361:' that institutions conventionally associated with modernity in Western historiography like nationalism, the emergence of states, colonialism, scientific thought, art for its own sake, or people's conception of themselves as individuals all had a history stretching back into the Middle Ages, and that understanding their medieval history was important to understanding their character in the twentieth century. Twentieth-century Medieval Studies were influenced by approaches associated with the rise of
125:), it promoted the interdisciplinarity characteristic of Medieval Studies and many of its graduates were involved in the later development of Medieval Studies programmes elsewhere in the UK. Around the same time as the first North American Medieval Studies institutions were founded, the UK saw the development of some scholarly societies with a similar remit, including the Oxford Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature (1932) and its offshoot the Manchester Medieval Society (1933).
399:
state funding of and university support for archaeology expanded, bringing new evidence but also new methods, disciplinary perspectives, and research questions forward; and the appeal of interdisciplinarity grew. Accordingly, medieval studies turned increasingly away from producing national histories, towards more complex mosaics of regional approaches that worked towards a
European scope, partly correlating with post-War
2645:
2635:
1935:
2655:
482:
398:
led to greatly diminished enthusiasm for medieval studies within the academy—though nationalist deployments of the Middle Ages still existed and remained powerful. The proportion of medievalists in history and language departments fell, encouraging staff to collaborate across different departments;
76:
provided a coherent identity to centres composed of academics from a variety of disciplines including archaeology, art history, architecture, history, literature and linguistics. The
Institute of Mediaeval Studies at St. Michael's College of the University of Toronto became the first centre of this
547:
exist, usually as part of a university or other research and teaching facility. Umberella organisations for these bodies include the Fédération
Internationale des Instituts d’Etudes Médiévales (FIDEM) (founded 1987) and Co-operative for Advancement of Research through Medieval European Network
1894:
On the origins of the department, see Gábor
Klaniscay, 'Medieval Origins of Central Europe. An Invention or a Discovery?', in The Paradoxes of Unintended Consequences, ed. by Lord Dahrendorf, Yehuda Elkana, Aryeh Neier, William Newton-Smith, and István Rév (Budapest: CEU Press, 2000), pp.
93:
in
Indiana, which was founded in 1946 but whose roots go back to the establishment of a Program of Medieval Studies in 1933. As with many of the early programs at Roman Catholic institutions, it drew its strengths from the revival of medieval scholastic philosophy by such scholars as
356:
However, the early twentieth century also saw the increasing professionalisation of research on the Middle Ages. In this context, researchers tended to resist the idea that the Middle Ages were distinctively different from modernity. Instead they argued the so-called
1122:
128:
With university expansion in the late 1960s and early 1970s encouraging interdisciplinary cooperation, centres similar to (and partly inspired by) the
Toronto Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies were established in England at
464:—while, however, navigating, the risk of imposing Eurocentric terminologies and agendas on the rest of the world. By 2020, this movement was being characterised as the 'global turn' in Medieval Studies. Correspondingly, the
106:
1435:"medieval, adj. and n.", "middle age, n. and adj." Accessed 5 August 2018. OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/115638; www.oed.com/view/Entry/118142. Accessed 5 August 2018.
320:
sought to legitimise new political formations by claiming that they were rooted in the distant past. The most important example of this use of the Middle Ages was the nation-building that surrounded the
325:. Narratives which presented the nations of Europe as modernizing by building on, yet also developing beyond, their medieval heritage, were also important facets underpinning justifications of
789:
148:
The 1990s saw a further wave of
Medieval-Studies foundations, partly prompted by the dynamism brought to the field by its embracing of postmodernist thought and the associated rise of
2098:
2464:
2600:
1021:
615:
1070:
456:
led to arguments that post-war
Europeanisation had drawn too tight a boundary around medieval studies, this time at the borders of Europe, with Muslim Iberia and the
2113:
460:
east seen in western
European historiography as having an ambivalent relevance to medieval studies. Thus a range of medievalists have begun working on writing
2190:
309:—whether a place nostalgically to fantasise about a more conservative, religious, and hierarchical past or a more egalitarian, beautiful, and innocent one.
