Melvin Laird - Knowledge

966:". Nixon's strategy when he came into office in 1969 was to impose an armistice that would preserve South Vietnam, but at the same time owing to the unpopularity of the Vietnam War, he planned to reduce American casualties in Vietnam to reduce the appeal of the antiwar movement, whose most potent slogan was that Americans were dying senselessly in Vietnam. The North Vietnamese knew that the war was unpopular with the American people, and to counter the assumption in Hanoi that they merely had to wait until American public opinion forced him to withdraw American forces, Nixon planned a complex strategy of on one hand of maintaining military pressure by keeping the war going while on the other hand of reducing American casualties to counter the antiwar movement. To force the North Vietnamese to agree to American peace terms, Nixon planned a dual approach of the "Madman theory" that he would pose as a fanatical anti-Communist who was eager to use nuclear weapons to scare the North Vietnamese while at the same time he make overtures to the Soviet Union and China to persuade those nations to stop supplying North Vietnam with weapons. 790: 1048:

staff being kept out of the loop. As North Vietnam professed to respect Cambodia's neutrality, Hanoi did not protest against the American bombing of the North Vietnamese forces that were violating Cambodia's neutrality. Laird told a few members of Congress that the United States was bombing Cambodia, but to the American people, it was denied in 1969 that Cambodia was being bombed. Several legal and constitutional experts were to subsequently testify that as Nixon did not inform the majority of Congress that he was bombing Cambodia, let alone ask for permission of Congress for the bombing, that this was illegal as the U.S. constitution gave Congress, not the president, the power to declare war. The bombing campaign against Cambodia which started in March 1969 and ended in August 1973, is considered by most legal experts to be an act of war which was waged without being sanctioned by Congress, making the bombing campaign to be a matter of questionable legality at best and downright illegal at worst.

1008:'s forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops. The original term was "de-Americanizing" the war, but Laird substituted the term "Vietnamization" as it sounded better. In March 1969, Laird visited South Vietnam and upon his return to Washington told Nixon that the American people would "not be satisfied with less than the eventual disengagement of American men from combat". As such, Laird felt it was "essential to decide now to initiate the removal from Southeast Asia of some U.S. military personnel". Laird strongly pressed Nixon to agree to a timetable to decrease the number of American forces in South Vietnam down from half-million to two hundred and six thousand by the end of 1971. During Nixon's first year in office from January 1969 to January 1970, about 10, 000 Americans were killed fighting in Vietnam. As these losses contributed to the antiwar movement, Laird ordered the U.S. commander in Vietnam, General 1076: 970: 1032:

the previous year. Nixon would have very much liked to resume the bombing of North Vietnam, but he was warned by Laird that this would lead to the North Vietnamese ending the peace talks in Paris, which in turn would lead to Nixon being branded as the man who ruined any chance of peace in Vietnam. Thus, from Nixon's viewpoint, bombing Cambodia was a way of warning the North Vietnamese that he was indeed serious about his threats to resume bombing North Vietnam if no concessions to the American viewpoint were not forthcoming. Laird was opposed to the bombing of Cambodia, telling Nixon that it would upset Congress and the American people as it would appear that Nixon was escalating the war. In a meeting at the White House on 16 March 1969 attended by Nixon, Laird, the Secretary of State

1262:. The Cambodian "incursion" set off massive protests in the United States, as Karnow wrote that the "biggest protests to date" against the war took place all across the nation in May 1970 as it seemed to many Americans that Nixon was recklessly escalating the war by invading Cambodia. Nixon as part of his "madman theory" liked to portray himself to the world as a reckless, dangerous leader capable of anything, but as Laird noted most of the American people wanted their president to be a statesman, not a "madman". Many Republican politicians complained to Nixon from May 1970 that his policies on Vietnam would hurt their chances for the congressional elections in November 1970, leading Nixon to comment to Kissinger "when the Right starts wanting go get out, for whatever reason, that's 1183:" prison. Though the North Vietnamese refused to allow the presents to be delivered, the resulting story gave maximum publicity to the POW issue as Laird had hoped it would. Perot caused an international incident in December 1969 when he flew to Moscow together with the Christmas presents and tried to book a flight to Hanoi. As intended, the refusal to allow Perot to go to Hanoi made the North Vietnamese look cruel and mean and increased support for Nixon's policies. Laird's "Go Public" campaign did lead to an improvement in the conditions for American POWs from mid-1969 onward as stories of Americans being tortured increased support for hawkish policies in the United States and thus led the North Vietnamese to improve conditions to assist the dovish section of American opinion. 1560:

tolerate endless war in Iraq anymore than they did in Vietnam. Laird argued that as long the American forces were doing the majority of the fighting in Vietnam, the South Vietnamese government had no reason to try to improve its military, and it was only in 1969 when the South Vietnamese were informed that the United States was pulling out in stages that the South Vietnamese finally became serious by trying to make its military actually fight. He argued that the same strategy of Iraqization was needed, stating that as long as the American forces were doing the bulk of the fighting in Iraq that the Iraqi government had no reason to try to improve its military. Laird criticized human rights abuses, writing: "For me, the alleged prison scandals reported to have occurred in

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that Nixon was a Republican and the Democrats controlled both houses of Congress, passing a budget required much torturous negotiation. By putting the anticipated lower number of troops in Vietnam into the Pentagon's budget request for the next fiscal year, Laird in effect tied Nixon's hands as not to withdraw these troops would greatly upset relations with Congress and could potentially threaten the entire defense budget. Once Congress passed the budget, Nixon had to withdraw the troops as it would otherwise cause a major constitutional crisis that would as Karnow put it threaten "...the defense establishment's entire financial equilibrium". Karnow wrote that Laird's "...contribution to America's departure from Vietnam has been underestimated".

1436:", stressing "pursuit of peace through partnership with our allies." Instead of the previous administration's "2½ war" concept – readiness to fight simultaneous wars on two major fronts and one minor front – the Nixon Doctrine cut back to the "1½ war" level. Through military aid and credit-assisted sales of military equipment abroad, the United States would prepare its allies to take up a greater share of the defense burden, especially manpower needs, in case of war. U.S. military forces would be "smaller, more mobile, and more efficient general purpose forces that ... neither cast the United States in the role of world policeman nor force the nation into a new isolationism." Laird supported the strategic arms talks leading to the 1115:

peanuts" to the American people as "the more U.S troops come home, the more will be demanded". Kissinger still believed if only North Vietnam was bombed hard enough, then concessions could still be won as he maintained: "I can't believe that a fourth-rate power like North Vietnam doesn't have a breaking point". By contrast, Laird argued to Nixon that a steady reduction in U.S. forces from Vietnam was the best way of ensuring his re-election in 1972. Before 1969, Kissinger was a professor of political science at Harvard University whereas Laird had been a Republican Congressman. Owing to these very different backgrounds, Laird was considerably more sensitive to American public opinion while Kissinger belonged more to the traditional

1127:, a plan which in his own words called for a "savage, punishing blow" against North Vietnam in the form of renewed bombing, Laird persuaded Nixon to reject the plan. Laird argued to the president that Kissinger's "savage" bombing plan would kill a massive number of innocent North Vietnamese civilians and thus increase popular support for the anti-war movement. At the same time, Laird doubted that Kissinger's plans for a "savage" bombing of North Vietnam would yield the desired results and predicated that it would cause the North Vietnamese to break off the peace talks going on in Paris. For all these political reasons, Laird was able to convince Nixon not to go ahead with Kissinger's plans for a "savage" bombing offensive. 1495: 1401:

like that could have any other result other than "leaks" and spying, an all round paranoia. Indeed, they had created a system in which "leaks" and "spying" were everyday and essential elements". Laird did not fire Radford as Kissinger demanded while Admiral Moorer was given a verbal dressing-down for unprofessional conduct. Laird felt that firing Moorer as Kissinger wanted would resulted in the atmosphere of fear and distrust in the Nixon administration being made public as undoubtedly the sacked admiral would have leaked the reasons for his dismissal to the press. By this point, the entire atmosphere in the Nixon administration of intrigue and paranoia was becoming too much for Laird.

