136:
removing the Y chromosome (and therefore males) from the population. The idea that meiotic drivers and their suppressors may govern speciation is supported by observations that mouse Y chromosomes lacking certain genetic loci produce female-biased offspring, implying these loci encode suppressors of drive. Moreover, matings of certain mouse strains used in research results in unequal offspring ratios. One gene responsible for sex ratio distortion in mice is r2d2 (
149:
185:) has been identified, though the mechanism by which it acts is still unknown. The strong selective pressure imposed by these driving X chromosomes has given rise to suppressors of drive, of which the genes are somewhat known for Winters, Durham, and Paris. These suppressors encode hairpin RNAs which match the sequence of driver genes (such as
670:
Didion JP, Morgan AP, Clayshulte AM, Mcmullan RC, Yadgary L, Petkov PM, Bell TA, Gatti DM, Crowley JJ, Hua K, Aylor DL, Bai L, Calaway M, Chesler EJ, French JE, Geiger TR, Gooch TJ, Garland T, Harrill AH, Hunter K, McMillan L, Holt M, Miller DR, O'Brien DA, Paigen K, Pan W, Rowe LB, Shaw GD, Simecek
135:
Early observations of mouse t-haplotypes by Mary Lyon described numerous genetic loci on chromosome 17 that suppress X-chromosome sex ratio distortion. If a driver is left unchecked, this may lead to population extinction as the population would fix for the driver (e.g. a selfish X chromosome),
42:
over another, regardless of its phenotypic expression. More simply, meiotic drive is when one copy of a gene is passed on to offspring more than the expected 50% of the time. According to
Buckler et al., "Meiotic drive is the subversion of meiosis so that particular genes are preferentially
119:), which dictate that there is a random chance of each allele being passed on to offspring. Examples of selfish drive genes in animals have primarily been found in rodents and flies. These drive systems could play important roles in the process of
407:
Dawe RK, Lowry EG, Gent JI, Stitzer MC, Swentowsky KW, Higgins DM, Ross-Ibarra J, Wallace JG, Kanizay LB, Alabady M, Qiu W, Tseng KF, Wang N, Gao Z, Birchler JA, Harkess AE, Hodges AL, Hiatt EN (May 2018).
99:
outperforms the endogenous kinesins, pulling the 150 bp knobs to the poles faster than the centromeres and causing Ab10 to be preferentially inherited during meiosis
181:), where the allele of the driving copy fails to prepare the male Y chromosome for meiosis. In Winters, the gene responsible ("Distorter on the X" or
71:
kernels - in a maize line carrying abnormal chromosome 10 (Ab10). Ab10 differs from the normal chromosome 10 by the presence of a 150-base pair
841:"X-chromosome meiotic drive in Drosophila simulans: a QTL approach reveals the complex polygenic determinism of Paris drive suppression"
533:
Lyon MF (1984). "Transmission ratio distortion in mouse t-haplotypes is due to multiple distorter genes acting on a responder locus".
140:– responder to meiotic drive 2), which predicts which strains of mice can successfully breed without offspring sex ratio distortion.
92:
177:, called Paris, Durham, and Winters. In Paris, the driving gene encodes a DNA modelling protein ("heterochromatin protein 1 D2" or
160:
have had ecological consequences. Driving X chromosomes lead to reductions in male fecundity and mating success, leading to
161:
116:
43:
transmitted to the progeny. Meiotic drive generally causes the preferential segregation of small regions of the genome".
167:
Multiple species of fruit fly are known to have driving X chromosomes, of which the best-characterized are found in
79:
during division (hence called 'neocentromere') and moves to the spindle poles faster than the centromeres during
95:
motor, displaying quicker minus-end directed motility than an endogenous kinesin-14, such as Kin11. As a result
199:
205:
716:
56:
52:
23:
1025:"Suppression of Sex-Ratio Meiotic Drive and the Maintenance of Y-Chromosome Polymorphism in Drosophila"
673:"A multi-megabase copy number gain causes maternal transmission ratio distortion on mouse chromosome 2"
576:
Lyon MF (1986). "Male sterility of the mouse t-complex is due to homozygosity of the distorter genes".
