115:
356:
108:
421:
291:
42:
572:
control both the position of vents and that of dry valleys in the field. There are both northeast-southwest, east-west and northwest-southeast trends, in order of decreasing importance. These lineaments have been active at different times, indicating changes in the regional tectonic stress field.
310:, which form a 400-metre (1,300 ft) thick pile in the middle of the field in the form of a plateau. The central area lies at higher elevations than the peripheral parts of the volcanic field and its maximum elevation is 1,800 metres (6,000 ft). It features fallout and
2055:
Lucassen, Friedrich; Pudlo, Dieter; Franz, Gerhard; Romer, RolfL.; Dulski, Peter (1 January 2013). "Cenozoic intra-plate magmatism in the Darfur volcanic province: mantle source, phonolite-trachyte genesis and relation to other volcanic provinces in NE Africa".
675:
make up most of the erupted material. Pyroclastics and lava flows of phonolitic and trachytic composition form the "mesa" flows and are concentrated in the central part of the field. The more differentiated rocks are prevalent in the more recent rocks.
803:
may or may not exist; but legends of the Midob recall that many generations ago, fire erupted from the Malha crater, and that water levels within its lake underwent changes accompanied by sounds. These legends may reflect recent volcanic activity.
848:, at Malha 8,290 before present. At Malha to episodes of partial or complete dry-up occurred, the first about 7,000 years before present and the second 2,300 - 2,200 years before present. Today only Malha crater still contains a body of water.
1951:
Franz, Gerhard; Breitkreuz, Christoph; Coyle, David A.; El Hur, Bushra; Heinrich, Wilhelm; Paulick, Holger; Pudlo, Dieter; Smith, Robyn; Steiner, Gesine (August 1997). "The alkaline Meidob volcanic field (Late
Cenozoic, northwest Sudan)".
995:
1111:
Geißler, Marion; Breitkreuz, Christoph; Kiersnowski, Hubert (1 September 2008). "Late
Paleozoic volcanism in the central part of the Southern Permian Basin (NE Germany, W Poland): facies distribution and volcano-topographic hiati".
538:. These rocks in Meidob are concealed beneath recent volcanic rocks, but eruptions in the field have carried large blocks of basement rock to the surface, and the sediments are exposed in craters such as the Malha crater.
670:
The total volume of erupted rocks is about 1,400–1,800 cubic kilometres (340–430 cu mi), which was erupted at rates per millennium of 0.2–0.5 cubic kilometres (0.05–0.12 cu mi). Basalt and basanite
746:, yielding ages of 6.8 ± 0.2 and 6.5 ± 0.2 million years ago. The Jebel Sireif vent has yielded ages of 1.3 ± 0.4 to 0.6 ± 0.2 million years ago. Volcanism at first took the form of lava emissions. Later, during the
820:
were active in Meidob, producing widespread sedimentary covers especially at the margins of the field. A number of wadis extend radially away from the centre of the Meidob volcanic field and carry water during
433:
The southwestern and northern side of the Meidob volcanic field drain into the Wadi Harra and subsequently into the Wadi Magrur, which flows northeastward when it carries water. In the present day most of the
417:, and in the northeast side of the Malha crater a lava flow of the Jebel Sowidor lava field has invaded the crater depression. There are other deep and wide craters in the field besides Malha.
321:
The lava flows are between several metres to several tens of metres thick and reach lengths of more than 20 kilometres (12 mi). The less eroded lava flows have surface features typical of
402:
1,050 metres (3,440 ft) wide. It has been excavated into the basement rock beneath the volcanic field, and is itself surrounded by a rim less than 30 metres (100 ft) high.
715:, with precipitation at Malha amounting to 170 millimetres per year (6.7 in/year) mostly during summer months. During the early Holocene between 6,000 and 12,000 years ago,
699:
materials have been used to explain the genesis of differentiated magmas from the basanitic precursor, with additional processes generating the basaltic and hawaiitic magmas.
352:. The scoria cones are typically about 80 metres (260 ft) high and 500–1,500 metres (1,600–4,900 ft) wide at their base. Many lava flows originate in a scoria cone.
1989:
Franz, G.; Pudlo, D.; Urlacher, G.; Haussmann, U.; Boven, A.; Wemmer, K. (1 October 1994). "The Darfur Dome, western Sudan: the product of a subcontinental mantle plume".