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thoughtful and patriotic young people who just thought the Vietnam War was misguided. Laird later recalled: "They were a little shaken because I don't think they realized the extent of some of the feelings of those young people. That's what I was tying to get them to understand. But I couldn't get the White House to understand that". Laird believed that America by late 1969 was becoming a dangerously polarized society and it was the best interests to have hawks who despised the anti-war movement to try to understand the young people demonstrating against the war on the streets of Washington.

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North Vietnam and taken prisoner found that the Pentagon was often savagely unsympathetic to their plight, taking the view that the best thing these families could do was to be silent. Starting in May 1969, Laird did his best to publicize the POW issue, launching on 3 May a "Go Public" campaign to draw attention to the mistreatment and torture of American POWs in North Vietnam. Laird believed in drawing attention to the POW issue for humanitarian reasons, but officials such as Vice President

50: 1298:, Laird approved of the largest helicopter assault of the entire Vietnam war. On 6 March 1971, 276 American helicopters took two battalions of South Vietnamese infantry into Laos. Unlike the invasion of Cambodia the previous year, the invasion of Laos caused few protests in the United States mostly because Lam Son was perceived as a South Vietnamese operation, not an American one, which for Laird was a sign of the success of Vietnamization. 2875: 902:

Senate and House committees. Recognizing the congressional determination, with wide public support, to cut defense costs (including winding down the Vietnam War), Laird worked hard to prune budgetary requests before they went to Congress, and acceded to additional cuts when they could be absorbed without serious harm to national security. One approach, which made it possible to proceed with such new strategic weapon systems as the

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about two-thirds. Laird publicized Vietnamization widely; in his final report as secretary of defense in early 1973, he stated: "Vietnamization ... today is virtually completed. As a consequence of the success of the military aspects of Vietnamization, the South Vietnamese people today, in my view, are fully capable of providing for their own in-country security against the North Vietnamese."

1465:(AVF). Strong opposition to selective service mounted during the Vietnam War and draft calls declined progressively during Laird's years at the Pentagon; from 300,000 in his first year, to 200,000 in the second, 100,000 in the third, and 50,000 in the fourth. On January 27, 1973, after the signing of the Vietnam agreement in Paris, Laird suspended the draft, five months ahead of schedule. 1478:

achieving the goal of strategic sufficiency; effective burden-sharing between the United States and its friends and allies; adequate security assistance; maintenance of U.S. technological superiority through development of systems such as the B-1, Trident and cruise missiles; improved procurement; "People Programs" such as ending the draft and creating the AVF; improved

1274:, but there were no POWs present, having been moved to another camp in July. At a hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee about the raid, Laird testified: "I could not ignore the fact that our men were dying in captivity. Mr. Chairman, I want this committee to know that I have not faced a more challenging decision since I have been Secretary of Defense". 1329:

what precisely was in the 2.5 million words that made up the papers that were allegedly threatening the national security of the United States. Griswold agreed with Laird, and when arguing for the president before the Supreme Court he undermined his own case by saying the list of material to be banned was "much too broad". The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the

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Vietnamese troops entering Cambodia. The operation was successful in the sense that the Americans and South Vietnamese occupied the Fish Hook and Parrot's Beak areas, but the majority of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces had withdrawn in the previous weeks, and were to return after the Americans and South Vietnamese withdrew from Cambodia in June 1970.

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Pentagon. He also visited Vietnam several times for on-the-scene evaluations. Although his program of Vietnamization could be termed a success, if one considers the progress of troop withdrawals, U.S. involvement in the conflict became perhaps even more disruptive at home during Nixon's presidency than during Johnson's. The U.S.

969: 1368:) made Pakistan a morally repugnant ally as well, but Nixon and Kissinger both greatly valued Yahya Khan's help as a "honest broker" who served as the back channel to China. Nixon, sensing Laird's lack of enthusiasm for Pakistan, ordered Kissinger on 6 December 1971 to get Laird to "follow the White House line". 1569:

Laird wrote: "His west Texas cowboy approach – shoot first and answer questions later, or do the job first and let the results speak for themselves – is not working". Laird's article attracted much media attention, all the more because he was a Republican and former Defense Secretary who had been a mentor to

869:(to administer all DoD military assistance programs). In October 1972 Congress passed legislation creating a second deputy secretary of defense position, a proposal Laird strongly supported, even though he never filled the position. Laird paid special attention to two important interdepartmental bodies: the 1148:"softness", saying he should have found a way to silence his son. Laird replied "that's the way John felt and I supported him". Nixon's statement that Laird was a poor father who should have found a way to "muzzle" his son angered him so much that the president never criticized him on that point again. 1756:

On May 19, 2017, the Department of Defense ordered the following. ALCON, 1. IN ACCORDANCE WITH REF A, AS A MARK OF RESPECT FOR THE INTERMENT OF FORMER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE MELVIN LAIRD, THE FLAG OF THE UNITED STATES IS TO BE FLOWN AT HALF-STAFF ON FRIDAY MAY 19, 2017. 2. THE FLAG SHALL BE FLOWN AT

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In spite of Vietnam and the unfolding Watergate affair, which threatened to discredit the entire Nixon administration, Laird retired with his reputation intact. Although not a close confidant of the president and not the dominant presence that McNamara was, Laird had been an influential secretary. He

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limiting each side to two sites (later cut to one) for deployed ABM systems. As Laird put it, "In terms of United States strategic objectives, SALT I improved our deterrent posture, braked the rapid buildup of Soviet strategic forces, and permitted us to continue those programs which are essential to

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attacks against its home territory and that of its allies by convincing a potential aggressor that he would suffer an unacceptable level of retaliatory damage; it should also have enough nuclear forces to eliminate possible coercion of its allies. The policy, not much different from McNamara's except

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problem". In an address on national television aired on 7 October 1970, Nixon changed tactics as he toned down his rhetoric as he stressed his interest in peace, saying he would pull out 90,000 American soldiers from South Vietnam by the spring of 1971 and wanted an immediate ceasefire. The speech on

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have been a disturbing reminder of the mistreatment of our own POWs by North Vietnam". He argued that retaining U.S. moral leadership would require that the "war on terror" be conducted with the standard humanitarian norms of the West and that the use of torture was a disgrace. About President Bush,

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and Robert McNamara among his predecessors served longer), it came as no surprise when President Nixon on November 28, 1972, nominated Elliot Richardson to succeed him. In his final report in January 1973, Laird listed what he considered to be the major accomplishments of his tenure: Vietnamization;

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Laird often clashed with Kissinger in 1969 over the correct policy to follow in Vietnam. Kissinger argued to Nixon that the continued presence of American soldiers in South Vietnam "remains one of our few bargaining weapons" and that to start withdrawing forces from Vietnam would become "like salted

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over access to the president. Kissinger as much as possible tried to exclude Laird from the decision-making process, in order to ensure he and he alone was the man advising the president on foreign affairs, which created much tension between him and Laird. Kissinger established a direct channel from

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areas of Cambodia that bordered South Vietnam. On 28 April 1970, South Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia starting the Cambodian Campaign and on the evening of 30 April 1970, Nixon went on national television to announce that the "incursion" into Cambodia had started with 20, 000 American and South

