664:. According to Serbian historiography, Stefan from 1390 on, was obliged to pay an annual tribute of 1,000 lbs of gold and to provide the sultan with a contingent of 1,000 cavalry when called upon. Finlay and Creasy, however, maintained that it was the treaty of 1376 that first imposed this obligation, while Gibbons says 1386; certainly there were Serbs as well as Bulgarians and Byzantines in the Ottoman army that fought against the Karamanli Turks in Anatolia in 1387 (the Serbs being promised booty in return for their services). Finlay says in one of his books that Sultan Beyazid actually demanded the service of the same number of Serbians as the Byzantines had called for after Manuel's subjugation of Serbia in 1150, i.e. 2,000 to armies serving in Europe and 500 to armies serving in Asia; but in another book he says that the figure was only 'subsequently increased to 2,000 men' when Beyazid was gathering his forces to confront Tamerlane in 1402. Bertrandon de la Brocquière, in his 'Travels' of 1432-33, recorded of the despot of Serbia that 'every time the sultan sends him his orders, he is obliged to furnish him with 800 or 1,000 horse, under the command of his second son.' Elsewhere he adds how he had heard that 'in the most recent army from Greece, there were 3,000 Serbian horse, which the despot of the province had sent under the command of one of his sons. It was with great regret that these people came to serve him, but they dared not refuse.' Konstantin Mihailović reports that when the treaty with Serbia was renewed under Mehmed II the obligatory tribute was set at 1,500 lbs of gold and a contingent of 1,500 cavalry.
207:
Kinnamos the type of spears and shields that were used by Serbs of twelfth century. Michael of
Thessalonica attests Serbian usage of spears and shields in twelfth century, also by terms of general meaning. Kinnamos mentions Serbian usage of sword. The term he uses for sword (xifoz) is the word which in his writings denotes sword in general meaning; because of that, it is not possible from this term to determinate the type of sword which was used by Serbs of twelfth century. But, in one of his orations, N. Choniates uses word romfaia to name sword used by Serbs. Since term romfaia in Byzantine sources usually denotes one-edged sword, and since Choniates calls sword in general meaning by word xifoz, it is reasonable to suppose that some Serbs of twelfth century used one-edged sword. Surprisingly Kinnamos doesn't mention Serbian usage of bow and arrows, although Serbian usage of arrows is known from the previous epochs. This circumstance may be attributed to fragmental character of Kinnamos' data concerning foreign nations, or to Kinnamos' impression that arrows don't play vital role in Serbian warfare.
720:
231:
935:) and alluded to in a contemporary Serbian source which says that 'fiery explosions thundered, the earth roared greatly, and the air echoed and blew around like dark smoke'; we know too that King Tvrtko of Bosnia (1353–91) brought one gun, a gift of the Italians, with him to the battle. The Serbian contingent in the Ottoman army defeated at Ankara in 1402 also had artillery, but as at Kosovo it failed to affect the outcome, probably for the same reasons on both occasions - i.e. the guns were too small to be effective in order that they might be maneuverable on the battlefield. In siege work
137:
26:
437:
fortresses and fortified monasteries. The building and maintenance (gradozadanje) of such fortresses, and equally the maintenance of their permanent garrisons (gradobljudenlje) was an additional aspect of the feudal responsibilities of the population of each Župa (district), who were also responsible for guarding their own frontier. The holders of both bashtinas and pronijas constituted the nobility (though many of the former were only upper-class peasants), and these were the principal native element of every
190:
869:
589:
376:
453:
211:
mail face-coverings, and we know that such mail masks were usually integral part of mail hauberks. Kinnamos mentions
Serbian 'hoplites' in fortress of Galič; since, in Kinnamos writings, term 'hoplite' denotes heavy armed and armored infantryman, this mention of 'hoplite' could also indicate presence of armor among Serbs of twelfth century. Eustathios of Thessalonica also mentions hoplites in Serbian army.
477:, encountered some krayishnici (men of a border- lord) on crossing the frontier. He wrote: 'When we passed the Struma River ... and came into thick woods, we were suddenly surrounded by men clad in black woolen garments, who darted forth from behind trees and rocks like devils out of the earth. They wore no heavy armor, being armed only with spears, battle-axes, and bows and arrows.
281:
738:
mass havoc. As for their role with the foot soldiers, they were more like support cavalry. When the foot soldiers were losing the battle, the Gusars would charge into the enemy's flank, hoping to cause them to rout. They would repeat this charge from different angles while the infantry kept the enemy from chasing the Gusars.
