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these things themselves that we see, smell, touch, taste and listen to. There are, however, two versions of direct realism: naïve direct realism and scientific direct realism. They differ in the properties they claim the objects of perception possess when they are not being perceived. Naïve realism claims that such objects continue to have all the properties that we usually perceive them to have, properties such as yellowness, warmth, and mass. Scientific realism, however, claims that some of the properties an object is perceived as having are dependent on the perceiver, and that unperceived objects should not be conceived as retaining them. Such a stance has a long history:
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and led Locke and Hume to a skepticism that called religion and the evidence of the senses equally into question. The common sense realists found skepticism to be absurd and so contrary to common experience that it had to be rejected. They taught that ordinary experiences provide intuitively certain
600:
There were many ancient Indian realist schools, such as the
Mimamsa, Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, Nyaya, Yoga, Samkhya, Sauntrantika, Jain, Vaisesika, and others. They argued for their realist positions, and heavily criticized idealism, like that of the Yogacara, and composed refutations of the Yogacara
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If there are certain principles, as I think there are, which the constitution of our nature leads us to believe, and which we are under a necessity to take for granted in the common concerns of life, without being able to give a reason for them—these are what we call the principles of common sense;
292:
Perceptual realism is the common sense view that tables, chairs and cups of coffee exist independently of perceivers. Direct realists also claim that it is with such objects that we directly engage. The objects of perception include such familiar items as paper clips, suns and olive oil tins. It is
417:
is already the full description of reality. The different possible realities described by the wave function are equally true. The observer collapses the wave function into their own reality. One's reality can be mind-dependent under this interpretation of quantum mechanics.
729:
assurance of the existence of the self, of real objects that could be seen and felt and of certain "first principles" upon which sound morality and religious beliefs could be established. Its basic principle was enunciated by its founder and greatest figure, Thomas Reid:
587:
In
Aristotle's more modest view, the existence of universals (like "blueness") is dependent on the particulars that exemplify them (like a particular "blue bird", "blue piece of paper", "blue robe", etc.), and those particulars exist independent of any minds: classic
692:
are within the reach of common understanding and that common-sense beliefs even govern the lives and thoughts of those who hold non-commonsensical beliefs. It originated in the ideas of the most prominent members of the
Scottish School of Common Sense,
571:
are not spatial, temporal, or subjectively mental, they are arguably not compatible with the emphasis of
Berkeley's idealism grounded in mental existence. Plato's Forms include numbers and geometrical figures, making his theory also include
405:) is the claim that the world is in some sense mind-independent: that even if the results of a possible measurement do not pre-exist the act of measurement, that does not require that they are the creation of the observer (contrary to the "
151:
Realists tend to believe that whatever we believe now is only an approximation of reality but that the accuracy and fullness of understanding can be improved. In some contexts, realism is contrasted with
232:
maintains that "whatever exists does so, and has the properties and relations it does, independently of deriving its existence or nature from being thought of or experienced." In other words, an
386:
generally have a commitment to scientific realism, in the sense of regarding the scientific method as a reliable guide to the nature of reality. The main alternative to scientific realism is
1554:), which term Husserl takes from Brentano, but makes criterial not of truth per se but of our most secure awareness that things are as we take them to be, when the object of judgement, the
370:, it is often framed as an answer to the question "how is the success of science to be explained?" The debate over what the success of science involves centers primarily on the status of
555:, which are often translated from Plato's works as "Forms". Since Plato frames Forms as ideas that are literally real (existing even outside of human minds), this stance is also called
1480:
1522:, Steinkopff, 2000, p. 94: "Attention has varied between Continental Phenomenology (late Husserl, Merleau-Ponty) and Austrian Realism (Brentano, Meinong, Benussi, early Husserl)".
