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720:, but not in its installation, as an accordion is held in both hands whereas a reed organ is usually positioned on the floor in a wooden casing (which might make it mistakable for a piano at the very first glimpse). Reed organs are operated either with pressure or with suction bellows. Pressure bellows permit a wider range to modify the volume, depending on whether the pedaling of the bellows is faster or slower. In North America and the United Kingdom, a reed organ with pressure bellows is referred to as a harmonium, whereas in continental Europe, any reed organ is called a harmonium regardless of whether it has pressure or suction bellows. As reed organs with pressure bellows were more difficult to produce and therefore more expensive, North American and British reed organs and melodeons generally use suction bellows and operate on vacuum.
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complexity, not only through the demand for instruments with a greater tonal range, but also due to patent laws (especially in North
America). It was common for manufacturers to patent the action mechanism used on their instruments, thus requiring any new manufacturer to develop their own version; as the number of manufacturers grew, this led to some instruments having hugely complex arrays of levers, cranks, rods and shafts, which made replacement with an electronic instrument even more attractive.
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490:, published in Paris by Schoenberger, or , in an «Instruments nouveaux» section on pp. 290–92, and in the 1856 reprint, found on pp. 472–77 in Peter Bloom's critical edition published by Bärenreiter, Vol.24, in Kassel and New York, 2003. Berlioz also wrote about it in several subsequent journals (Bloom, p.472, nn. 1 & 2). He used it in 1 work: L'enfance du Christ, Part 1, scene vi, where it is off stage. When he conducted it in Weimar on 21 February 1855, it was played by
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organists to practise on an instrument on the scale of a pipe organ, but without the physical size or volume of such an instrument. For missionaries, chaplains in the armed forces, travelling evangelist etc., reed organs that folded up into a container the size of a very large suitcase or small trunk were made; these had a short keyboard and few stops, but they were more than adequate for keeping hymn singers more or less on pitch.
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1720:, also known as the hand harmonium or vaja, is a small and portable hand-pumped reed organ that gained popularity in the Indian subcontinent. It arrived in India during the mid-19th century, potentially introduced by missionaries or traders. Adapted by Indian craftsmen, the harmonium was modified to be played on the floor, in alignment with the traditional Indian music style, and to be more compact and portable.
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transport overland in areas where good-quality roads and railways may have been non-existent. An added attraction of the harmonium in tropical regions was that the instrument held its tune regardless of heat and humidity, unlike the piano. This "export" market was sufficiently lucrative for manufacturers to produce harmoniums with cases impregnated with chemicals to prevent
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Western
Finland—consisted of violin(s), double bass and harmonium. There was a practical limitation that prevented playing harmonium and accordion in the same band: harmoniums were tuned to 438 Hz, while accordions were tuned to 442 Hz. Some key harmonium players in the new rise of Nordic folk have been
4160:
Mechanical harmonium in piano shaped wooden case ... The inscription "I.P. Nyström" is on the left side, 'Reform-Orgel Patent" – is in the center, "Karlstad" is on the right side. Framed text "Jnnehar sjutton (17) Patenter å egna
Uppfinningar inom orgelbranchen" (17 patents for original inventions in
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Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the Indian harmonium became integral to Indian music, widely used in devotional genres such as qawwali, ghazal, kirtan, and bhajan. Its lightweight design, portability, and ease of learning contributed to its widespread adoption among Sikhs, Hindus, and
Muslims
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Small numbers of harmoniums were built with two manuals (keyboards). Some were even built with pedal keyboards, which required the use of an assistant to run the bellows or, for some of the later models, an electrical pump. These larger instruments were mainly intended for home use, such as allowing
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The unusual reed-vibration physics have a direct effect on harmonium playing, as the control of its dynamics in playing is restricted and subtle. The free reed of the harmonium is riveted from a metal frame and is subjected to airflow, which is pumped from the bellows through the reservoir, pushing
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This is a beautiful melodeon built by The New Haven
Melodeon Company circa about 1865. These instruments are small reed organs that are operated by pumping the large iron right pedal…the left pedal is volume control and operates a swell shutter. During the mid 19th Century, these little melodeons
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Harmoniums played a significant part in the new rise of Nordic folk music, especially in
Finland. In the late 1970s, a harmonium could be found in most schools where the bands met, and it became natural for the bands to include a harmonium in their setup. A typical folk band then—particularly in