540:
says he employed many mercenaries from among the
Serbians themselves as well as some Hungarians, Bosnians and Albanians. Serbian documents indicate that as well as Germans the other predominant European mercenary elements comprised Spaniards (possibly as many as 1,300-strong at one point) plus Hungarians, Frenchmen,
481:
actually had limited military power, in effect being no more than a glorified Grand Župan, or elected tribal leader. Although Dušan stripped the Sabor of much of its power, the crown's inclusion of permanent nucleus of mercenaries that was not subject to the assembly's whims had by then already evolved. Under
859:
In addition to her land forces, Serbia occasionally also had a very small fleet, provided by the communes of
Dulcigno (modern Ulcinj), Budua (Budva) and Cattaro (Kotor), sometimes by Ragusa (in exchange for a year's tax-exemption), and briefly by Venice (which provided 4 new galleys, the galee domini
464:
of 1349 (the
Zakonik, extended and completed in 1354) actually states that any damage inflicted by an invading army had to be compensated for by the border-lord through whose lands the enemy had entered, another article stating that similar pillaging committed by brigands had to be repaid seven-fold.
737:
Gusar light cavalries were a traditional
Serbian force, which meant that they usually were not hired as mercenaries from Spain or Germany. Their style of fighting was similar to the noble knights. They used the eastern style of fighting: they would charge into the enemy ferociously, and try to cause
567:
took advantage of the situation to establish his independence from the Turks. Recognizing the king of
Hungary as his overlord he built up a small regular army, on the basis of a newly imposed levy known as the vojstatik, which was stationed in the country's 11 major fortresses as well as several of
260:. It included Macedonia, Albania, Epirus and Thessaly, reaching from the Drina and Danube rivers as far south and east as the Gulf of Patras and the Rhodope Mountains by 1350. A large part of this expansion was at the expense of the Byzantine Empire. Dušan set his sights on the Byzantine capital of
206:
As primary weapons of the Serbs, Kinnamos mentions spears and long shields. The terms he uses for these weapons (borata and aspibaz) are the words which, in
Kinnamos' writings and contemporary Byzantine sources denote spears and shields in general meaning; so, it is not possible to determinate from
691:
in 1402, where Doukas says there were 5,000 "encased in black armor" and
Chalkokondyles that there were an unlikely 10,000 (though the Ottoman chronicler al-Anwari says that there were 10,000 Serbs and Wallachians altogether). George Branković even supplied an unwilling contingent of 1,500 cavalry
436:
reign (1186–96) every able-bodied man possessing a bashtina (a grant of hereditary freehold land, the holder being called a bashtinik or voynic) had been obliged to attend the army whenever required, only monastic tenants being exempted in exchange for performing part-time garrison duties in local
214:
Concerning
Serbian tactics, Kinnamos also offers interesting fragments. One part of Serbian army fighting in battle of Tara, Kinnamos shows fighting as infantry. Serbian infantry of twelfth century is attested by Eustathios of Thessalonica, but it is important that Eustathios also mentions Serbian
539:
in 1389 it is significant that many of Lazar mercenaries were German and Hungarian according to a Florentine account, while a mid-15th century Ottoman source reports that his army included Wallachians, Hungarians, Bohemians, Albanians, Bulgarians and Franks, doubtless chiefly mercenaries. Another
210:
Kinnamos doesn't mention armor among Serbs, but, when talking about battle of Tara (1150) he says that Serbs were well armed using word katafraktoz which usually means 'armored'. Presence of armor among Serbs of twelfth century could be attested by Michael of Thessalonica who mentions Serbs using
526:
in 1330 were composed of 15,000 Serbs, 2,000 Italians from the Kingdom of Naples and 1,000 German mercenaries, and it was the latter who seem to have predominated among the mercenaries during Dušan reign. The papal legate to his court reported seeing 300 German mercenaries there under the knight
480:
From the 11th century on the commander-in-chief of the army was the king (kral), a veliki vojevoda or 'high military chief, equivalent to the Byzantine Grand Domestic, being appointed in his absence. However, since any call to arms had to be approved by the Sabor (the National Assembly) the king
395:
by the Byzantine Emperor, and he ceased to be an Ottoman vassal in 1402. He introduced modern western style knight warfare and knight tournaments. And there were fireweapons already in use, especially in armored cavalry. He ruled Serbia as Despot from 1402 to 1427. He was fighting against the
148:
invaded inland parts of the Serbian territory, the two having lived peacefully sharing a common frontier up until that point. The cause for the invasion is unclear. It led to a war that lasted three years, in which the Bulgars were decisively defeated. In the mid 850s the Bulgarians under
340:. The Ottomans were met by the forces commanded by Prince Lazar, estimated at between 15,000 and 20,000 men, with a higher estimate up to 25,000, A higher estimate places the size of Murad's army up to 40,000 and Lazar's up to 25,000 troops. which consisted of the prince's own troops,
449:(the vlastelini, or 'holders of power') and their retinues, maintained at their own expense, but in times of emergency the arriere-ban, called the Zamanitchka Voyska ('All Together'), would be summoned. As elsewhere, this comprised all the nobility and every able-bodied freeman.
