575:
743:, among many varied conditions. The therapeutic effect is not from the small amount of blood taken in the meal, but from the continued and steady bleeding from the wound left after the leech has detached, as well as the anesthetizing, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilating properties of the secreted leech saliva. The most common complication from leech treatment is prolonged bleeding, which can easily be treated, but more serious allergic reactions and bacterial infections may also occur. Leech therapy was classified by the US
36:
141:
432:
80:
632:
99:
558:
1792:
679:
and inflammation), so the theory went, must have arisen from too much blood in the body. Similarly, any person whose behavior was strident and sanguine was thought to be suffering from an excess of blood. Leeches, by removing blood, were thought to help with these kinds of conditions — a wide range
706:
used 50,000 leeches a year in 1831. The price of leeches varied between one penny and threepence halfpenny each. In 1832 leeches accounted for 4.4% of the total hospital expenditure. The hospital maintained an aquarium for leeches until the 1930s. The use of leeches began to become less widespread
422:
mating, laying eggs in clutches of up to 50 near (but not under) water, and in shaded, humid places. A study done in Poland found that medicinal leeches sometimes breed inside the nests of large aquatic birds, noting that conservation efforts directed at bird habitats may also indirectly help
399:, is where the feeding takes place. Medicinal leeches have three jaws (tripartite) that resemble saws, on which are approximately 100 sharp edges used to incise the host. The incision leaves a mark that is an inverted Y inside of a circle. After piercing the skin, they suck out
916:
Rigbi M, Levy H, Eldor A, Iraqi F, Teitelbaum M, Orevi M, et al. (1987). "The saliva of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis--II. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and of leukocyte activity and examination of reputed anaesthetic effects".
522:. These achieve a wide variety of goals useful to the leech as it feeds, helping to keep the blood in liquid form and increasing blood flow in the affected area. Several of these secreted proteins serve as
1321:
473:- medicinal leeches' preferred host species - by motor vehicles and mechanical farming equipment, and the provision of artificial water supplies for cattle. As a result, this species is now considered
469:
in the 19th century has left only scattered populations, and reduction in natural habitat through drainage has also contributed to their decline. Another factor includes the replacement of
363:
Medicinal leech populations were reduced significantly in many countries during the 19th century due to the high demand in medical contexts, and remain endangered in many countries today.
586:
The first recorded use of leech therapy was 3,500 years ago in
Ancient Egypt. The next recorded uses of leeches in medicine come in the last few centuries BCE, by the Greek physician
498:
411:). Large adults can consume up to ten times their body weight in a single meal, with 5–15 mL being the average volume taken. These leeches can live for up to a year between feedings.
375:
of medicinal leeches follows that of most other leeches. Fully mature adults can be up to 20 centimeters in length, and are green, brown, or greenish-brown with a darker tone on the
1104:
Baskova IP, Zavalova LL, Basanova AV, Moshkovskii SA, Zgoda VG (July 2004). "Protein profiling of the medicinal leech salivary gland secretion by proteomic analytical methods".
1974:
574:
1609:
2145:
2052:
497:. There are small, transplanted populations in several countries outside their natural range, including the USA. The species is protected under Appendix II of
1717:
1948:
2000:
754:
present in leeches, it is impractical to harvest the substance for widespread medical use. Hirudin (and related substances) are synthesized using
481:, and European medicinal leeches are legally protected through nearly all of their natural range. They are particularly sparsely distributed in
1802:
1181:
Mory RN, Mindell D, Bloom DA (July 2000). "The leech and the physician: biology, etymology, and medical practice with
Hirudinea medicinalis".
2155:
1425:
2170:
1751:
1452:
494:
2180:
2150:
1909:
727:, used to stimulate circulation in tissues threatened by postoperative venous congestion, particularly in finger reattachment and
2104:
1147:
1012:
291:
663:, must be kept in balance for the human body to function properly. (The four humors of ancient medical philosophy were blood,
2005:
2175:
2039:
1796:
1665:
489:, and in the UK there may be as few as 20 remaining isolated populations (all widely scattered). The largest, located at
1617:
1566:
Frodel JL, Barth P, Wagner J (December 2004). "Salvage of partial facial soft tissue avulsions with medicinal leeches".