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could imitate the tonal quality and range of a pipe organ while retaining the compact dimensions and cost-effectiveness of the harmonium as well as reducing maintenance needs and allowing a greater number of stops and other features. By this time, harmoniums had reached high levels of mechanical
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Harmoniums generally weigh less than similar sized pianos and are not easily damaged in transport, thus they were also popular throughout the colonies of the
European powers in this period not only because it was easier to ship the instrument out to where it was needed, but it was also easier to
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company, which ceased manufacture in the mid-1950s; a couple of
Italian companies continued into the 1970s. As the existing stock of instruments aged and spare parts became hard to find, more and more were either scrapped or sold. It was not uncommon for harmoniums to be "modernised" by having
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The New Haven
Melodeon Company was organized on April 10th, 1867 in New Haven, CT. John L. Treat of Treat & Linsley was listed as superintendent of the firm. The firm built several models of organs and melodeons and enjoyed a great deal of success. By 1872 the firm is listed as having
701:. The harmonium had the advantage of providing clear overtones that enabled the reliable counting of beats by two listeners, one per note. However, Rayleigh acknowledged that maintaining constant pressure in the bellows is difficult and fluctuation of the pitch often occurs as a result.
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In the
Netherlands, the introduction of the harmonium triggered a boom in religious house music. Its organ-like sound quality allowed Reformed families to sing psalms and hymns at home. A lot of new hymns were composed expressly for voice and harmonium, notably those by
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modes were measured too. Any torsional modes are excited because of a slight asymmetry in the reed's construction. During attack, it was shown that the reed produces most strongly the fundamental, along with a second transverse or torsional mode, which are transient.
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operating capital in the amount of $ 40,000. By the late 1870s, the popularity of the melodeon began to wain in favor of the parlor organ. The firm reorganized as "The New Haven Organ Company" from 1881 to 1883, and there is no mention of the firm after about 1883.
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again at high pressures by several hertz for the bass notes measured. American reed organ measurements showed a sinusoidal oscillation with sharp pressure transitions when the reed bends above and below its frame. The fundamental itself is nearly the
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A mechanic who had worked in the factory of Alexandre in Paris emigrated to the United States and conceived the idea of a suction bellows, instead of the ordinary bellows that forced the air outward through the reeds. Beginning in 1885, the firm of
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improved Grenié's instrument and gave it the name harmonium when he patented his version in 1840. There was concurrent development of similar instruments. Jacob Alexandre and his son Édouard introduced the orgue mélodium in 1844.
1739:. Despite this, it became the instrument of choice for North Indian classical vocal genres, supported by its ease of learning and suitability for group singing. The harmonium's fixed pitches and limitations led to its ban from
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The invention of the electronic organ in the mid-1930s spelled the end of the harmonium's success in the West, although its popularity as a household instrument had already declined in the 1920s as musical tastes changed . The
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of those intended for churches and affluent homes were often excellent pieces of furniture. Several million reed organs and melodeons were made in the US and Canada between the 1850s and the 1920s, some of which were exported.
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that generates sound as air flows past the free-reeds, the vibrating pieces of thin metal in a frame. Specific types of pump organs include the harmonium using pressure system, suction reed organ using vacuum system, and the
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The term melodeon was applied to concert saloons in the Victorian American West because of the use of the reed instrument. The word became a common designation of that type of resort that offered entertainment to men.
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633:, is particularly sensitive to inaccuracies of intonation. And as its vibrators also admit of a delicate and durable tuning, it appeared to me peculiarly suitable for experiments on a more perfect system of tones."
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that is present with the standard octave division in this tuning. This arrangement was difficult to play on. Additional modified or novel instruments were used for experimental and educational purposes; notably,
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were often the only form of musical entertainment in Rural America. This style of melodeon is known as a "Portable Melodeon" and its legs are designed to fold up under the instrument for easy transport. ...
