, and 52% took at least one
418:A substance recognized by an official
60:
5734:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
5073:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
4876:
4874:
4798:
4796:
4756:
4754:
4717:Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
4706:
4704:
4702:
4469:from the original on 25 December 2013
4439:from the original on 25 December 2013
3790:Revista Panamericana de Salud PĂşblica
3366:Finkel R, Cubeddu L, Clark M (2009).
3347:from the original on 6 September 2015
3333:Spatz I, McGee N (25 November 2013).
3216:. 30 April 2004. L136. Archived from
3187:from the original on 29 November 2022
3147:"Medication Definition & Meaning"
2270:International Narcotics Control Board
1269:General: adrenergic neurone blocker,
691:Category:Drugs by target organ system
7:
4881:Liu JL, Wong MH (1 September 2013).
4852:Environment UN (17 September 2020).
4560:10.1001/jama.285.22.2844-JMN0613-3-1
4246:from the original on 9 November 2013
4113:Tone, Andrea and Elizabeth Watkins,
4049:from the original on 13 October 2008
3955:(DG Competition Staff Working Paper)
3475:Anson BD, Ma J, He JQ (1 May 2009).
2861:Access to medicines and drug pricing
2462:treatment for erectile dysfunction.
1922:into the body, and by other routes (
1082:For consciousness (anesthetic drugs)
1066:The main classes of painkillers are
717:Please help consolidate the section.
407:A substance intended for use in the
5347:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
3477:"Identifying Cardiotoxic Compounds"
2705:for diabetes. Other drugs included
2598:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
389:or metabolic action or to making a
87:
3765:from the original on 17 April 2018
3736:from the original on 17 March 2017
3612:Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
3591:from the original on 19 April 2020
3157:from the original on 31 March 2022
2487:Ancient Egyptian medical practices
543:: reducing fever (pyrexia/pyresis)
411:, cure, mitigation, treatment, or
25:
5052:Drugs & Medications Directory
4605:from the original on 1 April 2014
4415:10.1097/01.nt.0000337676.20893.50
3315:https://www.medthority.com/drugs/
3100:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1278:For the ear, nose, and oropharynx
1108:The main categories of drugs for
578:: prevention of germ growth near
165:for continual advancement and on
6454:
6453:
6414:List of pharmaceutical companies
6096:
6076:
6075:
4082:10.1001/jama.1972.03200100053011
4039:"Top Pharmaceuticals: Prontosil"
3055:List of pharmaceutical companies
2771:led to the establishment of the
2515:On the Indian subcontinent, the
1173:, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/
699:
105:An example of a medication is a
69:
6434:Pharmacies in the United States
5484:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
4983:Environmental Chemistry Letters
4858:UNEP – UN Environment Programme
4043:Chemical & Engineering News
4022:Finkelstein S, Temin P (2008).
3974:Whitney, Jake (February 2006).
3273:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.8581
3102:. (g), (1), (B). Archived from
2217:Regulation of therapeutic goods
1684:For infections and infestations
517:. An elaborate and widely used
4378:Kolata G (12 September 1994).
4236:"Greek Medicine – Dioscorides"
3678:"What is a prescribing error?"
2287:include over-prescription and
1560:gonadotropin release inhibitor
936:For the central nervous system
481:used therapeutically (such as
302:Medication is a medicine or a
157:) is an important part of the
1:
6495:Products of chemical industry
5236:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
5046:Drug Reference Site Directory
4668:"Misguided Policy on Patents"
4308:Miller AA, Miller PF (2011).
4045:. Vol. 83, no. 25.
3899:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
3528:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
3451:"USHIK: Medication Frequency"
2769:Elixir Sulfanilamide disaster
2512:were employed as treatments.
2056:which are hypothesized to be
1515:For obstetrics and gynecology
1104:For musculoskeletal disorders
838:angiotensin receptor blockers
819:For the cardiovascular system
290:, and in some jurisdictions,
161:and relies on the science of
5947:Wakefulness-promoting agents
4908:10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.012
4267:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
3647:"Tips for Medication Safety"
3410:10.3390/pharmaceutics7040438
2989:during production, and from
2911:intellectual property rights
2773:Food and Drug Administration
2479:Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus
2229:, drugs may be divided into
1916:human gastrointestinal tract
1544:follicle stimulating hormone
1050:5-HT (serotonin) antagonists
974:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
925:HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
204:drugs, usually derived from
169:for appropriate management.
6409:Pharmacy benefit management
4822:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299
4779:10.1016/j.emcon.2016.12.004
3621:10.1039/9781782622345-00001
3335:"Specialty Pharmaceuticals"
3235:Drugs@FDA Glossary of Terms
2999:antibiotic use in livestock
2095:stability (to increase the
2001:In the fields of medicine,
1964:(placed inside the cheek),
1869:A euthanaticum is used for
1536:Hormone Replacement Therapy
1472:5-alpha reductase inhibitor
1000:, movement disorder (e.g.,
712:too many subsection headers
467:biological medical products
46:medication (disambiguation)
6511:
5597:Intravenous immunoglobulin
5003:10.1007/s10311-022-01498-7
3343:. What's The Background?.