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from the specific thing. Conceptualism holds that they exist, but only in the mind, while nominalism holds that universals do not "exist" at all but are no more than words (
33:– usually not treated as a position of its own but as a stance towards other subject matters – is the view that a certain kind of thing (ranging widely from
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is, at the most general level, the view that the world described by science is the real world, as it is, independent of what we might take it to be. Within
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619:. Universals are terms or properties that can be applied to many things, such as "red", "beauty", "five", or "dog". Realism (also known as
378:. Generally, those who are scientific realists assert that one can make reliable claims about unobservables (viz., that they have the same
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By convention sweet and by convention bitter, by convention hot, by convention cold, by convention colour; in reality atoms and void.
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785:. These thinkers stressed the objectivity of truth and its independence of the nature of those who judge it. (See also
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1207:"'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation"
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Realism can also be a view about the properties of reality in general, holding that reality exists independent of the
903:-inspired philosophy that defines itself loosely in its stance of metaphysical realism against the dominant forms of
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Conway, Daniel (1999). "Beyond Truth and
Appearance: Nietzsche's Emergent Realism". In Babich, Babette E. (ed.).
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724:. The approach was a response to the "ideal system" that began with Descartes' concept of the limitations of
559:. This should not be confused with "idealistic" in the ordinary sense of "optimistic" or with other types of
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is the position that ethical sentences express propositions that refer to objective features of the world.
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within particulars themselves, not in a separate realm, and not mere names. Most often associated with
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holds that they exist, but only insofar as they are instantiated in specific things; they do not exist
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initially espoused metaphysical realism, but he later embraced a form of anti-realism that he termed "
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1176:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 204. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 109–122.
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which gives negative experimental results for certain classes of realism in the sense of physics.
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Gestalt Theory: Official
Journal of the Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications (GTA)
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The roots of
Scottish Common Sense Realism can be found in responses to such philosophers as
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1706:. Edited by James Conant. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1990, p. vii.
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497:, or Ideas, exist apart from particular physical things, and are related to them as their
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631:, holds that such universals really exist, independently and somehow prior to the world.
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O'Brien, Daniel, "Objects of
Perception", The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP)
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of anything beyond one's own mind. Philosophers who profess realism often claim that
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Marxism and
Realism: A Materialistic Application of Realism in the Social Sciences
893:) is a form of realism, according to which our conceptual framework maps reality.
709:
and flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in
Scotland and America.
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413:). That interpretation of quantum mechanics, on the other hand, states that the
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assert that no world exists apart from mind-dependent ideas and some forms of
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Organisms and Personal Identity: Individuation and the Work of David Wiggins
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have properties, such as texture, smell, taste and colour, that are usually
279:
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54:
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Miller, Alexander, "Realism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP)
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itself. However, realism may also include various positions which instead
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446:(not to be confused with Aesthetic Realism, the philosophy developed by
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in the eye of the beholder. This includes a number of positions within
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1658:(Winter 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
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that sought to defend naive realism against philosophical paradox and
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2010:
2005:
1990:
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Ontology and Analysis: Essays and Recollections about Gustav Bergmann
1314:
375:
275:
267:
90:
1069:"Two-Tier-Thinking: Philosophical Realism and Historical Relativism"
1007:
820:'s work after 1891 can be interpreted as a contribution to realism.
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181:
The position was also held among many ancient Indian philosophies.
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2880:
2166:
1135:"Philosophical Realism: The Challenges for Social Epistemologists"
761:, a notable school of thought advocating metaphysical realism was
534:
478:
141:
110:
1676:, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964; Gustav Bergmann,
1251:("truth is the adequation of thought and thing") was defended by
337:
is the ontological understanding which holds that universals are
69:
which express that a given thing instead exists independently of
1938:
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and what is manifestly contrary to them, is what we call absurd.
196:"real" and was first used in the abstract metaphysical sense by
125:
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86:
50:
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Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge
454:) is the view that there are mind-independent aesthetic facts.