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had a vested interest in ensuring the peace talks failed and that the United States should not withdraw from Vietnam. Reflecting his disdain for both Laird and Rogers, Kissinger did not see fit until a year later in February 1971 to first inform the Defense Secretary and the Secretary of State that

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saw the issue more as a way of mobilizing public support for Nixon's Vietnam policy. Agnew calculated that the American people did not care much for South Vietnam, but that presenting the war as a struggle to free American POWs being mistreated in North Vietnam would increase public support for the

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Laird played a key role in advancing medical research, although this part of his biography is often overshadowed by his political achievements. "Laird's position on the House Appropriations subcommittee handling health matters allowed him to play a key congressional role on many medical and health

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for threatening national security, that there were only "six or seven paragraphs in the whole thing that were a little dangerous" and those paragraphs had already been published. As Griswold had not read the Pentagon Papers in their entirety, he needed advice from the Defense Department about just

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passed by Congress in December 1970 forbade American troops from fighting in Laos, this plan was illegal, but fearing that Nixon would approve it anyway, Laird preemptively proposed that South Vietnamese troops invade Laos with American air support. On 23 December 1970, Nixon approved of the plan,

1236:, said to be located just over the border in Cambodia. Once Laird learned that the president was determined to go ahead, he reconciled himself to invading Cambodia, though he tried to minimize the operation by having it limited to the South Vietnamese forces with their American advisers invade the 1071:

Under the constitution, Congress has the control of the budget and the president can only ask Congress to appropriate money. Starting in 1969, Laird put the assumption that U.S. forces in Vietnam would be lower in the next fiscal year into the Defense Department's budget request to Congress. Given

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As Cambodia was a neutral nation, the bombing was kept secret and officially denied. Laird created a dual reporting system at the Pentagon so that the reports from bombing raids over Cambodia were not reported via the normal channels, with both the secretary of the air force and Air Force chief of

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In February 1969, Nixon first discussed plans to start bombing Cambodia, ostensibly to destroy the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese bases in that country, but in fact to send a message to North Vietnam that he was prepared to resume the bombing of North Vietnam, that had been halted in the autumn of

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Laird succeeded in improving DoD's standing with Congress. As a highly respected congressional veteran, Laird had a head start in his efforts to gain more legislative support for Defense programs. He maintained close contact with old congressional friends, and he spent many hours testifying before

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On January 5, 2006, he participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials. Laird was disappointed by the meeting, which was a photo-op, as neither he nor the others present were allowed

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to handle disagreements among the signatories. Although, as time was to demonstrate, South Vietnam was not really capable of defending its independence, Laird retired from office satisfied that he had accomplished his major objective, the disengagement of United States combat forces from Vietnam.

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trying to bushwack Kissinger; Kissinger and the President using Moorer to help them make plans without Laird's knowledge and therefore pretending to keep Moorer fully informed while withholding some information from him...What I find hard to believe is that rational men could think running things

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column broke the news on 13 December 1971 of the "tilt", which led to an investigation of who had leaked the news. A Navy stenographer, Charles Radford, was accused of leaking the information; Radford denied leaking, but admitted that he stole documents from Kissinger on orders of Admiral Robert

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In this same report Laird noted that the war had commanded more of his attention than any other concern during his four-year term. Upon becoming secretary he set up a special advisory group of DoD officials, known as the Vietnam Task Force, and he met with them almost every morning he was in the

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During 1969 the new administration cut authorized U.S. troop strength in Vietnam from 549,500 to 484,000, and by May 1, 1972, the number stood at 69,000. During this same period, from January 1969 to May 1972, U.S. combat deaths declined 95 percent from the 1968 peak and war expenditures fell by

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Under the Johnson administration, the issue of American POWs in North Vietnam had been generally ignored out of the fear that signaling concern about their status would make them into hostages that could be used to extract concessions. The families of the Air Force and Navy pilots shot down over

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that was highly critical of the Bush administration's handling of the Iraq war, though Laird advised against an immediate pull-out from Iraq as that would cause more chaos. Laird advised a strategy of Iraqization along the same lines as Vietnamization, arguing that the American people would not

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In early 1970, Laird was opposed to Nixon's plans to invade Cambodia. Nixon as part of his "madman theory" believed if he behaved as a rash leader capable of any action such as invading Cambodia that would show North Vietnam that "we were still serious about our commitment in Vietnam", and thus

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Other initiatives, including troop withdrawals from Vietnam, phasing out old weapon systems, base closures, and improved procurement practices, enabled the Pentagon to hold the line on spending, even at a time when high inflation affected both weapon and personnel costs. In Laird's years, total

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Laird noted this in his FY 1971 report, "Except for the major policy decisions, I am striving to decentralize decisionmaking as much as possible ... So, we are placing primary responsibility for detailed force planning on the Joint Chiefs and the Services, and we are delegating to the Military

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During his tenure as Defense Secretary, Laird did not share President Nixon's lingering timetable for withdrawal from Vietnam. He publicly contradicted the administrations policy, which upset the White House. Laird wished to return to the political arena, and was said to be planning a run for

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demonstration took place, and one of those protesting was John Laird, the son of the Defense Secretary. At the time, the younger Laird told the press "I think everybody should be against the war", though he also praised his father for "doing the best job I think he possibly can". John Laird's

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when he was Defense Secretary, though John Laird expressed much admiration for his father even as he stated his opposition to the war. Later that day on 15 October, Nixon asked Laird to stay behind at a meeting of the National Security Council. Both Nixon and Kissinger criticized him for his

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management system, but rather instituted gradual changes. He pursued what he called "participatory management", an approach calculated to gain the cooperation of the military leadership in reducing the Defense budget and the size of the military establishment. While retaining decision-making

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to go "undercover" with the demonstrators. Both Chafee and Warner came back to Laird saying the demonstrators were far from the conservative caricature of anti-social drug-crazed, sex-obsessed hippies intent upon destroying everything good in the United States, saying the demonstrators were

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area of Cambodia. Nixon rejected Laird's recommendation as he later put it as "the most pusillanimous little nitpicker I ever saw". Nixon decided instead on the evening of 26 April 1970 to "go for broke" with the "entire package" by having U.S. troops invade both the Parrot's Beak and the

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in name and phrasing, embraced the need both to avoid mass destruction of civilians and to seek mechanisms to prevent escalation of a nuclear conflict. The administration further refined its strategic ideas in July 1969 when the president issued a statement that came to be known as the "

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Laird counted on the success of Vietnamization, peace talks that had begun in 1968 in Paris and the secret negotiations in Paris between Kissinger and North Vietnamese representatives to end the conflict. On 27 January 1973, two days before Laird left office, the negotiators signed the

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intimidate the North Vietnamese into a making peace on American terms. Additionally, General Abrams was arguing to Washington that the troop withdrawals of 1969 had undermined the American position in South Vietnam, and to regain control of the situation required destroying the

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said in a statement: "Secretary Laird led the Defense Department through a time of great change in the world and within our department. Through it all, he demonstrated an unfailing commitment to protecting our country, strengthening our military, and making a better world."

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In the summer of 1969, Laird told the press that Vietnamization was the Nixon administration's "highest priority" while also stating that the U.S. troops in South Vietnam were moving from "maximum pressure" to "protective reaction". In September 1969, when Kissinger drafted

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Laird was re-elected eight consecutive times and he was chairman of the House Republican Conference when Nixon selected him for the cabinet. He was known for his work on both domestic and defense issues, including his service on the Defense subcommittee of the

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of 3 November 1969, where the president asked for the support of the "silent majority" of Americans for his Vietnam policy. During the second Moratorium protest on 15 November 1969, Laird asked two of his more hawkish officials, the Navy Secretary

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achieved a smooth association with the military leadership by restoring some of the responsibilities they had lost during the 1960s. His excellent relations with Congress enabled him to gain approval for many of his programs and budget requests.