3304:https://www.medthority.com
3177:"Definition of medication"
2942:
2864:
2813:
2810:Access to unapproved drugs
2574:'s ninth century AD book,
2420:
2396:
2389:every 9 years since 1950.
2378:
2302:
2214:
2134:
2113:computer-aided drug design
1994:
1884:
1875:physician-assisted suicide
1862:
1723:, probiotics, prebiotics,
1476:selective alpha-1 blockers
1321:For the respiratory system
1118:COX-2 selective inhibitors
1085:
1059:
688:
454:
335:of medication can include
31:
6449:
6071:
5058:European Medicines Agency
4887:Environment International
4279:10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.048
3181:National Cancer Institute
2881:access to these medicines
2877:World Health Organization
2871:Societal views on patents
2701:for heart disorders, and
2638:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
2428:Prescription drug history
2050:high throughput screening
1895:February 1918 drawing by
1346:beta2-adrenergic agonists
1189:, prostaglandin agonists/
1110:musculoskeletal disorders
1092:Some anesthetics include
970:tricyclic antidepressants
527:World Health Organization
329:National Cancer Institute
266:World Health Organization
88:
68:
54:medicine (disambiguation)
6404:Investigational New Drug
6245:Pharmaceutical chemistry
6191:Pharmacological activity
5652:Topoisomerase inhibitors
5336:renin–angiotensin system
5330:Calcium channel blockers
4638:10.1001/jama.294.16.2075
4188:See Atharvaveda XIX.34.9
4037:Stork W (20 June 2005).
3337:. Health Policy Briefs.
2899:World Trade Organization
2893:Access to Medicine Index
2885:Médecins Sans Frontières
2737:for asthma, and typical
2620:practice and the use of
2546:ancient Greek physicians
2161:Drug Development Process
1813:For neoplastic disorders
1538:(HRT), bone regulators,
1191:prostaglandin inhibitors
891:calcium channel blockers
850:calcium channel blockers
746:For the digestive system
397:In the US, a "drug" is:
284:pharmaceutical companies
6490:Pharmaceutical industry
6386:Pharmaceutical industry
6205:Pharmaceutical sciences
3868:10.1001/jama.2016.11237
2855:BioMarin Pharmaceutical
2672:pharmaceutical industry
2327:National Health Service
2313:In many jurisdictions,
2205:FDA post-Market Review:
1887:Route of administration
1358:leukotriene antagonists
1340:, inhaled and systemic
1169:: adrenergic agonists,
876:anti-hemophilic factors
812:prostaglandin analogues
751:Lower digestive tract:
507:route of administration
317:Encyclopædia Britannica
250:route of administration
153:disease. Drug therapy (
42:pharmaceutical industry
5444:Hormonal contraception
5374:Bile acid sequestrants
5155:Proton-pump inhibitors
5118:gastrointestinal tract
4314:Caister Academic Press
4131:. London: B. Quaritch.
3960:26 August 2020 at the
3320:8 January 2023 at the
3309:8 January 2023 at the
3261:JAMA Internal Medicine
3241:8 January 2023 at the
3207:"Directive 2004/27/EC"
2995:Agricultural pollution
2841:Treatment Action Group
2553:
2414:
2231:over-the-counter drugs
2060:in a process known as
2038:classical pharmacology
1900:
1822:therapeutic antibodies
1791:magnesium preparations
1758:For allergic disorders
1540:beta-receptor agonists
1496:Hormonal contraception
1364:For endocrine problems
1317:, and cerumenolytics.
942:central nervous system
830:antihypertensive drugs
796:proton pump inhibitors
765:bile acid sequestrants
357:drops put into the ear
314:illness. According to
288:how drugs are marketed
198:over-the-counter drugs
180:, which distinguishes
110:
75:Packages of medication
6485:Chemicals in medicine
6361:Pharmacist prescriber
6346:Consultant pharmacist
4767:Emerging Contaminants
4465:. 20 September 2013.
4435:. 26 September 2013.
3825:. Los Angeles: SAGE.
3645:Gina (21 July 2016).
3577:Assay Guidance Manual
3151:Britannica Dictionary
3132:30 April 2021 at the
2733:for nasal allergies,
2587:The Canon of Medicine
2567:Medieval pharmacology
1894:
1752:monoclonal antibodies
1731:For the immune system
1701:antituberculous drugs
1680:, immune modulators.
1631:vitamin A derivatives
1484:fertility medications
1433:vasopressin analogues
1423:, antithyroid drugs,
1354:mast cell stabilizers
1147:mast cell inhibitors.
929:hypolipidaemic agents
804:-receptor antagonists
519:classification system
413:prevention of disease
238:monoclonal antibodies
104:
50:meds (disambiguation)
6429:Pharmacies of Norway
6366:Pharmacy informatics
6260:Pharmacoepidemiology
6169:Prehistoric medicine
6053:Radiopharmaceuticals
5841:Antiparkinson agents
4737:10.1525/elementa.252
4514:Kowalksy SP (2013).
