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3131:, pp. 9-10, Quote: "The era under consideration opens with an unprecedented calamity for Southern India: the invasion of the region at the turn of the fourteenth century by Malik Kafur, general of Alauddin, Sultan of Delhi. Malik Kafur's forces brought to an abrupt end all of the indigenous ruling houses of Southern India, not one of which was able to withstand the assault or outlive the conquest. Virtually every city of importance in the Kannada, Telugu and Tamil lands succumbed to the raids of Malik Kafur and later Muslim invasions; forts were destroyed, palaces dismantled and temple sanctuaries wrecked in the search for treasure. In order to consolidate the rapidly won gains of this pillage, the Delhi Sultanate established the province of Ma'bar in 1323 with the capital at Madurai (Madura) in the southernmost part of the Tamil zone, former capital of the Pandyas who were dislodged by the Delhi forces. Madurai thereupon became the capital of the Ma'bar (Malabar) province of the Delhi empire."
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details vary significantly and are inconsistent with each other. Some link to it deities they call
Aalavaai Iraivan and Aalavaai Annal, or alternatively Angayar Kanni Ammai. Some link its legend to other deities such as Indra who proclaim the primacy of the goddess, while some describe Hindu gods appearing before ancient kings or saints urging wealthy merchants to build this temple in the honour of a goddess. One legend describes a childless king and queen performing yajna for a son, they get a daughter who inherits the kingdom, conquers the earth, meets Shiva ultimately, marries him, continues to rule from Madurai, and the temple memorializes those times. Scholars have attempted to determine the history of the temple from inscriptions found in and outside Madurai, as well as comparing the records relating to South Indian dynasties. These largely post-date the 12th century.
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849:(sun god). The temple city grew again around the new temple, with human settlements structured as per their castes, with the royalty, Kshatriyas and Vaishya merchants living on the southeast side of the temple, the Brahmins in a special quarter close to the temple, while others in other areas and fringes of the city. The king started a procession tradition linked to the temple to link his authority with the divine and maintain the social system. In contrast, the procession reflects the traditional matrilineal social values, the brother-sister-groom kinship values that better explain its popularity. The warrior goddess worship tradition is ancient in the Tamil Hindu tradition, and it dramatically expanded after the 14th-century wars.
1352:("Pond with the golden lotus"). It is also referred to as Adhi Theertham, Sivaganga and Uthama Theertham. The pool is 165 ft (50 m) by 120 ft (37 m) in size. The pool walls were painted with frescoes. Only a fraction of 17th- and 18th-century paintings of Nayak period survives and one such portion is found in the small portico on the western side of the tank. It depicts the marriage of Sundareswarar and Meenkashi attended by Vijayaranga Chokkanatha and Rani Mangammal. The painting is executed on a vivid red background, with delicate black linework and large areas of white, green and ochre. The celestial couple is seated inside an architectural frame with a flowering tree in the background.
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to gain socio-political acceptance. Lord Clive, for example, donated jewels looted by the East India
Company from Sringapatam, but in 1820 they withdrew from their roles as temple patrons and participated in temple festivities. The missionaries ridiculed the temple artwork and criticized the temple practices while introducing themselves as "Roman Brahmins" and "Northern Sanniasis" . The missionary efforts were largely unsuccessful with people continuing to patronize the temple after baptizing. The missionaries wrote back that the Tamils were "baptizing, but not converting", for they baptize if "someone wants a wife who is Christian" or medical aid when they have a disease, and material aid if they are poor.
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up, the king crowned her as the successor and when she met Shiva, his words came true, she took her true form of
Meenakshi. According to Harman, this may reflect the matrilineal traditions in South India and the regional belief that "penultimate powers rest with the women", gods listen to their spouse, and that the fates of kingdoms rest with the women. According to Susan Bayly, the reverence for Meenakshi is a part of the Hindu goddess tradition that integrates with the Hindu society where the "woman is the lynchpin of the system" of social relationships.
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998:. It consists of monuments inside several concentric enclosures, each layer fortified with high masonry walls. The outer walls have four towering gateways, allowing devotees and pilgrims to enter the complex from all four directions. After the city's destruction in the 14th century, the Tamil tradition states that the king Vishwantha Nayaka rebuilt the temple and the Madurai city around it under the principles laid down in the
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1919:(chariot) processions where one of the metal copy icon of the goddess is taken out of the temple in an elaborate car shrine decorated with colorful clothes and flowers, with volunteers pulling the car through the streets of Madurai and circumambulating the temple complex on one of the concentric roads in the old city. This symbolizes her mythical conquests and her presence in the secular life of the people.
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1599:(mythological beast with body of lion and head of an elephant). It is situated to the north of Sundareswarar flag staff hall. There is a Temple Art Museum in the hall where icons, photographs, drawings, and other exhibits of the temple are displayed. Just outside this hall, towards the west, are the Musical Pillars. Each pillar, when struck, produces a different musical note.
2031:. The festival includes a procession, where Meenakshi and Sundareshwara travel in a chariot pulled by volunteer devotees, and Vishnu gives away his sister in marriage to Shiva. Meenakshi, the bride, is the royal monarch. During the one-month period, there are a number of events including the "Ther Thiruvizhah" (chariot festival) and "Theppa Thiruvizhah" (float festival).
1049:, the Vijayanagara commander Kumara Kampana after completing his conquest of Madurai, rebuilt the pre-existing structure and built defensive walls around the temple in the 14th century. Lakana Nayakar added the defensive walls around the first prakara (courtyard), as well as expanded and renovated the Mahamandapa and Meenakshi shrine in the middle of the 15th century.
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Vedic and
Puranic deities, as well as artwork showing narratives from major Hindu texts. The large temple complex is the most prominent landmark in Madurai and attracts tens of thousands of visitors a day. The temple attracts over a million pilgrims and visitors during the annual 10-day Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, celebrated with much festivities and a
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king, additionally credit him with a poem called
Ambikai Malai, as well as shrines (koil) each for Natarajar and Surya near the main temple, Ayyanar in the east, Vinayagar in the south, Kariamalperumal in the west and Kali in the north. He also built a Mahamandapam. Kulasekara Pandya was also a poet and he composed a poem on Meenakshi named
461:(gateway towers), ranging from 45–50 m in height, with the southern gopura tallest at 51.9 metres (170 ft). The complex has numerous sculpted pillared halls such as Aayirankaal (1000-pillared hall), Kilikoondu-mandapam, Golu-mandapam and Pudu-mandapam. Its shrines are dedicated to Hindu deities and Shaivism scholars, with the
788:, she gave him a sword, urged him to liberate Madurai, right the wrongs, and reopen the Meenakshi temple out of its ruins. The Vijayanagara rulers succeeded, cleared the ruins and reopened the temple for active worship. They restored, repaired and expanded the temple through the 16th century, along with many other regional temples.
1402:(guardians) and supported by golden, rectangular columns that bear lotus markings. Along the perimeter of the chamber, granite panels of the divine couple are present. The hall is situated in the western bank of the temple tank. This mandapam also houses the model of the entire temple complex created in 1985.
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and
Sundaresvara the "supremely important rite of passage" for women, the cultural concept of "sumangali" or "auspicious married woman" who lives with her husband but is also independent, organizer of the social connections and who is central to Tamilian life. The marriage of the goddess and god is a
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Chitra gopuram (W), also known as
Muttalakkum Vayil, was built by Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II (1238–1251). This gopuram is named after the frescoes and reliefs that depict secular and religious themes of Hindu culture. Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II also added a pillared corridor to the Sundareswara
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stucco images, some of whom are deity figures and others are figures from Hindu mythology, saints or scholars. Each group or sets of panels in each storey present an episode from regional or pan-Hindu legend. The four tallest gopurams on the outer walls alone depict nearly 4,000 mythological stories.
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for example, mentioned this temple in the 7th century, and described the deity as
Aalavaai Iraivan. The origin of the temple is mentioned in these early Tamil texts, some in the regional Puranam genre of literature. All of these place the temple in ancient times and include a warrior goddess, but the
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seeking a son for succession. Instead, a daughter was born out of the fire who was already 3 years old and had three breasts. Shiva intervened and said that the parents should treat her like a son, and when she meets her husband, she will lose the third breast. They followed the advice. The girl grew
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a, the first Nayaka of
Madurai (1559–1600). At the entrance of the hall is the statue of Ariyanatha Mudaliar seated on a horse-back, flanking one side of the entrance to the temple. Each pillar in the hall is a carved sculpture. The more prominent among the carved figures are those of Rati (wife of
1179:
According to the inscriptions found on the foundation of the gateways, Visvappa
Nayakkar built the Nayaka gopuram in the second prakara around 1530, while Palahai gopuram was built about the same time by Mallappan. Both the gopuram have similar style and architecture, likely built by a collaborating
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The temple complex has 4 nine-storey gopurams (outer, raja), 1 seven-storey gopuram (Chittirai), 5 five-storey gopurams, 2 three-storey, and 2 one-storey gold-gilded sanctum towers. Of these, five are gateways to the Sundareshvara shrine and three to the Meenakshi shrine. The towers are covered with
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After the destruction of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire in the late 16th century by a coalition of Islamic Deccan sultanates north of Karnataka, the Madurai region declared its sovereignty. Visvanatha Nayak then poured resources to heavily fortify the temple complex, and set a new plan for the temple
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in 1231, then called Avanivendaraman, later rebuilt, expanded and named as Sundara Pandya Thirukkopuram. Chitra gopuram (W), also known as Muttalakkum Vayil, was built by Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II (1238-1251). This gopuram is named after the frescoes and reliefs that depict secular and religious
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The Meenakshi temple has two separate shrines for the goddess Meenakshi (Parvati, Devi, Amman) and god Sundaresvara (Shiva, Deva, Cuvami), just like most Shaiva temples. Both are open to the east. The Devi shrine is on the south side (B), while the Deva shrine is more centrally placed, to the north
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Mottai gopuram (lit. "bald" gateway) was started by Krishnappa Nayakkar, also called the North Raya gopuram (this is not on the plan, below the bottom edge). It was completed by the Amaravati Purur Vayinagaram Chettiyar family in 1878 CE. The Mottai gopuram for nearly three centuries did not have a
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During the colonial era, the population around the Meenakshi temple attracted a hub of Christian missionary activity headed by competing missions from Portugal and other parts of Europe. The British rulers first gave endowments to the temple and the British troops participated in temple festivities
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ceremonies on a daily basis and during festivals. Volunteers and temple staff also participate in daily rituals, such as symbolically moving an icon of Sundaresvara in a palanquin to Meenakshi's chamber every night so that they can be together, then waking the two and returning Sundaresvara to his
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Tamil Nadu state emblem is based on the West Gopuram. Though, sometimes it is wrongly mentioned that the State emblem is based on Srivilliputhur temple Gopuram, the artist R Krishna Rao the one who designed the Emblem has stated that he designed it based on the Madurai Meenakshiamman West Gopuram.