207:
Volcanic activity in Meidob began 6.8 million years ago and continued into the
Holocene, with the most recent eruptions dated to 4,900 ± 520 years ago. There are no
329:. Other lava flows constitute so-called "mesa" flows such as Jebel Arfinur and Jebel Sireir, which are characterized by oval or circular shapes and steep flanks.
829:. Winds transport sediments onto old lava flows and volcanic landforms, but owing to its youth many landforms of the Midob volcanic field are little eroded.
188:
deposits are also common. Among the vents is the Malha crater, which presently contains a small lake. The volcanic field has erupted rocks ranging from
267:
is 220 kilometres (140 mi) south-southwest from it. The Meidob volcanic field is one among several volcanic fields in northern Africa, such as
2101:
Mees, Florias; Verschuren, Dirk; Nijs, Roger; Dumont, Henri (1 January 1991). "Holocene evolution of the crater lake at Malha, Northwest Sudan".
477:, explaining why volcanism began between Jebel Marra and Meidob and then continued in these two fields, which are at opposite sides of the dome.
707:
Average yearly temperatures at Malha range between 21–29 °C (70–84 °F). The Meidob volcanic field lies at the southern margin of the
469:
the most likely explanation is a mantle plume. The location of the volcanism triggered by this plume would be controlled more by the tectonic
2163:
1756:
465:
processes are responsible for volcanism in northern Africa; in the case of the Darfur dome volcanic fields such as Jebel Marra, Meidob and
1882:
Adelberger, Jörg (1991). "Salzherstellung und
Salzhandel im Gebiet des Jebel Marra (Darfur/Sudan): Der Rückgang eines lokalen Gewerbes".
484:
has also been proposed but it has been contested on because of a lack of evidence supporting it. Other proposals include the presence of
64:
1845:
1658:
107:
996:"Roland Werner, Tìdn-áal: a study of Midob (Darfur-Nubian). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1993, 169 pp., DM68, ISBN 3 496 02507 7"
302:
which covers an area of 100 by 50 kilometres (62 mi × 31 mi) in east-west direction. The field consists of
1739:
Khadam, A. M. A.; Ramadan, K.; Hamouda, E. A. (2018). "Geothermal
Mainstream Adoption through Risk Mitigation in Sudan".
57:
1863:
366:
2183:
172:, which cover an area of 100 by 50 kilometres (62 mi × 31 mi) and emanate from about 700 vents, mainly
211:
manifestations at Meidob, but legends of the local people imply that they witnessed volcanic eruptions in the field.
789:
2193:
932:
720:
937:
565:
features. The oldest volcanic activity in the region has been dated to 36 million years ago at Jebel Kussa.
359:
Southwestern corner of the Meidob volcanic field; dark spot right of centre is the lake in the Malha crater
743:
1914:
Franz, G (3 May 1999). "Plume related alkaline magmatism in central Africa—the Meidob Hills (W Sudan)".
504:
Jebel Marra and Meidob lie on an uplifted basement known as the Darfur dome, which consists of various
355:
2110:
2065:
1998:
1961:
1923:
1741:
2018 International
Conference on Computer, Control, Electrical, and Electronics Engineering (ICCCEEE)
1121:
716:
260:
208:
832:
During the early and middle
Holocene a number of craters contained lakes; some of these have left
726:
The lava fields are mostly barren, with the vegetation of the Meidob volcanic field consisting of
493:
2134:
2089:
2043:
2022:
1891:
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1145:
1076:
1031:
1023:
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546:
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2159:
2126:
2081:
2014:
1977:
1939:
1841:
1752:
1654:
1137:
1015:
813:
153:. It is one of several volcanic fields in Africa whose origin is explained by the activity of
2151:
2118:
2073:
2006:
1969:
1931:
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535:
311:
185:
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481:
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244:
220:
197:
158:
1649:
Mercuri, Anna Maria; D'Andrea, A. Catherine; Fornaciari, Rita; Höhn, Alexa (2018-07-31).
442:, in past wet periods they reached the Wadi Magrur. In turn, Wadi Magrur discharged into
2114:
2069:
2002:
1965:
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845:
517:
299:
142:
1973:
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2138:
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2026:
1149:
1056:
1035:
980:
692:
688:
474:
326:
303:
287:, some of which are considered to be part of a northeast-trending volcanic province.
272:
231:". It is also a misspelling of "Midob", such as in "Meidob people" which is actually
17:
1766:
420:
684:
630:
489:
466:
458:
439:
363:
About thirty maars and craters are found in the field, including the Malha crater (
232:
173:
154:
1748:
1469:
1467:
822:
562:
554:
520:
513:
509:
349:
280:
201:
41:
927:
895:
However, a lava flow that enters this crater has yielded dates older than this.