4127:Griffith FL (1898).
3732:. 23 December 2016.
3657:on 14 September 2016
3503:on 21 September 2012
3022:US Geological Survey
2939:Environmental issues
2749:is used to discover
2614:Theodoric Borgognoni
2606:Antidotarium Nicolai
2561:Pedanius Dioscorides
2472:prehistoric medicine
2466:Ancient pharmacology
2353:Medicamento Genérico
2179:Preclinical research
2121:new molecular entity
2062:reverse pharmacology
1830:aromatase inhibitors
1795:parenteral nutrition
1647:systemic antibiotics
1389:human growth hormone
1187:parasympathomimetics
1026:dopamine antagonists
940:Drugs affecting the
606:Hormone replacements
471:recombinant proteins
353:infusion into a vein
214:recombinant proteins
6376:Veterinary pharmacy
6308:Pharmacy technician
6270:Pharmacocybernetics
6164:History of pharmacy
5836:Antimigraine agents
5826:Antidementia agents
5729:Anti-inflammatories
5419:Medicated dressings
5359:Antihyperlipidemics
5186:Diabetes medication
4995:2022EnvCL..20.3883A
4950:(29): 11571–11592.
4899:2013EnInt..59..208L
4729:2017EleSA...5Q..66R
4692:Charlotte Harrison
4581:Ferreira L (2002).
4219:Heinrich von Staden
4153:on 13 January 2019.
4147:www.reshafim.org.il
3694:10.1136/qhc.9.4.232
3183:. 2 February 2011.
3070:Pharmaceutical code
2993:after consumption.
2915:compulsory licenses
2867:Essential medicines
2727:rauvolfia alkaloids
2632:Modern pharmacology
2519:, a sacred text of
2498:Babylonian medicine
2423:History of pharmacy
2255:pharmacy technician
2225:Depending upon the
2077:medicinal chemistry
2072:) drug candidates.
1946:Oral administration
1635:vitamin D analogues
1548:luteinising hormone
1448:alkalinizing agents
1248:topical anesthetics
1223:topical antibiotics
1130:anticholinesterases
1126:neuromuscular drugs
1002:Parkinson's disease
889:("beta blockers"),
887:β-receptor blockers
784:reflux suppressants
615:Oral contraceptives
531:essential medicines
515:therapeutic effects
503:chemical properties
270:essential medicines
258:therapeutic effects
190:physician assistant
127:pharmaceutical drug
18:Medical preparation
6371:Specialty pharmacy
6334:Community pharmacy
6303:Pharmacy residency
5689:Immunosuppressants
5559:Antimycobacterials
5515:Antithyroid agents
5499:Mineralocorticoids
5303:Cardiac stimulants
5293:Cardiac glycosides
5285:cardiac therapy /
5181:Anti-obesity drugs
4587:Fordham Law Review
4495:on 1 February 2014
4384:The New York Times
4356:10.1007/bf03256820
2762:tardive dyskinesia
2751:biopharmaceuticals
2305:Prescription costs
2243:medical guidelines
2235:prescription drugs
2054:biological targets
2022:chemical libraries
1905:active ingredients
1901:
1803:anti-obesity drugs
1744:immunosuppressants
1727:, and antivenoms.
1592:diethylstilbestrol
1413:thiazolidinediones
1256:parasympatholytics
899:cardiac glycosides
868:antiplatelet drugs
685:Types of medicines
557:Antimalarial drugs
525:(ATC system). The
445:dietary supplement
327:As defined by the
210:biopharmaceuticals
206:chemical synthesis
182:prescription drugs
111:
52:, and
6467:
6466:
6424:Pharmacy in China
6351:Hospital pharmacy
6329:Clinical pharmacy
6265:Pharmacovigilance
6181:Prescription drug
6111:
6110:
6014:Ophthalmologicals
5724:Anabolic steroids
5627:Anticancer agents
5590:Ectoparasiticides
5310:Antihypertensives
5258:Antifibrinolytics
5063:NHS Medicines A–Z
4956:10.1021/ie501210j
4337:Helene S (2010).
4323:978-1-904455-89-9
4197:Kenneth G. Zysk,
3832:978-1-4522-4031-2
3761:. 30 April 2014.
3631:978-1-78262-189-8
3377:978-0-7817-7155-9
3223:on 29 April 2021.
3045:Drug nomenclature
2987:industrial plants
2608:at the time) and
2555:De materia medica
2502:2nd millennium BC
2309:Pharmacoeconomics
2247:contraindications
2058:disease-modifying
2020:discovery. Later
1983:reading Q8H from
1897:Marguerite Martyn
1568:dopamine agonists
1532:antifibrinolytics
1528:haemostatic drugs
1490:For contraception
1311:local anesthetics
1201:Anti-inflammatory
992:/antiepileptics,
880:haemostatic drugs
792:antidopaminergics
743:
742:
735:
511:biological system
391:medical diagnosis
365:active ingredient
304:chemical compound
254:biological system
107:prescription drug
99:
98:
16:(Redirected from
6502:
6457:
6456:
6419:Medication costs
6394:Drug development
6356:Nuclear pharmacy
6233:Pharmacogenomics
6221:Pharmacodynamics
6217:Pharmacokinetics
6138:
6131:
6124:
6115:
6100:
6079:
6078:
6063:Senotherapeutics
5917:Neuroprotectives
5912:Mood stabilizers
5811:Anti-ADHD agents
5751:Muscle relaxants
5684:Immunostimulants
5679:Immunomodulators
5511:Thyroid hormones
5449:Fertility agents
5352:Renin inhibitors
5243:Antihemorrhagics
5210:forming organs (
5196:Dietary minerals
5102:
5095:
5088:
5079:
5033:
5032:
5022:
4989:(6): 3883–3904.