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text, donated jewels and made grants to cover the expenses for daily operations of the two shrines in the 14th century. The Tamil Hindus who had hidden the temple idols in Nanjil Nadu, brought them back and reconsecrated them ending the nearly five decades era when the temple had been closed under
1187:
The gopuram near the Ganesha shrine (Mukkuruni Vinayakar), also called the Nadukkattu gopuram or Idaikattu gopuram, was built by the Siramalai Sevvanthimurti Chetti family. It is called Nadukkattu because it is between the shrines of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar. They also rebuilt and renovated the
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Portions of the three-storeyed gopura at the entrance of Sundareswarar Shrine and the central portion of the Goddess Meenakshi Shrine are some of the earliest surviving parts of the temple. These were constructed by King Kulasekara Pandya (1190–1216 CE). The traditional texts call him a poet-saint
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A group of 15 Nadars belonging to the family of Erulappa Nadar entered the temple in Kamudi in May 1897, performing puja to the chief deity themselves. The Maravars and the Ramnad Zamindar M. Baskara Sethupathi objected to it and lodged a complaint against fifteen members of the family of Erulappa
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petitioned to the Meenakshi Sundaraswara temple, which was under Ramnad M. Baskara Sethupathi's trusteeship of the Raj, for permission to hold a ritual feast. Their petition was accepted, but it should be performed without the entry of Nadars into the temple. An anti-Nadar coalition was created by
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After the end of the Nayakas, the start of the Madras presidency and the withdrawal of the colonial British from support, the temple condition degraded. In 1959, Tamil Hindus began collecting donations and initiated restoration work in consultation with engineers, Hindu monasteries, historians and
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in many narratives, sculptures and rituals as he is considered to be Meenakshi's brother. This has made this temple and Madurai as the "southern Mathura", one included in Vaishnava texts. The Meenakshi Amman temple also includes Lakshmi, flute playing Krishna, Rukmini, Brahma, Saraswati, and other
2042:
Other festivals include the Vasantham festival is celebrated in Vaikasi month. The Unjal Festival in Aani, the Mulai-Kottu festival in Aadi, the Aavani Moolam Aavani, the Kolattam festivals of Ayppasi and Karthikai months, the Arudhra Dharsan festival of Margali month, the Thai month utsavam that
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Kambathadi mandapam (H) was built by Krishna Virappa Nayakkar (1572–1595). This choultry hall is known for intricately carved sculptures and eight Shiva forms: Ardanarishwara (half Parvati, half Shiva), Rudra (angry Shiva), Bhikshadanamurti (Shiva as a monk), Dakshinamurti (Shiva as yoga teacher,
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The temple complex is spread over about 5.7 hectares (14 acres). The courtyard is close to a square with each side of about 240 metres (800 ft), but more accurately a rectangle with one side about 15 metres (50 ft) longer. The complex has numerous shrines and mandapas, of which the most
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in redesigning the temple city plan and the Meenakshi temple. The city was laid out in the shape of concentric squares and ring roads around them, with radiating streets culminating in the Meenakshi-Sundaresvara temple. These streets use traditional Tamil Hindu month names, such as Adhi, Chitrai,
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The Nayakas, who were the local governors for the Vijayanagara rulers, expanded the temple complex. In 1516, Saluvanarasana Nayaka added the sacred pool for pilgrims to take a dip, naming it Ezhukadal (seven seas, Saptasaharam). Chettiappa Nayakkar rebuilt the north colonnade of the Golden Lotus
1262:(central sanctum). A copy of this image has been made from metal and is kept in the temple complex. The metal version is used for a festive procession. A distinct feature of Meenakshi in terms of iconography is the presence of parrot in her right hand. The parrot is generally associated with the
1191:
The nine-storey southern gopura, the highest tower, was also built by the Siramalai Sevvanthimurti Chetti family, a wealthy Hindu who lived near Thiruchirapalli. It was completed in the second half of the 16th century. The gopuram is notable for its extensive artwork with over 1,500 mythological
1527:
Pudumandapam, also called Vasantha mandapam (bottom of plan) was completed by Thirumalai Nayak in the 17th century. It is in front of the eastern tower, outside the current walled complex. It leads to the unfinished Eastern gopuram. It has 124 pillars, each with intricately carved sculptures of
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Vembaturara Ananda Nambi built the early version of the three-tiered gopuram in 1227. Like other gopurams, it too was destroyed in the 14th century and later rebuilt. This gopuram is found between Meenakshi shrine and the Kilikuttu (parrot) mandapam. Some inscriptions refer to it as Vembathurar
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at the entrance of Sundareswarar Shrine and the central portion of the Goddess Meenakshi Shrine are some of the earliest surviving parts of the temple. The traditional texts call him a poet-saint king, additionally credit him with a poem called Ambikai Malai, as well as shrines (koil) each for
2163:
His alternate names in texts and Madurai Meenakshi temple-related inscriptions include Chockalingam, Chockanathar, Meenakshi Sundarar, Somasundarar, Kalyana Sundarar, Shanbaga Sundarar, Attavai Shevagan, Adiyarku Nallan, Adhiraveesi, Vilayaduvan, Abhideka Chockar, Azhagiya Chockar, Kadambavana
1036:
The temple complex has had a living history, has been in use for almost all of its history except for about 60 years when it was closed and in ruins after its destruction in the 14th century. The temple has continued to evolve in the modern era. For example, before the colonial era, the temple
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guidelines for a city design. Madurai is one of the many temple towns in the state which is named after the groves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity. The region is believed to have been
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Meenakshi's wedding to Shiva, Kali, Nataraja, Surya, Chandra as well as common life scenes such as elephants eating sugarcane stalks are found in this mandapam. Its popularity led to shopkeepers occupying the pillared hall, some of which hide or make a complete view of the sculpture difficult.
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The gopuram east to the Sundareshwara shrine is 5 storeyed. It was completed about 1372 by Vasuvappan after the Vijayanagara rulers reopened the temple complex after remaining in ruins and dormant for about five decades. The gopuram west to the Sundareshwara shrine is also 5 storeyed, and was
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42,000 raised from members of the community. The judgment went against the Nadars, then they took their appeal to the London Privy Council. The Privy Council approved the decision of the Subordinate Judge of Madurai, citing the High Court's decision of 1908. The District Magistrate of Madurai
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The small six-pillared swing mandapam (Unjal, oonjal) was built by Cheventhi Murthi Chetti during this period, and this remains in use currently for a Friday ritual. The images of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar are placed on the swing every Friday evening and swung. The shrine has a 3-storied
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of the divine couple is regarded as a classic instance of south Indian marriage with matrilineal emphasis, an arrangement referred as "Madurai marriage". This contrasts with the "Chidambaram marriage", with patrilineal emphasis, reflected by Shiva's dominance, ritual and mythology at the
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The Sundareswarar shrine has a stone linga in its square plan sanctum, and this anicon is shaded under a stone cobra hood. In the northeast corner is another stone image of his consort. None of these travel during a festive procession. Rather, Sundareswarar is represented in the form of
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complex. The Nayaka ruler also gilded the vimana of the primary shrines with gold. Chettiappa Nayakkar rebuilt the Dvarapala mandapam in front of the Sannadhi gopuram, as well as the north colonnade of the Golden Lotus Tank, the second protective wall around the Meenakshi Devi's shrine.
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complex itself was inside another layer of the old city's fortified walls. The British demolished this layer of fortification in the early 19th century. The surviving plan of the temple complex places it within the old city, one defined by a set of concentric squares around the temple.
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Kadaka Gopuram in Meenakshi's shrine was built by Tumpichi Nayakkar around the mid 16th century, but different texts give different dates. It is five-storeyed, was walled up and closed through 1963 for unclear reasons. This gopura was reopened after the renovations were completed in
1459:(E), is near the Meenakshi shrine. The word Kilikondu means "parrot cage", and in past the parrots kept here were trained to say "Meenakshi". This pillared hall was completed in 1623 by Muthu Veerappa Nayakar. The cages were later removed. In contemporary times, girls perform the
1030:(academy) history, buildings which are religious schools and administrative offices, elephant sheds, equipment sheds such as those for holding the chariots used for periodic processions and some gardens. The temple is embedded inside a commercial hub and traditional markets.
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was built by Thittiyappa Chetti, a common man, in 1565 during the rule of Krishnappa Nayakkar. This mandapam is used during the Navaratri festival every year when goddess Meenakshi is decorated like a golu doll, in nine different forms on each of the nine days of the autumn
772:. The Sultanate sought tributes from the temple towns, instead of supporting them, and on some occasions damaged them heavily and imposed tyranny upon the local populace. The Muslim Madurai Sultanate was relatively short-lived, with the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire under
1377:
Chinnappa Nayakkar constructed the 100-pillared Mandapa Nayaka Mandapam in the northeastern part of second courtyard in 1526. This mandapa houses the famed Nataraja statue with his "right" leg up in dance mudra, instead of the left leg typically found in Nataraja
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themes of Hindu culture. Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II also added a pillared corridor to the Sundareswara shrine and the Sundara Pandyan Mandapam. It was rebuilt after the 14th-century damage, its granite structure was renovated by Kumara Krishnappar after 1595.
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important and largest are the two parallel shrines in the innermost courtyard, one for Meenakshi (B on the plan) and the other for Sundareshvara (A). Additionally, the complex has a golden lotus sacred pool (L) for pilgrims to bathe in, a thousand-pillar hall
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festival, also known as Dasara or Dussehra elsewhere. During this autumn festival, the temple complex is lit up at night with garlands of lights and with colourful displays during the day. The mandapam halls display mythological scenes from Hindu texts using
759:
The Islamic invasion in the 14th century brought an abrupt end to the patronage of Tamil Hindu temple towns. The Tamil Hindus revived these towns but in some places such as Madurai, it took a long while. After the conquest and destruction, the Delhi Sultan
2480:, Encyclopedia Britannica, Quote: "The temple, Tirumala Nayak palace, Teppakulam tank (an earthen embankment reservoir), and a 1000-pillared hall were rebuilt in the Vijayanagar period (16th–17th century) after the total destruction of the city in 1310."
1321:(bed chamber) in the mid 15th century for the icon goddess and god to symbolically spend their night together. The Nataraja shrine was also added in the 15th century by Arulalan Sevahadevan Vanathirayan, who also renovated the Thiruvalavaudaiyar shrine.
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roof structure, is simpler and has fewer stucco images than the other major entrances, giving it a relatively bald appearance and the local name. Before its completion in the 19th century, the gopuram made of stone and brick had even fewer stucco images.
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1412:("Hall of eight goddesses", O on plan) was built by two queens. It is the hall near the East gopuram, between the main entrance for visitors and the smaller gopuram leading to the Meenakshi shrine tower. The passage was named for eight forms of goddess
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The shrine for Sundareswarar is the largest within the complex and its entrance is aligned with the eastern gopuram. The shrine for Meenakshi is smaller, though theologically more important. Both the Meenakshi and Sundareswarar shrines have gold plated
1018:(outer precincts of a temple) and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which processions circumambulate the temple complex. The vehicles used in the processions are progressively more massive the further they travel from the centre.
1012:). The city plan is based on concentric squares with streets radiating out from the temple. Early Tamil texts mention that the temple was the centre of the city and the streets happened to be radiating out like a lotus and its petals. The temple
663:, and these portray it as a capital and a temple town where every street radiated from the temple. Goddess Meenakshi is described as the divine ruler, who along with Shiva were the primary deities that the southern Tamil kingdoms such as the
1280:
daily to Meenakshi's chamber every evening so that the two can symbolically spend the night together. In the morning, the temple volunteers wake the divine couple and the symbolic Cokkar image is carried back to the Sundareswarar sanctum.
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carved on its pillars: Koumari, Roudri, Vaishnavi, Maha-lakshmi, Yagnarupini, Shyamala, Maheswari and Manonmani. These reflect the feminine and power aspects of all major traditions of Hinduism. Other sculptures and paintings depict the
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Avani-moola, Masi and others. In each of these months, the Hindus started their tradition of taking the temple bronzes festively through the street of the same name. The temple and the city were once again east facing to greet the rising
2520:, Quote: "By the beginning of the 14th century south India was exposed to the depredations of Muslim raiders from the north, and even Madurai was destroyed in 1310, by Malik Kafur, briefly becoming the seat of a sultanate thereafter."