628:
was said to have raised around 80,000 men for the invasion of Bosnia in 1350 although the largest Serbian army on record in this period was that raised by Dušan in 1355 for his proposed attack on Constantinople, which numbered 85,000 men according to later Ragusan chronicles.
1124:, p. 30:The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
427:
The Serbian army was feudal in nature, though its system of military landholding was inherited from the Byzantine pronoia rather than the Western European fief. The pronoia itself - hereditary by some accounts, non-hereditary by others - is only first recorded in
352:, both Prince Lazar and Sultan Murad lost their lives. The battle was tactically inconclusive, but the mutual heavy losses were devastating only for the Serbs, who had brought to Kosovo almost all of their fighting strength. Lazar was succeeded by his eldest son
268:
in 1346. He modeled his court on that of Constantinople, calling his officials by Byzantine titles such as caesar, despot, sebastokrator and logotet (logothete). However, following his death, the Serbian Empire gradually disintegrated under his successor
616:) manned by shepherds ("Vlachs"). Most of their armies tended to be small because of the difficulties involved in supplying them in the field, and on the whole they could probably raise only about 12,000 men in the late 14th century, the army at the
556:. Inevitably, in the 15th century Ottoman auxiliaries were also used, for example by Vuk Lazarević against Stephen, 1409-13. In addition to the king or despot, the larger cities also employed some mercenaries of their own to back up their militia.
836:, later king of Hungary, is unanimously accepted as the creator of these troops. Initially they fought in small bands, but were reorganised into larger, trained, formations during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus. Initially the first units of
576:, Lazarević capital, there was a large bombard (called Humka, meaning 'Knoll') captured from the Bosnians the same year. In 1455 there were as many as 3 large cannon, 5 other guns and 55 handguns in the fort guarding the great silver mine at
704:
whom Sultan Mehmed employed as sappers. On August 11, 1473, the army that marched against Uzun Hasan which resulted in an Ottoman victory in The battle of Otlukbeli included many Christians - Greeks, Albanians and Serbians, in their number.
734:. Armed with spears and pentagonal wood shields padded with metal, they supported the noble knights as their second line on the battlefield. In the middle of each wooden shield, there was a round metal knob that held the shield together.
860:
imperatoris, in 1350, the subsequent fate of which is unknown). King Tvrtko of Bosnia too later constructed his own small fleet, with a Venetian as its admiral, and was similarly given a galley by Venice, this time fitted with a cannon.
517:
which soon came to predominate. As early as 1304 a certain Francisco de Salomone is mentioned in an inscription in Trevise as having distinguished himself in the service of 'Orosius, rex Rascie' (i. e. Uroš, king of Serbia).
215:
cavalry, led by Nemanja. Describing battle of Tara, Kinnamos shows some parts of Serbian army using ambush and sudden strike. Serbian use of ambush is attested by Eustathios of Thessalonica, who mentions Nemanja's ambushes.
201:
and other contemporary Byzantine sources (Anna Komnene, Niketas Choniates, Eustathios of Thessalonica, Michael of Thessalonica) of the twelfth century, gives substantial data concerning Serbian armament and tactics.
107:, javelins and bows. With the economic growth from mining, mercenary knights from Western Europe were recruited to finalize and increase the effectiveness of the army, especially throughout 14th century.
356:, who became an Ottoman vassal in the summer of 1390. Vuk Branković accepted Ottoman suzerainty in 1392. The battle of Kosovo was one of the large battles of late medieval times. In comparison, in the
909:), in 1410. Neighbouring Bosnia had cannon by 1380, and they were in use in Serbia by 1382–86 at the very latest, probably served and certainly made by Ragusan engineers. In fact, Ragusan chronicler
821:
were recruited with especially Serbs, the word was subsequently reintroduced to Western European military practice after its original usage had been lost with the collapse of Rome in the west.
1419:
In Matthius' reign the Hussars were equally referred to in the sources as Rac . The primary reason for this being that the majority of Hussars were supplied by Serbian exiles or mercenaries.
1325:
In Matthius' reign the Hussars were equally referred to in the sources as Rac . The primary reason for this being that the majority of Hussars were supplied by Serbian exiles or mercenaries.
1780:
568:
its small walled towns. This army included many Hungarians and was well equipped with cannon and handguns; for example, there were 2 cannons in the fort guarding the large silver mine at
419:, which was the largest medieval lowland type of fortress in Europe. This fortress had 24 towers and a citadel with 50m tall towers. Most of the fortress remains intact until nowadays.