834:, including a return to the use of service budget ceilings and service programming of forces within these ceilings. The previously powerful systems analysis office could no longer initiate planning, only evaluate and review service proposals. 914:, was agreement to a substantial cut in conventional forces. As a result, total military personnel declined from some 3.5 million in FY 1969 to 2.3 million by the time Laird left office in January 1973. Those weapon platforms, as well as the 1285:. The bombing hindered, but did not stop the supply of weapons and men going down from North Vietnam to South Vietnam, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff proposed that the United States invade Laos to sever the trail once and for all. Since the 1422:

Vietnam preoccupied Laird, but not to the exclusion of other pressing matters. Although not intimately involved in the development of strategic nuclear policy as McNamara had been, Laird subscribed to the Nixon administration's program of

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to stop publishing the papers under the grounds that national security was threatened. After failing to persuade Nixon that trying to ban the Pentagon Papers was unwise, Laird changed tack. Laird secretly informed the Solicitor General,

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for domestic affairs, concerning himself mainly with legislative issues. In February 1974, as the Watergate crisis in the White House deepened, Laird resigned to become senior counselor for national and international affairs for

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he had been talking with Thọ in Paris off and on for the last year. Laird publicly supported Nixon's Vietnam course, although Laird privately opposed the deception used to mask the Cambodian bombing from the American populace.

1625:, the National Environmental Center in North Carolina, and the nation's eight National Cancer Centers, later part of the National Institutes of Health. Laird received many awards for his work on health matters, including the 1482:

and Reserve forces; enhanced operational readiness; and participatory management. One of Laird's most active initiatives was his persistent effort to secure the release of the American captives held by the enemy in Vietnam.

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In fact, President Eisenhower so admired Laird's work in Congress for world health and national security that he described Congressman Laird as "one of the 10 men best qualified to become President of the United States."

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guerrillas who were fighting to overthrow him. As Laird had warned, the United States now had the responsibility of supporting not only the South Vietnamese government, but also the Cambodian government as well in their

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war costs and for delaying decisions to escalate the ground war until after the 1966 congressional elections. Laird also criticized McNamara's management and decision-making practices. Laird voted in favor of the

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in a modest house located in an undistinguished industrial suburb of Paris, largely as a way of excluding the South Vietnamese from the peace talks as Kissinger had discovered that the South Vietnamese president

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HALF-STAFF ON ALL DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, MILITARY POSTS AND NAVAL STATIONS, AND NAVAL VESSELS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD. RELEASED BY: CDR H. MOHLER, DOD EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

1211:, a highly classified narrative and documentary history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967, prepared at Secretary McNamara's order, was leaked and published in part in several major newspapers. 1168:

In October 1969, at the urging of Laird, the American Red Cross began "Write Hanoi" campaign, urging the American people to send letters to POWs. In November 1969, at Laird's instigation, the lead story in

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In 1970, Laird approved of planning for a commando raid on a North Vietnamese POW camp at Son Tay. On 24 September 1970, he asked for Nixon's approval, which was granted. On 19 November 1970, the

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after a famous victory won the Vietnamese over the Chinese in 1427. On 8 February 1971, South Vietnam invaded Laos. To assist the South Vietnamese who proved incapable of taking the town of

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resumed publishing the Pentagon Papers. As Laird predicted, the attempt to ban the Pentagon Papers drew far more public attention to their contents than would have otherwise been the case.

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the National Security Adviser's office to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in an effort to isolate Laird from the decision-making process, which further increased the tension between the two men.

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much time to speak, with the bulk of the conference consisting of video calls from servicemen in Iraq. In 2007, Laird came close to endorsing the presidential bid of his former intern,

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against the North in December 1972 brought widespread protest. Nixon's Vietnam policy, as well as that of previous administrations, suffered further criticism when, in June 1971, the

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The Laird Center for Medical Research (dedicated in 1997), located in Marshfield, Wisconsin is named after him. It is a medical research and education facility on the campus of

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broke out, and the United States despite being neutral was as Kissinger put it "tilted" towards Pakistan, doing everything within its power short of intervention to support

1523:. Following Richard Nixon's resignation, Laird was reported to be the first choice of successor Gerald Ford to be nominated vice president, a position ultimately filled by 5410: 1000:

in 1981, Laird stated that he came into the Defense Department in 1969 believing the American people were "fed up with the war". Thus he developed and strongly supported "

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reported after his selection as secretary of defense, "Around the military-industrial complex these days they're singing 'Praise the Laird and pass the transformation.'"

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obligational authority by fiscal year was as follows: 1969, $ 77.7 billion; 1970, $ 75.5 billion; 1971, $ 72.8 billion; 1972, $ 76.4 billion; and 1973, $ 78.9 billion.

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functions for himself and the deputy secretary of defense, Laird somewhat decentralized policymaking and operations. He accorded the service secretaries and the

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and in January 1971, Laird went to Saigon to persuade the South Vietnamese president Thiệu to approve it as well. The plan for the invasion of Laos was named

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was about the POWs together with detachable Christmas cards to be mailed to North Vietnam. At the same time, Laird recruited an eccentric Texas millionaire,

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Although not receptive to demands for immediate withdrawal, Laird acknowledged the necessity to disengage U.S. combat forces gradually. In an interview with

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had supported the Cambodian "incursion" through he had not been consulted in advance, and as a result, the North Vietnamese increased their support for the

781:'s organization and functions in a report on July 1, 1970. The department implemented a number of the panel's proposals while Laird served in the Pentagon. 5340: 1473:

Laird completed his term of office as secretary of defense on January 29, 1973. Because he had stated repeatedly that he would serve only four years (only

1840:

The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History

5385: 5375: 5330: 2632: 838:

Departments more responsibility to manage development and procurement programs." The military leadership was enthusiastic about Laird's methods. As the

1742:"Those of us who fought and those of us held prisoner in Vietnam will always have a special place in our hearts for Sec Melvin Laird," tweeted Senator 5390: 3925: 3903: 3454: 2569: 2528: 2463: 229: 954:

Vietnam preoccupied Laird as it had McNamara and Clifford. Right from the moment he entered office, Laird clashed with the National Security Adviser

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After he became Secretary of Defense, Laird and President Nixon appointed a Blue Ribbon Defense Panel that made more than 100 recommendations on

711:. He left Congress reluctantly, making it clear when he became secretary on January 22, 1969, that he intended to serve no more than four years. 3311: 2547: 1907: 1676: 672: 218: 1891: 1871: 2783: 1561: 1056: 61: 1267:

7 October was the beginning of a remodeling of Nixon's image from being Nixon the "madman" president over to Nixon the statesman president.