2155:
2077:
1133:
841:
800:
642:
618:
594:
443:
315:
307:
169:
2130:
2085:
2018:
1981:
1943:
1406:
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381:
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79:
66:
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1258:
1245:
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1237:
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883:
862:, and the Fur people obtained salt from the Malha crater. This crater is an
833:
731:
672:
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531:
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345:
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1837:
1620:
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1484:
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1218:
1216:
742:
The oldest volcanic rocks in the Meidob volcanic field have been dated by
488:. Volcanism elsewhere in northeast Africa has also been attributed to the
1559:
1557:
1180:
1178:
859:
837:
796:
747:
734:. Woodland grows along the course of wadis and sometimes within craters.
664:
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622:
614:
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586:
542:
528:
193:
189:
139:
2047:
1895:
1651:
Plants and People in the
African Past: Progress in African Archaeobotany
761:
dating giving a series of eruptions at the following dates (years ago):
2122:
2010:
1080:
1027:
817:
653:
638:
558:
505:
462:
447:
414:
322:
284:
972:
826:
708:
634:
582:
276:
162:
146:
1864:"Holocene Sediments of the Crater Lake at Malha, Northwestern Sudan"
1072:
1011:
964:
863:
727:
723:
in the Meidob area may have supplied water to their surroundings.
712:
419:
354:
289:
268:
248:
228:
150:
951:
Arkell, A. J. (1951). "An Old Nubian
Inscription from Kordofan".
438:
draining the Meidob northeastward such as Wadi Umm Afarit end in
435:
406:
341:
337:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1329:
1327:
784:
One of these recent eruptions had an intensity similar to a
1500:
1410:
1287:
1726:
1714:
1594:
1582:
1524:
1512:
1473:
1345:
1318:
1306:
1268:
1249:
1207:
1169:
424:
Topographic map of the volcanic field south-west of Meidob
858:
The Meidob volcanic field was likely used as a source of
750:
to
Holocene, it was dominated by pyroclastics and lavas.
1636:
1624:
1488:
1222:
1184:
844:. The formation of these lakes began about 12,100 years
1563:
1458:
1059:(1933). "A Further Journey Through the Libyan Desert".
1605:
1603:
1094:
1092:
1090:
866:
and was also a source of water for the Midob people.
161:
structures. Meidob lies at the southern margin of the
541:
The Meidob volcanic field and Jebel Marra with their
753:
The field has been active during the Holocene, with
1828:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, ed. (1999-10-20).
95:
56:
51:
34:
1862:
235:. The Midob people live in the Meidob hills area.
2034:Lampen, E. (1928). "A Short Account of Meidob".
480:Alternatively, an origin as an intracontinental
2146:Pachur, Hans-Joachim; Altmann, Norbert (2006).
314:deposits in addition to cones and lava flows.
1815:
1803:
1791:
1690:
1678:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1333:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
114:
8:
617:are present in the eruption products, while
561:age respectively. Erosion has exposed their
294:Topographic map of the Meidob volcanic field
168:The volcanic field is formed by overlapping
792:of 4 has been assigned to some eruptions.
613:suite of volcanic rocks. Various types of
31:
1861:Mees, Florias; Richardson, Nigel (1994).
1830:Nordost-Afrika: Strukturen und Ressourcen
46:The Meidob volcanic field seen from space
398:about 150 metres (490 ft) deep and
2058:International Journal of Earth Sciences
1114:International Journal of Earth Sciences
908:
875:
473:field than by the slow movement of the
1779:
1098:
581:The Meidob volcanic field has erupted
332:The field has about 700 vents such as
1702:
1609:
1548:
1536:
1446:
1434:
1422:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
825:, transporting sediment and floating
717:precipitation was considerably higher
7:
219:The term "Meidob" is derived from a
263:are near the volcanic field, while
243:The Meidob volcanic field lies in
25:
1954:Journal of African Earth Sciences
836:sediments and were populated by
765:14,600 ± 6,600 to 12,200 ± 3,300
446:, leading to the development of
113:
106:
40:
953:American Journal of Archaeology
549:and Tagabo Hills, which are of
545:eruptions are younger than the
409:lake in the middle and several
27:Volcanic field in Darfur, Sudan
768:10,100 ± 1,400 at Malha crater
1:
1974:10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00103-6
1936:10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00195-8
399:
2148:Die Ostsahara im Spätquartär
1869:Special Publications of SEPM
1749:10.1109/ICCCEEE.2018.8515898
771:8,000 ± 1,600 to 7,200 ± 720
2150:(in German). SpringerLink.