308:
say we cannot trust our senses. The naive realist view is that
3063:
236:
reality exists (not merely one or more subjective realities).
2099:
1412:
Gavin McIntosh (2004). "Review: The Metaphysics of Beauty".
1652:
Thornton, Stephen (2015-01-01). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1626:, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press 1979, 117–33.
1386:
Scientific Realism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
547:
is a radical form of realism regarding the existence of
101:, though may also apply less directly to things such as
1315:"Realism, approximate truth, and philosophical method"
809:, is interpreted to be a form of ontological realism.
128:, as opposed to non-realist views (like some forms of
505:. Aristotle's philosophy of reality also aims at the
842:
Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)
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1550:" shows itself in our experience of self-evidence (
1050:Honderich, Ted (2005). "realism and anti-realism".
1773:
1361:Laird Addis, Greg Jesson, Erwin Tegtmeier (eds.),
1276:"Philosophical Realism and Postmodern Antirealism"
1174:Nietzsche, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science
801:based on the writings of late modern philosophers
1691:Realism and Reason. Philosophical Papers, vol. 3.
1006:Craig, Edward (1996). "Realism and antirealism".
167:The oldest use of the term "realism" appeared in
49:, i.e. that it exists even in the absence of any
1546:The Austrian Contribution to Analytic Philosophy
509:. Aristotle finds the universal, which he calls
483:Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of
1680:, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
1031:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
316:absolutely correctly. We perceive them as they
287:
148:between cognitive representations and reality.
1469:Medieval Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction
2115:
1837:
8:
1730:Post-continental Voices: Selected Interviews
1693:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
1583:, "II. Frege as Idealist and then Realist,"
1678:Realism: A Critique of Brentano and Meinong
1622:Austin, J. L., 1950, "Truth", reprinted in
1319:University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy
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830:Structural realism (philosophy of science)
493:. In Plato's metaphysics, ever-unchanging
1812:An experimental test of non-local realism
1248:veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus
1222:
156:. Today it is more often contrasted with
119:reject metaphysical treatments of reality
648:Proponents of moderate realism included
1471:, Oxford University Press, 2016, p. 72.
1402:, Cornell University Press, 2001, p. 3.
1120:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1029:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
998:
563:, as presented by philosophers such as
1497:The Cambridge companion to Thomas Reid
374:apparently talked about by scientific
81:. This can apply to items such as the
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1481:Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism –
1444:Realism – philosophy – Britannica.com
753:Transcendental realism (Schopenhauer)
259:, also known as direct realism, is a
7:
1732:, John Hunt Publishing, 2010, p. 18.
1531:Liliana Albertazzi, Dale Jacquette,
1116:"Challenges to Metaphysical Realism"
1009:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
623:) in this context, contrasted with
411:interpretation of quantum mechanics
174:interpretations and adaptations of
1365:, Walter de Gruyter, 2007, p. 107.
1053:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
749:Transcendental realism (Schelling)
645:) that describe specific objects.
615:developed out of debates over the
464:History of metaphysical naturalism
45:to the physical world itself) has
25:
580:, making it additionally include
4179:
4178:
4165:
1780:. Oxford University Press, Inc.
1375:https://iep.utm.edu/perc-obj/#H1
1346:"Kant and the forms of realism"
877:espoused metaphysical realism.
458:History of metaphysical realism
1611:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
899:is a movement in contemporary
1:
1598:Philosophy of Logical Atomism
1548:, Routledge, 2006, pp. 170–1:
1533:The School of Alexius Meinong
1118:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
967:Problem of future contingents
678:Scottish Common Sense Realism
407:consciousness causes collapse
394:Scientific realism in physics
3651:Ordinary language philosophy
1814:. Physics research paper in
1742:Mackay, Robin (March 2007).
1151:10.1080/02691728.2014.971913
1133:Kasavin, Ilya (2015-10-02).
957:Philosophy of social science
3701:Contemporary utilitarianism
3616:Internalism and externalism
1495:Cuneo and Woudenberg, eds.