2017:
The Meenakshi temple hosts a festival in each month of the Tamil calendar. Some festivals attract significant participation, with the Meenakshi wedding-related festival attracting over a million people over 12 days. It is called the
1876:, of the list of 68 pilgrimage places in Shaivism, four are most important: Kashi (Varanasi), Chidambaram, Tirukkalatti and Madurai. The sacrality of Madurai is from this temple. The shrine of Sundareswarar is considered one of the
1355:
The small six-pillared swing mandapam (Unjal) was built by Cheventhi Murthi Chetti during this period, and this remains in use currently for a Friday ritual and it also houses the model of the entire temple complex created in 1985.
1276:
anthropomorphic Somaskanda image. There is another metal symbolic image of Shiva called the Cokkar, which is merely a pair of embossed feet on a metal stool. This symbol is kept near Sundareswarar sanctum all day, then carried in a
907:(sports of Shiva), and sixty four of these episodes are painted as murals around the temple walls. These depict the many destructions of Madurai and the temple, then its rise from the ashes and ruins of the destruction every time.
1685:
The mandapas also feature community gathering halls. The Kanaka Sabha and Ratna Sabha are in the first prahara, Rajata Sabha in Velliambalam, Deva Sabha in the 100-pillared mandapam and Chitra Sabha in the 1000-pillared mandapam.
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symbolic paradigm for human marriage. This event is commemorated with an annual festive procession that falls sometime around April. The temple is also significant because it implies an affinal, protective relationship between
489:(chariot) procession during the Tamil month of Chittirai (overlaps with April–May in the Georgian calendar, Chaitra in North India). The Temple has been adjudged the best 'Swachh Iconic Place' in India on 1 October 2017 under
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1085:
The shrines of Meenakshi temple are embedded inside three walled enclosures and each of these have four gateways, the outer tower growing larger and reaching higher to the corresponding inner one. The temple has 14
1484:("Hall of temple tree") with its seated Nandi (sacred bull) has various manifestations of Shiva carved and also contains the famous "Marriage of Meenakshi" sculpture. Other sculptures here include those Shiva and
1257:
The goddess shrine has the green stone image of Meenakshi, standing in bent-leg posture. Her raised hand holds a lotus, on which sits a green parrot. Her left hand hangs by her side. This image is set in a square
446:
plundered the temple, looted it of its valuables and destroyed the Madurai temple town along with many other temple towns of South India. The contemporary temple is the result of rebuilding efforts started by the
2742:
1317:
the Madurai Sultanate rule. The temple inscriptions suggest that the Vijayanagara rulers participated worship ceremonies in the temple and donated gold, through the 16th century. Lakana Nayakar built the
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revered. The early texts imply that a temple existed in Madurai by the mid-6th century. In medieval literature and inscriptions, it is sometimes referred to as Kadambavanam (lit. "forest of Kadamba") or
1997:. Meenakshi is typically visited before Sundareswarar by the pilgrims, she considered the primary deity of the complex. Like most Shakti temples in Tamil Nadu, the Fridays during the Tamil months of
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The Meenakshi temple is not only a religious center, but is also an economic center. The goods and services for temple-related pilgrims and visitors is a significant part of the Madurai economy.
1503:(R) is to the south of the 1000-pillar mandapam, and was completed in 1611 by Muthu Veerappa Nayakar I. It contains a Nandi facing the main Sundaresvara sanctum. To the south of this hall is the
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According to Holly Reynolds, a closer examination of the temple plan, as well as the old city, suggests that it is a mandala, a cosmic diagram laid out based on principles of symmetry and loci.
2928:", page 68: மீனாட்சி, Mīṉāṭci, பெ. (n. ) மதுரையை உறைவிடமாகக் கொண்ட தெய்வம்; Umā, the tutelary Goddess of Madurai. Translation: (மீன் - Mīṉ which means "fish", ஆட்சி- āṭci which means "rule")
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The temple is a popular site for Hindu weddings, though it is not the exclusive site. The short main ceremony is completed in the temple, followed by receptions and other rituals elsewhere.
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traditions of Hinduism, by making Shiva the husband of Meenakshi, and Vishnu her brother, a significant relationship in Dravidian kinship system. Meenakshi herself is a central part of the
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2500 for purification rituals. The court decided on 20 July 1899 that neither the accused nor any member of their community had the right to enter any part of the temple. For the required
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suggested that the stay of the public force be extended to another term on the ground that the Privy Council 's decision on the Kamudi Temple Entry case could again cause trouble.
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708:. Muslim armies began raiding central India for plunder by the late 13th century. After subduing and extracting huge wealth along with promised annual tributes from the Marathas
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Though the temple has historic roots, most of the present campus structure was rebuilt after the 14th century CE, further repaired, renovated and expanded in the 17th century by
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This is a Shaivism tradition temple that includes deities and narrative friezes of Vaishnavism and Shaktism. Above: Krishna sculpture at the Meenakshi temple (sketched in 1801).
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The Meenakshi Amman temple is located in the heart of historic Madurai city, about a kilometre south of the Vaigai River. It is about 460 kilometres (290 mi) southwest of
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Vishnu (left) gives away his sister and bride Meenakshi's hand into the waiting hand of groom Shiva. The temple commemorates this legend every year with a festive procession.
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in the north. He also built a Mahamandapam. Kulasekara Pandya was also a poet and he composed a poem on Meenakshi named Ambikai Malai. Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I built a
2022:". The festival is celebrated in the Chithirai month, which typically falls about April. It marks the divine marriage of Meenakshi, and is the most attended festival. The
2005:(January–February) are celebrated in the temple by thousands of devotees. "Avani Moola Utsavam" is a 10-day festival mainly devoted to Sundareswarar describes his various
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guru), Lingobhava (Shiva emerging out of a linga), Ekapathamurti, Rishaba, Somaskanda (Shiva, Parvati and Skanda), Chandrasekara, Nataraja (dancing Shiva) and Somasundara.
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is a newly built hall situated opposite to the wedding halls and bears the name of queen Mangayarkarasi who contributed to Saivism and Tamil language. To the south of
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The ancient temple complex was open. The courtyard walls were added over time in response to the invasion and the plunder of the temple complex. According to the text
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Chettiappa Nayakkar rebuilt the Dvarapala mandapam in front of the Sannadhi gopuram, as well as the north colonnade of the Golden Lotus Tank in the late 16th century.
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and other sacred temple towns, destroyed the temples which were sources of gold and jewels. He brought back enormous loot from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom to
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tradition of Hinduism, and represented as the dominant figure of the pair in this temple. The temple thus symbolically celebrates all three of its major traditions.
517:: IXM) with daily services. The city roads radiate from the temple complex and major ring roads form a concentric pattern for the city, a structure that follows the
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The Urchava Nayanar Mandapa and the small six-pillared mandapa in front of the Mahamandapa was rebuilt by Sundaratolydaiya Mavali Vanathirayar in the 15th century.
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Christopher Fuller (1995), The 'Holy Family' of Shiva in a south Indian temple, Social Anthropology, Volume 3, Issue 3, Cambridge University Press, pages 205-217
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Lewandowski, Susan J. (1977). "Changing Form and Function in the Ceremonial and the Colonial Port City in India: An Historical Analysis of Madurai and Madras".
934:. He prohibited the Nadars from asserting their freedom. He ordered the allegiance of the society of Maravar and insisted on a distinction between all classes.
1632:(dark hall) is a wide and long hall built by Muthu Pillai during 1613. On the pillars of the halls, there are fine sculptures of Shiva narrating the legend of
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The Thousand-Pillared Hall (Q) contains 985 (instead of 1000) carved pillars, with two shrines occupying the space of the remaining 15. The hall was built by
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shrine, and the Sundara Pandyan Mandapam. It was rebuilt after the 14th-century damage, its granite structure was renovated by Kumara Krishnappar after 1595.
513:, the state capital. The temple complex is well connected with a road network (four lane National Highway 38), near a major railway junction and an airport (
1289:(tower over sanctum). The golden top can be seen from a great distance in the west through the apertures of two successive towers. The tall sculpture of
672:(lit. "silver hall" where Shiva danced). It was described to be the Sangam of scholars, or a place where scholars meet. It is mentioned in the Tamil text
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Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I built a gopura in 1231, then called Avanivendaraman, later rebuilt, expanded and named as Sundara Pandya Thirukkopuram.
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in praise of presiding deity of this temple. King Tirumalai Nayak's patronage of the poet Kumaraguruparar has an important place in the history of
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rulers who rebuilt the core and reopened the temple. In the 16th century, the temple complex was further expanded and fortified by the Nayak ruler
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dance, a type of stick dance that involves acrobatics and forming chains with long ropes hanging from the ceiling, which is why it is called
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The Nadars appealed to the High Court of Judicature in Madras, unhappy with the judgment of the subordinate judge of Madurai, with funds of
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2126:(Garland of nine gems). According to legend, when Sastri sang these songs in front of presiding deity, the goddess had responded visibly.
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means stage or altar. This massive Nataraja sculpture is enclosed in a huge silver altar and hence called "Velli Ambalam" (silver abode).
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595:(rule). She is also known by the Tamil name "Angayarkanni" or "Ankayarkannammai" (literally, "the mother with the beautiful fish eyes").
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festival celebrated during September–October. This hall is situated in the second corridor of the Meenakshi shrine at the western side.
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Murthiyamman mandapam and Nandi mandapam were built by Krishnappa Nayakar (1564–1572). The Nandi mandapam was renovated again in 1877.
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1673:(Hall of beating drums) lies opposite to Sundareswarar shrine was built by Achaya Rayar, the minister of Rani Mangammal in 1635. The
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which was called later as Meenakshi. According to another theory, the name of the goddess means "rule of the fish", derived from the
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with extensive sculpture (Q), the kalyana mandapa or wedding hall, many small shrines for Hindu deities and for scholars from the
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is the tallest and curvilinear (above: inner and outerviews). The colorful sculptures narrate legendary scenes from Hindu texts.
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Vanniyadi Natarajar Mandapam and Annakkuli Mandapam were built by a woman named Chellappen Mannikkam in the late 16th century.
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Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings
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The work completed by Vishwanatha Nayaka in 1560 was substantially expanded to the current structure during the reign of
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1477:, a Hindu epic. It also has a yali sculpture on a pillar, inside whose mouth is carved a stone ball that freely rotates.
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3396:Županov, Ines G. (1993). "Aristocratic Analogies and Demotic Descriptions in the Seventeenth-Century Madurai Mission".
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2104:(a genre of Tamil literature). Kumaraguruparar visited a lot of temples and when he visited this temple, he composed
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The temple complex has many mandapas (pillared-halls) built by kings and wealthy patrons over the centuries. They are
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1972:(lamp ceremony) for both Meenakshi and Sundareswarar. The rituals and festivals are accompanied with music with
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forces in 1311 went deeper into the Deccan peninsula for loot and to establish annual tributes to be paid by the
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dolls. These displays are particularly popular with children, and families visit the displays in large numbers.
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in 1569 and blends engineering skill and artistic vision. Ariyanatha Mudaliar was prime minister and general of
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carved of single stone located outside the Sundareswarar shrine in the path from Meenakshi shrine is called the
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Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April, 1966
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Vellasami Thevar, the inherited ruler of a vast land under the Raja of Ramnad and the grandfather of the late
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in 1995. The temple is sometimes spelt as Minaksi and the city as Madura in 17th to early 20th-century texts.
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These offerings are always vegetarian, and animal sacrifices are never performed, states Christopher Fuller.
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Over the centuries, the temple has been a centre of education of culture, literature, art, music and dance.
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860:, took considerable interest in erecting many complexes inside the temple. His major contributions are the
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The marriage of Meenakshi and Shiva was a grand event, with all gods, goddesses and living beings gathered.
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Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History
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Chockar, Puzhugu Neidhu Chockar, Kadambavaneswarar, Karpoora Chockar, Madureswarar, Irayanar, Peralavayar.
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A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations
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Along with these, there are statues of King Thirumalai Naicker with his wives within the temple complex.