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from 1940 to 1971. However, it continued to be favored in the reformed classical music of the early 20th century. The harmonium is popular to the present day, an important instrument in many genres of
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793:, so that the resultant sound pressure is rather constant. Additionally, there is a threshold pumping pressure, below which the reed vibration is minimal. Within those two thresholds, there is an
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At the peak of the instruments' Western popularity around 1900, a wide variety of styles of harmoniums were being produced. These ranged from simple models with plain cases and only four or five
3026:. Collected Papers of the 137th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the 2nd Convention of the European Acoustics Association: Forum Acusticum, Berlin. Vol. 105. p. 1001.
3185:. Collected Papers of the 137th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the 2nd Convention of the European Acoustics Association: Forum Acusticum, Berlin. Vol. 105. p. 940.
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The acoustical effects described below are a result of the free-reed mechanism. Therefore, they are essentially identical for the Western and Indian harmoniums and the reed organ. In 1875,
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Harmonium compositions are available by European and American composers of classical music. It was also used often in the folk music of the Appalachians and South of the United States.
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539:, the protagonist narrates that the church procured a "melodeum" (a conflation, likely intended by Twain for satirical effect, of the names "melodeon" and "harmonium") for the occasion.
313:, free-reed organs were widely used in smaller churches and in private homes in the 19th century, but their volume and tonal range were limited. They generally had one or sometimes two
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17. Flat top reed organ by George Woods & Co. This firms is known for its high quality Melodeons (early type of reed organ, in fact the suction variety of the physharmonica)
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447:, was credited with the first free-reed instrument made in the Western world, after winning the annual prize in 1780 from the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg. According to
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Scapelliti, Christopher (Editor, Writer) (2016). "Music Icons – The Beatles: The Story Behind Every Album & Song". New York, NY: Athlon Sports Communications, Inc.: 84.
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Harmoniums reached the height of their popularity in the West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were especially popular in small churches and chapels where a
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629:"Among musical instruments, the harmonium, on account of its uniformly sustained tone, the piercing character of its quality of tone, and its tolerably distinct
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also used the harmonium to devise a method for indirectly measuring frequency accurately, using approximated known equal temperament intervals and their
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1217:) that employs a harmonium in the orchestration of each of its versions. It requires an instrument with many stops, which are specified in the score.
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In the view points of preservation of cultural properties, maintenance and restoration, the pump organs are often categorized into several types.
1591:, a 7th–8th century Indian music, popularly emerged in the West. The harmonium is often played as the lead instrument by kirtan artists; notably
959:, piano 4-hands, and harmonium. The Society folded before the arrangement could be performed, and it went without premiere for more than 60 years.
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In the 20th century, the harmonium faced controversy in Indian classical music due to technical limitations such as the inability to produce
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for devotional purposes. Notably, it also found popularity in the Western yoga subculture, thanks to figures like Krishna Das and Jai Uttal.
853:(1750s–1900), which "vibrated between two poles of expression" and "required the overwhelming power and strong accents of wind instruments".
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3085:
1584:, makes heavy use of a harmonium pedal organ in a stark contrast to many other tracks on the album that are almost entirely electronic.
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The majority of Western style harmoniums today are in the hands of enthusiasts, but the Indian harmonium remains popular in South Asia.
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570:. Expensive harmoniums were often built to resemble pipe organs, with ranks of fake pipes attached to the top of the instrument.
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where he played it in droning accompaniment on the song "Peregrine", and where it was also played on his song "Poor Cow" by
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was closely associated with the harmonium, using it as her main instrument, during the late 60s and 70s, on albums such as
437:. The instrument's free-reed was unknown in Europe at the time, and the concept quickly spread from Russia across Europe.
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4152:"Harmonium "Reform-orgel" (1888–1903, Sweden, Karlstad) by J.P. Nyströms Orgel & Pianofabrik [Inv. 101/MMP]"
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bought a harmonium for £49 and used it to compose "Curtain Call", the 17-minute closing track from their 1980 double LP
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made their instruments with the suction bellows, and this method of construction soon superseded all others in America.