1214:

On the night of 21 February 1970, as a secret counterpart to the official peace talks in Paris, Kissinger met the North Vietnamese diplomat

1626: 1135: 1815: 1348:. Laird was dubious about the plans to support Pakistan, the weaker of the two powers, all the more so as the Soviet Union was supporting 1139:

participation in the Moratorium march attracted much media attention who chose to spin it as a generational battle, in the same way that

5365: 3833: 3336: 3097: 2949: 1491:, this proved implausible. There was also talk of a Senate run and perhaps a return to his old House seat in hopes of becoming Speaker. 1080: 778: 759: 555: 281: 3199: 2864: 2855: 2756: 2483: 2278: 2132: 1630: 947: 866: 539: 116: 2488: 2444: 1848: 874: 1581:, saying in an interview that she had been one of his best interns and that he felt certain she would make an excellent president. 765:

to resign his position after Agnew's personal corruption became a public scandal. He also had a prominent role in the selection of

2323: 5355: 3733: 3367: 3267: 3137: 598: 389: 1793: 853:

Laird did not shrink from centralized management where he found it useful or warranted. His tenure saw the establishment of the

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officials, which gathered information necessary for presidential decisions on the crisis use of U.S. military forces; and the

3641: 3230: 3074: 962:

In 1968 Nixon campaigned on a platform critical of the Johnson administration's handling of the war and promised to achieve "

708: 3918: 3170: 1610: 1593: 1565: 1531: 1445: 854: 531: 2294: 1352:, which would thus make Pakistan's inevitable defeat look like a defeat for the United States as well. The fact that the 1333:

on 30 June 1971, stating the publication of the Pentagon Papers did not threaten national security, and the next day the

3070: 1672: 1614: 1479: 1220: 886: 3029: 1286: 5142: 4997: 4852: 4803: 4707: 4658: 4562: 4522: 4417: 4386: 4258: 4236: 4113: 4098: 3955: 3672: 3054: 1761: 1708: 1692: 1671:

Laird's interest in medical research is documented by his co-authoring legislation to finance the construction of the

1618: 1051: 927: 882: 878: 684: 559: 379: 870: 1987:"S.J. RES. 29. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN THE USE OF POLL TAX AS A REQUIREMENT FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS" 1838: 3575: 1613:

was pivotal in a vast expansion of health research programs and facilities. They also sponsored the buildup of the

1515: 1341: 1237: 602: 3601: 3406: 1641: 1372: 1215: 752: 1015: 942: 3911: 1720: 862: 744: 740: 736: 732: 688: 664: 606: 703:, and chaired the Platform Committee at that year's Republican convention, at which Goldwater was nominated. 3589: 2685: 1680: 1204: 1424: 714:

As a congressman Laird had supported a strong defense posture and had sometimes been critical of Secretary

5258: 5111: 4966: 4839: 4694: 3938: 3873: 3748: 3047: 2848: 2793: 2722: 1704: 1196: 1098: 858: 660: 108: 3783: 3753: 1542: 1291: 1271: 1140: 1064: 827: 676: 587: 579: 1305:, as a secret history of the Vietnam War was informally known, started to be serially published by the 590:. He was nicknamed "Bambino" (shortened to "Bom" and pronounced like the word 'bomb') by his mother. 546:. Laird was instrumental in forming the administration's policy of withdrawing U.S. soldiers from the 5320: 5315: 3743: 3738: 3728: 3219: 2939: 2904: 2673: 2539: 1653: 1474: 1381: 1192: 317: 2458: 5267: 5211: 5120: 5066: 4921: 4830: 4776: 4685: 4631: 4495: 4359: 4209: 4062: 3244: 2914: 2515: 2404: 2346: 1876: 1406: 1259: 1242: 633: 583: 575: 530:(September 1, 1922 – November 16, 2016) was an American politician, writer and statesman. He was a 368: 305: 31: 2417: 5276: 5249: 5240: 5129: 5102: 5093: 4957: 4948: 4821: 4676: 4549: 4468: 4404: 4332: 4200: 4173: 4071: 4053: 4026: 3763: 3693: 3319: 3039: 2894: 2693: 1684: 1524: 1462: 1188: 625: 479: 2384: 1444:

in 1972: a five-year moratorium against expansion of strategic nuclear delivery systems, and an

1171: 49: 5193: 5048: 4903: 4758: 4613: 4477: 4341: 4323: 4182: 4164: 4035: 4017: 3798: 3758: 3723: 3708: 3688: 3683: 3613: 3558: 3527: 3443: 3418: 3412: 3381: 3356: 3350: 3250: 3213: 3145: 2954: 2934: 2841: 2766: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2274: 2128: 1844: 1750: 1661: 1488: 1278: 1033: 1020: 798: 680: 663:

at age 23, succeeding his deceased father. He represented a legislative district encompassing

594: 159: 1179:, to start a fundraising campaign to send Christmas presents to the POWs languishing in the " 885:(DPRC), which brought together representatives from many agencies, including DoD, State, the 5161: 5016: 4984: 4871: 4785: 4726: 4640: 4590: 4504: 4445: 4368: 4298: 4218: 4080: 3818: 3813: 3793: 3773: 3437: 3387: 3275: 3256: 3238: 3188: 2974: 2899: 2889: 2734: 2714: 2710: 2677: 2611: 2523: 2506: 1609:

of Rhode Island to pass key legislation on education or health matters. Their impact on the

1545:, and tried to use his influence together with that of the former National Security Adviser 1200: 1009: 963: 814: 719: 617: 463: 459: 275: 209: 2874: 1683:

Cancer Center in Madison) and the major institutes of the National Institutes of Health in

4975: 4581: 4540: 4436: 4286: 4277: 4141: 4132: 3983: 3974: 3788: 3768: 3718: 3607: 3583: 3468: 3151: 2984: 2944: 2919: 2909: 2884: 2808: 2776: 2621: 2473: 2366: 1657: 1606: 1578: 1570: 1555: 1546: 1499: 1428: 1397: 1313:. Nixon was enraged by the leaking of the Pentagon Papers, and went to court to force the 1310: 1302: 1208: 1152: 1144: 1091: 955: 907: 839: 802: 715: 700: 571: 349: 96: 1675:, and important centers for medical research on many university campuses (among them the 845: 5231: 5202: 5170: 5084: 5057: 5025: 4939: 4912: 4880: 4812: 4767: 4735: 4667: 4622: 4531: 4486: 4395: 4350: 4245: 4191: 4044: 3883: 3868: 3703: 3502: 2959: 2924: 2833: 2749: 2718: 2556: 2327: 2267: 1773: 1634: 1550: 1433: 1389: 1321: 1315: 1041: 1001: 997: 985: 978: 911: 830:

a more influential role in the development of budgets and force levels. He revised the

822: 794: 723: 551: 254: 147: 1986: 1972: 1958: 1944: 5401:

Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Wisconsin

5309: 3853: 3564: 3521: 3462: 3375: 3344: 3300: 3182: 3176: 3077: 2979: 2730: 2669: 2661: 2427: 2309: 2004: 1926: 1912: 1585: 1503: 1393: 1361: 1353: 1176: 1060: 1037: 1005: 629: 543: 84: 2342:"Melvin Laird, Nixon defense secretary at the height of the Vietnam War, dies at 94" 3843: 3698: 3625: 3595: 3552: 3294: 3019: 2994: 2989: 2825: 2641: 1458: 1441: 1385: 1277:

In October 1970, Laird approved of an increase in bombing along the section of the

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representing Wisconsin's 7th District in central Wisconsin, including the areas of

648: 644: 578:, a politician, businessman, and clergyman. He grew up and attended high school in 515: 505: 1640:

Between 1956 and 1967, Laird was appointed a member of the U.S. Delegation to the

1514:

After a brief absence, Laird returned to the Nixon administration in June 1973 as

554:," referring to the process of transferring more responsibility for combat to the 849:

Laird with President Richard Nixon, under whom he served as Secretary of Defense.

558:. First elected in 1952, Laird was the last living Representative elected to the 4006: 3858: 3848: 3828: 3803: 3778: 3713: 3117: 3105: 2999: 2964: 2665: 2653: 2625: 2594: 2385:"Draft-ending former Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird dies | CNN Politics" 1892:"'Wisconsin Blue Book 1948,' Biographical Sketch of Melvin R. Laird, Jr., p. 36" 1743: 1688: 1649: 1384:, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The commander of the Navy, Admiral 1254: 1161: 1157: 1107: 1087: 1083: 810: 806: 766: 762: 640: 547: 197: 758:

Laird was reportedly the elder statesman chosen by the Republicans to convince

3878: 3863: 3838: 3619: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2726: 2697: 2689: 1735: 1724: 1365: 1357: 903: 1388:, summed up the scene by late 1971: "Kissinger telling me that he distrusted 1012:, to go on the defensive and cease offensive operations as much as possible. 5285: 3934: 3823: 3325: 2969: 2579: 1233: 1124: 621: 610: 535: 266: 224: 1449:

maintaining the sufficiency of our long-term strategic nuclear deterrent."