1507:, or wedding hall. It is here that the marriage of Shiva and Parvati is celebrated every year during the
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4108:
Branfoot, Crispin (2008). "Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India".
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co-celebrated with the Mariyamman temple in Madurai, the Masi utsavam and Vasamtham utsavam in Panguni.
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added in 1923 while the Indians were midst their independence struggle from the colonial British rule.
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in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Nayaka rulers followed the Hindu texts on architecture called the
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Some of the shrines and the gopuram are not exactly aligned east-west and north-south axis, however.
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texts. These are dated to be from the 1st to 4th century CE. Some early Tamil texts call Madurai as
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Hindu goddesses: visions of the divine feminine in the Hindu religious tradition By David Kinsley
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The Hindus generally circumambulate the shrines clockwise first before entering the shrine for a
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literature, with the goddess temple mentioned in 6th-century CE texts. This temple is one of the
1848:
The Meenakshi Temple is a theologically and culturally significant temple for Hindus. Professor
1435:(Hall of Pandavas). The hall also has four sculptures of Shiva scholars, as well as a statue of
946:
ceremonies at the temple, the defendants were ordered to pay the amount of five hundred rupees.
732:. The records left by the court historians of the Delhi Sultanate state that Malik Kafur raided
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The temple is major South Indian pilgrimage center, as well as elsewhere. Above: Pilgrims from
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3913:, History of Religions, Vol. 19, No. 4 (May, 1980), University of Chicago Press, pages 321-348
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Meenakshi temple has 14 colourful gopura. These are gateways to various shrines and mandapas.
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are high pyramidal tower serving as a landmark sign for arriving pilgrims, while the inner
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Festivals of Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple, Madurai a historical and cultural perspective
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A thousand petalled lotus: Jain temples of Rajasthan : architecture & iconography
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Early Tamil texts mention the temple and its primary deity by various epithets and names.
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The goddess Meenakshi is the principal deity of the temple, unlike most Shiva temples in
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celebrations, the 108 Veena concert by 108 female artists was performed in this temple.
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in the northwest corner of the second courtyard. It was built by Krishnappa Nayakar II.
1102:
is a multi-storeyed structure, covered with sculpture painted in bright hues. The outer
6933:
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Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations
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Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations
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The temple has a six time pooja calendar everyday, each comprising four rituals namely
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5122:. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
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Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900
3174:
Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900
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Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900
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Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition
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is believed to be the brother of Meenakshi, giving her away to Shiva at the wedding.
5579:
Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism By Kodayanallur Vanamamalai Soundara Rajan
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The Meenakshi Amman temple is an active house of Hindu worship. Priests perform the
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4477:"Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem? | Madurai News - Times of India"
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Idabhakkuri Gopuram, a five-storey tower on the northern segment of the Adi Street.
327:
323:
4684:
The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent
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2926:
A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Tamil Language, Vol. VII, PART - II
2886:
An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century
1301:(a measure) is shaped into a big ball of sacrifice and hence the Ganesh is called
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characters in panels that narrate legends from the Hindu texts, particularly the
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Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment
3543:
Semiotics of Cities, Selves, and Cultures: Explorations in Semiotic Anthropology
1974:
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The Pudu Mandapa is outside the east gate of the Minakshi temple at Madurai, by
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1422:
880:. The initiative for some changes to the structure was under the supervision of
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The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2
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Holly Baker Reynolds (1987). Bardwell L. Smith and Holly Baker Reynolds (ed.).
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Holly Baker Reynolds (1987). Bardwell L. Smith and Holly Baker Reynolds (ed.).
3607:. Ajay Kumar Jain for Manohar Publishers & Distributours. pp. 99–155.
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tradition, dedicated to Meenakshi Devi and Shiva. However, the temple includes
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Lakana Nayakar expanded and renovated the Mahamandapa in late 15th century CE.
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Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India
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Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center
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Nadar arguing that they had polluted the temple and requested the payment of
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5494:* Mīnākṣī-Sundareśvara - 'Tiruviḷaiyāṭaṟ Purāṇam' in Letters, Design and Art
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Hindu Pilgrimage: A Journey Through the Holy Places of Hindus All Over India
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Tamil geographies: cultural constructions of space and place in South India
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Architecture and art of southern India: Vijayanagara and, Volume 1, Issue 6
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Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu
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2255:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 9–10, 103, 210, 363–364.
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563:'Mīṉāṭci') is a term meaning "fish-eyed", derived from the words
477:
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415:
375:
59:
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4129:
3312:
Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature
1880:(five courts), where the Tamil Hindu tradition believes Shiva performed
7006:
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5930:
5923:
4012:
Mīnākṣī-Sundareśvara: Tirivuḷaiyāṭaṟ Purāṇam in Letters, Design and Art
3910:
3417:
1881:
1775:
1751:
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1593:("Hall of 1000 pillars") has two rows of pillars carved with images of
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1427:
1368:, or a place for the pilgrims to rest. Some of these mandapas include:
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The west tower (gopuram) of the temple is the model based on which the
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88:
69:
4739:. Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass).
4585:
Navarathri celebrations: Meenakshi temple golu display steals the show
3604:
The Nadars of Tamilnad: The Political Culture of a Community in Change
2739:"Madurai's Meenakshi Temple named best 'Swachh Iconic Place' in India"
1337:
Tank, as well as Dvarapala mandapam in front of the Sannadhi gopuram.
1254:
or the "more important" right side within the complex, states Fuller.
6462:
6450:
6120:
6023:
6019:
5908:
5881:
1818:
1814:
1413:
1290:
1266:
632:
481:
422:
in the east, Vinayagar in the south, Kariamalperumal in the west and
7094:
Sacked Hindu temples in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
5619:
Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India
5436:, Los Angeles: Museum Associates, Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
5284:
The Great Temple of Madurai: English version of the book Koilmanagar
3811:
3409:
2312:
2310:
2300:, R.K.K. 2005. Minaksi or Sundaresvara: Who is the first principle?
720:
in 1311, Sultan Ala ud Din Khalji's infamous eunuch Muslim general,
704:
In the north of India, the Indian subcontinent was conquered by the
409:(1190 CE–1205 CE). He built the main portions of the three-storeyed
5558:
The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India By David
5492:
4978:. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press).
4957:. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press).
4400:
1110:
are smaller and serve as the entrance gateways to various shrines.
5945:
5861:
5562:, United Kingdom: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge,
5017:. Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Thirukoil. 2012. Archived from
2193:
2122:
songs in praise of Meenakshi of Madurai, which are referred to as
2072:
2033:
1985:
1980:
1810:
1790:
1780:
1759:
1701:
1639:
1514:
1489:
1442:
1381:
1339:
1269:
1071:
1063:
1055:
985:
977:
846:
753:
642:
624:
616:
597:
500:
392:
371:
355:
339:
163:
98:
94:
76:
4292:
Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses
2943:. International Association of Tamil Research. 1968. p. 543.
623:, King Malayadwaja Pandya and his wife Kanchanamalai performed a
6511:
4778:
Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period
4718:. Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass).
2914:. Department of History, University of Kerala. 2002. p. 96.
1485:
1117:
Some of the major gopurams of the Meenakshi temple complex are:
903:
The temple has its traditional version of history that it calls
896:
other scholars. The completed restoration was celebrated with a
514:
423:
112:
Chithirai Thiruvizha, Navaratri, Cradle festival, Aavanimoolam,
6515:
5807:
4919:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
3474:
Sabina Pavone (2014). Robert Maryks and Jonathan Wright (ed.).
2551:
Christopher Fuller (2003). "Madurai". In George Michell (ed.).
505:
The temple and the city of Madurai (only major roads sketched).
2994:
2992:
2990:
990:
Plan of the temple per 1911 sketch (does not reflect changes).
776:
removing it in 1378 CE. According to one poetic legend called
2274:
2272:
872:(corridor of parrots). The corridors of the temple tank and
768:, who seceded in 1335 from the Delhi Sultanate and began the
3848:
Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareshwarar Thirukkoil – Temple Towers
3477:
Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History, 1773-1900
2835:
2833:
2086:
The temple is famed location where Tamil tradition believes
358:. The temple is at the centre of the ancient temple city of
5803:
4508:
4506:
4504:
2046:
In the Tamil month of Purattasi, the temple celebrates the
522:
covered with Kadamba forest and hence called Kadambavanam.
473:(sanctums) of Meenakshi and Sundaresvara gilded with gold.
4933:
Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories
4079:
4077:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4035:
4033:
4031:
3957:
3955:
3884:
3882:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
2977:
2975:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
1564:
Every pillar is carved with religious or secular sculpture
4319:
The City As a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts
3745:
The City As a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2215:"This Temple Is Covered in Thousands of Colorful Statues"
5533:
Selby, Martha Ann; Peterson, Indira Viswanathan (2008),
5236:
The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India
3911:
South Indian Temple: Mīnākṣī and Sundareśvara at Madurai
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3348:
3346:
3344:
2439:
2437:
2435:
476:
The temple is a major pilgrimage destination within the
5518:. Mylapore, Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. p. 31.
5516:
Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture
4641:
2038:
Meenakshi temple decorated for the Navarathri festival.
5316:, Delhi: The Regents of the University of California,
3480:. BRILL Academic. pp. 338–352 with footnotes 25.
2648:. Oxford University Press. pp. 546 with note 45.
2304:
XXV, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, pp. 551-553.
4802:. Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass).
3673:"Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959"
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
455:
and later others. The restored complex now houses 14
3857:, Madurai Meenakshi Temple, Government of Tamil Nadu
1471:
is notable for its sculpture of characters from the
994:
The temple complex is the centre of the old city of
964:
Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department
619:
is the principal deity. According to the Tamil text
401:
Madurai Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple was built by
125:
Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department
6909:
6841:
6767:
6729:
6691:
6653:
6615:
6577:
6549:
6443:
6388:
6315:
6277:
6239:
6201:
6192:
6161:
6098:
6018:
5970:
5852:
5354:, New Delhi: Indra Gandhi National Centre of Arts,
5272:Iyer, T. G. S. Balaram; T. R., Rajagopalan (1987),
4917:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
4856:
Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation
3277:
3275:
2316:
1421:(holy games of Shiva). The sculptures of heroes of
301:
293:
285:
275:
270:
231:
159:
149:
144:
130:
120:
108:
75:
65:
53:
48:
34:
27:
Historic Hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
5757:
5555:
4322:. BRILL Academic. pp. 34–37, context: 12–44.
3748:. BRILL Academic. pp. 5–6, 12, 24–25, 34–37.
3255:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate
1467:. These dances celebrate Hindu festival days. The
647:Temple wall painting depicting its founding legend
5577:Soundara Rajan, Kodayanallur Vanamamalai (2001),
5274:History & description of Sri Meenakshi Temple
4604:Crowds throng Madurai Meenakshi temple for 'golu'
3710:
3708:
3706:
3139:
3137:
2804:. National Geographic Society. pp. 155–156.
2244:
2242:
2240:
1511:festival which falls sometime in or abouts April.
962:The temple is maintained and administered by the
397:Yali in pillars at Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple
137:Temple tank: Potramarai Kulam (Golden-Lotus Pond)
5661:The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara
5539:, New York: State University of New York Press,
5413:National Geographic Traveler: India, 3rd Edition
5200:, Delhi: John Wiley & Sons(Asia) Pte. Ltd.,
4241:. Princeton University Press. pp. 138–149.
3973:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3507:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 391–394.
3177:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–110.
3069:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 477–479.
2302:South Indian History Congress Annual Proceedings
4295:. New York University Press. pp. 220–227.
3009:
3007:
2134:On 5 October 2022, the final day of the year's
5396:, United States: National Geographic Society,
4901:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
4823:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
4817:A.K. Coomaraswamy; Michael W. Meister (1995).
4366:
4268:. Art Gallery of New South Wales. p. 15.
4198:
4162:
3020:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–30.