683:melts, which may involve a
239:Geography and geomorphology
157:and their interaction with
2215:
1832:(in German). p. 421.
994:Bender, M. Lionel (1995).
790:volcanic explosivity index
196:and rises from a tectonic
2156:10.1007/978-3-540-47625-2
2103:Journal of Paleolimnology
2078:10.1007/s00531-012-0792-1
1816:Pachur & Altmann 2006
1804:Pachur & Altmann 2006
1792:Pachur & Altmann 2006
1691:Pachur & Altmann 2006
1679:Pachur & Altmann 2006
1653:. Springer. p. 225.
1394:Pachur & Altmann 2006
1382:Pachur & Altmann 2006
1370:Pachur & Altmann 2006
1358:Pachur & Altmann 2006
1334:Pachur & Altmann 2006
1134:10.1007/s00531-007-0288-6
679:Basanite is a product of
100:
39:
1061:The Geographical Journal
933:Global Volcanism Program
777:possibly 5,070 and 5,020
721:orographic precipitation
247:and is part of northern
2036:Sudan Notes and Records
938:Smithsonian Institution
928:"Meidob Volcanic Field"
812:Apart from volcanism,
744:potassium-argon dating
703:Climate and vegetation
425:
360:
318:occur in some places.
295:
1991:Geologische Rundschau
1838:10.1002/9783527609789
423:
358:
293:
136:Meidob volcanic field
121:Meidob volcanic field
35:Meidob volcanic field
18:Meidob Volcanic Field
1564:Lucassen et al. 2013
1459:Lucassen et al. 2013
816:processes and water
808:Non-volcanic history
799:in the field, while
695:and assimilation of
2115:1991JPall...5..227M
2070:2013IJEaS.102..183L
2003:1994GeoRu..83..614F
1966:1997JAfES..25..263F
1928:1999ChGeo.157...27F
1476:, pp. 265–267.
1126:2008IJEaS..97..973G
378: /
76: /
2184:Volcanoes of Sudan
2123:10.1007/BF00200347
2011:10.1007/BF01083232
755:thermoluminescence
691:processes in deep
426:
361:
348:and most commonly
296:
52:Highest point
2165:978-3-540-47625-2
1758:978-1-5386-4123-1
1727:Franz et al. 1997
1715:Franz et al. 1997
1595:Franz et al. 1997
1583:Franz et al. 1997
1525:Franz et al. 1997
1513:Franz et al. 1997
1501:Franz et al. 1994
1474:Franz et al. 1997
1411:Franz et al. 1994
1346:Franz et al. 1997
1319:Franz et al. 1997
1307:Franz et al. 1997
1288:Franz et al. 1994
1269:Franz et al. 1997
1250:Franz et al. 1997
1208:Franz et al. 1997
1170:Franz et al. 1997
536:Nubian Sandstones
405:Malha contains a
382:15.133°N 26.167°E
133:
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786:Plinian eruption
759:tephrochronology
738:Eruption history
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393:
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312:pyroclastic flow
186:pyroclastic flow
182:pyroclastic fall
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1073:10.2307/1785658
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482:triple junction
456:
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251:. The towns of
245:northern Darfur
241:
221:Nubian language
217:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
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123:
122:
118:
84:
82:
80:15.32°N 26.47°E
78:
75:
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67:
65:
63:
62:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2186:
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2171:
2170:
2164:
2143:
2109:(3): 227–253.
2098:
2064:(1): 183–205.
2052:
2031:
1997:(3): 614–623.
1986:
1960:(2): 263–291.
1948:
1922:(1–2): 27–47.
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1874:
1853:
1846:
1820:
1818:, p. 291.
1808:
1806:, p. 465.
1796:
1794:, p. 271.
1784:
1772:
1757:
1731:
1729:, p. 279.
1719:
1717:, p. 273.
1707:
1695:
1693:, p. 272.
1683:
1681:, p. 268.
1666:
1659:
1641:
1639:, p. 249.
1629:
1627:, p. 231.
1614:
1599:
1597:, p. 287.
1587:
1585:, p. 288.
1568:
1566:, p. 189.
1553:
1541:
1529:
1527:, p. 289.
1517:
1515:, p. 267.
1505:
1503:, p. 618.
1493:
1491:, p. 230.