744:
1987:
1883:
688:. Leeches were often gathered by leech collectors and were eventually farmed in large numbers. A unique 19th-century "
1639:
762:
and perform the same function as medicinal leeches have been developed, but they are not yet commercially available.
1927:
703:
2057:
1940:
383:
side. The dorsal side also has a thin red stripe. These organisms have two suckers, one at each end, called the
2165:
618:
140:
501:
meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system.
2122:
1728:
1761:
1851:
1813:
1722:
728:
459:
for this species is muddy freshwater pools and ditches with plentiful weed growth in temperate climates.
1888:
877:"The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species"
613:
348:
271:
1691:
1047:
Buczyński P, Tończyk G, Bielecki A, Cichocka J, Kitowski I, Grzywaczewski G, et al. (April 2014).
2109:
1896:
1860:
1060:
531:
372:
2031:
822:
600:
391:
suckers. The posterior is used mainly for leverage, whereas the anterior sucker, consisting of the
388:
88:
963:
Wells MD, Manktelow RT, Boyd JB, Bowen V (1993). "The medical leech: an old treatment revisited".
731:
of the ear, nose, lip, and eyelid. Other clinical applications of medicinal leech therapy include
1756:
1591:
1548:
1457:
1376:
1300:
1216:
1129:
1086:
1007:
988:
771:
689:
135:
1765:
1155:
1979:
493:, is estimated to contain several thousand individuals; 12 of these areas have been designated
2078:
1583:
1540:
1505:
1421:
1368:
1292:
1208:
1121:
1078:
1029:
980:
934:
898:
700:
on the bank of the Bedale Beck, used to store medicinal leeches until the early 20th century.
462:
332:
1413:
2160:
2083:
1575:
1532:
1495:
1485:
1358:
1282:
1274:
1198:
1190:
1113:
1068:
1021:
972:
926:
888:
817:
736:
595:
376:
228:
2018:
1865:
2065:
755:
697:
591:
474:
466:
431:
185:
103:
1117:
854:. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
1064:
79:
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1935:
1922:
1536:
1500:
1473:
1287:
1262:
777:
740:
732:
342:
1159:
631:
2139:
2013:
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808:
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523:
415:
404:
287:
108:
1595:
1552:
1220:
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992:
919:
Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology
724:
543:
1579:
1363:
1346:
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2044:
2026:
1961:
1845:
672:
624:
These sources indicated leech therapy for a wide variety of ailments, including
557:
539:
355:
238:
1278:
17:
1073:
1048:
876:
685:
668:
655:) was used to remove blood from a patient as part of a process to balance the
579:
551:
452:
448:
208:
198:
1082:
902:
1992:
976:
152:
1836:
1587:
1544:
1509:
1372:
1347:"From ancient leech to direct thrombin inhibitors and beyond: New from old"
1296:
1234:
1212:
1125:
847:
1914:
1791:
1490:
1474:"Recommendations for the use of leeches in reconstructive plastic surgery"
1194:
1033:
1025:
984:
938:
2070:
1875:
1830:
1203:
656:
608:
587:
562:
547:
519:
384:
1049:"Occurrence of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) in birds' nests"
893:
2117:
1953:
759:
751:
535:
527:
486:
456:
408:
380:
314:
310:
172:
1966:
693:
664:
639:
In medieval and early modern
European medicine, the medicinal leech (
515:
482:
470:
440:
326:
248:
162:
1807:
1523:
Abdelgabar AM, Bhowmick BK (March 2003). "The return of the leech".
675:.) Any sickness that caused the subject's skin to become red (e.g.
2091:
681:
676:
660:
630:
625:
573:
556:
430:
400:
396:
218:
125:
119:
490:
478:
444:
1901:
1811:
758:
techniques. Devices called "mechanical leeches" that dispense
419:
392:
29:
582:
of a physician prescribing leeches for a weak, bedbound woman
1752:"ENT Research Group Recognized for Mechanical Leech Project"
1666:"Leeches are still used in medicine—yes, really. Here's why"
550:
inhibitors. It is also thought that the saliva contains an
1453:"The doctor's world; leeches still have their medical uses"
1008:"Ingestive behaviour and physiology of the medicinal leech"
598:. Leech therapy is mentioned a few hundred years later in
1718:"Biomedical Engineering Student Invents Mechanical Leech"
604:, a 3rd-century CE book of traditional Chinese medicine.
