350:' that institutions conventionally associated with modernity in Western historiography like nationalism, the emergence of states, colonialism, scientific thought, art for its own sake, or people's conception of themselves as individuals all had a history stretching back into the Middle Ages, and that understanding their medieval history was important to understanding their character in the twentieth century. Twentieth-century Medieval Studies were influenced by approaches associated with the rise of
114:), it promoted the interdisciplinarity characteristic of Medieval Studies and many of its graduates were involved in the later development of Medieval Studies programmes elsewhere in the UK. Around the same time as the first North American Medieval Studies institutions were founded, the UK saw the development of some scholarly societies with a similar remit, including the Oxford Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature (1932) and its offshoot the Manchester Medieval Society (1933).
388:
state funding of and university support for archaeology expanded, bringing new evidence but also new methods, disciplinary perspectives, and research questions forward; and the appeal of interdisciplinarity grew. Accordingly, medieval studies turned increasingly away from producing national histories, towards more complex mosaics of regional approaches that worked towards a
European scope, partly correlating with post-War
2629:
2619:
1919:
2639:
471:
387:
led to greatly diminished enthusiasm for medieval studies within the academy—though nationalist deployments of the Middle Ages still existed and remained powerful. The proportion of medievalists in history and language departments fell, encouraging staff to collaborate across different departments;
65:
provided a coherent identity to centres composed of academics from a variety of disciplines including archaeology, art history, architecture, history, literature and linguistics. The
Institute of Mediaeval Studies at St. Michael's College of the University of Toronto became the first centre of this
536:
exist, usually as part of a university or other research and teaching facility. Umberella organisations for these bodies include the Fédération
Internationale des Instituts d’Etudes Médiévales (FIDEM) (founded 1987) and Co-operative for Advancement of Research through Medieval European Network
1878:
On the origins of the department, see Gábor
Klaniscay, 'Medieval Origins of Central Europe. An Invention or a Discovery?', in The Paradoxes of Unintended Consequences, ed. by Lord Dahrendorf, Yehuda Elkana, Aryeh Neier, William Newton-Smith, and István Rév (Budapest: CEU Press, 2000), pp.
82:
in
Indiana, which was founded in 1946 but whose roots go back to the establishment of a Program of Medieval Studies in 1933. As with many of the early programs at Roman Catholic institutions, it drew its strengths from the revival of medieval scholastic philosophy by such scholars as
345:
However, the early twentieth century also saw the increasing professionalisation of research on the Middle Ages. In this context, researchers tended to resist the idea that the Middle Ages were distinctively different from modernity. Instead they argued the so-called
117:
With university expansion in the late 1960s and early 1970s encouraging interdisciplinary cooperation, centres similar to (and partly inspired by) the
Toronto Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies were established in England at
453:—while, however, navigating, the risk of imposing Eurocentric terminologies and agendas on the rest of the world. By 2020, this movement was being characterised as the 'global turn' in Medieval Studies. Correspondingly, the
95:
1419:"medieval, adj. and n.", "middle age, n. and adj." Accessed 5 August 2018. OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/115638; www.oed.com/view/Entry/118142. Accessed 5 August 2018.
309:
sought to legitimise new political formations by claiming that they were rooted in the distant past. The most important example of this use of the Middle Ages was the nation-building that surrounded the
314:. Narratives which presented the nations of Europe as modernizing by building on, yet also developing beyond, their medieval heritage, were also important facets underpinning justifications of
778:
137:
The 1990s saw a further wave of
Medieval-Studies foundations, partly prompted by the dynamism brought to the field by its embracing of postmodernist thought and the associated rise of
2082:
2448:
2584:
1010:
604:
1059:
445:
led to arguments that post-war
Europeanisation had drawn too tight a boundary around medieval studies, this time at the borders of Europe, with Muslim Iberia and the
2097:
449:
east seen in western
European historiography as having an ambivalent relevance to medieval studies. Thus a range of medievalists have begun working on writing
2174:
298:—whether a place nostalgically to fantasise about a more conservative, religious, and hierarchical past or a more egalitarian, beautiful, and innocent one.