1478:
1463:
1461:, p. 183.
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1413:, p. 614.
1398:
1396:, p. 283.
1386:
1384:, p. 259.
1374:
1372:, p. 277.
1362:
1360:, p. 276.
1350:
1348:, p. 274.
1338:
1336:, p. 266.
1323:
1321:, p. 271.
1311:
1309:, p. 272.
1292:
1290:, p. 619.
1273:
1271:, p. 269.
1254:
1252:, p. 270.
1227:
1225:, p. 229.
1212:
1210:, p. 264.
1189:
1187:, p. 228.
1174:
1172:, p. 266.
1155:
1103:
1086:
1067:(2): 103–126.
1057:Bagnold, R. A.
1041:
1006:(2): 324–325.
986:
965:10.2307/500239
959:(4): 353–354.
943:
907:
906:
904:
901:
898:
897:
888:
874:
873:
871:
868:
853:
850:
846:before present
809:
806:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
739:
736:
704:
701:
693:magma chambers
578:
575:
534:including the
518:Neoproterozoic
501:
498:
455:
452:
430:
427:
394:). Malha is a
387:15.133; 26.167
300:volcanic field
240:
237:
216:
213:
143:volcanic field
131:
130:
120:
119:
112:
111:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
93:
92:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:(in German).
1885:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1847:9783527609789
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1782:, p. 57.
1781:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:. p. 7.
1742:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1705:, p. 29.
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:9783319898391
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:, p. 42.
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1551:, p. 31.
1550:
1545:
1542:
1539:, p. 34.
1538:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1449:, p. 43.
1448:
1443:
1440:
1437:, p. 30.
1436:
1431:
1428:
1425:, p. 28.
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1101:, p. 55.
1100:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
947:
944:
939:
935:
934:
929:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
909:
902:
892:
889:
885:
879:
876:
869:
867:
865:
861:
856:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
819:
815:
807:
805:
802:
798:
795:There are no
793:
791:
787:
779:
776:
774:6,170 ± 1,450
773:
770:
767:
764:
763:
762:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
737:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
689:Fractionation
686:
682:
677:
674:
668:
666:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:, forming an
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
574:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
475:African Plate
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:Mantle plumes
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
440:inland deltas
437:
428:
422:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
397:
391:
357:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
327:pahoehoe lava
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
292:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:Cameroon Line
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
212:
210:
205:
203:
200:known as the
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
155:mantle plumes
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
109:
99:
94:
89:
61:
59:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2147:
2106:
2102:
2061:
2057:
2039:
2035:
1994:
1990:
1957:
1953:
1919:
1915:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1856:
1829:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1740:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1650:
1644:
1632:
1590:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1314:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1064:
1060:
1003:
999:
989:
956:
952:
946:
931:
891:
878:
857:
855:
831:
823:flash floods
811:
794:
783:
752:
741:
725:
706:
685:lithospheric
678:
669:
631:anorthoclase
580:
567:
540:
521:greenschists
503:
494:Afar hotspot
490:Red Sea Rift
479:
467:Tagabo Hills
457:
432:
404:
362:
350:scoria cones
331:
320:
298:Meidob is a
297:
242:
233:Midob people
224:
218:
206:
174:scoria cones
167:
135:
134:
85:15.32; 26.47
29:
1780:Lampen 1928
1099:Lampen 1928
801:hot springs
780:4,900 ± 520
687:component.
619:phenocrysts
593:as well as
577:Composition
563:subvolcanic
555:Pleistocene
547:Jebel Kussa
514:Precambrian
510:metamorphic
385: /
316:Ignimbrites
281:Jebel Marra
202:Darfur dome
83: /
58:Coordinates
2178:Categories
1703:Franz 1999
1610:Franz 1999
1549:Franz 1999
1537:Franz 1999
1447:Franz 1999
1435:Franz 1999
1423:Franz 1999
1120:(5): 976.
903:References
884:lava domes
842:freshwater
840:living in
673:lava flows
656:, augitic-
643:ulvospinel
595:benmoreite
570:lineaments
532:sandstones
486:laccoliths
444:Wadi Howar
413:fed by an
346:tuff rings
334:lava domes
308:lava flows
257:Ein Basoro
209:geothermal
178:Lava domes
170:lava flows
2139:129729861
2131:0921-2728
2094:128737594
2086:1437-3254
2042:: 55–67.