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888:, which may be played on a harmonium as well, because they have a small enough range and use fewer stops. For example,
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3381:"Fantasia in C major, BWV 570 (Bach, Johann Sebastian) – IMSLP/Petrucci Music Library: Free Public Domain Sheet Music"
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1356:", released in December 1965, and the band used the instrument on other songs recorded during the sessions for their
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St. Hilaire, A. O., Wilson, T. A. & Beavers, G. B. (1971). "Aerodynamic excitation of the harmonium reed".
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4123:— an example of harmoniflûte play. The bellow on rear-side is pumped by a foot pedal located between a stand.
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566:(if any at all), up to large instruments with ornate cases, up to a dozen stops and other mechanisms such as
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St. Hilaire; A. O. (1976). "Analytical prediction of the non-linear response of a self-excited structure".
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463:. A harmonium-like instrument was exhibited by Gabriel-Joseph Grenié (1756–1837) in 1810. He called it an
451:, Kratzenstein suggested that the instrument be made, but that the first organ with free reeds was made by
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467:(expressive organ), because his instrument was capable of greater expression, as well as of producing a
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Alongside the furniture-sized instruments of the west, smaller designs exist. The portable, hand-pumped
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effects between the sound box and the reeds on the timbre appear not to have been studied to date.
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4067:. An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language. Vol. 13. Century Company. 1890. p.
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and "Lord Is It Mine". Hodgson also used a harmonium on "The Garden" from his 2000 solo album
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988:
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353:. The Indian harmonium is widely used by Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims for devotional genres like
335:
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Using two manuals and two differently tuned stop sets, he was able to simultaneously compare
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2075:: the term "melodium" seems to be interchangeable with the terms "melodion" and "melodeon".
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2430:: The term "melodeon" seems to be interchangeable with the terms "melodion" and "melodium".
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called a sheng was brought to Russia. That instrument received attention due to its use by
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1945:
1826:
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1025:(1889–1890) was actually written for harmonium, with some pieces with piano accompaniment.
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through Russia after 1750, and the first Western free-reed instrument was made in 1780 in
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4255:
Abraham Prescott (American, Deerfield, New Hampshire 1789–1858 Concord, New Hampshire)
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2057:
1774:
947:, an arrangement for chamber ensemble, prepared in 1921 by students and associates of
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Modes of Vibration of Air-driven Free Reeds in Steady State and Transient Oscillation
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of the fundamental, rather than inharmonic, although a weak inharmonic overtone (6.27
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287:
277:
136:
3812:"Review of Sufi Music of India and Pakistan.: Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali"
3747:"Krishna Das' "Live Ananda" Earns Grammy Nomination; Kirtan Grammy Would Be A First"
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Guide – Harmoniums : Repérage et protection au titre des monuments historique
3202:
3043:
892:'s Fantasia in C major for organ BWV 570 is suitable for a four-octave harmonium.
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4210:. Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments. Vol. 3. Psychology Press. p.
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Guide - Harmoniums : Identification and protection as historical monuments
3093:
Proceedings of the International Congress on Acoustics (ICA2007), Madrid, Spain
680:. In practice, that harmonium was constructed with 84 keys, for convenience of
625:, in which he used the harmonium extensively to test different tuning systems:
4935:
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4179:
Manufacturing the Muse: Estey Organs and Consumer Culture in Victorian America
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459:. The harmonium's design incorporates free reeds and derives from the earlier
448:
378:
310:
4206:
Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard (2006). "Prescott, Abraham (1789–1858)".
3835:
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2022:
1344:
Harmoniums have been used in western popular music since at least the 1960s.
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used his harmonium on many of the group's songs including "Two of Us" from
1387:
Many other artists soon employed the instrument in their music, including;
3655:"Sara Bareilles – Once Upon Another Time (Live at the El Rey – 5/14/2013)"
1699:
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of 12 minor and 17 major keys in just intonation without going into harsh
4898:
4888:
4816:
4705:
4665:
4523:
3366:
Jan Smelik, "Stichtelijke zang rond het harmonium" in: Louis Grijp c.s.,
1534:
have both used the instrument on their recordings and live performances.