1033:
338:
continent. These colonialist and imperialist connections meant that medieval studies during the 19th and 20th centuries played a role in the emergence of
331:
169:
57:(1906), to emphasize a more interdisciplinary approach to a historical subject. A major step in institutionalising this field was the foundation of the
905:
168:
Medieval studies is buoyed by a number of annual international conferences which bring together thousands of professional medievalists, including the
67:
1608:
Ian Wood, 'Report: The
European Science Foundation's Programme on the Transformation of the Roman World and the Emergence of Early Medieval Europe',
49:
The term 'medieval studies' began to be adopted by academics in the opening decades of the twentieth century, initially in the titles of books like
1909:
430:
account of the Middle Ages as belonging to a continuum of social development that begat modernity and instead to see the Middle Ages as radically
748:
2052:
707:
677:
454:
890:
692:
493:
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868:
2508:
2483:
2423:
1908:
804:
557:
450:
241:
2599:
969:
2134:
1971:
279:
as a means for them to define their own era as new and different from what came before—whether a renewal of Classical Antiquity (the
2604:
1748:
1699:
1630:
1599:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 80-92 (pp. 83-84).
1583:
1559:
1509:
1488:
1467:
1446:
1198:
519:
1267:
Freedman, Paul, and Gabrielle Spiegel, 'Medievalisms Old and New: The Rediscovery of Alterity in North American Medieval Studies',
823:
662:
1081:
457:
Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, founded in 1963, changed its name in 2021 to UCLA Center for Early Global Studies.
2102:
1739:
Michael Borgolte, 'A Crisis of the Middle Ages? Deconstructing and Constructing European Identities in a Globalized World', in
1106:
1086:
965:
767:
184:
1063:
980:
2468:
2408:
2380:
2139:
2385:
838:
733:
1981:
883:
647:
397:
2554:
2013:
1798:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 127--45.
632:
572:
368:
1812:, ed. by Catherine Holmes and Naomi Standen, Past & Present Supplement, 13 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018) (=
920:
875:
617:
587:
542:
1785:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 80-92.
1428:"medievalist, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/115640. Accessed 5 August 2018.
808:
58:
1943:
984:
935:
853:
2564:
1677:
Little, Lester K., 'Cypress Beams, Kufic Script, and Cut Stone: Rebuilding the Master Narrative of European History',
1096:
1040:
1025:
995:
954:
591:
393:
99:
2257:
1458:
Bastian Schlüter, 'Barbarossa's Heirs: nation and Medieval History in Nineteenth-cand Twentieth-Century Germany', in
501:
497:
481:
252:
The term "Middle Ages" first began to be common in English-language history-writing in the early nineteenth century.
2559:
2549:
2513:
2355:
1155:, ed. by Francis G. Gentry and Christopher Kleinhenz (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1982), pp. 23–40.
403:
Amidst this process, from the 1980s onwards medieval studies increasingly responded to intellectual agendas set by
1142:, ed. by Francis G. Gentry and Christopher Kleinhenz (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1982), pp. 5–22.
2668:
2663:
2282:
2045:
1924:
1138:
William J. Courtenay, 'The Virgin and the Dynamo: The Growth ofMedieval Studies in North America: 1870–1930', in
864:
812:
722:
2533:
842:
782:
752:
198:
79:
1764:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016),
666:
146:
2673:
2237:
2207:
1407:
1044:
999:
737:
696:
446:
1939:
1574:
Patrick Geary, 'European Ethnicities and European as an Ethnicity: Does Europe Have too Much History?', in
94:
These institutions were preceded in the United Kingdom, in 1927, by the establishment of the idiosyncratic
2594:
2350:
2124:
1862:
793:
651:
315:
311:
301:
European study of the medieval past was characterised in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by
2413:
2262:
1189:
Michael Lapidge, 'Introduction: The Study of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic in Cambridge, 1878-1999', in
909:
894:
827:
576:
434:
from the present. Its recognition that scholars' views are shaped by their own time led to the study of
150:
119:
71:
2305:
2232:
1390:
La Ciudad Medieval y Su Influencia Territorial: Nájera. Encuentros Internacionales del Medievo 3, 2006
2632:
2574:
2370:
2277:
2247:
2038:
879:
621:
561:
302:
276:
161:(2005), and the merging of the Medieval History and Medieval Language and Literature sections of the
154:
1976:
1388:
como herramienta de investigación para la historiografía de ciudades medievales y sus territorios".