4974:
4968:
4967:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4910:
4878:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4824:
4815:(6): 3510–3673.
4809:Chemical Reviews
4800:
4791:
4790:
4758:
4749:
4748:
4708:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4532:on 4 March 2016.
4531:
4520:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4386:. Archived from
4375:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4232:
4226:
4216:
4210:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4169:Brill Publishers
4161:
4155:
4154:
4149:. Archived from
4139:
4133:
4132:
4124:
4118:
4111:
4094:
4093:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4019:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3988:on 7 August 2008
3984:. Archived from
3971:
3965:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3682:Qual Health Care
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3653:. Archived from
3642:
3636:
3635:
3623:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3543:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3499:. Archived from
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3412:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3330:
3324:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3252:
3246:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3143:
3137:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3092:
2991:municipal plants
2983:treatment plants
2907:Doha Declaration
2848:Abigail Alliance
2796:medical research
2745:. Increasingly,
2558:
2542:Hippocratic Oath
2506:Medicinal creams
2489:, such as using
2393:Blockbuster drug
2237:, which must be
2142:Drug development
2137:Drug development
2105:drug development
2030:natural products
1985:Quaque VIII Hora
1524:anticholinergics
1464:anticholinergics
1421:thyroid hormones
1350:anticholinergics
1295:anticholinergics
1287:sympathomimetics
1252:sympathomimetics
1235:fluoroquinolones
1122:muscle relaxants
1038:anticholinergics
915:vasoconstrictors
738:
731:
727:
724:
718:
703:
702:
695:
650:chlordiazepoxide
593:Mood stabilizers
529:keeps a list of
469:; which include
441:over-the-counter
280:drug development
268:keeps a list of
212:, which include
188:of a physician,
92:edit on Wikidata
73:
61:
21:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6445:
6380:
6317:
6313:Pharmacy school
6274:
6226:Pharmacometrics
6200:
6147:
6142:
6112:
6107:
6103:Medicine portal
6067:
6023:
5995:
5990:
5982:Cough medicines
5977:Bronchodilators
5958:
5951:
5831:Antidepressants
5821:Anticonvulsants
5769:
5760:
5756:Bisphosphonates
5746:Corticosteroids
5708:
5695:
5667:
5658:
5642:Spindle poisons
5632:Antimetabolites
5615:
5606:
5528:
5519:
5494:Glucocorticoids
5489:Corticosteroids
5470:
5463:
5430:
5423:
5380:
5298:Antiarrhythmics
5271:
5264:
5221:Antithrombotics
5209:
5200:
5176:Antipropulsives
5172:Antidiarrhoeals
5149:
5120:
5112:
5106:
5042:
5037:
5036:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4760:
4759:
4752:
4710:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4632:(16): 2075–82.
4623:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4554:(22): 2844–46.
4545:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4433:Huffington Post
4427:
4426:
4422:
4403:Neurology Today
4400:
4399:
4395:
4390:on 1 July 2017.
4377:
4376:
4372:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4240:www.nlm.nih.gov
4234:
4233:
4229:
4217:
4213:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4162:
4158:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4112:
4097:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4020:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3962:Wayback Machine
3947:
3946:
3942:
3911:10.1038/nrd3681
3896:
3895:
3891:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3541:10.1038/nrd3078
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3322:Wayback Machine
3311:Wayback Machine
3302:
3298:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3243:Wayback Machine
3232:
3228:
3220:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3134:Wayback Machine
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3030:
3006:bioaccumulation
2947:
2941:
2903:TRIPS Agreement
2873:
2865:Main articles:
2863:
2823:expanded access
2818:
2816:Expanded access
2812:
2804:
2789:Medicare Part D
2777:clinical trials
2719:corticosteroids
2645:First World War
2634:
2569:
2468:
2447:delivery system
2430:
2425:
2419:
2401:
2395:
2383:
2377:
2365:
2349:
2340:
2323:
2317:are regulated.