967:
884:
The harmonium repertoire includes many pieces written originally for the
763:
695:
544:
234:: 5th part taken from "L'organiste", played on a Debain pump organ (1878)
181:
177:
3020:
Variation of frequency with blowing pressure for an air-driven free reed
2898:
1755:. For example, it is a staple of vocal North Indian classical music and
809:
250:, of the type used in South Asia, here used at a European jazz festival.
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1834:
1759:
1651: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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excerpt of Suneera Kasliwal, Classical Musical Instruments, Delhi 2001
3511:
Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles
3257:
2939:
Helmholtz, H. L. F., 1875, p. 492, Part III, Justly-Intoned Harmonium.
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being rare. The finer pump organs had a wider range of tones, and the
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album. They also used the instrument on the famous "final chord" of "
1312:
1299:
1289:
774:
and to sound production in the direction of airflow. This particular
503:
366:
362:
358:
144:
4581:
4007:
Köhler, Friedrich; Lambeck, Hermann (1892). Lambeck, Hermann (ed.).
3252:. 137th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Austin Texas.
2432: For the "melodeon" as a type of accordion, see
1587:
During the 1990s the Hindu and Sikh-based devotional music known as
4432:: Henry Bishop Horton (American, Winchester, Connecticut 1819–1885)
3827:
1274:
Singer Mariana Sadovska using a hand-pumped organ, Cologne, Germany
1135:( active 1827-1860s) composed many works specifically for harmonium
4878:
4795:
4695:
4606:
4528:
4462:
3979:. Direction générale des patrimoines (in French). Paris, France:
1736:
1706:
1581:
1328:
1269:
836:
824:
816:
808:
703:
608:
549:
508:
241:
223:
1233:. 24 Pièces en style libre pour orgue ou harmonium, Op. 31 (1913)
4775:
4586:
3370:
Amsterdam University Press/Salome, Amsterdam, 2001: pp. 547–552.
2978:"On the determination of absolute pitch by the common harmonium"
1607:
who was nominated for a Grammy award for new age music in 2012.
1430:
1320:, German singer, songwriter, actress, model and recording artist
1317:
1067:), an operatic sketch that uses a harmonium for its stage music.
4466:
1562:
used a harmonium on "Neptune's Daughter" from their 1994 album
4576:
3880:"Twelve Different Types of Pump Organs (Types of Reed Organs)"
2809:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 184, 406–407.
1769:
1620:
1572:
used the harmonium on her 2012 song "Once Upon Another Time".
712:
In the generation of its tones, a reed organ is similar to an
657:. He subdivided the octave to 28 tones, to be able to perform
586:
The last mass-producer of harmoniums in North America was the
4457:
2917:
Asbury, Herbert, The Barbary Coast, (Alfred Knopf, 1933), 105
1481:
on the title track of the progressive rock band's 1971 album
3480:
The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men through Rubber Soul
1097:
Symphonie zu Dantes Divina Commedia, Movement II: Purgatorio
1011:, Op. 70 (scored for harp or piano and harmonium or organ).
971:, an early work that features a harmonium part (libretto by
955:, was scored for two violins, viola, cello, bass, clarinet,
789:
in which the reed can vibrate is limited by fluctuations in
739:
frequency of the reed. The overtones of the instrument are
684:. Another famous reed organ that was evaluated was built by
4161:
the organ industry) is beneath the central inscription. ...
3176:
Cottingham, J. P., Lilly, J. & Reed, C. H. (Mar 1999).
3017:
Cottingham, J. P., Reed, C. H. & Busha, M. (Mar 1999).
747:) was reported too. The fundamental frequency comes from a
723:
Reed organ frequencies depend on the blowing pressure; the
349:
in the 19th century, soon became a major instrument on the
298:). The idea for the free reed was derived from the Chinese
1031:, author of many duos for piano and harmonium, including:
488:
Grand traité d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes
4446:
3608:"Desertshore – Nico | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic"
1844:
In the 17th century on the small reed-pipe organs called
4057:
4055:
2419:
Suction reed organs are vacuum system free-reed organs.
931:
for orchestra, choirs, and soloists, includes parts for
591:
electric blowers fitted, often very unsympathetically.
4181:. Wesleyan University Press (published 2002). pp.