1166:
Medieval Scholarship: Philosophy and the arts: biographical studies on the formation of a discipline
625:
565:
2518:
2498:
2478:
2443:
2375:
2287:
2154:
1500:
Christian Lübke, 'Germany's Growth to the East: From the Polabian Marches to Germania Slavica', in
1101:
1091:
1014:
681:
438:—the post-medieval use and abuse of the Middle Ages—becoming an integral part of Medieval Studies.
423:
188:
123:
2618:
1769:
205:(the journal of the Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature, founded in 1932),
2622:
2458:
2433:
2335:
2212:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2087:
1760:
James Belich, John Darwin, and Chris Wickham, 'Introduction: The Prospect of Global History', in
1029:
1018:
950:
939:
924:
636:
292:
193:
131:
127:
75:
1437:
Ian Wood, 'Literary Composition and the Early Medieval Historian in the Nineteenth Century', in
670:
2360:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2227:
2217:
2202:
2069:
1744:
1695:
1626:
1579:
1555:
1505:
1484:
1479:
Bernhard Jussen, 'Between Ideology and Technology: Depicting Charlemagne in Modern Times', in
1463:
1442:
1289:
1194:
546:
347:
158:
111:
84:
1841:"Kringla Heimsins: Old Norse Sagas, World Literature and the Global Turn in Medieval Studies"
2528:
2523:
2463:
2428:
2340:
2297:
2267:
2189:
2107:
2077:
1765:
1720:
1272:
1226:
411:
355:
219:
88:
1536:
Medievalism and Orientalism: Three Essays on Literature, Architecture and Cultural Identity
1193:, ed. by Michael Lapidge (Aberystwyth: Department of Welsh, Aberystwyth University, 2015),
1125:
George R. Coffman, ‘The Mediaeval Academy of America: Historical Background and Prospect’,
2589:
2503:
2473:
2197:
2114:
1655:
David Matthews, Medievalism: A Critical History, Medievalism, 6 (Cambridge: Brewer, 2015).
1055:
407:
389:
351:
339:
323:
229:
162:
142:
138:
2005:
373:
1003:
2493:
2438:
2392:
2345:
2325:
2169:
2092:
1550:
Graham A. Loud and Martial Staub, 'Some Thoughts on the Making of the Middle Ages', in
363:
2657:
2252:
442:
427:
404:
335:
327:
306:
180:
103:
50:
1048:
2418:
2315:
2119:
1808:
380:
359:
291:
scholars, in particular, the intellectual freedom to imagine the Middle Ages as an
253:
272:
was, correspondingly, coined by English-speakers in the mid-nineteenth century.
1907:
655:
2569:
2272:
2179:
2061:
1724:
1642:
Caroline Bynum, "Why All the Fuss about the Body? A Medievalist's Perspective",
1076:
435:
384:
319:
288:
280:
261:
107:
30:
20:
1840:
1177:
19:"Medievalist" redirects here. For general appreciation of the Middle Ages, see
2144:
1863:
Reimagining the scope and approach of the UCLA Center for Early Global Studies
1690:
Richard Hitchcock, 'Reflections on the Frontier in Early Medieval Iberia', in
1406:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford:
1151:
Luke Wenger, 'The Medieval Academy and Medieval Studies in North America', in
415:
209:(based in the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies and founded in 1939),
91:, both of whom made regular visits to the university in the 1930s and 1940s.
2453:
2222:
1276:
550:
419:
284:
173:
102:. Although Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic was limited geographically (to the
34:
1927:
was created from a revision of this article dated 2 December 2014
857:
1993:
1743:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1694:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1625:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1578:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1554:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1504:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1483:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1462:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1441:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1191:
H. M. Chadwick and the Study of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic in Cambridge
197:(an organ of the Medieval Academy of America founded in 1925 and based in
191:. There are a number of journals devoted to medieval studies, including:
2488:
2365:
2242:
2025:
1966:
1668:, ed. by Albrecht Classen, 5 vols (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010), pp. 850–65.