1182:10.1007/978-94-017-2428-9_9
987:Direct and indirect realism
300:In contrast, some forms of
4222:
2965:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1535:, Routledge, 2017, p. 191.
1224:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4
1085:10.1177/030631277800800304
1056:. Oxford University Press.
1023:Miller, Alexander (2019).
827:
742:
705:, during the 18th century
688:, arguing that matters of
513:, in the commonalities of
472:
461:
425:
356:
327:
249:
243:
218:
53:perceiving it or that its
47:mind-independent existence
4159:
3874:
3857:
3264:
2610:
2599:
2187:Philosophy of mathematics
2177:Philosophy of information
2148:
2137:
1971:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
1719:, Routledge, 2016, p. 28.
1704:Realism with a Human Face
1571:, Routledge, 2012, p. 33.
1399:The Metaphysics of Beauty
1205:Petrov, Kristian (2019).
1073:Social Studies of Science
596:Ancient Indian Philosophy
221:Metaphysical anti-realism
1744:"Editorial Introduction"
1587:22 (1–4):350–357 (1979).
1428:10.1093/mind/113.449.221
1114:Khlentzos, Drew (2016).
977:Truth-value link realism
972:Realism (disambiguation)
846:New realism (philosophy)
576:; they also include the
523:ancient Greek philosophy
469:Ancient Greek philosophy
382:status) as observables.
176:ancient Greek philosophy
3656:Postanalytic philosophy
3597:Experimental philosophy
1458:p. 15. Routledge, 2024.
1433:(subscription required)
1335:p. 15. Routledge, 2024.
1122:(Winter 2016 ed.).
1067:Elkana, Yehuda (1978).
932:Epistemological realism
905:post-Kantian philosophy
889:(a view put forward by
824:Contemporary philosophy
795:Dialectical materialism
765:. Its members included
674:early modern philosophy
668:Early modern philosophy
282:of the external world.
278:provide us with direct
240:Naive or direct realism
3789:Social constructionism
2801:Hellenistic philosophy
2217:Theoretical philosophy
2192:Philosophy of religion
2182:Philosophy of language
962:Principle of bivalence
937:Extended modal realism
759:late modern philosophy
739:Late modern philosophy
707:Scottish Enlightenment
561:philosophical idealism
518:
298:
225:Mathematical Platonism
4206:Philosophical realism
4172:Philosophy portal
3691:Scientific skepticism
3671:Reformed epistemology
2197:Philosophy of science
2026:Theories of deduction
1609:Ludwig Wittgenstein,
1483:Catholic Encyclopedia
1211:Stud East Eur Thought
887:Conceptualist realism
617:problem of universals
482:
452:"realism" in the arts
384:Analytic philosophers
372:unobservable entities
368:philosophy of science
274:that claims that the
162:philosophy of science
160:, for example in the
136:) which question the
31:Philosophical realism
27:Philosophical concept
3592:Critical rationalism
3299:Edo neo-Confucianism
3143:Acintya bheda abheda
3122:Renaissance humanism
2833:School of the Sextii
2207:Practical philosophy
2202:Political philosophy
1624:Philosophical Papers
1600:, Open Court, 1998 .
1274:Ronen, Ruth (1995).
799:philosophy of nature
590:metaphysical realism
574:mathematical realism
486:The School of Athens
230:Metaphysical realism
215:Metaphysical realism
189:The term comes from
3163:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3074:Korean Confucianism
2821:Academic Skepticism
1853:Philosophical logic
1139:Social Epistemology
982:Speculative realism
927:Dialectical realism
897:Speculative realism
863:Ludwig Wittgenstein
855:analytic philosophy
621:exaggerated realism
608:Medieval philosophy
107:mathematical truths
57:is not just a mere
3784:Post-structuralism
3686:Scientific realism
3641:Quinean naturalism
3621:Logical positivism
3577:Analytical Marxism
2796:Peripatetic school
2708:Chinese naturalism
2235:Aesthetic response
2162:Applied philosophy
1917:Unity of opposites
1613:, Routledge 2001 .