2216:, a French inventor of the harmonium (patented in 1842)
1860:, the early small pump organs or the early accordions.
1786:
1083:, an album that has several pieces featuring harmonium.
708:
Portable 19th-century reed organ with one rank of reeds
3514:. New York, New York: Gotham Books. pp. 162–167.
1147:
is scored for twelve voices, two pianos and harmonium.
730:
with medium pressure compared to low pressure, but it
1089:(1866–1945). 25 pieces for harmonium, Premier cahier.
4002:
4000:
3703:
Shannon Sexton; Anna Dubrovsky (December 16, 2011).
3661:
from the original on 2021-11-07 – via YouTube.
2477:
of the United States (ca.1835 by James A. Bazin, MA)
1021:. The final collection of pieces popularly known as
1001:
for two violins, cello and harmonium, Op. 47 (B.79).
4968:
4804:
4768:
4759:
4714:
4638:
4629:
4547:
4509:
4500:
547:and other damaging organisms found in the tropics.
345:, adapted by Indians from Western designs like the
217:
204:
191:
150:
135:
127:
110:
94:
82:
65:
58:
3483:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp.
2948:Helmholtz, H. L. F., 1875, p. 634, Appendix. XVII.
1871:were invented one after another, including: early
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
3913:"How To Find Serial Numbers In Estey Reed Organs"
3086:"Reed Vibration in Western Free-Reed Instruments"
2966:Helmholtz, H. L. F., 1875, p. 677, Appendix. XIX.
2957:Helmholtz, H. L. F., 1875, p. 682, Appendix. XIX.
2193:Harmoniums are pressure system free-reed organs.
1308:, Ukrainian singer, composer and recording artist
1159:is scored for piano, harmonium, violin and cello.
3243:Paquette, A & Cottingham, J. P. (Nov 2003).
1477:played a pedal harmonium borrowed from lyricist
1035:Symphonie tirée de la Symphonie-Cantate "Ariane"
525:would be too large or expensive; in the funeral-
613:Two reeds from a Mason & Hamlin reed organ.
4010:Dictionary of the English and German Languages
3698:
3696:
2818:
2816:
1180:, for two violins, cello, harmonium and piano.
921:(movements I–III) and harmonium (movement IV).
4478:
3428:International Encyclopedia of Women Composers
3120:Fletcher, N. H. & Rossing, T. D. (1998).
2434:Diatonic button accordion § Nomenclature
1554:used a harmonium on a version of their song "
1047:Finale alla Schumann sur un noël languedocien
426:During the first half of the 18th century, a
8:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3790:"Small encyclopedia with Indian instruments"
3767:. Dwarkin & Sons (P) Ltd. Archived from
3327:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3225:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3133:
3131:
3066:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2683:(electric-blower driven / electronic organs)
1979:organ, without pipes after the 17th century)
41:
4454:of John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University
4388:"The Olthof Collection - Exhibited in 1981"
4136:Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (MGG)
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3671:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3238:
3236:
2627:Two manual with pedal reed organ (pipe-top)
1705:Musicians in Kathmandu, Nepal, playing the
849:to be an important instrument for music of
4765:
4635:
4506:
4485:
4471:
4463:
4114:Harmoniflûte de Mayermatrix [1850]
3124:. Springer Science+Media Inc. p. 414.
3122:The physics of musical instruments, 2nd ed
2875:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
1119:(1929) (also adaptable to piano or violin)
3873:
3592:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3171:
3169:
3079:
3077:
3001:
2930:, London: Longmans, Green, And Co., 1875.
1667:Learn how and when to remove this message
1595:who was nominated for a Grammy award for
1457:employed the harmonium on his 1968 album
601:can emulate the sound of the pump organ.
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3430:. Books & Music (USA). p. 599.
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2149:(invented in 1833 by John Green, London)
1408:Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player
1302:performer, composer and recording artist
953:Society for Private Musical Performances
443:(1723–1795), professor of physiology at
4277:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
3508:Emerick, Geoff; Massey, Howard (2006).
3368:Een muziekgeschiedenis der Nederlanden.