1523:
Desire for Origins: New Language, Old English, and Teaching the Tradition
1329:, ed. by Alan Deyermond (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 1–5.
1230:
852:
Institut für Realienkunde des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit at the
431:
176:
580:
2129:
2030:
1952:
Western Michigan University: International Congress on Medieval Studies
260:
has been seen as a key stage in the promotion of the term, along with
1951:
797:
295:
1621:
Jinty Nelson, 'Why Reinventing Medieval History is a Good Idea', in
1986:
1961:
1712:
595:
500:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1956:
988:
943:
958:
831:
726:
1827:
Die Welten des Mittelalters: Globalgeschichte eines Jahrtausends
601:
Groupe d'Anthropologie Historique de l'Occident Médiéval at the
2034:
1340:
The Future of the Middle Ages: medieval literature in the 1990s
898:
640:
1794:
Robinson, Francis, 'Global History from an Islamic Angle', in
792:
or Center of Advanced Studies in Medieval Civilization at the
771:
685:
464:
741:
700:
1905:
1153:
Medieval Studies in North America: Past, Present, and Future
1140:
Medieval Studies in North America: Past, Present, and Future
928:
392:. An example from the apogee of this process was the large
1991:
University of Chicago: Library Guides to Medieval Studies
1713:
The Interference of al-Andalus: Spain, Islam, and the West
1353:
Imagined histories: American historians interpret the past
846:
756:
816:
711:
610:
766:
or Paris Laboratory for Western Medieval Studies at the
61:
in 1925. In American and European universities the term
2020:
863:
The Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Culture at the
489:
484:
may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
240:
Another part of the infrastructure of the field is the
1666:
Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms — Methods — Trends
1249:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 231.
973:
913:
275:
The concept of the Middle Ages was first developed by
790:
Centre d'études supérieures de civilisation mediévale
693:
Liverpool Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies
422:
being challenged by or harnessed to topics like the
2542:
2401:
2296:
2188:
2068:
1369:: Its Unwritten History (as told by its Founder)".
1164:H. Damico, J. B. Zavadil, D. Fennema, and K. Lenz,
372:, this work favoured study of large questions over
16:
Academic interdisciplinary study of the Middle Ages
1011:Turku Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies
258:View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages
764:Laboratoire de médiévistique occidentale de Paris
1967:Medieval Studies links from Voice of the Shuttle
1525:(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990).
1314:Medievalism and the academy II: cultural studies
1060:Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University
29:is the academic interdisciplinary study of the
1972:Medieval Studies projects from British Academy
1918:
1781:Moore, Robert I., 'A Global Middle Ages?', in
2046:
1829:(Munich: Beck, 2022), ISBN 978-3-406-78446-0.
1595:Robert I. Moore, 'A Global Middle Ages?', in
1402:Robert I. Moore, 'A Global Middle Ages?', in
824:Graduate Centre for Medieval Studies, Reading
8:
1247:Reading the medieval in early modern England
663:Center for Late Antique and Medieval Studies
605:École des hautes études en sciences sociales
602:
1371:Bulletin of International Medieval Research
1355:(Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 238.
1342:(University Press of Florida, 1994), p. 23.
96:Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic
59:Mediaeval (now Medieval) Academy of America
2053:
2039:
2031:
1365:Sawyer, Peter (2009). "The Origins of the
330:also used these concepts to justify their
170:International Congress on Medieval Studies
1770:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732259.001.0001
966:Center for Medieval and Byzantine Studies
906:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
779:Center for Medieval Studies, Pennsylvania
719:Centre d'Études médiévales de Montpellier
706:CMRS Center for Early Global Studies, at
520:Learn how and when to remove this message
366:. In place of what the Annalistes called
326:era. Scholars of the medieval era in the
68:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
37:who studies medieval studies is called a
1935:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1570:
1568:
426:. This movement tended to challenge the
1546:
1544:
1241:
1239:
1118:
781:at Pennsylvania State University, USA (
2026:Carmen: The Worldwide Medieval Network
839:Institute for Medieval Studies, Lisbon
734:Center for Medieval Studies, Minnesota
721:or Center for Medieval Studies at the
534:Centres / Centers for Medieval Studies
165:to create a Medieval Studies section.