2466:
2464:
2331:"Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem?"
1447:One of the pillared halls in Meenakshi temple.
374:that are revered in the verses of Tamil Saiva
7074:Religious buildings and structures in Madurai
6527:
5819:
4993:Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan Dhaky (1986).
4221:
4219:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3697:
3628:
3626:
3624:
2924:Excerpt for the etymology of Meenatchi from "
2873:. Philosophical Research Society. p. 33.
764:appointed a Muslim governor in Madurai named
8:
5703:The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
2546:
1488:in a dance competition, a golden flagstaff,
4996:Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture
4289:Alf Hiltebeitel; Kathleen M. Erndl (2000).
3058:
3056:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
1984:(percussion instrument), recitation of the
1772:Kalyana Sundareshwarar with Meenakshi Amman
1297:. A large measure of rice measuring three
1068:View of the temple from the west-side tower
438:. In the early 14th century, the armies of
6534:
6520:
6512:
6198:
5826:
5812:
5804:
5238:, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,
5181:, Mumbai: Central Chinmaya Mission Trust,
3581:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3288:. Marg Publications. pp. 4–8, 95–96.
2955:"The Sacred Sports of Siva - Introduction"
2888:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
2362:"The artist who designed the State emblem"
1677:is a hall for displaying dolls during the
1324:The temple has other shrines, such as for
40:
31:
5764:, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,
5581:, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company,
4796:Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005).
4676:
4674:
4428:. Rutgers University Press. p. 157.
4174:
4051:
3089:
1915:shrine every morning. There are periodic
1094:is the eastern one (I on plan), built by
5476:, United States: Scarecrow Press, INC.,
5375:, New York: Cambridge University Press,
5116:Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).
4999:. American Institute of Indian Studies.
4754:Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014).
3946:
3721:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 20–22.
3204:. Oxford University Press. p. 109.
2998:
2675:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 97–99.
2621:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 95–96.
2062:
308:https://maduraimeenakshi.hrce.tn.gov.in/
211:
183:
6989:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago)
5497:. New Delhi: Sharada Publishing House.
4665:
4455:. Rutgers University Press. p. 9.
4014:. New Delhi: Sharada Publishing House.
3985:
3335:
3128:
2489:
2185:
2147:
819:Sculptures in the 1000-pillar mandapa (
807:Meenakshi in the sanctum (1801 sketch).
571:("eyes"). She was earlier known by the
316:Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple
35:Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple
5255:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess
4715:An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture
4572:
4560:
4548:
4536:
4524:
4512:
4210:
4095:
4083:
4068:
4039:
3997:
3961:
3934:
3888:
3873:
3768:
3574:
3527:
3116:
2981:
2884:Fisher, Michael H. (18 October 2018).
2843:The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess
2770:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 140–141.
2602:
2455:
2426:
2407:
2096:, a 17th-century Tamil poet, composed
1852:signifies that through the wedding of
1589:, Shiva as a wandering mendicant. The
680:. It is one of the shrines of the 275
5799:"A Brief History Of Meenakshi Temple"
5455:, New York: Oxford University Press,
4653:
4354:
4342:
3546:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 94–95.
2824:
2745:from the original on 11 November 2020
2695:
2502:Tara Boland-Crewe; David Lea (2003).
2376:from the original on 16 December 2020
2278:
2090:helped establish Tamil Shiva bhakti.
1250:(A), thus placing the goddess as the
7:
5501:from the original on 12 October 2020
5104:from the original on 5 February 2018
5075:from the original on 5 February 2018
5048:from the original on 5 February 2018
3797:
3653:from the original on 18 October 2020
3635:"Reliving the historic temple entry"
3371:
3352:
2443:
2108:dedicated to the goddess Meenakshi.
830:The temple was rebuilt by the Hindu
326:located on the southern bank of the
320:Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman Thirukkovil
7069:Buildings and structures in Madurai
5793:"Madurai Meenakshi Temple 360 View"
5725:, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications,
5679:Burton Stein; David Arnold (2010).
5473:Historical dictionary of the Tamils
5415:, US: National Geographic Society,
5335:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
5333:Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction
5257:, Delhi: Indiana University Press,
3922:
3258:. Penguin Books. pp. 155–156.
2846:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24.
2505:The Territories and States of India
2360:Madhavan, Chitra (1–15 July 2011).
2329:Swaroop, Vishnu (7 November 2016).
2252:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
1332:Temple tank and surrounding portico
5787:"Madurai Meenakshi Temple Timings"
5297:, Taylor & Francis e-library,
4186:
4150:
3383:
2717:. Random House. pp. 277–279.
1234:A sculpture of a woman playing an
1220:The golden vimana over the sanctum
1176:completed around 1374 by Mallapan.
917:1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation
25:
5234:Fuller, Christopher John (2004),
4760:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
4594:, The Times of India (6 Oct 2016)
4489:from the original on 26 June 2021
3066:South Indian Shrines: Illustrated
2341:from the original on 26 June 2021
1348:The sacred temple tank is called
911:Temple entry agitations of Nadars
342:. It is dedicated to the goddess
6959:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram
6663:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu
6495:
6486:
6485:
5961:
5622:. University of Delaware Press.
5451:Karen Pechilis Prentiss (1999),
4877:The Temple Architecture of India
1942:
1926:
1557:
1543:
1344:Golden Lotus in the temple pool.
1227:
1213:
1154:
1145:
812:
800:
655:is ancient and one mentioned in
418:and Surya near the main temple,
210:
203:
182:
175:
6994:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia)
4733:Prasanna Kumar Acharya (1997).
4712:Prasanna Kumar Acharya (2010).
3633:Karthikeyan, D. (9 July 2013).
2867:Manly Palmer Hall, ed. (1949).
2221:. 2 August 2017. Archived from
856:(1623–55). Tirumala Nayaka, a
52:
7079:Tourist attractions in Madurai
5664:. Cambridge University Press.
5514:Reddy, G.Venkatramana (2013).
5219:, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi,
4820:Essays in Architectural Theory
4623:Gods and gopurams in full glow
4122:10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389
3228:A short history of South India
2009:meaning Shiva's sacred games.
1:
5744:, Madurai Kamraj University,
5598:Elements of Hindu iconography
5162:, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC,
5159:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places
5156:Brockman, Norbert C. (2011),
3828:10.1080/02666030.1997.9628522
3812:"Pañcapretāsanāsīnī-Sadāśivī"
3601:Hardgrave, Robert L. (2006).
3315:. Routledge. pp. 62–66.
3063:P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982).
2642:Edwin Francis Bryant (2007).
2582:. Routledge. pp. 20–21.
2118:, had composed a set of nine
1949:Golu dolls festival (autumn).
1242:in the thousand-pillared hall
1076:The north tower of the temple
6944:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China)
5723:Art shrines of ancient India
5595:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993).
5390:National Geographic (2008),
5137:Bansal, Sunita Pant (2008),
4642:Karen Pechilis Prentiss 1999
4632:, The Hindu (1 OCTOBER 2014)
4613:, The Hindu (6 OCTOBER 2013)
3718:Hinduism in the Modern World
3225:Sarojini Chaturvedi (2006).
2618:Art Shrines of Ancient India
2579:Hinduism in the Modern World
2337:. Madurai: The Times Group.
2194:"9°55'10.23"N 78°07'09.63"E"
2029:Shiva temple of Chidhambaram
884:, the prime minister of the
784:, the wife of the commander
691:, the famous Hindu saint of
95:Sokkanathar or Sundareswarar
5756:V., Vriddhagirisan (1995),
5253:Harman, William P. (1992),
5097:, Online: Project Madurai,
5068:. Online: Project Madurai.
5041:. Online: Project Madurai.
4452:Living Class in Urban India
4425:Living Class in Urban India
4235:David Dean Shulman (2014).
3309:William J. Jackson (2016).
1591:Meenakshi Nayakkar Mandapam
1501:Vira vasantha raya mandapam
1312:Kumara Kampana, states the
1007:
378:of the 6th-9th century CE.
370:, which are 275 temples of
7110:
5721:V.K., Subramanian (2003),
5491:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2013).
5470:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007),
5433:Indian Sculpture, Volume 2
5430:Pal, Pratapaditya (1988),
5411:Nicholson, Louise (1997),
5196:Cotterell, Arthur (2011),
5141:, Delhi: Hindology Books,
5131:, Prabuddha bharata office
5129:Awakened India, Volume 112
5088:Thirunavukkarasar (2004),
4010:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2013).
3810:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (1997).
3569:Nadar Chamuga Varalaru (T)
3285:Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu
3231:. Saṁskṛiti. p. 209.
2870:Horizon, Volume 9, Issue 3
2840:William P. Harman (1992).
2615:V. K. Subramanian (2003).
2553:Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu
2508:. Routledge. p. 401.
1550:The thousand-pillared hall
1096:Maravarman Sundara Pandyan
982:A view of the west gopuram
914:
874:Meenatchi Nayakar Mandapam
407:Sadayavarman Kulasekaran I
385:State Emblem is designed.
6851:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams
6683:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam
6481:
6162:Festivals and observances
6002:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta
5959:
5841:
5700:Kapila Vatsyayan (1997).
5685:. John Wiley & Sons.
5291:King, Anthony D. (2005),
5282:Ki, Palaniyappan (1963),
4975:The Hindu Temple Volume 2
4972:Stella Kramrisch (1979).
4954:The Hindu Temple Volume 1
4951:Stella Kramrisch (1976).
4379:R.K.K. Rajarajan (2014).
3715:Brian A. Hatcher (2015).
3698:Selby & Peterson 2008
3445:10.1017/s0026749x00015080
3150:. ABC-CLIO. p. 884.
3144:J. Gordon Melton (2014).
3050:, Encyclopedia Britannica
2911:Journal of Indian History
2714:India: A Sacred Geography
2576:Brian A. Hatcher (2015).
2555:. Marg. pp. 94–113.
2249:Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017).
2116:Trinity of Carnatic music
1690:Deities inside the Temple
700:Invasions and Destruction
553:
538:
306:
169:
39:
7049:Hindu temples in Madurai
7027:Kamphaeng Phet province
7013:Hx thewalay kestr phiman
6979:Sivan temple (Singapore)
6949:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka)
6924:Fire temple (Azerbaijan)
6421:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar
5981:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
5706:. Abhinav Publications.
5453:The embodiment of bhakti
5369:Michell, George (1995),
4859:. Abhinav Publications.
4687:. Taylor & Francis.
3771:, pp. 16–17, 24–26.
3567:Thenmozhi, Kuru (1969).
2317:National Geographic 2008
1098:during 1216–1238. Each
968:Government of Tamil Nadu
718:Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra
716:in 1310 and the Kannada
297:144 m (472 ft)
255:9.9195083°N 78.1193417°E
219:Meenakshi Temple (India)
6974:Shivagraham (Indonesia)
6954:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka)
6929:Ganga Talao (Mauritius)
6919:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam)
6711:Thiruvanaikaval (Water)
6678:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai
5601:. Motilal Banarsidass.
5312:Kinsley, David (1998),
5215:Datta, Amaresh (2005),
5198:Asia: A Concise History
5127:Awakened India (2007),
5063:"Campantar Tirumurai 3"
5036:"Campantar Tirumurai 1"
4781:. Motilal Banarsidass.
4628:1 December 2017 at the
4609:20 January 2021 at the
4590:11 October 2018 at the
4385:Religions of South Asia
4262:Jackie Menzies (2006).
3853:1 December 2017 at the
3282:George Michell (1993).
2476:1 December 2017 at the
2020:Meenakshi Thirukalyanam
1659:Mangayarkarasi mandapam
1655:Mangayarkarasi mandapam
1433:Pancha Pandava Mandapam
362:mentioned in the Tamil
191:Shown within Tamil Nadu
116:, Alagar's river plunge
7089:Dravidian architecture
6302:Tiruvanaikaval (Water)
5616:Ajay J. Sinha (2000).