2311:
2303:Main articles:
2301:
2219:
2213:
2154:clinical trials
2139:
2133:
2109:clinical trials
2101:bioavailability
2026:small molecules
1999:
1993:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1861:
1850:
1848:For diagnostics
1818:Cytotoxic drugs
1815:
1783:
1775:corticosteroids
1760:
1740:immunoglobulins
1733:
1686:
1678:corticosteroids
1674:antiperspirants
1600:
1517:
1492:
1441:
1385:corticosteroids
1366:
1342:corticosteroids
1326:Bronchodilators
1323:
1303:corticosteroids
1280:
1241:Antiviral drugs
1231:aminoglycosides
1209:corticosteroids
1138:
1106:
1094:benzodiazepines
1090:
1064:
1058:
1022:cyclopyrrolones
1018:benzodiazepines
990:anticonvulsants
966:antidepressants
938:
903:antiarrhythmics
821:
808:cytoprotectants
803:
776:digestive tract
761:antidiarrhoeals
748:
739:
728:
722:
719:
716:
704:
700:
693:
687:
625:methylphenidate
493:(for instance,
459:
453:
437:
383:pharmacological
300:
244:(for instance,
226:therapeutically
192:, or qualified
155:pharmacotherapy
95:
76:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6508:
6506:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6472:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6399:Drug discovery
6396:
6390:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6322:Practice areas
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6298:Pharmaconomist
6295:
6294:
6293:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6118:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6048:Contrast media
6045:
6039:
6037:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6001:sensory organs
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5846:Antipsychotics
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5816:Antiaddictives
5813:
5808:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5771:nervous system
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5741:Antirheumatics
5738:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5675:
5673:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5647:Antineoplastic
5644:
5639:
5634:
5623:
5621:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5580:Antiprotozoals
5575:Antiparasitics
5572:
5567:
5562:
5555:Antibacterials
5551:Antimicrobials
5547:
5545:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5508:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5414:Antipsoriatics
5411:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5342:ACE inhibitors
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5281:
5279:
5270:cardiovascular
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5231:Anticoagulants
5228:
5217:
5215:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5132:
5130:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5041:
5040:External links
5038:
5035:
5034:
4969:
4930:
4870:
4844:
4792:
4750:
4698:
4685:
4659:
4616:
4593:(3): 1133–79.
4573:
4535:
4506:
4480:
4450:
4420:
4393:
4370:
4349:(4): 223–229.
4329:
4322:
4300:
4273:(1): 443–449.
4257:
4227:
4211:
4190:
4181:
4156:
4134:
4119:
4095:
4076:(10): 1341–5.
4060:
4029:
3999:
3966:
3940:
3905:(3): 191–200.
3889:
3846:
3831:
3813:
3792:. 41 (e5): 2.
3776:
3747:
3717:
3668:
3651:House Findings
3637:
3630:
3602:
3563:
3534:(3): 203–214.
3514:
3467:
3455:ushik.ahrq.gov
3442:
3403:(4): 438–470.
3383:
3376:
3358:
3340:Health Affairs
3325:
3296:
3267:(4): 473–482.
3247:
3226:
3198:
3168:
3138:
3117:
3106:on 12 May 2009
3086:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3065:Overmedication
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3026:
2981:of wastewater
2975:concentrations
2943:Main article:
2940:
2937:
2862:
2859:
2814:Main article:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2758:chlorpromazine
2739:antipsychotics
2731:antihistamines
2633:
2630:
2626:Garcia de Orta
2568:
2565:
2483:medical papyri
2467:
2464:
2429:
2426:
2421:Main article:
2418:
2415:
2397:Main article:
2394:
2391:
2379:Main article:
2376:
2373:
2364:
2361:
2359:) since 1999.
2348:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2322:
2321:United Kingdom
2319:
2300:
2297:
2285:Medical errors
2215:Main article:
2212:
2209:
2150:drug discovery
2135:Main article:
2132:
2129:
2011:drug discovery
1997:Drug discovery
1995:Main article:
1992:
1991:Drug discovery
1989:
1885:Main article:
1882:
1881:Administration
1879:
1860:
1859:For euthanasia
1857:
1853:Contrast media
1849:
1846:
1842:erythropoietin
1814:
1811:
1807:anabolic drugs
1782:
1779:
1767:antihistamines
1763:Anti-allergics
1759:
1756:
1732:
1729:
1721:antiprotozoals
1685:
1682:
1607:anti-pruritics
1599:
1596:
1576:prostaglandins
1556:gamolenic acid
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1468:antispasmodics
1440:
1437:
1365:
1362:
1322:
1319:
1291:antihistamines
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1244:
1238:
1212:
1198:
1163:
1149:
1137:
1134:
1105:
1102:
1057:
1054:
1030:antihistamines
958:antipsychotics
937:
934:
933:
932:
922:
883:
860:anticoagulants
853:
834:ACE inhibitors
826:blood pressure
820:
817:
816:
815:
801:
788:antiflatulents
772:
757:antispasmodics
747:
744:
741:
740:
707:
705:
698:
686:
683:
678:
677:
660:
642:chlorpromazine
631:
618:
612:
603:
590:
573:
563:
554:
544:
479:blood products
463:small molecule
455:Main article:
452:
451:Classification
449:
436:
433:
432:
431:
427:
416:
405:
402:
395:
394:
379:
299:
296:
276:Drug discovery
222:blood products
202:small molecule
131:medicinal drug
97:
96:
89:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6507:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6460:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6255:Pharmacognosy
6253:
6251:
6250:Pharmaceutics
6248:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6127:
6125:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5972:Decongestants
5970:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5891:Dissociatives
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5881:Hallucinogens
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:Anthelmintics
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:genitourinary
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:Antipruritics
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:Beta blockers
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Antiplatelets
5224:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5098:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4617:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4507:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4409:(17): 20–21.