1735:
1733:
1538:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
1327:A Century of British Medieval Studies
708:University of California, Los Angeles
678:Institute for Medieval Studies, Leeds
648:Center for Medieval Studies, Freiburg
537:(CARMEN). Some notable ones include:
398:The Transformation of the Roman World
7:
1977:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1316:(Boydell & Brewer, 2000), p. 18.
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1168:(Taylor & Francis, 1995), p. 80.
981:Centre d'études médiévales, Montréal
891:Centre for Medieval Studies, Toronto
633:Center for Medieval Studies, Fordham
573:Centre for Medieval Studies, Bristol
130:(1968), and in the United States at
2638:
2083:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
1386:International Medieval Bibliography
1367:International Medieval Bibliography
1325:Alan Deyermond, 'Introduction', in
921:Utrecht Centre for Medieval Studies
876:Centre for Medieval Studies, Sydney
805:Centre for Medieval Studies, Prague
618:Centre for Medieval Studies, Exeter
588:Department of Medieval Studies, CEU
558:Centre for Medieval Studies, Bergen
543:Centre for Medieval Studies, Bangor
451:global histories of the Middle Ages
242:International Medieval Bibliography
2175:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
1994:"Medieval & Byzantine Studies"
1290:"King's College London - About us"
970:The Catholic University of America
110:) and chronologically (mostly the
14:
2605:Historiography in the Middle Ages
1664:Ulrich Müller, 'Medievalism', in
1054:The Centre for Medieval Studies,
936:Centre for Medieval Studies, York
854:Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg
2637:
2628:
2627:
2617:
1917:
1082:Canadian Society of Medievalists
996:Medieval History Research Centre
469:
362:, epitomised by the influential
2103:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2098:Decline of Hellenistic religion
1957:The Medieval Academy of America
1410:, 2016), pp. 80-92 (pp. 82-83).
1087:Conferences in medieval studies
287:. This gave nineteenth-century
185:International Medieval Congress
2381:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
1796:The Prospect of Global History
1783:The Prospect of Global History
1762:The Prospect of Global History
1741:The Making of Medieval History
1692:The Making of Medieval History
1623:The Making of Medieval History
1597:The Prospect of Global History
1576:The Making of Medieval History
1552:The Making of Medieval History
1502:The Making of Medieval History
1481:The Making of Medieval History
1460:The Making of Medieval History
1439:The Making of Medieval History
1404:The Prospect of Global History
1384:Macartney, Hilary (2007). "La
1312:D. Metzger and L. J. Workman,
74:. It was soon followed by the
1:
2555:Disability in the Middle Ages
2228:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
2160:Rise of the Venetian Republic
2014:Center for Research Libraries
2000:. USA: University of Chicago.
1245:G. McMullan and D. Matthews,
441:In the twenty-first century,
383:, the role of medievalism in
248:Historiographical development
809:Charles University in Prague
768:Panthéon-Sorbonne University
461:Centres for medieval studies
400:that ran from 1993 to 1998.
283:) or what came to be called
66:type in 1929; it is now the
1725:10.1215/01642472-24-2_87-67
1097:Medieval Academy of America
1041:Center for Medieval Studies
1026:Centre for Medieval Studies
955:Western Michigan University
592:Central European University
394:European Science Foundation
235:Journal of Medieval History
145:. This included centres at
100:the University of Cambridge
2690:
2356:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
1351:A. Molho, and G. S. Wood,
1269:American Historical Review
1180:, University of Notre Dame
70:(PIMS) and is part of the
18:
2613:
2283:Mongol invasion of Europe
1839:Phelpstead, Carl (2022).
865:University of Southampton
843:Nova University of Lisbon
813:Czech Academy of Sciences
723:university of Montpellier
45:Institutional development
1219:Leeds Studies in English
1107:12th Century Renaissance
972:, Washington D.C., USA (
753:University of Notre Dame
266:Lectures on Architecture
199:Cambridge, Massachusetts
80:University of Notre Dame
2238:Investiture Controversy
2208:Second Bulgarian Empire
1816:, 238 (November 2018)).