1596:Bertrand Russell,
834:Australian realism
745:Objective idealism
519:
399:Realism in physics
364:Scientific realism
359:Scientific realism
353:Scientific realism
261:philosophy of mind
4193:
4192:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3572:Analytic feminism
3544:
3543:
3506:Kierkegaardianism
3468:Transcendentalism
3428:Neo-scholasticism
3274:Classical Realism
3251:
3250:
3023:
3022:
2838:Neopythagoreanism
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2212:Social philosophy
2097:
2096:
1949:List of fallacies
1934:Explanatory power
1861:Critical thinking
1787:978-0-19-516824-2
1728:Paul John Ennis,
1674:Logic and Reality
1191:978-90-481-5234-6
557:Platonic idealism
533:were proposed by
527:realist doctrines
444:Aesthetic realism
439:Aesthetic realism
403:quantum mechanics
16:(Redirected from
4213:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4169:
4168:
3885:
3876:
3859:
3749:Frankfurt School
3696:Transactionalism
3646:Normative ethics
3626:Legal positivism
3602:Falsificationism
3587:Consequentialism
3582:Communitarianism
3555:
3423:New Confucianism
3262:
3069:Neo-Confucianism
3034:
2843:Second Sophistic
2828:Middle Platonism
2671:
2612:
2601:
2444:Epiphenomenalism
2311:Consequentialism
2245:Institutionalism
2150:
2139:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2101:
2079:Platonic realism
1846:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1791:
1779:
1770:Blackburn, Simon
1756:
1755:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1556:state of affairs
1542:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1513:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1454:Sinha, Jadunath
1452:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1422:(449): 221–226.
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1342:
1336:
1331:Sinha, Jadunath
1329:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1271:
1265:
1264:Blackburn p. 188
1262:
1256:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1003:
922:Critical realism
883:internal realism
859:Bertrand Russell
807:Friedrich Engels
775:Vittorio Benussi
763:Austrian realism
726:sense experience
680:was a school of
633:Moderate realism
613:Medieval realism
578:Form of the Good
549:abstract objects
545:Platonic realism
475:Platonic realism
335:Immanent realism
330:Immanent realism
324:Immanent realism
252:Indirect realism
43:moral statements
35:abstract objects
21:
18:Medieval realism
4221:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4166:
4164:
4143:
4107:
4007:
3969:
3916:
3870:
3869:
3841:
3830:Russian cosmism
3803:
3799:Western Marxism
3764:New Historicism
3729:Critical theory
3715:
3711:Wittgensteinian
3607:Foundationalism
3540:
3477:
3458:Social contract
3314:Foundationalism
3247:
3229:
3213:Illuminationism
3198:Aristotelianism
3184:
3173:Vishishtadvaita
3126:
3078:
3019:
2986:
2857:
2786:Megarian school
2781:Eretrian school
2722:
2683:Agriculturalism
2660:
2606:
2587:
2534:
2506:
2463:
2415:
2372:
2356:Incompatibilism
2325:
2297:
2249:
2221:
2144:
2133:
2128:
2098:
2093:
2064:Logical atomism
2020:
1913:Socratic method
1864:
1855:
1850:
1798:
1788:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1684:
1670:Gustav Bergmann
1668:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1467:John Marenbon,
1466:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:Nick Zangwill,
1395:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1313:Boyd, Richard.