1386:
One of several likely models for this development were those light hussars of Serbian origin who had first appeared in the Hungarian army of king Matthias Corvinus (the Serbian word
1775:
1501:
Bulić, Dejan (2013). "The Fortifications of the Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine Period on the Later Territory of the South-Slavic Principalities, and their re-occupation".
360:(1415) even by assuming the higher estimate of army size as correct, around 10,000 fewer soldiers were engaged. Later, Stefan Lazarević participated on the Ottoman side in the
157:
launched several campaigns against the Serbs who were acting as Byzantine allies and by 925 he managed to conquer Serbia completely but the Bulgarian rule was short-lived.
905:, where a centre for the manufacture of wrought-iron cannon existed by 1363. The first gun foundry in the Balkans, casting bronze cannons, was also established at Ragusa (
952:
460:
In border regions all land-grants appear to have been called krayina and their holders vlastele krayishnik ('border lords'), whose duty it was to guard the frontier.
318:
emerged as the most powerful Serbian lord. He created the largest state on the territory of the disintegrated Serbian Empire; his state is known in historiography as
753:
from the Ottoman invasion. Their military tactics of engaging combat, as well as pillaging and looting of Ottoman ruled territories, were similar to the ones of the
1242:
535:, in 1342-43 were Serbs with some German mercenaries, and that the troops garrisoning Beroia in Macedonia in 1341-50 were German mercenaries too. Even at the
745:, these troops were used as "Krajišnici" meaning frontiersman in the Habsburg Monarchy (today Croatia, Slavonia, Vojvodina) which southern parts became the
1146:
Humphreys, Brendan (2013). The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths
172:, light cavalry formations recruited in the Balkans, especially Serbs, "ideal for scouting and raiding". These units are considered a precursor of
1504:
The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD)
322:. Its government and army were better organized than those of the domains of the other Serbian lords. In 1386, Prince Lazar rebuffed the Ottoman
1574:
Drašković, Marko (2010). "Српско наоружање и тактика у делу Јована Кинама" [Serbian Armament and Tactics in Writings of John Kinnamos].
1738:
1379:
1106:
1022:
649:
989:
719:
841:
1673:
1564:
1536:
1512:
1491:
1259:
805:). A variant of this theory is offered by Byzantinist scholars, who argue the term originated in Roman military practice, and the
230:
1451:
The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths
656:, also became an Ottoman vassal. Stefan Lazarević and Vuk Branković accepted Ottoman suzerainty in 1390 and 1392, respectively.
336:
An Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad, estimated at between 27,000 and 30,000 men, arrived in June 1389 on the Kosovo Field near
277:
were soon divided into '10,000 factions', while John VI Kantakouzenos wrote that Dušan's empire fell 'into a thousand pieces'.
1621:
1597:
432:
under that name in 1299 (the Serbs spelt it pronija, or pronya, and called its holder a pronijar), but even from as early as
1044:
Drašković, M. 2010, "Serbian armament and tactics in writings of John Kinnamos", Vojno-istorijski glasnik, no. 2, pp. 9-19.
531:
Bracht, who held the rank of capitaneus. In addition we know that the Serbian troops supplied to the Byzantine Emperor,
295:
253:
1247:
957:
549:
482:
470:
238:
136:
824:
The hussars reportedly originated in bands of mostly Serbian warriors crossing into Kingdom of Hungary after the
1607:
1583:
825:
116:
1785:
68:
25:
1473:
697:
412:
1635:[Development of Military Service as Foundation for Creation of Nobility in Medieval Serbian State].