1408:Oxford University Press
1271:, 103 (1998), 677–704.
1045:University of Bucharest
1002:, Republic of Ireland (
1000:Trinity College, Dublin
738:University of Minnesota
697:University of Liverpool
594:(Vienna and Budapest) (
369:histoire événementielle
2595:Post-classical history
2351:Fall of Constantinople
2258:Capet–Plantagenet feud
2125:First Bulgarian Empire
1913:
1893:Listen to this article
1809:The Global Middle Ages
1223:Leeds Medieval Studies
985:Université de Montréal
794:University of Poitiers
652:University of Freiburg
603:
312:unification of Germany
1987:Medievalists of Color
1912:
1646:22/1, 1995, pp. 1-33.
1610:Early Medieval Europe
1373:. 14 for 2008: 57–61.
1277:10.1086/ahr/103.3.677
910:University of Toronto
895:University of Toronto
828:University of Reading
667:King's College London
577:University of Bristol
277:Renaissance humanists
151:University of Bristol
147:King's College London
120:University of Reading
72:University of Toronto
2575:Medieval reenactment
2371:Renaissance Humanism
2278:Medieval Warm Period
2248:Republic of Florence
2062:European Middle Ages
1944:More spoken articles
1719:, 24 (2006), 67-88;
1681:, 79 (2004), 909-28.
880:University of Sydney
751:, Notre Dame at the
635:, New York, USA, at
622:University of Exeter
562:University of Bergen
490:improve this article
385:European nationalism
316:European colonialism
303:romantic nationalism
155:University of Sydney
55:Ten Medieval Studies
2288:Kingdom of Portugal
2155:Old Church Slavonic
2140:Anglo-Saxon England
1962:The Medieval Review
1869:(15 December 2021).
1612:, 6 (1997), 217-28.
1521:Allen J. Frantzen,
1225:, 2 (2022), 101–39
1102:Renaissance studies
1092:Digital Medievalist
1015:University of Turku
927:, The Netherlands (
682:University of Leeds
502:footnote references
424:history of the body
379:In the wake of the
189:University of Leeds
124:University of Leeds
2469:In popular culture
2434:Crusading movement
2306:Hundred Years' War
2165:Civitas Schinesghe
2150:Carolingian Empire
2135:Kingdom of Croatia
2088:Barbarian kingdoms
2006:"Medieval Studies"
1914:
1825:Michael Borgolte,
1814:Past & Present
1231:10.57686/256204/24
1030:Tallinn University
951:Medieval Institute
940:University of York
925:Utrecht University
815:, Czech Republic (
749:Medieval Institute
650:, Germany, at the
637:Fordham University
447:Orthodox Christian
332:westward expansion
132:Fordham University
128:University of York
76:Medieval Institute
2651:
2650:
2560:Basic topics list
2361:Swiss mercenaries
2311:Wars of the Roses
2218:Kingdom of Poland
2203:Holy Roman Empire
2070:Early Middle Ages
1910:
1861:Jonathan Riggs, '
1129:, 1 (1926), 5–18.
560:, Norway, at the
547:Bangor University
545:, Walles, UK, at
530:
529:
522:
348:continuity thesis
340:white supremacism
207:Mediaeval Studies
159:Bangor University
112:early Middle Ages
2681:
2669:European studies
2664:Medieval studies
2641:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2621:
2580:Medieval studies
2424:Church and State
2298:Late Middle Ages
2190:High Middle Ages
2108:Christianization
2078:Migration Period
2055:
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2032:
2017:
2001:
1982:Medieval Studies
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1644:Critical Inquiry
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608:
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412:cultural studies
381:Second World War
356:economic history
89:Jacques Maritain
63:medieval studies
27:Medieval studies
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2198:Norman Conquest
2184:
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390:Europeanisation
352:social sciences
324:New Imperialism
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163:British Academy
143:popular culture
139:neo-medievalism
126:(1967) and the
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2376:Universities
2316:Hussite Wars
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2120:Papal States
2010:Topic Guides
2009:
1997:
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1297:. Retrieved
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