2773:
2688:
2533:
2438:
2405:Player harmonium (1888–1903, disc-type)
2195:
2077:
1906:
1867:became factory-manufacturable, various
1384:" were both written using a harmonium.
754:, whereas weaker higher transverse and
676:was constructed in 1873 for use with a
3664:
3582:
3570:
3560:
3320:
3218:
3059:
1872:
1856:, and its form is closer to the later
40:
2887:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
2867:
2865:
2589:by American Reed Organ Co., Rotterdam
1373:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
1292:singer, composer and recording artist
917:for orchestra. It includes parts for
915:Dances from a New England Album, 1856
7:
3915:. Estey Organ Museum. Archived from
3745:Patoine, Brenda (December 6, 2012).
3722:Rockwell, Teed (November 14, 2011).
1649:adding citations to reliable sources
1009:Sospiri, Adagio for String Orchestra
987:, a chamber ensemble arrangement by
929:Songs of Innocence and of Experience
558:knobs (stops 2, 4, 6, 8 are drones).
3404:. Martijnpadding.nl. Archived from
3179:The motion of air-driven free reeds
2359:Two manual with pedal harmonium by
1863:In the early 19th century when the
1370:", both released on the 1967 album
1311:Radie Peat, singer and musician of
1073:. Various works for solo harmonium.
649:tunings and observe the degrees of
271:; the historical types include the
4416:, Henry Bishop Horton (inventor),
4173:Waring, Dennis G. (29 July 2002).
3538:. The Beatles Bible. 15 March 2008
2807:The History of Musical Instruments
1368:Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!
27:Free-reed organ musical instrument
25:
4175:"American Reed Organ Manufacture"
3765:"The Invention of Hand Harmonium"
3451:O'Keefe, Phil (7 February 2014).
2926:Helmholtz, L. F., and Ellis, A.,
2698:Electric-blower driven reed organ
2543:Folding reed organ (19th century)
1129:(2008) for harmonium and ensemble
1117:Sonata for Clarinet and Harmonium
984:Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune
369:. They are also commonly used in
286:; the earliest types include the
212:Category:Pump organ manufacturers
4121:from the original on 2021-11-07.
2845:"Carpenter Organ Company (1899)"
2734:
2719:
2703:
2691:
2654:
2632:
2620:
2607:
2595:
2570:
2548:
2536:
2503:
2482:
2467:
2441:
2398:
2375:
2352:
2340:
2322:
2308:
2269:
2221:
2198:
2154:
2137:
2115:
2080:
2008:
1984:
1959:
1936:
1909:
1773:
1698:
1693:, a well-known harmonium player.
1683:
1625:
1282:, Scottish humorist and musician
1241:Five Pieces for Orchestra op. 10
845:The harmonium was considered by
409:
393:
47:
2825:"Western Free Reed Instruments"
2727:Electrostatic-pickup reed organ
2332:, which remains influential in
1636:needs additional citations for
1507:Even in the Quietest Moments...
1348:played a Mannborg harmonium on
821:A smaller variety of pump organ
554:Modern Indian harmonium with 9
441:Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein
96:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
4268:Laurence Libin (Summer 1989).
3453:"Keyboards of the Beatles Era"
3140:Journal of Sound and Vibration
3084:Cottingham, J. P. (Sep 2007).
2884:New International Encyclopedia
1398:The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
53:John Church and Co. pump organ
1:
4111:Gilbert Hirsch (2018-03-18).
4084:. A reed-organ or harmonium.
2206:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1852:were replaced by the beating-
801:in time of reed amplitudes .
4356:"New Haven Melodeon Company"
4139:. Vol. 5. p. 1708.
4029:♪ Ziehharmonica f. Melodion
3345:(in Finnish). Archived from
3160:10.1016/0022-460x(76)90717-3
2784:p. 4. Abhishek Publications.
2742:cf. Electronic organ (1939–)
2710:Electric-blower driven reed
2292:(invented in mid-19th c. by
2101:Gabriel-Joseph Grenié
2062:de:Aeoline (Musikinstrument)
1170:, Op. 20, for high soprano,
770:the reed and bringing it to
621:published his seminal book,
536:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
338:were popular manufacturers.