793:

Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird with President Richard Nixon and General

3673:

Republican Conference chairs of the United States House of Representatives

1691:(D-Alabama) also authorized legislation which funded the building of the 1345: 1295: 668: 17: 30:

For his father, the American politician, businessman and clergyman, see

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Melvin Laird and the Foundation of the Post-Vietnam Military, 1969–1973

2422: 1728: 1622: 1250: 727: 696: 2493: 609:. His niece is Jessica Laird Doyle, wife of former Wisconsin Governor 2497: 2480: 1645: 1437: 1232:(Central Office for South Vietnam), the supposed headquarters of the 1553:

not to invade Iraq. In November 2005, Laird published an article in

1119:

school which saw foreign policy as belonging only to a small elite.

1079:

Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird with President Richard Nixon and

1036:, Kissinger and the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, General 1493: 1349: 1229: 1014: 968: 941: 844: 788: 651:

and several other decorations, Laird left the Navy in April 1946.

1707:

on April 3, 2016, Laird became the last surviving member of the

1633:

award for leadership." This account of his role is noted in the

1282: 923: 919: 915: 831: 3907: 3645: 3486: 3089: 3043: 2837: 1427:" – that the United States should have the capability to deter 718:. In September 1966, characterizing himself as a member of the 2389: 1371:

A bizarre aftermath to the crisis occurred when the columnist

1360:

was waging a genocidal campaign against the Hindu minority in

1872:"Melvin Laird, Defense Secretary under Nixon, dead at age 94" 1711:, as well as the last surviving member elected in either the 1538:

and other publications on national and international topics.

2441:

A Mind of Her Own: Helen Connor Laird and Family, 1888–1982

1392:; Haig telling me and others that he distrusted Kissinger; 1191:

in May 1970 to eliminate North Vietnamese sanctuaries, the

1019:

Melvin Laird meets with successor as Secretary of Defense,

2469:

Iraq: Learning the Lessons of Vietnam" by Melvin R. Laird.

1798:

Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office

1151:

However, Laird helped to contribute ideas for Nixon's

2410:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

2269:

With Honor: Melvin Laird in War, Peace, and Politics

1590:

With Honor: Melvin Laird in War, Peace, and Politics

1044:

as the bombing of Cambodia was code-named, started.

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International Commission of Control and Supervision