1312:
1311:
1307:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1244:
1240:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1005:
1004:
1000:
995:
913:
875:Gustav Bergmann
848:
826:
771:Alexius Meinong
755:
741:
718:George Berkeley
670:
662:Scotist realism
610:
604:
598:
582:ethical realism
565:George Berkeley
477:
471:
466:
460:
441:
430:
424:
396:
388:instrumentalism
361:
355:
339:immanently real
332:
326:
289:Direct Realism
285:
254:
248:
242:
227:
217:
212:
187:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4219:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4175:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3975:Middle Eastern
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3739:Existentialism
3736:
3734:Deconstruction
3731:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3567:Applied ethics
3563:
3561:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3531:Nietzscheanism
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3473:Utilitarianism
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3371:Transcendental
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3309:Existentialism
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Augustinianism
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3010:Zoroastrianism
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2853:Church Fathers
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2368:Libertarianism
2365:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Metaphilosophy
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:Constructivism
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1866:informal logic
1857:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1796:External links
1794:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1776:Truth: A Guide
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1734:
1721:
1715:A. M. Ferner,
1708:
1695:
1682:
1662:
1644:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1581:Michael Resnik
1573:
1567:Sean Creaven,
1560:
1537:
1524:
1501:
1488:
1473:
1460:
1456:Indian Realism
1447:
1436:
1404:
1389:
1378:
1367:
1354:
1344:Heidemann, D.
1337:
1333:Indian Realism
1324:
1305:
1286:(2): 184–200.
1266:
1257:
1253:Thomas Aquinas
1245:The statement
1238:
1197:
1190:
1164:
1145:(4): 431–444.
1125:
1106:
1079:(3): 309–326.
1059:
1042:
1015:
997:
996:
994:
991:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
912:
909:
825:
822:
814:Michael Resnik
783:Edmund Husserl
767:Franz Brentano
740:
737:
736:
735:
703:Dugald Stewart
669:
666:
650:Thomas Aquinas
609:
606:
597:
594:
567:. As Platonic
489:, a fresco by
473:Main article:
470:
467:
459:
456:
440:
437:
426:Main article:
423:
420:
395:
392:
357:Main article:
354:
351:
328:Main article:
325:
322:
244:Main article:
241:
238:
216:
213:
211:
208:
186:
183:
146:correspondence
144:consists in a
83:physical world
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4218:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4185:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:Miscellaneous
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:Miscellaneous
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Structuralism
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Postmodernism
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Phenomenology
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:Vienna Circle
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Moral realism
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Phenomenology
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Individualism
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3243:Judeo-Islamic
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Shuddhadvaita
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Scholasticism
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Conceptualism
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Particularism
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Functionalism
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Eliminativism
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Compatibilism
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Particularism
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:Mark Textor,
1541:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1002:
999:
992:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:Modal realism
945:
943:
942:Legal realism
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
892:
891:David Wiggins
888:
884:
880:
879:Hilary Putnam
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
853:
847:
843:
839:
838:Modal realism
835:
831:
823:
821:
819:
818:Gottlob Frege
815:
812:According to
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
754:
750:
746:
738:
732:
731:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
699:Adam Ferguson
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:conceptualism
622:
618:
614:
607:
605:
602:
595:
593:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
481:
476:
468:
465:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
438:
436:
434:
433:Moral realism
429:
428:Moral realism
422:Moral realism
421:
419:
416:
415:wave function
412:
408:
404:
400:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
297:
294:
290:
286:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
257:Naive realism
253:
247:
246:Naive realism
239:
237:
235:
231:
226:
222:
214:
209:
207:
205:
204:
199:
198:Immanuel Kant
195:
192:
184:
182:
179:
177:
173:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:understanding
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4177:
4163:
3834:
3825:Postcritique
3815:Kyoto School
3774:Posthumanism
3754:Hermeneutics
3609: /
3550:Contemporary
3526:Newtonianism
3489:Cartesianism
3448:Reductionism
3284:Conservatism
3279:Collectivism
3217:
2945:Sarvāstivadā
2923:Anekantavada
2848:Neoplatonism
2816:Epicureanism
2749:Pythagoreans
2688:Confucianism
2654:Contemporary
2644:Early modern
2582:
2548:Anti-realism
2502:Universalism
2459:Subjectivism
2410:
2255:Epistemology
2088:
2059:Intuitionism
2044:Fictionalism
1775:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1689:Putnam, H.,
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1496:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1439:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1381:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1308:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1260:
1246:
1241:
1217:(2): 73–97.