1006:
Lent CM, Fliegner KH, Freedman E, Dickinsont MH (1988).
1261:Şenel E, Taylan Özkan A, Mumcuoglu KY (October 2020).
1764:, Madison, Division of Otolaryngology. Archived from
1478:
1407:
1405:
1820:
1263:"Scientometric analysis of medicinal leech therapy"
723:) made an international comeback in the 1970s in
330:sometimes also used as medicinal leeches include
1803:Early Practices: A Brief History of Bloodletting
435:Typical habitat with a large population, Germany
823:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T10190A21415816.en
1446:
1444:
1256:
1254:
715:Medicinal leech therapy (also referred to as
635:Earthenware jar for holding medicinal leeches
514:Medicinal leeches have been found to secrete
439:Their range extends over almost the whole of
8:
1640:"Product Classification: Leeches, Medicinal"
1267:Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine
798:Utevsky S, Zagmajster M, Trontelj P (2014).
554:, as leech bites are generally not painful.
353:, and the North American medicinal leech is
1416:. In Michaelsen A, Roth M, Dobos G (eds.).
1808:
1525:International Journal of Clinical Practice
97:
78:
67:
1499:
1489:
1362:
1286:
1202:
1072:
892:
821:
1398:. London: William Heinemann. p. 73.
607:Medical use of leeches was discussed by
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
842:
840:
790:
628:,. "blood stasis", and skin diseases.
423:preserve dwindling leech populations.
2146:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1664:Runwal, Priyanka (December 1, 2022).
1412:Wittke-Michalsen E (March 14, 2007).
1316:
1314:
875:Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014-11-18).
707:towards the end of the 19th century.
346:. The Asian medicinal leech includes
7:
2123:75DE60D9-8862-43D3-9ADC-846F2E15D3DC
1941:fc2a5b3e-4f37-46ee-a3ea-44a8940abbc5
1568:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
1345:Montinari MR, Minelli S (May 2022).
870:
868:
750:Because of the minuscule amounts of
495:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
809:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1610:"Applications in General Medicine"
1537:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2003.tb10436.x
1118:10.1023/b:biry.0000040202.21965.2a
25:
1414:"2: The History of Leech Therapy"
1351:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
594:and in the ancient Sanskrit text
1790:
774:– other medical use of parasites
139:
34:
1692:"A mechanical medicinal leech?"
1451:Altman LK (February 17, 1981).
1013:Journal of Experimental Biology
1716:Crystal C (14 December 2000).
680:which included illnesses like
518:containing about 60 different
1:
1690:Salleh A (14 December 2001).
747:as a medical device in 2004.
2156:Biologically based therapies
1616:. Ricarimpex. Archived from
1580:10.1016/j.otohns.2004.07.005
1364:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112878
931:10.1016/0742-8413(87)90052-1
881:Zoosystematics and Evolution
745:Food and Drug Administration
2171:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2197:
2181:Habitats Directive species
1279:10.1016/j.jaim.2018.11.006
704:Manchester Royal Infirmary
2151:Animals described in 1758
1420:. Thieme. pp. 4–12.
1074:10.2478/s11756-014-0329-0
534:inhibitors (most notably
277:
270:
136:Scientific classification
134:
117:
95:
86:
77:
70:
43:This article needs to be
1183:World Journal of Surgery
1106:Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
619:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
307:European medicinal leech
1762:University of Wisconsin
1418:Medicinal Leech Therapy
977:10.1002/micr.1920140309
27:Species of annelid worm
1723:University of Virginia
1644:www.accessdata.fda.gov
1396:Portrait of a Hospital
848:"The CITES Appendices"
729:reconstructive surgery
636:
583:
566:
565:of a cattle with leech
436:
414:Medicinal leeches are
1472:Mumcuoglu KY (2014).
1239:Arizona Leech Therapy
1195:10.1007/s002680010141
1026:10.1242/jeb.137.1.513
816:: e.T10190A21415816.
780:– medical use of fish
634:
621:in the 12th century.
614:The Canon of Medicine
577:
560:
510:Beneficial secretions
434:
2176:Traditional medicine
1936:Fauna Europaea (new)
1799:at Wikimedia Commons
1768:on December 11, 2006
1394:Brockbank W (1952).