245:
927:
even as early as 1373. Guns were apparently employed in the field by the Serbians as early as 1389 at the
917:
315:
131:
1094:
532:
145:
127:
924:
91:'s expansion. Prior to the 14th century, the army consisted of European-style noble cavalry armed with
264:
itself, dividing his lands into 'Serbia' and 'Romania'. Dušan was crowned Emperor (Tsar) of Serbs and
189:
1661:
1550:
641:
408:
401:
392:
252:
in 1330, becoming a military superpower during the middle part of the 14th century under the dynamic
225:
154:
1237:
868:
680:
657:
564:
519:
466:
365:
357:
353:
150:
1613:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
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1522:
1331:
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731:
523:
502:
416:
379:
345:
303:
249:
234:
158:
1093:
Reinert, Stephen W (1994). "From Niš to Kosovo Polje: Reflections on Murād I's Final Years". In
932:
881:
Prior to the 14th century the army consisted of classic European-style noble cavalry armed with
513:(Jasi in Serbian and Russian sources) from the Caucasus. However, it was Western European style
461:
1734:
1669:
1617:
1593:
1560:
1532:
1508:
1487:
1403:
1375:
1371:
1311:
1255:
1102:
1018:
993:
833:
746:
724:
661:
633:
569:
270:
1728:
1633:"Развитак војне службе као основ формирања властеоског слоја у српској средњовековној држави"
1361:
1012:
928:
773:
688:
668:
617:
588:
560:
536:
369:
361:
349:
341:
311:
274:
153:
made another unsuccessful attempt to subdue the Serbs. In the beginning of the 10th century
1343:
1251:
645:
490:
375:
319:
832:, created mounted units inspired by his enemy the Ottoman Turks. His son, Hunyadi Mátyás
660:
ceased to be an Ottoman vassal and ally in 1402, when he became a despot and created the
625:
620:
probably numbering at most 20-25,000 men including allied contingents. The majority were
284:
1589:
The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
1790:
837:
814:
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261:
257:
162:
88:
1769:
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684:
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514:
474:
442:
198:
92:
1225:
161:
subjected the Serbs for a second time in 1009 or 1010 after he defeated their ruler
910:
829:
653:
637:
438:
761:
723:
Serbian military uniform influenced by Byzantium tradition, depicted in fresco in
445:(the proniiars) and infantry (the voynici), In fact most armies included only the
1756:
1684:
1611:
1587:
1554:
1526:
1502:
1477:
1449:
848:
750:
545:
493:(some 1,500 were employed in 1311 from amongst those who had been allied to the
411:
came to power. They continued developing modern military battle tactics. Despot
337:
700:, for the final siege of Constantinople in 1453, plus some silver-miners from
1465:
Mediaeval Swords from Southeastern Europe. Material from 12th to 15th Century
997:
636:
in 1371, Ottoman suzerainty was accepted by the Serbian rulers in Macedonia:
552:, in later life Chancellor of Cyprus and one of the last protagonists of the
273:(1355–71). One Byzantine chronicler noted with evident satisfaction that the
1698:[Serbian Armies in the Wars in Europe and Asia Minor (XII-XIV C.)].
936:
906:
801:
701:
672:
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577:
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at the end of the 14th century. The Governor of Hungary, Hunyadi János –
693:
676:
573:
541:
446:
397:
1296:
M. Canard, "Sur Deux Termes Militaires Byzantins d'Origin Orientale" in
817:
operations in the Balkans in the 10th and 11th centuries when Chosarioi/
667:
Amongst the battles in which Serbs fought for their Ottoman allies were
754:
714:
553:
506:
326:
265:
84:
889:(replaced with crossbows in the 14th century) and infantry armed with
1367:
886:
792:
528:
498:
486:
429:
323:
173:
96:
1708:
1645:
330:
1695:
1632:
1287:
Polish Winged Hussar 1576–1775 – Richard Brzezinski, Velimir Vukšić
1164:, Vol. 4, Ed. J.M. Hussey, (Cambridge University Press, 1966), 551.
943:
remained in service alongside gunpowder artillery for a long time.
83:
was well known for its strength and was among the strongest in the
1463:
890:
867:
845:
718:
601:
597:
587:
451:
374:
279:
229:
188:
135:
104:
872:
Serbian medieval field army equipment (Military Museum Belgrade)
485:(1282-1321) these mercenaries included such diverse elements as
1696:"Српске војске у ратовима у Европи и Малој Азији (XII-XIV век)"
302:; he controlled lands in the south of the empire, primarily in
176:
cavalry formations later found in Hungarian and Polish armies.
1709:"Foreign Soldiers in the Nemanjić State - A Critical Overview"
605:
1646:"Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure"
683:
in 1396, where apparently their contingent comprised 5,000
1668:(in Serbian). Belgrade: Srpska školska knjiga; Knowledge.
1101:. Heraklion, Greece: Crete University Press. p. 177.
931:, being clearly mentioned in one later Ottoman chronicle (
600:-armed light and heavy cavalry, plus infantry (armed with
548:. One prominent name to appear in their ranks was that of
592:
Serbian 15th-century armour (Military Museum Belgrade)
1616:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
1592:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
730:
Gusar light cavalry forces were part of the medieval
415:
who ruled Serbia from 1427 to 1456, constructed the
559:When the Ottoman hold on Serbia weakened after the
64:
59:
51:
43:
35:
18:
1686:Оружје у средњовековној Србији, Босни и Дубровнику
1079:
1077:
1781:Military units and formations of the Middle Ages
1278:(Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1985) p. 153.
953:List of wars involving Serbia in the Middle Ages
901:Serbia had adopted gunpowder artillery from the
168:10th-century Byzantine military manuals mention
1507:. Istorijski institut SANU. pp. 137–234.
1776:Military history of Serbia in the Middle Ages
1132:
1130:
344:'s troops, and a contingent sent by the King
103:in the 14th century) and infantry armed with
8:
1486:] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme.