511: 501: 493: 485: 475: 470: 455: 447: 395: 385: 375: 356: 332: 327: 311: 299: 272: 260: 248: 215: 203: 191: 183: 165: 153: 141: 133: 114: 102: 90: 80: 60: 40: 2266: 1356:-dominated government of Pakistan led by General 1004:", a program intended to expand, equip, and train 628:a year earlier. Following his commissioning as an 2324:"Congressional Biographical Directory (CLERKWEB)" 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1764:(Section 34) after a service in the Post Chapel. 1605:issues. He often teamed up with liberal Democrat 930:were all programs started by the Laird Pentagon. 2295:"Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum" 1794:"Melvin R. Laird – Richard Nixon Administration" 1380:Welander who passed on the documents to Admiral 1199:in May 1972 in response to the North Vietnamese 821:Laird did not depart abruptly from the McNamara– 3514:Director of the Office of Management and Budget 2477:Magazine article, November/December 2005 Issue. 2005:"TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT" 2464:Melvin Laird Papers at the Gerald Ford Library 1814:. Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from 3919: 3657: 3055: 2849: 1055:Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird meets with 601:from 1907 to 1909, and the great-grandson of 8: 5336:United States Navy personnel of World War II 129:January 22, 1969 – January 29, 1973 3399:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare 244:January 3, 1953 – January 21, 1969 3926: 3912: 3904: 3664: 3650: 3642: 3483: 3430:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 3086: 3062: 3048: 3040: 2856: 2842: 2834: 2633:Response to the State of the Union address 2502: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 973:Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird with 695:, Laird was an "unannounced" supporter of 582:, although in his junior year he attended 295:January 6, 1947 – January 3, 1953 179:January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1969 48: 37: 27:American politician and writer (1922–2016) 5411:Republican Party Wisconsin state senators 2362:"Nixon's Secretary of Defense Dead at 94" 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1687:. Laird, Congressman Fogarty and Senator 1498:Laird (left) with one of his successors, 1461:by June 30, 1973, and the creation of an 219:U.S. House of Representatives 5396:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients 2602:Chair of the House Republican Conference 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 1731:on November 16, 2016, at the age of 94. 1588:published a biography of Laird entitled 1457:Other important Laird goals were ending 1090: with a model of aircraft carrier 1074: 1050: 769:as Agnew's successor as vice president. 167:Chair of the House Republican Conference 5371:Military personnel from Omaha, Nebraska 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 1785: 749:24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 419: 1942; died 1992) 5351:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery 2815:Most senior living U.S. representative 2570:Wisconsin's 7th congressional district 2379: 2377: 1695:and Prevention (CDCP) in Atlanta, GA. 1677:McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research 693:1964 Republican presidential primaries 673:United States House of Representatives 667:. He remained in the Senate until his 74:May 1, 1973 – January 8, 1974 5361:George Washington University trustees 2820:January 20, 2007 – November 10, 2016 1260:struggle against Communist guerrillas 1057:Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff 7: 5406:United States secretaries of defense 5381:Nixon administration cabinet members 5326:20th-century American naval officers 3495:Director of the Bureau of the Budget 2865:United States Secretaries of Defense 2784:White House Domestic Affairs Advisor 1627:Albert Lasker Medical Research Award 1136:Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam 946:Secretary Laird (center) before the 873:(WSAG), composed of senior Defense, 624:in May 1944, having enlisted in the 538:from 1953 to 1969 before serving as 62:White House Domestic Affairs Advisor 1927:"HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957" 1837:Tucker, Spencer C. (May 20, 2011). 1746:, after learning of Laird's death. 1143:had publicly criticized his father 928:Los Angeles-class nuclear submarine 5341:American people of the Vietnam War 3937:'s delegation(s) to the 83rd–91st 2757:United States Secretary of Defense 2484:Office of the Secretary of Defense 2419:US Department of Defense Biography 1631:American Public Health Association 1534:. Since 1974, he wrote widely for 948:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 867:Defense Security Assistance Agency 542:from 1969 to 1973 under President 117:United States Secretary of Defense 76:Acting: May 1, 1973 – June 6, 1973 25: 5386:People from Marshfield, Wisconsin 5376:Military personnel from Wisconsin 5331:20th-century American politicians 2445:The University of Wisconsin Press 2273:. University of Wisconsin Press. 1541:Laird was quietly opposed to the 1418:Cold War and nuclear war planning 5391:Politicians from Omaha, Nebraska 3892: 3545:Ambassador to the United Nations 3127: 3028: 2873: 1637:Presidential Library biography. 1193:renewed bombing of North Vietnam 883:Defense Program Review Committee 632:, he served on a destroyer, the 599:Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin 570:Melvin Robert Laird was born in 2424:Marshfield Herald News archives 2307:BenchMarks Magazine, Fall 1994 891:Office of Management and Budget 871:Washington Special Action Group 436: 416: 1908:Nation: What the Platform Says 1309:, after having been leaked by 1134:On 15 October 1969, the first 801:and National Security Advisor 709:House Appropriations Committee 1: 2565:U.S. House of Representatives 2548:U.S. House of Representatives 1652:, by three U.S. Presidents – 1611:National Institutes of Health 1594:University of Wisconsin Press 1532:Presidential Medal of Freedom 1063:and the other members of The 855:Defense Investigative Service 2405:"Melvin Laird (id: L000024)" 1673:National Library of Medicine 1615:National Library of Medicine 1600:Role in health care research 1446:antiballistic missile treaty 1340:In December 1971, the Third 887:Council of Economic Advisers 550:; he coined the expression " 3455:Secretary of Transportation 2429:BenchMark Magazine archives 1762:Arlington National Cemetery 1693:Centers for Disease Control 1619:Centers for Disease Control 380:Arlington National Cemetery 5427: 5366:Lake Forest Academy alumni 3576:Counselor to the President 3125: 1516:counselor to the president 1377:Washington Merry-Go-Around 1324:, who was prosecuting the 983:Secretary of The Air Force 722:, he publicly charged the 593:Laird was the grandson of 562:at the time of his death. 29: 3948: 3890: 3679: 3482: 3287:Secretary of the Interior 3163:Secretary of the Treasury 3085: 3026: 2880: 2871: 2822: 2813: 2805: 2800: 2790: 2781: 2773: 2763: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2702: 2630: 2618: 2608: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2576: 2561: 2553: 2546: 2536: 2520: 2512: 2505: 1812:"Laird, Melvin R. 1922 -" 1642:World Health Organization 1530:In 1974, he received the 1487:president in 1976. After 1249:The new Cambodian leader 908:Trident nuclear submarine 753:Voting Rights Act of 1965 733:Civil Rights Acts of 1957 521: 497:Lieutenant (Junior Grade) 323: 288: 237: 172: 122: 67: 56: 47: 3939:United States Congresses 3312:Secretary of Agriculture 2587:Party political offices 2403:United States Congress. 2123:Karnow, Stanley (1983). 1721:congestive heart failure 1564:, in Afghanistan and at 1281:running through neutral 1205:another bombing campaign 1153:"Silent Majority speech" 1117:Primat der Aussenpolitik 975:Air Force Chief of Staff 863:Office of Net Assessment 671:in November 1952 to the 665:Stevens Point, Wisconsin 607:Wisconsin State Assembly 5356:Carleton College alumni 3590:Daniel Patrick Moynihan 2686:Charlotte Thompson Reid 2265:Van Atta, Dale (2008). 1703:Following the death of 1681:University of Wisconsin 1287:Cooper–Church Amendment 1189:incursion into Cambodia 1160:and his undersecretary 1067:in his Pentagon office. 797:and Secretary of State 556:South Vietnamese forces 528:Melvin Robert Laird Jr. 337:Melvin Robert Laird Jr. 5346:American Presbyterians 3942:(ordered by seniority) 2794:Kenneth Reese Cole Jr. 2723:John William McCormack 1705:Clarence Clifton Young 1549:to persuade President 1507: 1453:Conscription suspended 1102: 1099:Andrews Air Force Base 1068: 1028: 993: 951: 859:Defense Mapping Agency 850: 818: 724:Johnson administration 661:Wisconsin State Senate 109:Kenneth Reese Cole Jr. 3337:Secretary of Commerce 1734:Secretary of Defense 1543:2003 invasion of Iraq 1497: 1425:Strategic Sufficiency 1292:Operation Lam Son 719 1197:mining of its harbors 1141:Robert Craig McNamara 1081:Secretary of The Navy 1078: 1065:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1054: 1018: 972: 945: 848: 792: 726:with deception about 647:. A recipient of the 588:Lake Forest, Illinois 580:Marshfield, Wisconsin 486:Years of service 3220:James R. Schlesinger 3200:Secretary of Defense 2817:(Sitting or former) 2674:Richard Harding Poff 2540:William Walter Clark 2393:. November 17, 2016. 2370:. November 16, 2016. 1959:"H.R. 7152. PASSAGE" 1880:. November 16, 2016. 1760:Laird was buried in 1654:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1584:In 2008, journalist 1475:Charles Erwin Wilson 1440:agreements with the 1382:Thomas Hinman Moorer 1101:, November 18, 1973. 1086:present Congressman 1027:, December 18, 1972. 773:Secretary of Defense 540:Secretary of Defense 318:William Walter Clark 3245:Richard Kleindienst 2516:Melvin R. Laird Sr. 2347:The Washington Post 1877:New York Daily News 1463:All Volunteer Force 1407:Paris Peace Accords 584:Lake Forest Academy 576:Melvin R. Laird Sr. 369:Fort Myers, Florida 306:Melvin R. Laird Sr. 32:Melvin R. Laird Sr. 3368:Secretary of Labor 3320:Clifford M. Hardin 3268:Postmaster General 3138:Secretary of State 2742:Political offices 2707:Title next held by 2694:William A. Steiger 2639:Served alongside: 2330:on April 23, 2010. 