532:platelet aggregation
309:, is one of several
1670:National Geographic
1614:Sangues Medicinales
1491:10.1155/2014/205929
1326:www.tmrjournals.com
1162:on October 10, 2018
1152:Sangues Medicinales
1065:2014Biolg..69..484B
894:10.3897/zse.90.8715
659:that, according to
601:Shennong Bencaojing
379:side and a lighter
263:H. medicinalis
89:Conservation status
1866:Hirudo_medicinalis
1852:Hirudo medicinalis
1822:Hirudo medicinalis
1797:Hirudo medicinalis
1696:ABC Science Online
1458:The New York Times
802:Hirudo medicinalis
772:Helminthic therapy
643:and its congeners
641:Hirudo medicinalis
637:
584:
567:
437:
418:that reproduce by
302:Hirudo medicinalis
281:Hirudo medicinalis
72:Hirudo medicinalis
2133:
2132:
2079:Open Tree of Life
1814:Taxon identifiers
1795:Media related to
1427:978-3-13-161891-7
735:, muscle cramps,
463:Over-exploitation
427:Range and ecology
324:Other species of
319:medicinal leeches
298:
297:
129:
112:
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
2188:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2045:NBNSYS0000022372
2035:
2034:
2022:
2021:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1995:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1944:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1809:
1794:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1727:. Archived from
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1620:on March 6, 2013
1606:
1600:
1599:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1520:
1514:
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1503:
1493:
1469:
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1400:
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1342:
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1308:
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1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1206:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:. Archived from
1144:
1138:
1137:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1076:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1003:
997:
996:
960:
943:
942:
913:
907:
906:
896:
872:
863:
862:
860:
859:
844:
835:
834:
832:
830:
825:
795:
737:thrombophlebitis
617:(1020s), and by
596:Sushruta Samhita
467:leech collectors
455:. The preferred
403:while injecting
283:
229:Arhynchobdellida
144:
143:
123:
106:
101:
100:
82:
68:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2166:Plastic surgery
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2135:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2066:Observation.org
2064:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2017:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1965:
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1952:
1947:
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1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
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1895:
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1816:
1787:
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1715:
1714:
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1658:
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1633:
1623:
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1608:
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1603:
1565:
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1560:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1471:
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1466:
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1411:
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1403:
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1243:
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1228:
1180:
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1146:
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1103:
1102:
1098:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1005:
1004:
1000:
962:
961:
946:
915:
914:
910:
874:
873:
866:
857:
855:
846:
845:
838:
828:
826:
797:
796:
792:
787:
768:
721:Hirudin therapy
713:
698:North Yorkshire
572:
512:
507:
475:near threatened
429:
369:
294:
285:
279:
266:
186:Pleistoannelida
138:
130:
113:
104:Near Threatened
102:
98:
91:
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Medicinal leech
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2114:
2101:
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2075:
2062:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2010:
1997:
1984:
1971:
1958:
1945:
1932:
1923:Fauna Europaea
1919:
1906:
1893:
1880:
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1857:
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1786:
1785:External links
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778:Ichthyotherapy
775:
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764:
741:osteoarthritis
733:varicose veins
712:
709:
692:" survives in
571:
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542:, and calin),
524:anticoagulants
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416:hermaphrodites
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717:Hirudotherapy
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272:Binomial name
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1772:December 16,
1770:. Retrieved
1766:the original
1755:
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1729:the original
1721:
1711:
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1695:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1624:November 26,
1622:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1613:
1604:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1528:
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1518:
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1467:
1461:. p. 2.
1456:
1433:December 18,
1431:. Retrieved
1417:
1395:
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1325:
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1266:
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1238:
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1166:November 26,
1164:. Retrieved
1160:the original
1151:
1142:
1109:
1105:
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965:Microsurgery
964:
925:(1): 95–98.