890:"The hpRNA/RNAi Pathway Is Essential to Resolve Intragenomic Conflict in the Drosophila Male Germline"
780:
Helleu Q, Gérard PR, Dubruille R, Ogereau D, Prud'homme B, Loppin B, Montchamp-Moreau C (April 2016).
793:
361:
217:
211:
169:
782:"Rapid evolution of a Y-chromosome heterochromatin protein underlies sex chromosome meiotic drive"
619:
Cocquet J, Ellis PJ, Yamauchi Y, Mahadevaiah SK, Affara NA, Ward MA, Burgoyne PS (November 2009).
601:
558:
466:
112:
737:
621:"The multicopy gene Sly represses the sex chromosomes in the male mouse germline after meiosis"
1111:
1087:
1046:
1005:
956:
919:
870:
821:
762:
704:
652:
593:
550:
515:
431:
389:
330:
281:
137:
124:
1077:
1036:
995:
987:
946:
909:
901:
888:
Lin CJ, Hu F, Dubruille R, Vedanayagam J, Wen J, Smibert P, Loppin B, Lai EC (August 2018).
860:
852:
811:
801:
752:
694:
684:
642:
632:
585:
542:
505:
497:
458:
421:
379:
369:
320:
312:
271:
263:
250:
Buckler ES, Phelps-Durr TL, Buckler CS, Dawe RK, Doebley JF, Holtsford TP (September 1999).
190:
157:
27:
717:"R2d2 beats Mendel: Scientists find selfish gene that breaks long-held law of inheritance"
127:) may arise from the divergent evolution of sex chromosome drivers and their suppressors.
72:
839:
Courret C, Gérard PR, Ogereau D, Falque M, Moreau L, Montchamp-Moreau C (December 2018).
797:
365:
1041:
1024:
1000:
975:
914:
889:
865:
840:
816:
781:
699:
672:
647:
620:
510:
485:
384:
349:
325:
300:
276:
251:
1105:
757:
589:
546:
108:
107:
The unequal inheritance of gametes has been observed since the 1950s, in contrast to
738:"Fitness effects of X chromosome drive in the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni"
605:
562:
470:
230:
1066:"X chromosome drive in a widespread Palearctic woodland fly, Drosophila testacea"
905:
689:
637:
267:
991:
501:
316:
64:
786:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
426:
410:"A Kinesin-14 Motor Activates Neocentromeres to Promote Meiotic Drive in Maize"
409:
856:
736:
Wilkinson GS, Johns PM, Kelleher ES, Muscedere ML, Lorsong A (November 2006).
120:
83:
I and II. The mechanism for this was later found to involve the activity of a
76:
806:
221:, emphasizing the importance of these drive systems in natural populations.
148:
1091:
1050:
1009:
923:
874:
825:
766:
708:
656:
519:
435:
393:
374:
334:
285:
960:
597:
554:
951:
938:
976:"The Genetic Systems Modifying Meiotic Drive in Drosophila Paramelanica"
449:
Sandler L, Novitski E (1957). "Meiotic Drive as an
Evolutionary Force".
84:
80:
39:
35:
1082:
1065:
31:
462:
147:
68:
38:
process in such a way as to favor the transmission of one or more
939:"Autosomal suppressors of sex-ratio in Drosophila mediopunctata"
60:
16:
Preferential transmission of alleles over others during meiosis
252:"Meiotic drive of chromosomal knobs reshaped the maize genome"
164:
maintaining both the driving alleles and wild-type alleles.
484:
Helleu Q, Gérard PR, Montchamp-Moreau C (December 2014).
1064:
Keais GL, Hanson MA, Gowen BE, Perlman SJ (June 2017).
173:. Three independent driving X chromosomes are known in
197:
sequence. Autosomal suppressors of drive are known in
1029:
Evolution; International
Journal of Organic Evolution
123:. For instance, the proposal that hybrid sterility (
63:controlling the production of the purple pigment
8:
937:de Carvalho AB, Klaczko LB (November 1993).
51:The first report of meiotic drive came from
75:region called 'knob', which functions as a
490:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
1081:
1040:
999:
950:
913:
864:
815:
805:
756:
698:
688:
646:
636:
509:
425:
383:
373:
350:"On the anaphase movement of chromosomes"
324:
275:
242:
7:
55:who in 1942 observed a violation of
348:Rhoades, M.M.; Vilkomerson (1942).