4408:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4207:0-19-505956-5
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4177:90-04-13666-5
4174:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3862:(8): 858–71.
3861:
3857:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3468:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3397:Pharmaceutics
3394:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:List of drugs
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Deprescribing
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2830:treatment IND
2826:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2807:
2802:Controversies
2801:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:generic drugs
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:biotechnology
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:nitroglycerin
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:Alexis Carrel
2646:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2584:(Avicenna)'s
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:pharmacopoeia
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:United States
2374:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2357:generic drugs
2354:
2346:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2293:Delphi method
2290:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:off-label use
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:lead compound
2143:
2138:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:of synthetic
2023:
2019:
2018:serendipitous
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:biotechnology
1998:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:every 8 hours
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:For nutrition
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:anthelmintics
1706:
1705:antimalarials
1702:
1698:
1697:antileprotics
1694:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:fibrinolytics
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:pediculicides
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:diphosphonate
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:sulfonylureas
1398:
1397:antidiabetics
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:antiandrogens
1370:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:decongestants
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:Antibacterial
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:nitroglycerin
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:hyperosmotics
1172:
1171:beta-blockers
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1089:
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1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
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1053:
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1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
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1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:lithium salts
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
935:
930:
926:
923:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
881:
877:
873:
872:fibrinolytics
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
843:
842:beta-blockers
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:
818:
813:
809:
805:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
745:
737:
734:
726:
714:
713:
708:This section
706:
697:
696:
692:
684:
682:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:Tranquilizers
632:
630:
626:
622:
619:
616:
613:
611:
607:
604:
602:
598:
594:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:: inhibiting
567:
564:
562:
558:
555:
553:(painkillers)
552:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
537:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:affected, or
512:
508:
504:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
450:
448:
446:
442:
434:
428:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
403:
400:
399:
398:
392:
388:
387:immunological
384:
380:
377:
376:
375:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:affected, or
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
159:medical field
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:(also called
116:
108:
103:
93:
83:
79:
72:
67:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
6212:Pharmacology
6175:
5886:Psychedelics
5856:Aphrodisiacs
5530:infestations
5506:Sex hormones
5459:Sex hormones
5404:Cicatrizants
5334:
5320:Vasodilators
5287:antianginals
5284:
5136:stomach acid
5135:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4890:
4886:
4861:. Retrieved
4857:
4847:
4812:
4808:
4770:
4766:
4720:
4716:
4694:Patent watch
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4662:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4607:. Retrieved
4590:
4586:
4576:
4551:
4547:
4527:the original
4522:
4509:
4497:. Retrieved
4493:the original
4483:
4471:. Retrieved
4462:
4453:
4441:. Retrieved
4432:
4423:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4388:the original
4383:
4373:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4309:
4303:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4239:
4230:
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4214:
4198:
4193:
4184:
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4159:
4151:the original
4146:
4137:
4128:
4122:
4114:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4051:. Retrieved
4042:
4032:
4023:
3990:. Retrieved
3986:the original
3979:
3969:
3952:
3943:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3822:
3816:
3789:
3779:
3767:. Retrieved
3738:. Retrieved
3729:
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3688:(4): 232–7.
3685:
3681:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3655:the original
3650:
3640:
3611:
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3576:
3566:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3501:the original
3480:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:
3445:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3367:
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3338:
3328:
3299:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3229:
3218:the original
3213:
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3180:
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3150:
3141:
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3104:the original
3099:
3090:
3003:
2985:, both from
2948:
2923:
2919:
2897:
2887:also runs a
2874:
2852:
2845:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2766:
2755:
2723:inflammation
2676:
2661:
2642:
2635:
2622:anaesthetics
2596:
2585:
2575:
2570:
2539:
2514:
2495:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2410:
2402:
2387:
2384:
2366:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2324:
2312:
2299:Drug pricing
2289:polypharmacy
2283:
2267:
2227:jurisdiction
2224:
2220:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2173:Development:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2140:
2125:
2117:
2099:), and oral
2074:
2046:human genome
2015:
2007:pharmacology
2000:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1966:sublingually
1950:dosage forms
1944:
1909:
1902:
1868:
1851:
1834:interleukins
1826:sex hormones
1816:
1787:electrolytes
1784:
1761:
1734:
1687:
1666:proteolytics
1639:keratolytics
1601:
1598:For the skin
1518:
1502:Ormeloxifene
1460:cholinergics
1442:
1381:gonadotropin
1367:
1330:antitussives
1324:
1281:
1264:cycloplegics
1246:Diagnostic:
1179:cholinergics
1107:
1098:barbiturates
1091:
1081:
1080:
1074:, and local
1065:
1046:cannabinoids
1034:cholinergics
1014:amphetamines
998:barbiturates
954:anaesthetics
946:psychedelics
939:
919:vasodilators
911:antianginals
729:
720:
709:
679:
541:Antipyretics
535:
499:
497:therapies).