1044:
349:
continent. These colonialist and imperialist connections meant that medieval studies during the 19th and 20th centuries played a role in the emergence of
342:
180:
68:(1906), to emphasize a more interdisciplinary approach to a historical subject. A major step in institutionalising this field was the foundation of the
916:
179:
Medieval studies is buoyed by a number of annual international conferences which bring together thousands of professional medievalists, including the
78:
1624:
Ian Wood, 'Report: The
European Science Foundation's Programme on the Transformation of the Roman World and the Emergence of Early Medieval Europe',
60:
The term 'medieval studies' began to be adopted by academics in the opening decades of the twentieth century, initially in the titles of books like
1925:
441:
account of the Middle Ages as belonging to a continuum of social development that begat modernity and instead to see the Middle Ages as radically
759:
2068:
718:
688:
465:
901:
703:
879:
2524:
2499:
2439:
1924:
815:
568:
461:
252:
2615:
980:
2150:
1987:
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as a means for them to define their own era as new and different from what came before—whether a renewal of Classical Antiquity (the
2658:
2620:
1764:
1715:
1646:
1615:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 80-92 (pp. 83-84).
1599:
1575:
1525:
1504:
1483:
1462:
1214:
530:
1283:
Freedman, Paul, and Gabrielle Spiegel, 'Medievalisms Old and New: The Rediscovery of Alterity in North American Medieval Studies',
834:
673:
1092:
468:
Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, founded in 1963, changed its name in 2021 to UCLA Center for Early Global Studies.
2118:
1755:
Michael Borgolte, 'A Crisis of the Middle Ages? Deconstructing and Constructing European Identities in a Globalized World', in
1117:
1097:
976:
778:
504:
195:
1074:
991:
2484:
2424:
2396:
2155:
2401:
849:
744:
1997:
894:
658:
408:
2570:
2029:
1814:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 127--45.
643:
583:
379:
1828:, ed. by Catherine Holmes and Naomi Standen, Past & Present Supplement, 13 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018) (=
931:
886:
628:
598:
553:
1801:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 80-92.
1444:"medievalist, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/115640. Accessed 5 August 2018.
819:
69:
995:
946:
864:
2580:
1693:
Little, Lester K., 'Cypress Beams, Kufic Script, and Cut Stone: Rebuilding the Master Narrative of European History',
1107:
1051:
1036:
1006:
965:
602:
404:
110:
2273:
1474:
Bastian Schlüter, 'Barbarossa's Heirs: nation and Medieval History in Nineteenth-cand Twentieth-Century Germany', in
263:
The term "Middle Ages" first began to be common in English-language history-writing in the early nineteenth century.
2575:
2565:
2529:
2371:
1171:, ed. by Francis G. Gentry and Christopher Kleinhenz (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1982), pp. 23–40.
414:
Amidst this process, from the 1980s onwards medieval studies increasingly responded to intellectual agendas set by
1158:, ed. by Francis G. Gentry and Christopher Kleinhenz (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1982), pp. 5–22.
2684:
2679:
2298:
2061:
1959:
1940:
1154:
William J. Courtenay, 'The Virgin and the Dynamo: The Growth ofMedieval Studies in North America: 1870–1930', in
875:
823:
733:
2549:
853:
793:
763:
512:
508:
492:
209:
90:
1780:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016),
677:
157:
2689:
2253:
2223:
1423:
1055:
1010:
748:
707:
457:
1590:
Patrick Geary, 'European Ethnicities and European as an Ethnicity: Does Europe Have too Much History?', in
105:
These institutions were preceded in the United Kingdom, in 1927, by the establishment of the idiosyncratic
2610:
2366:
2140:
1878:
804:
662:
326:
322:
312:
European study of the medieval past was characterised in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by
2429:
2278:
1205:
Michael Lapidge, 'Introduction: The Study of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic in Cambridge, 1878-1999', in
920:
905:
838:
587:
445:
from the present. Its recognition that scholars' views are shaped by their own time led to the study of
161:
130:
82:
2321:
2248:
1406:
La Ciudad Medieval y Su Influencia Territorial: Nájera. Encuentros Internacionales del Medievo 3, 2006
2648:
2590:
2386:
2293:
2263:
2054:
1955:
890:
632:
572:
313:
287:
172:(2005), and the merging of the Medieval History and Medieval Language and Literature sections of the
165:
1992:
1404:
como herramienta de investigación para la historiografía de ciudades medievales y sus territorios".