1214:
1210:
1200:
1173:
1167:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1119:
1109:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1028:
1018:
1012:. Routledge.
1008:
1001:
917:Anti-realism
895:
886:
867:J. L. Austin
852:contemporary
849:
811:
793:
786:
781:, and early
762:
756:
711:
690:common sense
671:
647:
642:flatus vocis
640:
636:
612:
611:
603:
599:
586:
569:abstractions
551:, including
543:
520:
484:
443:
442:
431:
401:(especially
397:
362:
347:Aristotelian
333:
317:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
265:common sense
263:rooted in a
255:
229:
228:
201:
193:
188:
180:
166:
158:anti-realism
150:
123:
111:moral truths
63:epistemology
46:
30:
29:
3820:Objectivism
3759:Neo-Marxism
3721:Continental
3631:Meta-ethics
3611:Coherentism
3516:Hegelianism
3453:Rationalism
3413:Natural law
3393:Materialism
3319:Historicism
3289:Determinism
3180:Navya-Nyāya
2955:Sautrāntika
2950:Pudgalavada
2886:Vaisheshika
2739:Presocratic
2639:Renaissance
2578:Physicalism
2563:Materialism
2469:Normativity
2454:Objectivism
2439:Emergentism
2429:Behaviorism
2378:Metaphysics
2344:Determinism
2283:Rationalism
2039:Dialetheism
1929:Explanation
1899:Credibility
1702:Putnam, H.
1655:Karl Popper
1636:Karl Popper
1499:(2004) p 85
1035:30 December
952:Objectivism
901:Continental
871:Karl Popper
788:Graz School
779:Ernst Mally
695:Thomas Reid
658:Duns Scotus
654:Bonaventure
380:ontological
349:tradition.
95:other minds
67:metaphysics
4119:Amerindian
4026:Australian
3965:Vietnamese
3945:Indonesian
3494:Kantianism
3443:Positivism
3433:Pragmatism
3408:Naturalism
3388:Liberalism
3366:Subjective
3304:Empiricism
3208:Avicennism
3153:Bhedabheda
3037:East Asian
2960:Madhyamaka
2940:Abhidharma
2806:Pyrrhonism
2573:Nominalism
2568:Naturalism
2497:Skepticism
2487:Relativism
2477:Absolutism
2406:Naturalism
2316:Deontology
2288:Skepticism
2273:Naturalism
2263:Empiricism
2227:Aesthetics
2131:Philosophy
2084:Pragmatism
2074:Nominalism
1981:Propaganda
1956:Hypothesis
1909:Antithesis
1763:References
1754:(1): 3–13.
828:See also:
743:See also:
722:David Hume
714:John Locke
686:scepticism
682:philosophy
637:separately
629:nominalism
601:position.
553:universals
531:universals
515:particular
462:See also:
448:Eli Siegel
306:skepticism
272:perception
250:See also:
219:See also:
191:Late Latin
172:scholastic
130:skepticism
121:entirely.