922:
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911:
884:
880:
856:. Retrieved
851:
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813:
807:
801:
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749:
725:microsurgery
720:
716:
714:
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652:
648:
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623:
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606:
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570:Historically
544:vasodilators
513:
461:
438:
413:
371:The general
370:
362:
354:
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323:
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280:
278:
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249:
192:
179:
71:
65:
52:
44:
2027:NatureServe
1962:iNaturalist
1846:Wikispecies
1757:Otoweb News
829:19 November
756:recombinant
690:Leech House
673:yellow bile
649:H. troctina
540:collagenase
505:Medical use
356:Macrobdella
351:manillensis
349:Hirudinaria
338:H. troctina
239:Hirudinidae
122:Appendix II
2140:Categories
1484:: 205929.
1357:: 112878.
1331:2023-01-19
1322:"网刊加载中。。。"
1244:2023-01-19
1156:Ricarimpex
1020:: 513–27.
858:2022-01-14
785:References
686:laryngitis
669:black bile
645:H. verbana
580:caricature
552:anesthetic
548:proteinase
453:Uzbekistan
449:Kazakhstan
447:as far as
373:morphology
367:Morphology
343:H. verbana
215:Subclass:
209:Clitellata
199:Sedentaria
2032:2.1051860
1649:19 August
1381:247833657
1305:195871696
1235:"History"
1148:"Biology"
1091:255377852
1083:0006-3088
903:1860-0743
852:cites.org
561:Treating
526:(such as
443:and into
389:posterior
305:, or the
257:Species:
219:Hirudinea
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
2092:Species+
1980:11343297
1873:BioLib:
1831:Wikidata
1675:June 18,
1596:34041779
1588:15577793
1553:28256939
1545:12661792
1510:24653746
1373:35364378
1297:31289001
1221:18166996
1213:10833259
1134:22828659
1126:15310277
1053:Biologia
993:27891377
766:See also
609:Avicenna
592:Colophon
588:Nicander
563:mastitis
520:proteins
385:anterior
317:used as
288:Linnaeus
235:Family:
173:Annelida
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
109:IUCN 3.1
2161:Leeches
2118:ZooBank
1954:2308887
1750:Fox M.
1735:29 July
1701:29 July
1501:3933224
1288:7772485
1061:Bibcode
1034:3209972
985:8479316
939:2890494
760:heparin
752:hirudin
711:Current
536:apyrase
528:hirudin
487:Belgium
477:by the
457:habitat
409:hirudin
381:ventral
315:leeches
311:species
245:Genus:
225:Order:
205:Class:
124: (
107: (
45:updated
2110:724639
2084:954042
1993:114821
1967:357886
1928:196069
1902:401376
1837:Q30041
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1424:
1379:
1371:
1303:
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1219:
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1132:
1124:
1089:
1081:
1032:
991:
983:
937:
901:
739:, and
694:Bedale
671:, and
665:phlegm
657:humors
651:, and
546:, and
516:saliva
483:France
471:horses
441:Europe
420:sexual
377:dorsal
358:decora
340:, and
327:Hirudo
250:Hirudo
2105:WoRMS
2071:27028
2019:10190
2006:69417
1975:IRMNG
1910:EUNIS
1889:25256
1876:43972
1592:S2CID
1549:S2CID
1377:S2CID
1301:S2CID
1217:S2CID
1130:S2CID
1087:S2CID
989:S2CID
682:polio
677:fever
661:Galen
626:edema
499:CITES
401:blood
397:teeth
193:Clade
180:Clade
126:CITES
120:CITES
2097:3213
2058:6421
2053:NCBI
2014:IUCN
2001:ITIS
1949:GBIF
1884:BOLD
1774:2013
1737:2007
1725:News
1703:2007
1677:2024
1651:2019
1626:2012
1584:PMID
1541:PMID
1506:PMID
1482:2014
1435:2013
1422:ISBN
1369:PMID
1293:PMID
1209:PMID
1168:2012
1122:PMID
1079:ISSN
1030:PMID
981:PMID
935:PMID
899:ISSN
831:2021
814:2014
684:and
485:and
479:IUCN
451:and
445:Asia
395:and
387:and
292:1758
2040:NBN
1988:ISC
1915:185
1897:EoL
1861:ADW
1576:doi
1572:131
1533:doi
1496:PMC
1486:doi
1359:doi
1355:149
1283:PMC
1275:doi
1199:hdl
1191:doi
1114:doi
1069:doi
1022:doi
1018:137
973:doi
927:doi
889:doi
818:doi
719:or
611:in
590:in
530:),
465:by
393:jaw
313:of
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