1182:
Medieval Scholarship: Philosophy and the arts: biographical studies on the formation of a discipline
636:
576:
2534:
2514:
2494:
2459:
2391:
2303:
2170:
1516:
Christian Lübke, 'Germany's Growth to the East: From the Polabian Marches to Germania Slavica', in
1112:
1102:
1025:
692:
449:—the post-medieval use and abuse of the Middle Ages—becoming an integral part of Medieval Studies.
434:
199:
134:
2634:
1785:
216:(the journal of the Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature, founded in 1932),
2638:
2474:
2449:
2351:
2228:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2103:
1776:
James Belich, John Darwin, and Chris Wickham, 'Introduction: The Prospect of Global History', in
1040:
1029:
961:
950:
935:
647:
303:
204:
142:
138:
86:
1453:
Ian Wood, 'Literary Composition and the Early Medieval Historian in the Nineteenth Century', in
681:
2376:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2243:
2233:
2218:
2085:
1760:
1711:
1642:
1595:
1571:
1521:
1500:
1495:
Bernhard Jussen, 'Between Ideology and Technology: Depicting Charlemagne in Modern Times', in
1479:
1458:
1305:
1210:
557:
358:
169:
122:
95:
1857:"Kringla Heimsins: Old Norse Sagas, World Literature and the Global Turn in Medieval Studies"
2544:
2539:
2479:
2444:
2356:
2313:
2283:
2205:
2123:
2093:
1781:
1736:
1288:
1242:
422:
366:
230:
99:
1552:
Medievalism and Orientalism: Three Essays on Literature, Architecture and Cultural Identity
1209:, ed. by Michael Lapidge (Aberystwyth: Department of Welsh, Aberystwyth University, 2015),
1141:
George R. Coffman, ‘The Mediaeval Academy of America: Historical Background and Prospect’,
2605:
2519:
2489:
2213:
2130:
1671:
David Matthews, Medievalism: A Critical History, Medievalism, 6 (Cambridge: Brewer, 2015).
1066:
418:
400:
362:
350:
334:
240:
173:
153:
149:
2021:
384:
1014:
2509:
2454:
2408:
2361:
2341:
2185:
2108:
1566:
Graham A. Loud and Martial Staub, 'Some Thoughts on the Making of the Middle Ages', in
374:
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2268:
453:
438:
415:
346:
338:
317:
191:
114:
61:
1059:
2434:
2331:
2135:
1824:
391:
370:
302:
scholars, in particular, the intellectual freedom to imagine the Middle Ages as an
264:
283:
was, correspondingly, coined by English-speakers in the mid-nineteenth century.
1923:
666:
2585:
2288:
2195:
2077:
1740:
1658:
Caroline Bynum, "Why All the Fuss about the Body? A Medievalist's Perspective",
1087:
446:
395:
330:
299:
291:
272:
118:
41:
31:
1856:
1193:
30:"Medievalist" redirects here. For general appreciation of the Middle Ages, see
2160:
1879:
Reimagining the scope and approach of the UCLA Center for Early Global Studies
1706:
Richard Hitchcock, 'Reflections on the Frontier in Early Medieval Iberia', in
1422:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford:
1167:
Luke Wenger, 'The Medieval Academy and Medieval Studies in North America', in
426:
220:(based in the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies and founded in 1939),
102:, both of whom made regular visits to the university in the 1930s and 1940s.