491:cell therapy
487:gene therapy
460:
438:
420:pharmacopeia
396:
373:
333:dosage forms
326:
315:
301:
292:drug pricing
274:
242:cell therapy
234:gene therapy
171:
163:pharmacology
149:, treat, or
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
112:
58:
38:pharmacology
29:
6279:Professions
6159:Compounding
6019:Otologicals
5991:antagonists
5957:respiratory
5932:Orexigenics
5927:Neurotoxins
5876:Euphoriants
5866:Entactogens
5861:Depressants
5851:Anxiolytics
5789:Anesthetics
5565:Antifungals
5162:Antiemetics
5150:antagonists
4893:: 208–224.
4773:(1): 1–16.
4473:24 December
4443:24 December
4250:16 February
4026:. FT Press.
3191:24 November
3060:Orphan drug
2711:sulfa drugs
2653:Henry Dakin
2643:During the
2577:De Gradibus
2517:Atharvaveda
2315:drug prices
2274:prohibition
2131:Development
2085:selectivity
2070:drug design
1865:Barbiturate
1748:interferons
1713:amoebicides
1693:antifungals
1689:Antibiotics
1654:antibiotics
1615:antiseptics
1611:antifungals
1580:gonadorelin
1564:progestogen
1480:sildenafils
1456:antibiotics
1315:antifungals
1307:antiseptics
1283:Antibiotics
1227:sulfa drugs
1219:antibiotics
1152:Anti-fungal
1136:For the eye
1116:(including
1076:anesthetics
1012:(including
994:anxiolytics
986:antiemetics
968:(including
856:Coagulation
675:simvastatin
671:pravastatin
638:meprobamate
629:amphetamine
576:Antiseptics
566:Antibiotics
559:: treating
549:: reducing
343:, liquids,
81:Other names
6474:Categories
6286:Pharmacist
6238:Toxicology
6176:Medication
5942:Stimulants
5922:Nootropics
5896:Deliriants
5871:Entheogens
5806:Anorectics
5784:Analgesics
5637:Alkylating
5570:Antivirals
5525:infections
5399:Emollients
5253:Coagulants
5123:metabolism
4609:20 January
3082:References
2715:penicillin
2707:antitoxins
2689:for pain;
2668:penicillin
2618:antiseptic
2530:nosologies
2405:Cimetidine
2279:pharmacies
2251:dispensary
2239:prescribed
2211:Regulation
2167:Discovery:
2042:sequencing
1952:including
1940:urogenital
1932:ophthalmic
1871:euthanasia
1863:See also:
1725:antitoxins
1717:antivirals
1670:sunscreens
1629:products,
1619:scabicides
1603:Emollients
1584:clomiphene
1508:Spermicide
1452:quinolones
1444:Antifungal
1425:calcitonin
1405:biguanides
1334:mucolytics
1271:astringent
1260:mydriatics
1156:imidazoles
1088:Anesthetic
1086:See also:
1060:See also:
1010:stimulants
1006:nootropics
984:(SSRIs)),
846:α blockers
824:Affecting
723:April 2019
689:See also:
667:lovastatin
658:alprazolam
621:Stimulants
547:Analgesics
505:, mode or
457:Drug class
298:Definition
174:classified
172:Drugs are
133:or simply
119:medicament
115:medication
64:Medication
6092:ATC codes
6058:Dressings
6043:Antidotes
5907:Sedatives
5903:Hypnotics
5612:malignant
5469:endocrine
5315:Diuretics
5248:Platelets
5208:and blood
5167:Laxatives
5011:1610-3661
4964:0888-5885
4917:0160-4120
4863:7 January
4831:0009-2665
4787:2405-6650
4745:2325-1026
4678:8 October
4343:Pharm Med
4287:1872-7573
4167:, p. 99,
3919:1474-1776
3841:899880624
3489:1935-472X
3419:1999-4923
3351:28 August
3110:17 August
3035:Adherence
3018:food webs
2963:estuaries
2853:In 2013,
2743:developed
2735:xanthines
2691:digitalis
2485:describe
2107:prior to
2097:half-life
2093:metabolic
2040:. Since
1970:ear drops
1920:injection
1914:(via the
1643:abrasives
1588:tamoxifen
1572:oestrogen
1409:metformin
1377:estrogens
1369:Androgens
1062:Analgesic
1004:) drugs,
962:eugeroics
950:hypnotics
895:diuretics
885:General:
753:laxatives
710:may have
646:reserpine
601:valproate
495:stem cell
430:process).