2027:198144219
2019:0016-7835
1982:1464-343X
1944:0009-2541
1150:129700410
1142:1437-3254
1036:151515593
1020:1750-0184
981:193011518
852:Human use
838:ostracods
834:diatomite
797:fumaroles
658:diopsidic
651:nepheline
647:magnetite
627:amphibole
615:xenoliths
603:phonolite
599:mugearite
568:Tectonic
551:Oligocene
525:Paleozoic
512:rocks of
429:Hydrology
265:El Fasher
253:Bir Harra
96:Geography
2048:41715948
1896:40341621
1890:: 5–14.
1884:Paideuma
1767:53635777
860:obsidian
788:, and a
748:Pliocene
665:sanidine
661:pyroxene
623:aegirine
621:include
611:alkaline
607:trachyte
591:hawaiite
587:basanite
543:Holocene
529:Mesozoic
492:and the
448:wetlands
269:Al-Haruj
194:trachyte
190:basanite
140:Holocene
2111:Bibcode
2066:Bibcode
1999:Bibcode
1962:Bibcode
1924:Bibcode
1907:Sources
1122:Bibcode
1081:1785658
1028:1161204
818:erosion
814:aeolian
728:grasses
711:to the
697:crustal
654:olivine
639:biotite
559:Miocene
506:igneous
463:rifting
454:Geology
415:aquifer
411:springs
373:26°10′E
323:aa lava
285:Tibesti
227:means "
159:crustal
71:26°28′E
68:15°19′N
2199:Darfur
2162:
2137:
2129:
2092:
2084:
2046:
2025:
2017:
1980:
1942:
1894:
1871:: 135.
1844:
1765:
1755:
1657:
1148:
1140:
1079:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1000:Africa
979:
973:500239
971:
827:pumice
732:scrubs
709:Sahara
681:mantle
635:augite
583:basalt
471:stress
396:crater
370:15°8′N
277:Hoggar
223:where
198:uplift
163:Sahara
147:Darfur
2189:Maars
2135:S2CID
2090:S2CID
2044:JSTOR
2023:S2CID
1892:JSTOR
1763:S2CID
1146:S2CID
1077:JSTOR
1032:S2CID
1024:JSTOR
977:S2CID
969:JSTOR
870:Notes
864:oasis
713:Sahel
516:age,
500:Local
436:wadis
407:salty
342:mesas
338:maars
304:cones
261:Malha
249:Sudan
229:slave
225:peida
151:Sudan
138:is a
2160:ISBN
2127:ISSN
2082:ISSN
2015:ISSN
1978:ISSN
1940:ISSN
1842:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1138:ISSN
1016:ISSN
757:and
730:and
719:and
663:and
605:and
557:and
523:and
508:and
461:and
325:and
306:and
283:and
259:and
215:Name
184:and
2152:doi
2119:doi
2074:doi
2062:102
2007:doi
1970:doi
1932:doi
1920:157
1834:doi
1745:doi
1130:doi
1069:doi
1008:doi
961:doi
882:Or
192:to
145:in
2180::
2158:.
2133:.
2125:.
2117:.
2105:.
2088:.
2080:.
2072:.
2060:.
2040:11
2038:.
2021:.
2013:.
2005:.
1995:83
1993:.
1976:.
1968:.
1958:25
1956:.
1938:.
1930:.
1918:.
1888:37
1867:.
1840:.
1761:.
1751:.
1669:^
1617:^
1602:^
1571:^
1556:^
1481:^
1466:^
1401:^
1326:^
1295:^
1276:^
1257:^
1230:^
1215:^
1192:^
1177:^
1158:^
1144:.
1136:.
1128:.
1118:97
1116:.
1089:^
1075:.
1065:82
1063:.
1044:^
1030:.
1022:.
1014:.
1004:65
1002:.
998:.
975:.
967:.
957:55
955:.
936:.
930:.
911:^
667:.
649:,
641:,
637:,
633:,
629:,
625:,
601:,
597:,
589:,
585:,
496:.
450:.
400:c.
344:,
340:,
336:,
279:,
275:,
271:,
255:,
204:.
180:,
176:.
165:.
149:,
2168:.
2154::
2141:.
2121::
2113::
2107:5
2096:.
2076::
2068::
2050:.
2029:.
2009::
2001::
1984:.
1972::
1964::
1946:.
1934::
1926::
1898:.
1850:.
1836::
1769:.
1747::
1663:.
1152:.
1132::
1124::
1083:.
1071::
1038:.
1010::
983:.
963::
940:.
886:.
645:-
553:-
527:-
20:)
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