17:
2469:
2238:
1292:
561:
430:
295:
184:
113:. Although Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic was limited geographically (to the
45:
1943:
was created from a revision of this article dated 2 December 2014
868:
2009:
1759:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1710:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1641:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1594:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1570:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1520:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1499:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1478:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1457:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1207:
H. M. Chadwick and the Study of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic in Cambridge
208:(an organ of the Medieval Academy of America founded in 1925 and based in
202:. There are a number of journals devoted to medieval studies, including:
2504:
2381:
2258:
2041:
1982:
1684:, ed. by Albrecht Classen, 5 vols (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010), pp. 850–65.
1539:
Desire for Origins: New Language, Old English, and Teaching the Tradition
1345:, ed. by Alan Deyermond (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 1–5.
1246:
863:
Institut für Realienkunde des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit at the
442:
187:
591:
2145:
2046:
1968:
Western Michigan University: International Congress on Medieval Studies
271:
has been seen as a key stage in the promotion of the term, along with
1967:
808:
306:
1637:
Jinty Nelson, 'Why Reinventing Medieval History is a Good Idea', in
2002:
1977:
1728:
606:
511:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1972:
999:
954:
969:
842:
737:
1843:
Die Welten des Mittelalters: Globalgeschichte eines Jahrtausends
612:
Groupe d'Anthropologie Historique de l'Occident Médiéval at the
2050:
1356:
The Future of the Middle Ages: medieval literature in the 1990s
1123:
Société Internationale pour l'Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale
909:
651:
1810:
Robinson, Francis, 'Global History from an Islamic Angle', in
803:
or Center of Advanced Studies in Medieval Civilization at the
782:
696:
475:
752:
711:
1921:
1169:
Medieval Studies in North America: Past, Present, and Future
1156:
Medieval Studies in North America: Past, Present, and Future
939:
403:. An example from the apogee of this process was the large
2007:
University of Chicago: Library Guides to Medieval Studies
1729:
The Interference of al-Andalus: Spain, Islam, and the West
1369:
Imagined histories: American historians interpret the past
857:
767:
827:
722:
621:
777:
or Paris Laboratory for Western Medieval Studies at the
72:
in 1925. In American and European universities the term
2036:
874:
The Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Culture at the
500:
251:
Another part of the infrastructure of the field is the
1682:
Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms — Methods — Trends
1265:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 231.
984:
924:
286:
The concept of the Middle Ages was first developed by
801:
Centre d'études supérieures de civilisation mediévale
704:
Liverpool Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies
433:
being challenged by or harnessed to topics like the
2558:
2417:
2312:
2204:
2084:
1385:: Its Unwritten History (as told by its Founder)".
1180:H. Damico, J. B. Zavadil, D. Fennema, and K. Lenz,
383:, this work favoured study of large questions over
27:
Academic interdisciplinary study of the Middle Ages
1022:Turku Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies
269:View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages
775:Laboratoire de médiévistique occidentale de Paris
495:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
1983:Medieval Studies links from Voice of the Shuttle
1541:(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990).
1330:Medievalism and the academy II: cultural studies
1071:Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University
40:is the academic interdisciplinary study of the
1988:Medieval Studies projects from British Academy
1797:Moore, Robert I., 'A Global Middle Ages?', in
2062:
1845:(Munich: Beck, 2022), ISBN 978-3-406-78446-0.
1611:Robert I. Moore, 'A Global Middle Ages?', in
1418:Robert I. Moore, 'A Global Middle Ages?', in
835:Graduate Centre for Medieval Studies, Reading
8:
1263:Reading the medieval in early modern England
674:Center for Late Antique and Medieval Studies
616:École des hautes études en sciences sociales
613:
1387:Bulletin of International Medieval Research
1371:(Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 238.
1358:(University Press of Florida, 1994), p. 23.
107:Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic
70:Mediaeval (now Medieval) Academy of America
2069:
2055:
2047:
1381:Sawyer, Peter (2009). "The Origins of the
341:also used these concepts to justify their
181:International Congress on Medieval Studies
1786:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732259.001.0001
977:Center for Medieval and Byzantine Studies
917:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
790:Center for Medieval Studies, Pennsylvania
730:Centre d'Études médiévales de Montpellier
717:CMRS Center for Early Global Studies, at
531:Learn how and when to remove this message
377:. In place of what the Annalistes called
337:era. Scholars of the medieval era in the
79:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
48:who studies medieval studies is called a
1951:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1934:
1586:
1584:
437:. This movement tended to challenge the
1562:
1560:
1257:
1255:
1134:
792:at Pennsylvania State University, USA (
2042:Carmen: The Worldwide Medieval Network
850:Institute for Medieval Studies, Lisbon
745:Center for Medieval Studies, Minnesota
732:or Center for Medieval Studies at the
545:Centres / Centers for Medieval Studies
176:to create a Medieval Studies section.
1751:
1749:
1554:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
1343:A Century of British Medieval Studies
719:University of California, Los Angeles
689:Institute for Medieval Studies, Leeds
659:Center for Medieval Studies, Freiburg
548:(CARMEN). Some notable ones include:
409:The Transformation of the Roman World
7:
1993:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1332:(Boydell & Brewer, 2000), p. 18.
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1184:(Taylor & Francis, 1995), p. 80.
992:Centre d'études médiévales, Montréal
902:Centre for Medieval Studies, Toronto
644:Center for Medieval Studies, Fordham
584:Centre for Medieval Studies, Bristol
141:(1968), and in the United States at
2654:
2099:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
1402:International Medieval Bibliography
1383:International Medieval Bibliography
1341:Alan Deyermond, 'Introduction', in
932:Utrecht Centre for Medieval Studies
887:Centre for Medieval Studies, Sydney
816:Centre for Medieval Studies, Prague
629:Centre for Medieval Studies, Exeter
599:Department of Medieval Studies, CEU
569:Centre for Medieval Studies, Bergen
554:Centre for Medieval Studies, Bangor
462:global histories of the Middle Ages
253:International Medieval Bibliography
2191:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
2010:"Medieval & Byzantine Studies"
1306:"King's College London - About us"
981:The Catholic University of America
121:) and chronologically (mostly the
25:
2621:Historiography in the Middle Ages
1680:Ulrich Müller, 'Medievalism', in
1065:The Centre for Medieval Studies,
947:Centre for Medieval Studies, York
865:Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg
2653:
2644:
2643:
2633:
1933:
1093:Canadian Society of Medievalists
1007:Medieval History Research Centre
480:
373:, epitomised by the influential
2119:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2114:Decline of Hellenistic religion
1973:The Medieval Academy of America
1426:, 2016), pp. 80-92 (pp. 82-83).
1098:Conferences in medieval studies
298:. This gave nineteenth-century
196:International Medieval Congress
2397:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
1812:The Prospect of Global History
1799:The Prospect of Global History
1778:The Prospect of Global History
1757:The Making of Medieval History
1708:The Making of Medieval History
1639:The Making of Medieval History
1613:The Prospect of Global History
1592:The Making of Medieval History
1568:The Making of Medieval History
1518:The Making of Medieval History
1497:The Making of Medieval History
1476:The Making of Medieval History
1455:The Making of Medieval History
1420:The Prospect of Global History
1400:Macartney, Hilary (2007). "La
1328:D. Metzger and L. J. Workman,
85:. It was soon followed by the
1:
2571:Disability in the Middle Ages
2244:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
2176:Rise of the Venetian Republic
2030:Center for Research Libraries
2016:. USA: University of Chicago.
1261:G. McMullan and D. Matthews,
452:In the twenty-first century,
394:, the role of medievalism in
259:Historiographical development
820:Charles University in Prague
779:Panthéon-Sorbonne University
472:Centres for medieval studies
411:that ran from 1993 to 1998.
294:) or what came to be called
77:type in 1929; it is now the
1741:10.1215/01642472-24-2_87-67
1108:Medieval Academy of America
1052:Center for Medieval Studies
1037:Centre for Medieval Studies
966:Western Michigan University
603:Central European University
405:European Science Foundation
246:Journal of Medieval History
156:. This included centres at
111:the University of Cambridge
2706:
2372:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
1367:A. Molho, and G. S. Wood,
1285:American Historical Review
1196:, University of Notre Dame
81:(PIMS) and is part of the
29:
2629:
2299:Mongol invasion of Europe
1855:Phelpstead, Carl (2022).