1243:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
988:. Belgrade: The Institute of History of the
749:, defending and liberating as they believed
329:at Pločnik, a site southwest of the city of
237:in 1330, depicted in 15th century fresco in
30:Structure of Serbian army in the Middle Ages
1666:Лазар Хребељановић: историја, култ, предање
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1172:
1170:
826:Ottoman invasion of medieval Serbian state
391:Stefan Lazarević was granted the title of
24:
1410:. Wargaming and Warfare in Eastern Europe
1316:. Wargaming and Warfare in Eastern Europe
978:Поход бугарског цара Самуила на Далмацију
1430:Brzezinski, Richard and Velimir Vukšić,
844:were formed in 1500, which consisted of
522:'s army that defeated the Bulgarians at
968:
1339:
1329:
298:became the most powerful noble in the
15:
7:
1434:, (Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2006), 6.
990:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
306:. He was defeated and killed by the
144:Between 839 and 842 the Bulgar Khan
1360:; Witold Sarnecki (February 2008).
1121:
1402:Haywood, Matthew (February 2002).
1310:Haywood, Matthew (February 2002).
1276:Three Byzantine Military Treatises
1017:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 5–.
772:which in turn originates from the
14:
608:, and above all bows and, later,
509:from South Russia; and Christian
396:Ottomans, and later he supported
193:Medieval Serbian chainamail shirt
1531:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
741:Later on, after the fall of the
596:Serbian armies were composed of
1363:Medieval Polish Armies 966-1500
1198:Nic. Gregoras. I, р. 455. 19-20
1099:The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389)
1733:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1707:Uzelac, Aleksandar B. (2015).
1432:Polish Winged Hussar 1576–1775
1162:The Cambridge Medieval History
1014:Polish Winged Hussar 1576-1775
1:
1556:Лексикон српског средњег века
1484:History of the Serbian People
640:(Vukašin Mrnjavčević's son),
650:Djuradj Stracimirović Balšić
1755:Stijepović, Nikola (1954).
1694:Uzelac, Aleksandar (2014).
1650:Hungarian Historical Review
1448:Humphreys, Brendan (2013).
1011:Richard Brzezinski (2006).
256:(1331–55), who created the
1807:
1713:Belgrade Historical Review
1608:Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.
1584:Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.
1408:Hungarian Army Composition
1390:meaning bandit or robber).
1248:Springfield, Massachusetts
1207:Mihaljčić 2001, pp. 78–115
1083:Mihaljčić 2001, pp. 116–32
958:Military history of Serbia
795:, from the Medieval Latin
712:
223:
125:
114:
1683:Škrivanić, Gavro (1957).
1559:(in Serbian). Knowledge.
1187:The Late Medieval Balkans
1053:Mihaljčić 2001, pp. 29–52
976:Živković, Tibor (2002).
768:stems from the Hungarian
465:The Byzantine chronicler
117:Serbia in the Middle Ages
23:
1700:Војно-историјски гласник
1665:
1644:Ivanović, Miloš (2019).
1637:Војно-историјски гласник
1631:Ivanović, Miloš (2014).
1576:Војно-историјски гласник
1555:
1479:Histoire du peuple serbe
1300:, 40 (1970), pp. 226–29.
1240:, ed. (1986). "Hussar".
977:
913:(1563–1614) claims that
1761:. Belgrade: Vojno delo.
1468:. Belgrade: Dedraplast.
1462:Aleksić, Marko (2007).
612:) and a baggage-train (
483:Stephen Uroš II Milutin
239:Visoki Dečani Monastery
47:1540 (Ottoman conquest)
1758:Srpska feudalna vojska
1158:The Balkans, 1018-1499
1095:Zachariadou, Elizabeth
873:
799:(cf. the English word
727:
593:
457:
456:Medieval Serbian sword
383:
291:
241:
194:
141:
132:10th century in Serbia
1730:The History of Serbia
1727:Cox, John K. (2002).
1136:Fine 1994, pp. 409–14
1071:Fine 1994, pp. 387–89
893:, javelins and bows.
871:
722:
698:Konstantin Mihailović
591:
533:John VI Kantakouzenos
455:
400:rise to power in the
378:
283:
254:Stephen Uroš IV Dušan
233:
192:
139:
128:9th century in Serbia
81:medieval Serbian army
19:Medieval Serbian army
1216:Fine 1994, pp. 392–3
550:Philippe de Mézières
469:, as ambassador for
244:Serbia defeated the
226:Serbian-Ottoman Wars
1474:Bataković, Dušan T.