103:universals
97:, and the
59:appearance
3998:Pakistani
3960:Taiwanese
3907:Ethiopian
3880:By region
3866:By region
3681:Scientism
3676:Systemics
3536:Spinozism
3463:Socialism
3398:Modernism
3361:Objective
3269:Anarchism
3203:Averroism
3092:Christian
3044:Neotaoism
3015:Zurvanism
3005:Mithraism
3000:Mazdakism
2771:Cyrenaics
2698:Logicians
2331:Free will
2293:Solipsism
2240:Formalism
2054:Formalism
2016:Vagueness
1996:Relevance
1991:Reasoning
1904:Dialectic
1879:Ambiguity
1292:0039-4238
1233:150893870
1159:0269-1728
1093:0306-3127
1025:"Realism"
803:Karl Marx
539:Aristotle
507:universal
499:prototype
343:Aristotle
314:perceived
280:awareness
234:objective
210:Varieties
200:in 1781 (
185:Etymology
138:certainty
134:solipsism
71:knowledge
55:existence
4200:Category
4184:Category
4139:Yugoslav
4129:Romanian
4036:Scottish
4021:American
3950:Japanese
3930:Buddhist
3912:Africana
3902:Egyptian
3744:Feminist
3666:Rawlsian
3661:Quietism
3559:Analytic
3511:Krausism
3418:Nihilism
3383:Kokugaku
3346:Absolute
3341:Idealism
3329:Humanism
3117:Occamism
3084:European
3029:Medieval
2975:Yogacara
2935:Buddhist
2928:Syādvāda
2811:Stoicism
2776:Cynicism
2764:Sophists
2759:Atomists
2754:Eleatics
2693:Legalism
2634:Medieval
2558:Idealism
2512:Ontology
2492:Nihilism
2396:Idealism
2154:Branches
2143:Branches
2069:Logicism
2049:Finitism
2001:Rhetoric
1986:Prudence
1924:Evidence
1884:Argument
1874:Analysis
1772:(2005).
1748:Collapse
1350:Synthese
1300:42946277
911:See also
503:exemplar
376:theories
345:and the
302:idealism
206:A 369).
169:medieval
154:idealism
4134:Russian
4103:Spanish
4098:Slovene
4088:Maltese
4083:Italian
4063:Finland
4031:British
4013:Western
4003:Turkish
3988:Islamic
3983:Iranian
3935:Chinese
3922:Eastern
3889:African
3836:more...
3521:Marxism
3351:British
3294:Dualism
3190:Islamic
3148:Advaita
3138:Vedanta
3112:Scotism
3107:Thomism
3049:Tiantai
2992:Persian
2980:Tibetan
2970:Śūnyatā
2911:Cārvāka
2901:Ājīvika
2896:Mīmāṃsā
2876:Samkhya
2791:Academy
2744:Ionians
2718:Yangism
2675:Chinese
2666:Ancient
2629:Western
2624:Ancient
2583:Realism
2540:Reality
2530:Process
2411:Realism
2391:Dualism
2386:Atomism
2268:Fideism
2089:Realism
1976:Premise
1966:Opinion
1961:Inquiry
1944:Fallacy
1642:, 1963.
1585:Inquiry
1552:Evidenz
1352:(2019).
517:things.
511:essence
491:Raphael
310:objects
115:thought
75:thought
39:numbers
4093:Polish
4073:German
4068:French
4053:Danish
4043:Canada
3993:Jewish
3955:Korean
3940:Indian
3482:People
3403:Monism
3356:German
3324:Holism
3257:Modern
3235:Jewish
3158:Dvaita
3131:Indian
3054:Huayan
2906:Ajñana
2863:Indian
2728:Greco-
2713:Taoism
2703:Mohism
2649:Modern
2616:By era
2605:By era
2520:Action
2401:Monism
2321:Virtue
2303:Ethics
2011:Theory
1889:Belief
1816:Nature
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4078:Greek
4058:Dutch
4048:Czech
3897:Bantu
3334:Anti-
2881:Nyaya
2871:Hindu
2731:Roman
2525:Event
2167:Logic
2006:Rigor
1296:JSTOR
1280:Style
1229:S2CID
1097:JSTOR
993:Notes
660:(cf.
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495:Forms
450:, or
320:are.
142:truth
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2918:Jain
2891:Yoga
2421:Mind
2361:Hard
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1939:Fact
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1782:ISBN
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1288:ISSN
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1037:2020
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850:In
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