301:"Preferential Segregation in Maize"
1042:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05342.x
34:will affect a manipulation of the
14:
91:). Kindr protein is a functional
758:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01169.x
671:P, et al. (February 2015).
87:-14 gene called Kinesin driver (
1070:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
745:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
111:'s First and Second Laws (the
1:
162:frequency dependent selection
117:law of independent assortment
974:Stalker HD (February 1961).
906:10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.004
690:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004850
638:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000244
590:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90770-1
547:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90393-3
1023:Jaenike J (February 1999).
502:10.1101/cshperspect.a017616
59:ratios for the R locus - a
1128:
945:. 71 ( Pt 5) (5): 546–51.
427:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.009
268:10.1093/genetics/153.1.415
992:10.1093/genetics/46.2.177
857:10.1038/s41437-018-0163-1
317:10.1093/genetics/27.4.395
299:Rhoades MM (July 1942).
200:Drosophila mediopunctata
103:Meiotic drive in animals
807:10.1073/pnas.1519332113
451:The American Naturalist
206:Drosophila paramelanica
156:Selfish chromosomes of
47:Meiotic drive in plants
486:"Sex chromosome drive"
375:10.1073/pnas.28.10.433
153:
144:Meiotic drive in flies
26:, whereby one or more
354:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci
151:
131:Meiotic drive in mice
57:Mendelian segregation
24:intragenomic conflict
952:10.1038/hdy.1993.174
723:. February 11, 2015.
193:pathways to degrade
798:2016PNAS..113.4110H
366:1942PNAS...28..433R
218:Drosophila testacea
212:Drosophila quinaria
170:Drosophila simulans
894:Developmental Cell
420:(4): 839–850.e18.
154:
113:law of segregation
93:minus-end directed
1083:10.1111/jeb.13089
900:(3): 316–326.e5.
1119:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1076:(6): 1185–1194.
1061:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1003:
971:
965:
964:
954:
934:
928:
927:
917:
885:
879:
878:
868:
836:
830:
829:
819:
809:
777:
771:
770:
760:
742:
733:
727:
724:
712:
702:
692:
667:
661:
660:
650:
640:
631:(11): e1000244.
616:
610:
609:
573:
567:
566:
530:
524:
523:
513:
481:
475:
474:
457:(857): 105–110.
446:
440:
439:
429:
404:
398:
397:
387:
377:
345:
339:
338:
328:
296:
290:
289:
279:
247:
191:RNA interference
189:), leading host
158:stalk-eyed flies
152:A stalk-eyed fly
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1022:
1021:
1017:
973:
972:
968:
936:
935:
931:
887:
886:
882:
838:
837:
833:
779:
778:
774:
740:
735:
734:
730:
715:
683:(2): e1004850.
669:
668:
664:
618:
617:
613:
575:
574:
570:
532:
531:
527:
483:
482:
478:
448:
447:
443:
406:
405:
401:
360:(10): 433–436.
347:
346:
342:
298:
297:
293:
249:
248:
244:
239:
227:
146:
133:
105:
73:heterochromatic
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1056:
1035:(1): 164–174.
1015:
986:(2): 177–202.
966:
929:
880:
851:(6): 906–915.
831:
792:(15): 4110–5.
772:
751:(6): 1851–60.
728:
726:
725:
662:
611:
584:(2): 357–363.
568:
541:(2): 621–628.
525:
496:(2): a017616.
476:
463:10.1086/281969
441:
399:
340:
311:(4): 395–407.
291:
241:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
226:
223:
145:
142:
132:
129:
125:Haldane's rule
104:
101:
53:Marcus Rhoades
48:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
967:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
933:
930:
925:
921:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
881:
876:
872:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
835:
832:
827:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
773:
768:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
739:
732:
729:
722:
718:
714:
713:
710:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
682:
678:
677:PLOS Genetics
674:
666:
663:
658:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
529:
526:
521:
517:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
445:
442:
437:
433:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
400:
395:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
344:
341:
336:
332:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
295:
292:
287:
283:
278:
273:
269:
265:
262:(1): 415–26.