424:formulary
409:diagnosis
246:stem cell
228:(such as
6459:Category
6186:Pharmacy
6145:Pharmacy
5937:Serenics
5602:Vaccines
5369:Fibrates
5191:Vitamins
5141:Antacids
5054:– Curlie
5048:– OpenMD
5029:35996725
4925:23838081
4839:30830758
4672:Archived
4654:10277752
4646:16249422
4603:Archived
4599:12523370
4568:11401589
4467:Archived
4437:Archived
4365:31439802
4295:24905867
4244:Archived
4047:Archived
3981:Guernica
3958:Archived
3927:22378269
3884:19317308
3876:27552619
3808:28444005
3769:16 March
3763:Archived
3740:16 March
3734:Archived
3712:11101708
3589:Archived
3585:22553881
3550:20168317
3497:77706455
3460:31 March
3437:26506371
3345:Archived
3318:Archived
3307:Archived
3291:26998708
3239:Archived
3185:Archived
3161:31 March
3155:Archived
3130:Archived
3075:Pharmacy
3028:See also
3010:toxicity
2979:effluent
2967:seawater
2925:Novartis
2905:and the
2687:morphine
2657:gangrene
2582:Ibn Sina
2572:Al-Kindi
2526:ayurveda
2521:Hinduism
2496:Ancient
2412:periods.
2188:testing:
2186:Clinical
2081:affinity
2066:efficacy
2034:extracts
1962:buccally
1958:capsules
1936:otologic
1799:vitamins
1785:Tonics,
1736:Vaccines
1658:hormones
1167:glaucoma
1160:polyenes
1056:For pain
944:include
798:(PPIs),
780:antacids
654:diazepam
610:Premarin
475:vaccines
355:, or by
349:by mouth
341:capsules
306:used to
218:vaccines
167:pharmacy
143:diagnose
141:used to
123:medicine
34:Pharmacy
6439:History
6152:General
5794:General
5701:muscles
5670:L03–L04
5666:disease
5618:L01–L02
5614:disease
5364:Statins
5020:9385088
4991:Bibcode
4895:Bibcode
4725:Bibcode
4499:25 June
4090:4553966
3992:31 July
3935:3344476
3799:6612747
3703:1743540
3661:21 July
3558:1299234
3507:25 July
3428:4695828
3282:5024734
2959:streams
2929:Gleevec
2713:, then
2703:insulin
2699:quinine
2683:codeine
2679:aspirin
2610:quinine
2535:alkalis
2417:History
2199:Review:
2089:potency
2044:of the
1954:tablets
1912:enteral
1651:topical
1417:insulin
1393:insulin
1183:miotics
1143:allergy
1072:opioids
1042:emetics
907:nitrate
864:heparin
769:opioids
663:Statins
597:lithium
561:malaria
521:is the
369:placebo
337:tablets
196:) from
178:control
151:prevent
137:) is a
6219:&
6101:
6080:
6028:other
5959:system
5711:joints
5664:immune
5471:system
5431:system
5272:system
5027:
5017:
5009:
4962:
4923:
4915:
4837:
4829:
4785:
4743:
4723:: 66.
4652:
4644:
4597:
4566:
4363:
4320:
4293:
4285:
4205:
4175:
4088:
4053:30 May
3933:
3925:
3917:
3882:
3874:
3839:
3829:
3806:
3796:
3730:GOV.UK
3710:
3700:
3628:
3595:20 May
3583:
3556:
3548:
3495:
3487:
3435:
3425:
3417:
3374:
3289:
3279:
3233:FDA, "
3008:, and
2969:, and
2955:rivers
2837:ACT UP
2697:, and
2685:, and
2664:sulpha
2347:Brazil
2338:Canada
2005:, and
1938:, and
1924:dermal
1771:NSAIDs
1750:, and
1520:NSAIDs
1299:NSAIDs
1205:NSAIDs
1128:, and
1114:NSAIDs
1068:NSAIDs
1048:, and
980:, and
774:Upper
673:, and
656:, and
588:wounds
572:growth
489:, and
345:creams
264:. The
208:, and
48:,
6480:Drugs
6082:Drugs
5799:Local
5766:brain
5705:bones
5206:blood
4650:S2CID
4530:(PDF)
4519:(PDF)
4361:S2CID
3931:S2CID
3880:S2CID
3554:S2CID
3221:(PDF)
3210:(PDF)
2951:lakes
2602:opium
2510:pills
2491:honey
2363:India
2032:, or
1977:bolus
1928:nasal
1838:G-CSF
1165:Anti-
1141:Anti-
1112:are:
586:,and
580:burns
435:Usage
351:, by
308:treat
224:used
194:nurse
186:order
90:[
6339:shop
6291:List
5709:and
5386:skin
5025:PMID
5007:ISSN
4960:ISSN
4921:PMID
4913:ISSN
4865:2024
4835:PMID
4827:ISSN
4783:ISSN
4741:ISSN
4680:2015
4642:PMID
4611:2014
4595:PMID
4564:PMID
4501:2016
4475:2013
4445:2013
4318:ISBN
4291:PMID
4283:ISSN
4252:2021
4203:ISBN
4173:ISBN
4086:PMID
4070:JAMA
4055:2014
3994:2008
3923:PMID
3915:ISSN
3872:PMID
3856:JAMA
3837:OCLC
3827:ISBN
3804:PMID
3771:2017
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