5350:Kumar, Sehdev (2001),
5119:India through the ages
4930:Monica Juneja (2001).
4265:Goddess: divine energy
3540:Milton Singer (1991).
3252:Abraham Eraly (2015).
3198:Carl W. Ernst (2004).
2798:Keith Bellows (2008).
2080:
2039:
1978:(pipe instrument) and
1874:Tiruvilaiyatal Puranam
1649:
1626:Mudali Pillai Mandapam
1523:
1448:
1410:Ashta Shakthi Mandapam
1387:
1345:
1180:group of same artists.
1077:
1069:
1061:
991:
983:
921:In November 1895, the
868:(spring festival) and
676:and the Sanskrit text
648:
603:
506:
398:
330:in the temple city of
280:Dravidian architecture
233:Geographic coordinates
194:Show map of Tamil Nadu
114:Meenakshi Tirukalyanam
18:Meenakshi Amman temple
6999:Thewasathan Bot Phram
6969:Pashupatinath (Nepal)
6706:Tiruvannamalai (Fire)
6673:Silver/Velli, Madurai
6297:Tiruvannamalai (Fire)
5658:Burton Stein (1989).
5637:Burton Stein (1978).
5554:Smith, David (1996),
5179:Symbolism in Hinduism
4681:Bruno, Nettl (1998).
4397:10.1558/rosa.v8i2.197
4175:Iyer & T. R. 1987
3974:Temple theertham 2012
3909:C. J. Fuller (1980),
3571:. Madurai. p. 2.
2645:Krishna: A Sourcebook
2296:30 March 2019 at the
2106:Meenakshi pillaitamil
2098:Meenakshi Pillaitamil
2066:
2037:
1968:(food offerings) and
1643:
1518:
1446:
1385:
1343:
1075:
1067:
1059:
989:
981:
932:Muthuramalinga Thevar
766:Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan
714:Kakatiyas of Warangal
682:Paadal Petra Sthalams
646:
621:Tiruvilaiyatarpuranam
601:
504:
491:Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
396:
368:Paadal Petra Sthalams
260:9.9195083; 78.1193417
7084:Pandyan architecture
6984:Sthūlādri (Thailand)
6939:Katas Raj (Pakistan)
6934:Iraivan temple (USA)
6716:Chidambaram (Ether)
6693:Panchabhuta Sthalams
6279:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam
5640:South Indian Temples
5276:, Sri Karthik Agency
4936:. Orient Blackswan.
4837:Dehejia, V. (1997).
4775:Alice Boner (1990).
4449:Sara Dickey (2016).
4422:Sara Dickey (2016).
4381:"Dancing Halls Five"
3501:Susan Bayly (1989).
3433:Modern Asian Studies
3338:, pp. 14, 78-81, 158
3171:Susan Bayly (1989).
3014:Susan Bayly (1989).
2764:Rina Kamath (2000).
1698:Amman (Main Goddess)
1663:Servaikarar Mandapam
762:Muhammad bin Tughluq
712:in 1308, the Telugu
674:Tiruvilayadalpuranam
6964:Mt. Kailash (Tibet)
6769:Jyotirlinga Sthalas
6721:Srikalahasthi (Air)
6701:Kanchipuram (Earth)
6617:Pancharama Kshetras
6307:Kanchipuram (Earth)
6292:Tirukalahasti (Air)
6287:Chidambaram (Ether)
5988:Shivarahasya Purana
5331:Knott, Kim (2000),
4895:Adam Hardy (2015).
4874:Adam Hardy (2007).
4853:Adam Hardy (1995).
4841:. Phaidon: London.
4403:on 29 November 2016
4367:Soundara Rajan 2001
4199:Awakened India 2007
4163:Awakened India 2007
4054:, pp. 279–280.
3816:South Asian Studies
3046:28 May 2019 at the
3001:, pp. 326–327.
2669:T. Padmaja (2002).
2225:on 26 February 2019
2219:National Geographic
2079:in the temple tower
2077:Thirugnanasambandar
1708:Mukkuruni Vinayagar
1574:Ariyanatha Mudaliar
1469:Kilikoondu Mandapam
1453:Kilikoondu Mandapam
1431:can be seen in the
944:ritual purification
882:Ariyanatha Mudaliar
870:Kilikoondu Mandapam
710:Yadavas of Devagiri
689:Thirugnanasambandar
548:'Mīnākṣī',
453:Vishwanatha Nayakar
449:Vijayanagara Empire
350:, and her consort,
251: /
7059:Padal Petra Stalam
7017:Sukhothai province
6406:Kailash Mansarovar
6111:Pashupata Shaivism
6089:Hara Hara Mahadeva
5682:A History of India
5061:Campantar (2004).
5034:Campantar (2004).
5015:"Temple theertham"
4482:The Times of India
3679:on 6 December 2018
2335:The Times of India
2081:
2040:
2001:(July–August) and
1937:festival (spring).
1884:. The Tamil word
1850:Christopher Fuller
1665:, a hall built by
1650:
1524:
1482:Kambatadi Mandapam
1449:
1388:
1346:
1303:Mukkurni Vinayagar
1295:Mukuruny Vinayakar
1078:
1070:
1062:
992:
984:
649:
604:
507:
399:
7036:
7035:
6668:Gold/Pon, Thillai
6551:Trilinga Kshetras
6509:
6508:
6439:
6438:
5771:978-81-206-0996-9
5760:Nayaks of Tanjore
5732:978-81-7017-431-8
5713:978-81-7017-362-5
5692:978-1-4443-2351-1
5671:978-0-521-26693-2
5629:978-0-87413-684-5
5608:978-81-208-0878-2
5588:978-81-7022-857-8
5569:978-0-521-48234-9
5546:978-0-7914-7245-3
5525:978-81-7823-542-4
5483:978-0-470-82958-5
5462:978-0-19-512813-0
5443:978-0-87587-129-5
5422:978-1-4262-0595-8
5403:978-1-4262-0336-7
5382:978-0-521-44110-0
5361:978-81-7017-348-9
5323:978-81-208-0394-7
5304:978-0-203-48075-5
5264:978-1-59884-655-3
5245:978-0-691-12048-5
5226:978-81-260-1194-0
5207:978-0-470-82958-5
5188:978-81-7597-149-3
5177:Compiled (2008),
5169:978-1-59884-655-3
5148:978-81-223-0997-3
5091:Appar Tirumurai 6
5006:978-0-8122-7992-4
4985:978-81-208-0224-7
4964:978-81-208-0223-0
4908:978-93-81406-41-0
4866:978-81-7017-312-0
4830:978-0-19-563805-9
4788:978-81-208-0705-1
4767:978-1-4438-6734-4
4746:978-81-7536-113-3
4725:978-81-7536-534-6
4644:, pp. 78–79.
4515:, pp. 63–74.
4462:978-0-8135-8394-5
4435:978-0-8135-8394-5
4357:, pp. 10–48.
4329:978-90-04-08471-1
4302:978-0-8147-3619-7
4248:978-1-4008-5692-3
4213:, pp. 33–34.
4098:, pp. 34–35.
4086:, pp. 39–41.
4071:, pp. 38–39.
4042:, pp. 41–43.
4021:978-81-926983-2-8
4000:, pp. 22–39.
3964:, pp. 24–31.
3937:, pp. 19–38.
3891:, pp. 32–33.
3876:, pp. 24–32.
3800:, pp. 96–98.
3755:978-90-04-08471-1
3728:978-1-135-04630-9
3614:978-81-7304-701-5
3553:978-3-11-085775-7
3530:, pp. 48–53.
3514:978-0-521-89103-5
3487:978-90-04-28387-9
3374:, pp. 72–75.
3355:, pp. 72–73.
3322:978-1-317-00193-5
3295:978-81-85026-21-3
3265:978-93-5118-658-8
3238:978-81-87374-37-4
3211:978-0-19-566869-8
3184:978-0-521-89103-5
3157:978-1-61069-026-3
3119:, pp. 19–32.
3076:978-81-206-0151-2
3041:Sangam Literature
3027:978-0-521-89103-5
2984:, pp. 44–47.
2853:978-81-208-0810-2
2811:978-1-4262-0336-7
2777:978-81-250-1378-5
2724:978-0-385-53192-4
2682:978-81-7017-398-4
2655:978-0-19-803400-1
2628:978-81-7017-431-8
2605:, pp. 34–47.
2589:978-1-135-04631-6
2515:978-1-135-35624-8
2458:, pp. 39–40.
2446:, pp. 72–74.
2429:, pp. 36–37.
2410:, pp. 19–23.
2262:978-1-5381-0686-0
2130:108 Veena concert
1888:means silver and
1872:According to the
1740:Kasi Vishwanathar
1712:Irattai Vinayagar
1350:Porthamarai Kulam
862:Vasantha Mandapam
836:Vishwanatha Nayak
770:Madurai Sultanate
579:("fish-eyed one")
562:
547:
346:Amman, a form of
313:
312:
222:Show map of India
16:(Redirected from
7101:
7023:Hx Phar Ishvaran
6807:Kashi Vishvanath
6536:
6529:
6522:
6513:
6499:
6489:
6488:
6199:
6143:Siddha Siddhanta
6106:Shaiva Siddhanta
6033:Om Namah Shivaya
5965:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5805:
5795:on Dinamalar.com
5774:
5763:
5752:
5735:
5717:
5696:
5675:
5654:
5633:
5612:
5591:
5572:
5561:
5549:
5529:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5486:
5465:
5446:
5425:
5406:
5385:
5364:
5345:
5326:
5307:
5286:
5277:
5267:
5248:
5229:
5210:
5191:
5172:
5151:
5132:
5123:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5021:on 28 March 2012
5010:
4989:
4968:
4947:
4912:
4891:
4870:
4834:
4813:
4792:
4771:
4750:
4729:
4699:
4698:
4678:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4620:
4614:
4601:
4595:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4399:. Archived from
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4110:The Art Bulletin
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4072:
4066:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4026:
4025:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3892:
3886:
3877:
3871:
3858:
3845:
3832:
3831:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3712:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3675:. Archived from
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3630:
3619:
3618:
3598:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3060:
3051:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2985:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2935:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2837:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2562:978-81-85026-213
2548:
2521:
2519:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2430:
2424:
2411:
2405:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2246:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2059:Literary mention
1946:
1930:
1578:Viswanatha Nayak
1561:
1547:
1505:kalyana mandapam
1457:Sangili mandapam
1231:
1217:
1158:
1149:
1010:
952:
941:
864:for celebrating
816:
804:
693:Saiva philosophy
678:Halasya Mahatmya
557:
555:
542:
540:
322:, is a historic
318:, also known as
266:
265:
263:
262:
261:
256:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
223:
214:
213:
207:
195:
186:
185:
179:
44:
32:
21:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7054:Parvati temples
7039:
7038:
7037:
7032:
6905:
6837:
6809:
6763:
6725:
6687:
6649:
6611:
6602:Madhyamaheshwar
6573:
6545:
6540:
6510:
6505:
6477:
6435:
6431:Vadakkum Nathan
6384:
6311:
6273:
6235:
6226:Madhyamaheshwar
6188:
6174:Maha Shivaratri
6157:
6094:
6047:Mahāmrityunjaya
6014:
5966:
5957:
5914:Ardhanarishvara
5848:
5837:
5832:
5789:on 1Temples.com
5783:
5778:
5772:
5755:
5740:D. Uma (2015),
5739:
5733:
5720:
5714:
5699:
5693:
5678:
5672:
5657:
5651:
5636:
5630:
5615:
5609:
5594:
5589:
5576:
5570:
5553:
5547:
5532:
5526:
5513:
5504:
5502:
5490:
5484:
5469:
5463:
5450:
5444:
5429:
5423:
5410:
5404:
5389:
5383:
5368:
5362:
5349:
5343:
5330:
5324:
5311:
5305:
5290:
5281:
5271:
5265:
5252:
5246:
5233:
5227:
5214:
5208:
5195:
5189:
5176:
5170:
5155:
5149:
5136:
5126:
5115:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5060:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5024:
5022:
5013:
5007:
4992:
4986:
4971:
4965:
4950:
4944:
4929:
4909:
4894:
4888:
4873:
4867:
4852:
4831:
4816:
4810:
4795:
4789:
4774:
4768:
4753:
4747:
4732:
4726:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4695:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4656:, p. 1626.