876:University of Southampton
854:Nova University of Lisbon
824:Czech Academy of Sciences
734:university of Montpellier
56:Institutional development
1235:Leeds Studies in English
1118:12th Century Renaissance
983:, Washington D.C., USA (
764:University of Notre Dame
277:Lectures on Architecture
210:Cambridge, Massachusetts
91:University of Notre Dame
2254:Investiture Controversy
2224:Second Bulgarian Empire
1832:, 238 (November 2018)).
1424:Oxford University Press
1287:, 103 (1998), 677–704.
1056:University of Bucharest
1013:, Republic of Ireland (
1011:Trinity College, Dublin
749:University of Minnesota
708:University of Liverpool
605:(Vienna and Budapest) (
380:histoire événementielle
2611:Post-classical history
2367:Fall of Constantinople
2274:Capet–Plantagenet feud
2141:First Bulgarian Empire
1929:
1909:Listen to this article
1825:The Global Middle Ages
1239:Leeds Medieval Studies
996:Université de Montréal
805:University of Poitiers
663:University of Freiburg
614:
323:unification of Germany
2003:Medievalists of Color
1928:
1662:22/1, 1995, pp. 1-33.
1626:Early Medieval Europe
1389:. 14 for 2008: 57–61.
1293:10.1086/ahr/103.3.677
921:University of Toronto
906:University of Toronto
839:University of Reading
678:King's College London
588:University of Bristol
288:Renaissance humanists
162:University of Bristol
158:King's College London
131:University of Reading
83:University of Toronto
2591:Medieval reenactment
2387:Renaissance Humanism
2294:Medieval Warm Period
2264:Republic of Florence
2078:European Middle Ages
1960:More spoken articles
1735:, 24 (2006), 67-88;
1697:, 79 (2004), 909-28.
891:University of Sydney
762:, Notre Dame at the
646:, New York, USA, at
633:University of Exeter
573:University of Bergen
501:improve this article
396:European nationalism
327:European colonialism
314:romantic nationalism
166:University of Sydney
66:Ten Medieval Studies
2304:Kingdom of Portugal
2171:Old Church Slavonic
2156:Anglo-Saxon England
1978:The Medieval Review
1885:(15 December 2021).
1628:, 6 (1997), 217-28.
1537:Allen J. Frantzen,
1241:, 2 (2022), 101–39
1113:Renaissance studies
1103:Digital Medievalist
1026:University of Turku
938:, The Netherlands (
693:University of Leeds
513:footnote references
435:history of the body
390:In the wake of the
200:University of Leeds
135:University of Leeds
2485:In popular culture
2450:Crusading movement
2322:Hundred Years' War
2181:Civitas Schinesghe
2166:Carolingian Empire
2151:Kingdom of Croatia
2104:Barbarian kingdoms
2022:"Medieval Studies"
1930:
1841:Michael Borgolte,
1830:Past & Present
1247:10.57686/256204/24
1041:Tallinn University
962:Medieval Institute
951:University of York
936:Utrecht University
826:, Czech Republic (
760:Medieval Institute
661:, Germany, at the
648:Fordham University
458:Orthodox Christian
343:westward expansion
143:Fordham University
139:University of York
87:Medieval Institute
2667:
2666:
2576:Basic topics list
2377:Swiss mercenaries
2327:Wars of the Roses
2234:Kingdom of Poland
2219:Holy Roman Empire
2086:Early Middle Ages
1926:
1877:Jonathan Riggs, '
1145:, 1 (1926), 5–18.
571:, Norway, at the
558:Bangor University
556:, Walles, UK, at
541:
540:
533:
359:continuity thesis
351:white supremacism
218:Mediaeval Studies
170:Bangor University
123:early Middle Ages
16:(Redirected from
2697:
2685:European studies
2680:Medieval studies
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2596:Medieval studies
2440:Church and State
2314:Late Middle Ages
2206:High Middle Ages
2124:Christianization
2094:Migration Period
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