1238:Philip Babcock Gove
918:Lazar Hrebeljanović
681:Battle of Nicopolis
382:constructed in 1429
366:Battle of Nicopolis
358:battle of Agincourt
316:Lazar Hrebeljanović
296:Vukašin Mrnjavčević
1404:"Hussars (Gusars)"
982:Istorijski časopis
925:Nikola Altomanović
920:used guns against
903:Republic of Ragusa
877:Weapons and armour
874:
728:
594:
524:Battle of Velbazhd
458:
417:Smederevo Fortress
384:
380:Smederevo Fortress
346:Tvrtko I of Bosnia
314:. In 1371, Prince
292:
250:Battle of Velbazhd
242:
235:Battle of Velbazhd
195:
159:Samuel of Bulgaria
142:
65:Commander-in-chief
1740:978-0-313-31290-8
1381:978-1-84603-014-7
1372:Osprey Publishing
1274:George T. Denis,
1226:Balkanhistory.com
1176:Fine 1994, p. 500
1108:978-960-7309-58-7
1062:Fine 1994, p. 379
1024:978-1-84176-650-8
842:Kingdom of Poland
834:Matthias Corvinus
747:military frontier
725:Lesnovo Monastery
662:Serbian Despotate
642:Konstantin Dragaš
634:Battle of Maritsa
409:Branković dynasty
402:Battle of Çamurlu
368:in 1396, and the
122:Early Middle Ages
74:
73:
1798:
1762:
1744:
1720:
1703:
1690:
1679:
1657:
1640:
1627:
1603:
1579:
1570:
1542:
1518:
1497:
1469:
1458:
1456:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1313:Hussars (Gusars)
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1254:. p. 1105.
1234:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1165:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1008:
1002:
1001:
973:
929:Battle of Kosovo
732:Serbian military
689:Battle of Ankara
669:Battle of Rovine
658:Stefan Lazarević
618:Battle of Kosovo
572:in 1425, and in
565:Stefan Lazarević
561:Battle of Ankara
537:Battle of Kosovo
520:Stephen Uroš III
370:Battle of Ankara
362:Battle of Rovine
354:Stefan Lazarević
350:Battle of Kosovo
312:Battle of Marica
275:Serbian nobility
246:Bulgarian Empire
197:The writings of
180:Late Middle Ages
140:9th century axes
28:
16:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1786:Medieval armies
1766:
1765:
1754:
1751:
1749:Further reading
1741:
1726:
1723:
1706:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1662:Mihaljčić, Rade
1660:
1643:
1630:
1624:
1606:
1600:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1557:
1551:Mihaljčić, Rade
1545:
1539:
1521:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1472:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1382:
1366:. Men-at-Arms.
1356:
1355:
1351:
1338:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1252:Merriam-Webster
1246:. Vol. 2.
1236:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1032:
1025:
1010:
1009:
1005:
979:
975:
974:
970:
966:
949:
899:
879:
866:
857:
717:
711:
646:Radoslav Hlapen
586:
491:Anatolian Turks
425:
413:Đurađ Branković
389:
320:Moravian Serbia
310:in 1371 in the
285:Emperor Dušan's
228:
222:
187:
182:
134:
124:
119:
113:
99:(replaced with
77:
69:Serbian monarch
31:
12:
11:
5:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1722:
1721:
1704:
1691:
1689:. Научно дело.
1680:
1674:
1658:
1641:
1628:
1622:
1604:
1598:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1547:Ćirković, Sima
1543:
1537:
1523:Ćirković, Sima
1519:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1476:, ed. (2005).
1470:
1459:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1423:
1394:
1380:
1374:. p. 19.
1358:Nicolle, David
1349:
1302:
1289:
1280:
1267:
1260:
1229:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1178:
1166:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1107:
1085:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1030:
1023:
1003:
984:(in Serbian).
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
955:
948:
945:
898:
895:
878:
875:
865:
862:
856:
853:
838:Polish hussars
815:Byzantine Army
743:Serbian Empire
710:
707:
692:under voivode
671:, against the
652:, the lord of
585:
582:
471:Andronikos III
434:Stefan Nemanja
424:
421:
407:After him the
388:
385:
300:Serbian Empire
271:Stephen Uroš V
262:Constantinople
258:Serbian Empire
221:
218:
217:
216:
212:
208:
186:
183:
181:
178:
163:Jovan Vladimir
123:
120:
115:Main article:
112:
109:
89:Ottoman Empire
75:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
29:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1803:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1675:86-83565-01-7
1671:
1663:
1659:
1656:(2): 390–410.