261:
257:
253:
246:
243:
236:
232:
229:
228:
224:
222:
220:
219:
214:
213:
208:
207:
202:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:
165:
163:
159:
150:
143:
141:
139:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:Gregor Mendel
102:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
22:is a type of
21:
20:Meiotic drive
1073:
1069:
1059:
1032:
1028:
1018:
983:
979:
969:
942:
932:
897:
893:
883:
848:
844:
834:
789:
785:
775:
748:
744:
731:
720:
680:
676:
665:
628:
625:PLOS Biology
624:
614:
581:
577:
571:
538:
534:
528:
493:
489:
479:
454:
450:
444:
417:
413:
402:
357:
353:
343:
308:
304:
294:
259:
255:
245:
231:Fixed allele
216:
210:
204:
198:
194:
186:
182:
178:
174:
168:
166:
155:
134:
106:
96:
88:
50:
19:
18:
175:D. simulans
65:anthocyanin
237:References
121:speciation
77:centromere
30:within a
1112:Genetics
1106:Category
1092:28402000
1051:28565182
1010:17248041
980:Genetics
943:Heredity
924:30086302
875:30518968
845:Heredity
826:26979956
767:17040382
721:Phys.org
709:25679959
657:19918361
606:30795392
563:21065216
520:25524548
471:85014310
436:29628142
394:16588574
335:17247049
305:Genetics
286:10471723
256:Genetics
225:See also
115:and the
1001:1210188
961:8276637
915:6114144
866:6781156
817:4839453
794:Bibcode
700:4334553
648:2770110
598:3943128
555:6722884
511:4315933
385:1078510
362:Bibcode
326:1209167
277:1460728
85:kinesin
81:meiosis
40:alleles
36:meiotic
1090:
1049:
1008:
998:
959:
922:
912:
873:
863:
824:
814:
765:
707:
697:
655:
645:
604:
596:
561:
553:
518:
508:
469:
434:
392:
382:
333:
323:
284:
274:
215:, and
32:genome
741:(PDF)
602:S2CID
559:S2CID
467:S2CID
179:HP1D2
97:Kindr
89:Kindr
69:maize
1088:PMID
1047:PMID
1006:PMID
957:PMID
920:PMID
871:PMID
822:PMID
763:PMID
705:PMID
653:PMID
594:PMID
578:Cell
551:PMID
535:Cell
516:PMID
432:PMID
414:Cell
390:PMID
331:PMID
282:PMID
138:r2d2
61:gene
28:loci
1078:doi
1037:doi
996:PMC
988:doi
947:doi
910:PMC
902:doi
861:PMC
853:doi
849:122
812:PMC
802:doi
790:113
753:doi
695:PMC
685:doi
643:PMC
633:doi
586:doi
543:doi
506:PMC
498:doi
459:doi
422:doi
418:173
380:PMC
370:doi
321:PMC
313:doi
272:PMC
264:doi
260:153
195:Dox
187:Dox
183:Dox
67:in
1108::
1086:.
1074:30
1072:.
1068:.
1045:.
1033:53
1031:.
1027:.
1004:.
994:.
984:46
982:.
978:.
955:.
941:.
918:.
908:.
898:46
896:.
892:.
869:.
859:.
847:.
843:.
820:.
810:.
800:.
788:.
784:.
761:.
749:19
747:.
743:.
719:.
703:.
693:.
681:11
679:.
675:.
651:.
641:.
627:.
623:.
600:.
592:.
582:44
580:.
557:.
549:.
539:37
537:.
514:.
504:.
492:.
488:.
465:.
455:91
453:.
430:.
416:.
412:.
388:.
378:.
368:.
358:28
356:.
352:.
329:.
319:.
309:27
307:.
303:.
280:.
270:.
258:.
254:.
209:,
203:,
1094:.
1080::
1053:.
1039::
1012:.
990::
963:.
949::
926:.
904::
877:.
855::
828:.
804::
796::
769:.
755::
711:.
687::
659:.
635::
629:7
608:.
588::
565:.
545::
522:.
500::
494:7
473:.
461::
438:.
424::
396:.
372::
364::
337:.
315::
288:.
266::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