4652:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4630:Wayback Machine
4621:
4617:
4611:Wayback Machine
4602:
4598:
4592:Wayback Machine
4583:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4519:
4511:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4029:
4022:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3895:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3861:
3855:Wayback Machine
3846:
3835:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3615:
3600:
3599:
3590:
3573:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3410:10.2307/2928680
3404:(41): 123–148.
3398:Representations
3395:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3359:
3351:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3048:Wayback Machine
3039:
3035:
3028:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2980:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2778:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2524:
2516:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2478:Wayback Machine
2469:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2433:
2425:
2414:
2406:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2308:
2298:Wayback Machine
2289:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2248:
2247:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2132:
2124:Navaratnamalika
2094:Kumaraguruparar
2061:
2015:
1960:(sacred bath),
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1933:Madurai temple
1931:
1908:
1846:
1768:Chandikeshwarar
1692:
1671:Nagara mandapam
1667:Marudu brothers
1630:Iruttu Mandapam
1606:
1604:Other mandapams
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1428:Pancha pandavas
1396:flanked by two
1374:
1362:
1334:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1207:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1083:
1043:
1001:Shilpa Shastras
976:
960:
950:
939:
919:
913:
898:Kumbhabhishekam
854:Tirumala Nayaka
841:Shilpa Shastras
828:
827:
826:
825:
824:
823:), around 1895.
817:
809:
808:
805:
794:
778:Madhura Vijayam
726:Delhi Sultanate
706:Delhi Sultanate
702:
641:
609:
528:
499:
440:Delhi Sultanate
436:Tirumala Nayaka
391:
259:
257:
253:
250:
245:
242:
240:
238:
237:
227:
226:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
215:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
187:
140:
104:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7107:
7105:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7041:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7020:
7010:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6856:Brihadeeswaram
6853:
6847:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6773:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6735:
6733:
6731:Pancheshwarams
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6621:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6579:Pancha Kedaras
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6516:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6493:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6447:
6445:
6444:Related topics
6441:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6401:Brihadeeswarar
6398:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6360:Ramanathaswamy
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6153:Shaiva Smartas
6150:
6145:
6140:
6138:Veera Shaivism
6135:
6133:Trika Shaivism
6130:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6026:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5976:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5858:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5782:
5781:External links
5779:
5777:
5776:
5770:
5753:
5737:
5731:
5718:
5712:
5697:
5691:
5676:
5670:
5655:
5650:978-0706904499
5649:
5634:
5628:
5613:
5607:
5592:
5587:
5574:
5568:
5551:
5545:
5530:
5524:
5511:
5488:
5482:
5467:
5461:
5448:
5442:
5427:
5421:
5408:
5402:
5387:
5381:
5366:
5360:
5347:
5342:978-0192853875
5341:
5328:
5322:
5309:
5303:
5288:
5279:
5269:
5263:
5250:
5244:
5231:
5225:
5212:
5206:
5193:
5187:
5174:
5168:
5153:
5147:
5134:
5124:
5113:
5085:
5058:
5031:
5011:
5005:
4990:
4984:
4969:
4963:
4948:
4943:978-8178242286
4942:
4927:
4913:
4907:
4892:
4887:978-0470028278
4886:
4871:
4865:
4850:
4835:
4829:
4814:
4809:978-8120820524
4808:
4793:
4787:
4772:
4766:
4751:
4745:
4730:
4724:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4670:
4668:, p. 227.
4658:
4646:
4634:
4615:
4596:
4577:
4565:
4553:
4551:, p. 123.
4541:
4529:
4517:
4500:
4468:
4461:
4441:
4434:
4414:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4345:, p. 184.
4335:
4328:
4308:
4301:
4281:
4274:
4254:
4247:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4191:
4179:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4116:(2): 171–194.
4100:
4088:
4073:
4056:
4052:Nicholson 1997
4044:
4027:
4020:
4002:
3990:
3988:, p. 241.
3978:
3966:
3951:
3949:, p. 174.
3939:
3927:
3925:, p. 291.
3915:
3893:
3878:
3859:
3833:
3802:
3773:
3761:
3754:
3734:
3727:
3702:
3700:, p. 149.
3690:
3664:
3620:
3613:
3588:
3559:
3552:
3532:
3520:
3513:
3493:
3486:
3466:
3439:(2): 183–212.
3423:
3388:
3386:, p. 115.
3376:
3357:
3340:
3328:
3321:
3301:
3294:
3271:
3264:
3244:
3237:
3217:
3210:
3190:
3183:
3163:
3156:
3133:
3121:
3094:
3092:, p. 190.
3090:Cotterell 2011
3082:
3075:
3052:
3033:
3026:
3003:
2986:
2971:
2946:
2930:
2917:
2901:
2894:
2876:
2859:
2852:
2829:
2817:
2810:
2783:
2776:
2756:
2730:
2723:
2700:
2698:, p. 181.
2688:
2681:
2661:
2654:
2634:
2627:
2607:
2595:
2588:
2568:
2561:
2522:
2514:
2494:
2482:
2460:
2448:
2431:
2412:
2387:
2366:Madras Musings
2352:
2321:
2319:, p. 155.
2306:
2283:
2268:
2261:
2236:
2206:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2131:
2128:
2112:Shyama Shastri
2060:
2057:
2014:
2011:
2007:Thiruvilayadal
1970:deepa aradanai
1964:(decoration),
1948:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1907:
1904:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1811:Suryanarayanan
1808:
1806:Manickavasagar
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1736:Sapthamatrikas
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Dakshinamurthy
1713:
1710:
1705:
1702:Sundareshwarar
1699:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1669:in 1795. The
1648:at the temple.
1638:
1637:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1521:Thomas Daniell
1513:
1512:
1497:
1478:
1455:, also called
1441:
1440:
1437:Mahatma Gandhi
1407:
1403:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:Main mandapams
1370:
1361:
1358:
1333:
1330:
1314:Thirupanimalai
1252:pradhana murti
1233:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1082:
1079:
1047:Thirupanimalai
1042:
1039:
975:
972:
959:
956:
912:
909:
886:Nayaka Dynasty
878:Rani Mangammal
876:were built by
866:Vasanthotsavam
818:
811:
810:
806:
799:
798:
797:
796:
795:
793:
790:
786:Kumara Kampana
780:attributed to
701:
698:
665:Pandya dynasty
640:
637:
608:
605:
527:
524:
498:
495:
390:
387:
352:Sundareshwarar
311:
310:
304:
303:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:
268:
267:
235:
229:
228:
218:
209:
208:
202:
201:
200:
199:
190:
181:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
139:
138:
134:
132:
128:
127:
122:
121:Governing body
118:
117:
110:
106:
105:
103:
102:
92:
81:
79:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7106:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7064:Pancha Sabhai
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7003:sao ching cha
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6876:Kudalasangama
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6813:Trimbakeshwar
6811:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6787:Mahakaleshwar
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6759:Thondeshwaram
6757:
6755:
6754:Naguleshwaram
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6655:Pancha Sabhas
6652:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6543:Shiva temples
6537:
6532:
6530:
6525:
6523:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6492:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6370:Trimbakeshwar
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6345:Mahakaleshwar
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6241:Pancha Sabhai
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Shiva temples
6191:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:Shiva Advaita
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6082:Shiva Mahimna
6079:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6054:Shiva Tandava
6051:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:Dakshinamurti
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5824:
5822:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5114:
5100:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5071:
5064:
5059:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4915:Harle, J.C.,
4914:
4910:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4847:0-7148-3496-3
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4799:Silpa Prakasa
4794:
4790:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4575:, p. 66.
4574:
4569:
4566:
4563:, p. 65.
4562:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4539:, p. 67.
4538:
4533:
4530:
4527:, p. 97.
4526:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4445:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4418:
4415:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4369:, p. 51.
4368:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4285:
4282:
4277:
4275:9780734763969
4271:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4201:, p. 47.
4200:
4195:
4192:
4189:, p. 76.
4188:
4183:
4180:
4177:, p. 43.
4176:
4171:
4168:
4165:, p. 49.
4164:
4159:
4156:
4153:, p. 93.
4152:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3947:Compiled 2008
3943:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:Brockman 2011
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2895:9781107111622
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2827:, p. 10.
2826:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2281:, section 10.