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1566:9788683233014
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:9781405142915
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:9788677431044
1510:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1493:9782825119587
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1333:
1326:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1261:0-85229-503-0
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
972:
969:
963:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
916:
912:
908:
904:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
876:
870:
863:
861:
854:
852:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:According to
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
733:
726:
721:
716:
708:
706:
703:
699:
696:according to
695:
690:
686:
685:heavy cavalry
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
627:
623:
622:heavy cavalry
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
590:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
516:
515:heavy cavalry
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
478:
476:
475:Emperor Dusan
472:
468:
463:
454:
450:
448:
444:
443:heavy cavalry
441:, serving as
440:
435:
431:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
394:
386:
381:
377:
373:
371:
367:
364:in 1395, the
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Vuk Branković
339:
334:
332:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:Ottoman Turks
305:
301:
297:
289:
286:
282:
278:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
240:
236:
232:
227:
219:
213:
209:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:John Kinnamos
191:
184:
179:
177:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
138:
133:
129:
121:
118:
110:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
76:Military unit
70:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
22:
17:
1757:
1729:
1716:
1712:
1699:
1685:
1653:
1649:
1636:
1612:
1588:
1575:
1527:
1503:
1483:
1478:
1464:
1450:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1412:. Retrieved
1407:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1362:
1352:
1324:
1318:. Retrieved
1312:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1241:
1232:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1161:
1160:, M. Dinic,
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1117:
1098:
1088:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1013:
1006:
985:
981:
971:
933:Mehmed Neşrî
921:
914:
911:Mavro Orbini
900:
880:
858:
830:John Hunyadi
823:
818:
810:
806:
800:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
765:
759:
740:
736:
729:
666:
631:
626:Stefan Dušan
613:
595:
558:
479:
462:Dušan's Code
459:
439:Serbian army
426:
423:Organization
406:
390:
387:15th century
335:
327:Murad I
294:After 1363,
293:
243:
220:14th century
196:
185:12th century
169:
167:
143:
80:
78:
1639:(I): 30–48.
1578:(II): 9–19.
1340:|work=
849:mercenaries
813:). Through
751:Christendom
679:, in 1395;
673:Wallachians
648:. By 1388,
87:before the
1770:Categories
1702:(I): 9–29.
1664:(2001) .
1623:0472082604
1599:0472081497
1414:2008-10-09
1320:2008-10-09
964:References
937:trebuchets
819:Chonsarioi
809:(singular
791:) meaning
713:See also:
677:Bulgarians
638:King Marko
632:After the
624:. Emperor
584:Field Army
290:, ca. 1350
224:See also:
170:chonsarioi
126:See also:
60:Commanders
39:839 – 1540
1610:(1994) .
1586:(1991) .
1528:The Serbs
1457:(Thesis).
1342:ignored (
1332:cite book
1298:Byzantion
998:0350-0802
941:ballistae
907:Dubrovnik
897:Artillery
864:Equipment
811:cursarius
797:cursarius
764:the word
762:Webster's
702:Novo Brdo
610:crossbows
578:Novo Brdo
570:Srebrnica
511:Ossetians
503:Macedonia
372:in 1402.
348:. In the
304:Macedonia
101:crossbows
44:Disbanded
1719:: 69–89.
1553:(1999).
1525:(2004).
1122:Cox 2002
992:: 9–24.
947:See also
807:cursarii
755:Cossacks
574:Belgrade
542:Italians
495:Catalans
467:Gregoras
447:nobility
398:Mehmet I
338:Priština
155:Simeon I
1441:Sources
1097:(ed.).
846:Serbian
840:in the
802:corsair
774:Serbian
770:huszár,
715:Hussars
709:Cavalry
554:Crusade
507:Tartars
248:in the
151:Boris I
146:Presian
111:History
85:Balkans
55:Unknown
1737:
1672:
1620:
1596:
1563:
1535:
1511:
1490:
1378:
1368:Oxford
1258:
1189:(1987)
1185:Fine,
1105:
1021:
996:
891:spears
887:lances
793:pirate
766:hussar
687:; and
644:, and
614:komora
602:spears
529:Palman
499:Thrace
487:Cumans
430:Serbia
393:Despot
324:Sultan
288:Serbia
266:Romans
174:Hussar
105:spears
97:lances
36:Active
1791:Lance
1482:[
1455:(PDF)
1388:гусар
922:župan
789:Gusar
785:гусар
783:, or
781:Husar
777:хусар
694:Jakša
598:lance
546:Swiss
1735:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1344:help
1256:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1019:ISBN
994:ISSN
939:and
915:knez
885:and
883:bows
855:Navy
675:and
654:Zeta
606:axes
544:and
501:and
130:and
95:and
93:bows
79:The
52:Size
505:);
497:in
473:to
331:Niš
1772::
1715:.
1711:.
1652:.
1648:.
1549:;
1417:.
1406:.
1384:.
1370::
1336::
1334:}}
1330:{{
1323:.
1250::
1169:^
1129:^
1076:^
1033:^
986:49
980:.
851:.
787:,
757:.
604:,
580:.
563:,
489:;
404:.
333:.
165:.
1743:.
1717:6
1678:.
1654:8
1626:.
1602:.
1569:.
1541:.
1517:.
1496:.
1346:)
1264:.
1148:.
1111:.
1027:.
1000:.
779:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