2125:Vietnam: A History 1945:"HR 8601. PASSAGE" 1685:Bethesda, Maryland 1525:Nelson Rockefeller 1508: 1342:Indo-Pakistani war 1301:In June 1971, the 1103: 1069: 1029: 994: 952: 851: 819: 659:Laird entered the 655:Legislative career 643:during the end of 626:United States Navy 616:He graduated from 605:, a member of the 480:United States Navy 5303: 5302: 5298: 5297: 3901: 3900: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3614:Anne L. Armstrong 3559:George H. W. Bush 3528:Caspar Weinberger 3478: 3477: 3444:James Thomas Lynn 3419:Caspar Weinberger 3413:Elliot Richardson 3382:James Day Hodgson 3357:Frederick B. Dent 3351:Peter G. Peterson 3251:Elliot Richardson 3214:Elliot Richardson 3146:William P. Rogers 3037: 3036: 2832: 2831: 2823:Succeeded by 2791:Succeeded by 2767:Elliot Richardson 2764:Succeeded by 2658:Robert P. Griffin 2650:Peter H. Dominick 2646:George H. W. Bush 2609:Succeeded by 2577:Succeeded by 2537:Succeeded by 2439:Laird, Helen L., 1751:Marshfield Clinic 1662:Lyndon B. Johnson 1502:, and biographer 1279:Ho Chi Minh Trail 1034:William P. Rogers 1023:at his office in 1021:Elliot Richardson 988:at a ceremony in 986:Robert C. Seamans 799:William P. Rogers 747:, as well as the 595:William D. Connor 525: 524: 361:November 16, 2016 347:September 1, 1922 160:Elliot Richardson 16:(Redirected from 5418: 5284: 5275: 5266: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5219: 5210: 5201: 5192: 5169: 5160: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5056: 5047: 5024: 5015: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4879: 4870: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4734: 4725: 4693: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4589: 4580: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4444: 4435: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4297: 4285: 4276: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4140: 4131: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4005: 3982: 3973: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3874:McMorris Rodgers 3666: 3659: 3652: 3643: 3484: 3438:George W. Romney 3388:Peter J. Brennan 3276:Winton M. Blount 3257:William B. Saxbe 3239:John N. Mitchell 3231:Attorney General 3189:William E. Simon 3171:David M. Kennedy 3131: 3130: 3087: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3041: 3032: 2877: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2835: 2806:Preceded by 2801:Honorary titles 2774:Preceded by 2747:Preceded by 2735:William Proxmire 2715:Henry M. Jackson 2711:Donald M. Fraser 2678:Charles H. Percy 2619:Preceded by 2612:John B. Anderson 2592:Preceded by 2554:Preceded by 2524:Wisconsin Senate 2513:Preceded by 2507:Wisconsin Senate 2503: 2414: 2395: 2394: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2326:. Archived from 2320: 2314: 2313: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2272: 2262: 2139: 2138: 2120: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1923: 1917: 1916:(July 24, 1964). 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1868: 1855: 1854: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1818:on June 11, 2011 1808: 1802: 1801: 1790: 1719:. Laird died of 1699:Death and legacy 1221:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 1201:Easter Offensive 1010:Creighton Abrams 964:peace with honor 817:January 4, 1973. 815:Washington, D.C. 785:Managerial style 720:loyal opposition 685:Wisconsin Rapids 618:Carleton College 532:U.S. congressman 471:Military service 460:Carleton College 440: 438: 429:Carole Fleishman 420: 418: 366: 364: 346: 344: 328:Personal details 314: 302: 293: 278: 276:Wisconsin Senate 263: 251: 242: 232: 221: 210:John B. Anderson 206: 194: 177: 156: 144: 127: 105: 93: 72: 52: 38: 21: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5282: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5246: 5237: 5228: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5167: 5158: 5136: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5032: 5031: 5022: 5013: 4991: 4990: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4887: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4846: 4845: 4836: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4742: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4701: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4597: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4556: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4452: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4411: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4307: 4306: 4295: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4252: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4148: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4107: 4106: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4003: 3990: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3944: 3941: 3932: 3902: 3897: 3888: 3675: 3670: 3640: 3631: 3608:Donald Rumsfeld 3584:Arthur F. Burns 3570: 3539: 3508: 3489: 3474: 3469:Claude Brinegar 3449: 3424: 3393: 3362: 3331: 3306: 3281: 3262: 3225: 3194: 3157: 3152:Henry Kissinger 3132: 3128: 3123: 3092: 3081: 3068: 3038: 3033: 3024: 2878: 2867: 2862: 2828: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2809:George Smathers 2796: 2787: 2779: 2777:John Ehrlichman 2769: 2760: 2752: 2708: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2622:Everett Dirksen 2614: 2605: 2597: 2582: 2573: 2567: 2559: 2542: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2474:Foreign Affairs 2454: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2383: 2382: 2375: 2367:The Daily Beast 2360: 2359: 2355: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2264: 2263: 2142: 2135: 2122: 2121: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1870: 1869: 1858: 1851: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1770: 1701: 1658:John F. Kennedy 1629:(1964) and the 1602: 1592:, published by 1579:Hillary Clinton 1571:Donald Rumsfeld 1556:Foreign Affairs 1547:Brent Scowcroft 1536:Reader's Digest 1521:Reader's Digest 1500:Donald Rumsfeld 1471: 1455: 1420: 1311:Daniel Ellsberg 1303:Pentagon Papers 1272:camp was raided 1209:Pentagon Papers 1172:Reader's Digest 1145:Robert McNamara 956:Henry Kissinger 940: 912:cruise missiles 899: 897:Pentagon budget 840:Washington Post 803:Henry Kissinger 787: 775: 701:Barry Goldwater 657: 572:Omaha, Nebraska 568: 443: 442: 439: 1993) 434: 430: 422: 414: 410: 407: 406:Barbara Masters 386:Political party 367: 362: 360: 350:Omaha, Nebraska 348: 342: 340: 339: 338: 312: 300: 294: 289: 279: 274: 261: 249: 243: 238: 228: 222: 217: 204: 192: 178: 173: 154: 142: 128: 123: 103: 97:John Ehrlichman 91: 75: 73: 68: 43: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5424: 5422: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5280: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5250:R. Kastenmeier 5244: 5235: 5226: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5187: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5165: 5155: 5148: 5146: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5103:R. Kastenmeier 5097: 5088: 5079: 5070: 5061: 5052: 5042: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5020: 5010: 5003: 5001: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4958:R. Kastenmeier 4952: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4916: 4907: 4897: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4875: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4822:R. Kastenmeier 4816: 4807: 4798: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4730: 4720: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4677:R. Kastenmeier 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4607: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4585: 4575: 4568: 4566: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550:R. Kastenmeier 4544: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4440: 4430: 4423: 4421: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4317: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4293: 4281: 4271: 4264: 4262: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4177: 4168: 4158: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4136: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4000: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3978: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3503:Robert P. Mayo 3499: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3235: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3098:Vice President 3094: 3093: 3090: 3083: 3082: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2838: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2753: 2750:Clark Clifford 2748: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2719:Mike Mansfield 2706: 2701: 2629: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2575: 2563:Member of the 2560: 2557:Reid F. Murray 2555: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2522:Member of the 2519: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2501: 2500: 2491: 2486: 2478: 2466: 2461: 2453: 2452:External links 2450: 2449: 2448: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2397: 2396: 2373: 2353: 2333: 2315: 2300: 2286: 2280:978-0299226800 2279: 2140: 2134:978-0140265477 2133: 2010: 1996: 1978: 1964: 1950: 1936: 1918: 1900: 1883: 1856: 1849: 1829: 1803: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1774:Laird v. Tatum 1769: 1766: 1717:1954 elections 1700: 1697: 1635:Gerald R. Ford 1601: 1598: 1566:Guantanamo Bay 1551:George W. Bush 1480:National Guard 1470: 1467: 1454: 1451: 1434:Nixon Doctrine 1419: 1416: 1354:West Pakistani 1331:New York Times 1326:New York Times 1322:Erwin Griswold 1316:New York Times 1307:New York Times 1042:Operation Menu 1002:Vietnamization 998:Stanley Karnow 939: 936: 898: 895: 795:Alexander Haig 786: 783: 774: 771: 760:Vice President 656: 653: 567: 564: 552:Vietnamization 523: 522: 519: 518: 513: 509: 508: 503: 499: 498: 495: 491: 490: 487: 483: 482: 477: 476:Branch/service 473: 472: 468: 467: 457: 453: 452: 449: 445: 444: 432: 428: 427: 426: 425: 412: 408: 405: 404: 403: 402: 399: 397: 393: 392: 387: 383: 382: 377: 373: 372: 365:(aged 94) 358: 354: 353: 336: 334: 330: 329: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 309: 308: 303: 297: 296: 286: 285: 273:Member of the 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 255:Reid F. Murray 252: 246: 245: 235: 234: 216:Member of the 213: 212: 207: 201: 200: 195: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 170: 169: 163: 162: 157: 151: 150: 148:Clark Clifford 145: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 120: 119: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 94: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 65: 64: 58: 57: 54: 53: 45: 44: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5423: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5268:H. Schadeberg 5263: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5121:H. Schadeberg 5116: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4831:H. Schadeberg 4826: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4686:H. Schadeberg 4681: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3895: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3565:John A. Scali 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3522:George Shultz 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488:Cabinet-level 3485: 3481: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3463:John A. 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Penguin. 1991:GovTrack.us 1931:GovTrack.us 1744:John McCain 1689:Lister Hill 1650:Switzerland 1255:Khmer Rouge 1162:John Warner 1158:John Chafee 1108:Spiro Agnew 1094:Carl Vinson 1088:Carl Vinson 1084:John Warner 938:Vietnam War 811:White House 807:Oval Office 767:Gerald Ford 763:Spiro Agnew 548:Vietnam War 301:Preceded by 250:Preceded by 198:Gerald Ford 193:Preceded by 187:Gerald Ford 143:Preceded by 92:Preceded by 5310:Categories 5277:W. Steiger 5259:V. Thomson 5130:W. Steiger 5112:V. Thomson 4967:V. Thomson 4840:V. Thomson 4804:L. Johnson 4695:V. Thomson 4659:L. Johnson 4523:L. Johnson 4469:G. Withrow 4387:L. Johnson 4333:G. Withrow 4237:L. Johnson 4174:G. Withrow 4100:L. Johnson 4072:C. Kersten 4027:G. 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