2280:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2170:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2114:, one of the
2113:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1945:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:Pancha Sabhai
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:Chandrasekhar
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:Sahasralingas
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1675:Kolu Mandapam
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1546:
1533:
1532:Golu mandapam
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1419:Tiruvilayadal
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:Sri Vaishnava
1261:
1255:
1253:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1216:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1157:
1148:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:Ambikai Malai
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1002:
997:
988:
980:
973:
971:
969:
965:
957:
955:
947:
945:
935:
933:
928:
924:
918:
910:
908:
906:
901:
899:
893:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
843:
842:
837:
833:
832:Nayak dynasty
822:
815:
803:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
757:
755:
751:
747:
746:Vriddhachalam
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
697:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
645:
638:
636:
634:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:("fish") and
566:
560:
551:
545:
536:
532:
525:
523:
520:
516:
512:
503:
496:
494:
492:
488:
483:
479:
474:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
450:
445:
441:
437:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
408:
404:
395:
388:
386:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
278:
274:
269:
264:
246:78°07′09.63″E
236:
234:
230:
206:
178:
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
143:
136:
135:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
82:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
56:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6911:Out of India
6910:
6842:
6833:Grishneshwar
6802:Bhimashankar
6749:Munneshwaram
6739:Kethishwaram
6672:
6426:Tiruchengode
6420:
6330:Grishneshwar
6325:Bhimashankar
6317:Jyotirlingas
6258:
6169:Kanwar Yatra
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6040:Rudrashtakam
6038:
6031:
6007:
6000:
5995:Shiva Purana
5993:
5986:
5979:
5843:
5759:
5750:10603/135484
5741:
5722:
5702:
5681:
5660:
5639:
5618:
5597:
5578:
5557:
5535:
5515:
5503:. Retrieved
5493:
5472:
5452:
5432:
5412:
5392:
5371:
5351:
5332:
5313:
5293:
5283:
5273:
5254:
5235:
5216:
5197:
5178:
5158:
5138:
5128:
5118:
5106:, retrieved
5090:
5077:. Retrieved
5050:. Retrieved
5023:. Retrieved
5019:the original
4995:
4974:
4953:
4932:
4916:
4897:
4876:
4855:
4838:
4819:
4798:
4777:
4756:
4735:
4714:
4705:Bibliography
4683:
4666:Kinsley 1998
4661:
4649:
4637:
4618:
4599:
4580:
4568:
4556:
4544:
4532:
4520:
4491:. Retrieved
4480:
4471:
4451:
4444:
4424:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4401:the original
4388:
4384:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4318:
4311:
4291:
4284:
4264:
4257:
4237:
4230:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4170:
4158:
4146:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4091:
4047:
4011:
4005:
3993:
3986:Michell 1995
3981:
3969:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3764:
3744:
3737:
3717:
3693:
3681:. Retrieved
3677:the original
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3638:
3603:
3568:
3562:
3542:
3535:
3523:
3503:
3496:
3476:
3469:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3379:
3336:Michell 1995
3331:
3311:
3304:
3284:
3254:
3247:
3227:
3220:
3200:
3193:
3173:
3166:
3146:
3129:Michell 1995
3124:
3085:
3065:
3036:
3016:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:
2949:
2939:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2910:
2904:
2885:
2879:
2869:
2862:
2842:
2820:
2800:
2766:
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2733:
2713:
2709:Diana L. Eck
2703:
2691:
2671:
2664:
2644:
2637:
2617:
2610:
2598:
2578:
2571:
2552:
2504:
2497:
2490:Michell 1995
2485:
2451:
2378:. Retrieved
2369:
2365:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2334:
2324:
2301:
2286:
2251:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2188:
2169:
2159:
2150:
2133:
2123:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2045:
2041:
2016:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1934:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1882:cosmic dance
1873:
1871:
1847:
1844:Significance
1839:
1824:Sangam poets
1781:Durgai Amman
1752:Subramaniyar
1731:63 Nayanmars
1684:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1629:
1625:
1594:
1590:
1531:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1432:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1397:
1393:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1260:garbha griya
1259:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1240:Kinnari vina
1123:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1084:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1008:śilpa śāstra
1005:
999:
993:
961:
948:
936:
920:
904:
902:
897:
894:
890:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
839:
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673:
670:Velliambalam
669:
660:
651:The town of
650:
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592:
588:
580:
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568:
564:
529:
519:Silpa Sastra
518:
508:
486:
475:
470:garbhagrihas
468:
462:
456:
433:
400:
380:
354:, a form of
351:
328:Vaigai River
324:Hindu temple
319:
315:
314:
286:Inscriptions
271:Architecture
243:9°55′10.23″N
29:
6843:Significant
6828:Rameshwaram
6792:Omkareshwar
6744:Koneshwaram
6635:Ksheerarama
6630:Daksharamam
6569:Kaleshwaram
6559:Daksharamam
6473:Other names
6355:Omkareshwar
6340:Mallikarjun
6203:Panch Kedar
6075:Shri Rudram
6061:Sahasranama
4573:Harman 1992
4561:Harman 1992
4549:Bansal 2008
4537:Fuller 2004
4525:Fuller 2004
4513:Fuller 2004
4407:29 November
4211:D. Uma 2015
4096:D. Uma 2015
4084:D. Uma 2015
4069:D. Uma 2015
4040:D. Uma 2015
3998:D. Uma 2015
3962:D. Uma 2015
3935:D. Uma 2015
3889:D. Uma 2015
3874:D. Uma 2015
3769:D. Uma 2015
3528:D. Uma 2015
3117:D. Uma 2015
2982:Harman 1992
2959:shaivam.org
2603:D. Uma 2015
2456:D. Uma 2015
2427:D. Uma 2015
2408:D. Uma 2015
2229:26 February
2102:pillaitamil
1975:nadhaswaram
1966:neivethanam
1935:ratha yatra
1863:Vaishnavism
1744:Lingodbhava
1721:Mahalakshmi
1634:Bikshadanar
1474:Mahabharata
1423:Mahabharata
1004:(Sanskrit:
974:Description
905:Shiva-lilas
738:Chidambaram
730:Hindu kings
722:Malik Kafur
613:South India
591:(fish) and
444:Malik Kafur
258: /
55:Affiliation
7043:Categories
6891:Thiruvarur
6823:Nageshvara
6818:Vaidyanath
6640:Kumararama
6607:Kalpeshwar
6456:Rasalingam
6380:Vishwanath
6375:Vaidyanath
6231:Kalpeshwar
6184:Shiva Puja
6099:Traditions
5897:Tatpurusha
4925:0300062176
4839:Indian Art
4694:0824049462
4654:Datta 2005
4355:Smith 1996
4343:Kumar 2001
3657:23 October
2825:Reddy 2013
2749:20 October
2696:Gopal 1990
2492:, pp. 9-10
2279:Knott 2000
2199:22 October
2181:References
2048:Navarathri
1835:Navagrahas
1828:Vibhoothi
1819:Prathyusha
1796:Sambandhar
1756:Deivayanai
1726:Saraswathi
1704:(Main God)
1679:Navarathri
1583:Karthikeya
1164:The south
915:See also:
858:Hindu king
792:Rebuilding
774:Bukka Raya
750:Rameswaram
724:, and his
657:Sangam era
577:Thadadakai
467:above the
383:Tamil Nadu
336:Tamil Nadu
154:Tamil Nadu
6896:Khajuraho
6797:Kedarnath
6782:Srisailam
6625:Amararama
6597:Rudranath
6587:Kedarnath
6564:Srisailam
6416:Lingaraja
6411:Katas Raj
6350:Nageshvar
6335:Kedarnath
6221:Rudranath
6211:Kedarnath
6009:Tirumurai
5936:Kartikeya
5892:Sadyojata
5643:. Vikas.
5108:9 October
5079:9 October
5052:9 October
5025:6 October
4880:. Wiley.
4138:154135978
3822:: 25–29.
3798:V.K. 2003
3647:0971-751X
3639:The Hindu
3577:cite book
3461:145422778
3453:0026-749X
3372:King 2005
3353:King 2005
2444:King 2005
2291:Rajarajan
2088:Sambandar
2067:Image of
2013:Festivals
1962:alangaram
1958:abhisheka
1854:Meenakshi
1830:Vinayagar
1786:Bhairavar
1696:Meenakshi
1661:lies the
1646:Rajasthan
1535:festival.
1509:Chithirai
1399:Dvarapala
1015:prakarams
958:Post-1923
782:Gangadevi
756:in 1311.
742:Srirangam
531:Meenakshi
526:Etymology
416:Natarajar
344:Meenakshi
294:Elevation
109:Festivals
85:Meenakshi
6886:Thrissur
6866:Lingaraj
6861:Amarnath
6645:Somarama
6592:Tungnath
6491:Category
6396:Amarnath
6269:Chitiram
6264:Thamiram
6249:Rathinam
6216:Tungnath
6179:Pradosha
6116:Kapalika
5941:Devasena
5902:Vamadeva
5887:Nataraja
5877:Harihara
5867:Bhairava
5835:Shaivism
5499:Archived
5099:archived
5070:Archived
5043:Archived
4626:Archived
4607:Archived
4588:Archived
4487:Archived
4130:20619601
3923:Pal 1988
3851:Archived
3683:2 August
3651:Archived
3044:Archived
2743:Archived
2711:(2013).
2474:Archived
2374:Archived
2339:Archived
2294:Archived
2136:Navratri
2069:Sundarar
1994:darshana
1867:Shaktism
1859:Shaivism
1801:Sundarar
1461:kolattam
1378:bronzes.
1366:choultry
1319:Paliarai
1137:gopuram.
1104:gopurams
1088:gopurams
1081:Gopurams
1024:choultry
821:choultry
554:மீனாட்சி
539:मीनाक्षी
535:Sanskrit
497:Location
478:Shaivism
458:gopurams
405:Emperor
389:Overview
376:Nayanars
145:Location
131:Features
66:District
60:Hinduism
49:Religion
7007:Bangkok
6901:More...
6871:Gokarna
6777:Somnath
6468:Vibhuti
6365:Somnath
6068:Chalisa
5931:Ganesha
5924:Parvati
5854:Deities
5845:History
5505:26 July
4493:23 June
4187:Ki 1963
4151:Ki 1963
3418:2928680
3384:V. 1995
2767:Chennai
2471:Madurai
2380:23 June
2345:23 June
2024:wedding
1906:Worship
1890:ambalam
1776:Siddhar
1587:Ganesha
1581:Kama),
1465:sangili
1394:gopuram
1326:Murugan
1307:kurinis
1305:(three
1287:Vimanam
1236:alapini
1205:Shrines
1194:Puranas
1166:gopuram
1108:gopuram
1100:gopuram
1092:gopuram
996:Madurai
966:of the
927:kamuthi
734:Madurai
653:Madurai
639:History
561:
546:
511:Chennai
464:vimanas
442:led by
428:gopuram
420:Ayyanar
411:Gopuram
403:Pandyan
360:Madurai
348:Parvati
332:Madurai
302:Website
289:over 40
160:Country
89:Parvati
70:Madurai
6881:Vaikom
6501:Portal
6463:Siddha
6451:Lingam
6389:Others
6121:Aghori
6024:Stotra
6020:Mantra
5909:Shakti
5882:Ishana
5768:
5729:
5710:
5689:
5668:
5647:
5626:
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2964:2 June
2892:
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2586:
2559:
2512:
2259:
2120:Telugu
1494:Siddar
1425:, the
1414:Shakti
1299:kurini
1291:Ganesh
1278:palaki
1028:Sangam
923:Nadars
834:ruler
661:Koodal
633:Vishnu
615:where
607:Legend
593:aatchi
587:words
482:Vishnu
364:Sangam
6259:Velli
6126:Kaula
5972:Texts
5953:Nandi
5946:Valli
5862:Shiva
5102:(PDF)
5095:(PDF)
5073:(PDF)
5066:(PDF)
5046:(PDF)
5039:(PDF)
4391:(2).
4134:S2CID
4126:JSTOR
3457:S2CID
3414:JSTOR
2372:(6).
2142:Notes
2073:Appar
1986:Vedas
1981:tavil
1917:ratha
1886:velli
1813:with
1791:Appar
1760:Valli
1754:with
1490:Durga
1360:Halls
1270:Andal
1267:Alvar
1184:1963.
1041:Walls
847:Surya
754:Delhi
625:Yajna
617:Shiva
585:Tamil
575:name
573:Tamil
569:akshi
550:Tamil
487:ratha
372:Shiva
356:Shiva
340:India
164:India
150:State
99:Shiva
77:Deity
5919:Sati
5766:ISBN
5727:ISBN
5708:ISBN
5687:ISBN
5666:ISBN
5645:ISBN
5624:ISBN
5603:ISBN
5583:ISBN
5564:ISBN
5541:ISBN
5520:ISBN
5507:2017
5478:ISBN
5457:ISBN
5438:ISBN
5417:ISBN
5398:ISBN
5377:ISBN
5356:ISBN
5337:ISBN
5318:ISBN
5299:ISBN
5259:ISBN
5240:ISBN
5221:ISBN
5202:ISBN
5183:ISBN
5164:ISBN
5143:ISBN
5110:2011
5081:2011
5054:2011
5027:2012
5001:ISBN
4980:ISBN
4959:ISBN
4938:ISBN
4921:ISBN
4903:ISBN
4882:ISBN
4861:ISBN
4843:ISBN
4825:ISBN
4804:ISBN
4783:ISBN
4762:ISBN
4741:ISBN
4720:ISBN
4689:ISBN
4495:2021
4457:ISBN
4430:ISBN
4409:2016
4324:ISBN
4297:ISBN
4270:ISBN
4243:ISBN
4016:ISBN
3750:ISBN
3723:ISBN
3685:2021
3659:2020
3643:ISSN
3609:ISBN
3583:link
3548:ISBN
3509:ISBN
3482:ISBN
3449:ISSN
3317:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3260:ISBN
3233:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3179:ISBN
3152:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3022:ISBN
2966:2023
2890:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2751:2017
2719:ISBN
2677:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2584:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2382:2021
2347:2021
2257:ISBN
2231:2019
2201:2020
2075:and
2053:golu
2003:Thai
1999:Aadi
1912:puja
1861:and
1817:and
1815:Usha
1758:and
1653:The
1624:The
1596:yali
1499:The
1486:Kali
1480:The
589:meen
565:mina
559:lit.
544:lit.
515:IATA
424:Kali
276:Type
6254:Pon
5746:hdl
4393:doi
4118:doi
3824:doi
3441:doi
3406:doi
2370:XXI
1628:or
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