4304:"New Haven Melodeon (1865)"
3687:"Motion Picture Soundtrack"
2899:"History of the reed organ"
1376:. The group's hit single "
935:, harmonica, and harmonium.
513:Beatty's Parlor Organ, 1882
5038:
4235:Prescott, Abraham (1825),
4208:The Organ: An Encyclopedia
3965:"6.Annexes. A.Typologie".
3634:. Donovan Unofficial. 2009
3287:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
2186:
2043:
1614:
1611:In the Indian subcontinent
813:A Victorian-era pump organ
653:inherent to the different
295:
32:Harmonium (disambiguation)
29:
4013:. P. Reclam jun. p.
3884:PumpOrganRestorations.com
3810:Jones, L. JaFran (1990).
3307:10.1017/s0022112071002374
2928:On the Sensations of Tone
2780:Brahaspati, S.V. (2023).
2189:List of Harmonium players
1904:) as an early harmonica.
1574:Motion Picture Soundtrack
1504:, "Fool's Overture" from
772:self-exciting oscillation
623:On the Sensations of Tone
262:is a type of organ using
222:
209:
199:List of harmonium players
196:
157:
142:
46:
36:Melodeon (disambiguation)
4452:The Reed Organ Home Page
4133:Stichwort. "Harmonium".
3983:. 2020. pp. 21–26.
3705:"Sing the Soul Electric"
3477:Everett, Walter (2001).
3426:Cohen, Aaron I. (1987).
2423:Melodeons and Seraphines
1973:without pipes circa 1600
1221:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1127:First Harmonium Concerto
895:Other examples include:
453:Abbé Georg Joseph Vogler
3981:Ministère de la Culture
3724:"Kirtans East and West"
3653:Goosee9 (15 May 2013).
2851:. 1899-09-01. p. 4
1815:ancestor of pump organs
1576:, the closing track to
1395:" of their first album
1382:Your Mother Should Know
1336:playing a harmonium at
1144:Petite messe solennelle
762:Radiation patterns and
494:(Bloom, p. 474, n. 3).
419:from an 1860s melodeon.
4447:The Reed Organ Society
4270:"Keyboard Instruments"
4064:The Century Dictionary
3581:Cite journal requires
2782:How to Play Harmonium,
2294:Alexandre Père et Fils
2054:Seraphine (instrument)
1817:began as the types of
1809:Historical instruments
1691:Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan
1341:
1296:Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan
1275:
1213:an opera (libretto by
1113:George Frederick McKay
842:
834:
822:
814:
709:
635:
614:
559:
514:
371:Indian classical music
251:
235:
4413:"Autophone" Organette
3794:india-instruments.com
3734:on December 24, 2015.
3632:"The Hurdy Gurdy Man"
2976:Rayleigh (Jan 1879).
2614:Piano case reed organ
2255:Auguste Victor Mustel
2161:Portable or folding:
2128:(invented in 1818 by
2122:Portable or folding:
2099:(invented in 1810 by
1869:free reed instruments
1841:pumped pipe organs).
1615:Further information:
1332:
1325:Western popular music
1273:
1251:Six Maeterlinck Songs
1215:Hugo von Hofmannsthal
1174:, harp and harmonium.
840:
828:
820:
812:
725:fundamental frequency
707:
627:
619:Hermann von Helmholtz
612:
553:
512:
245:
230:
115:Gabriel-Joseph Grenié
5012:Keyboard instruments
4732:Heckelphone-clarinet
4458:Top Harmonium Makers
4360:AntiquePianoShop.com
4308:AntiquePianoShop.com
4150:Давида ЯКОБАШВИЛИ .
2805:Sachs, Kurt (1940).
2555:Flattop reed organ:
2175:(introduced in 1855)
2110:, Paris) or Mélodium
2001:invented c.1822/1829
1645:improve this article
1517:Breakfast in America
1514:to their 1979 album
1501:Crisis? What Crisis?
1366:", and on the song "
782:in that the maximum
737:mechanical resonance
673:Generalized keyboard
599:electronic keyboards
4375:Treat & Linsley
3299:1971JFM....49..803H
3191:1999ASAJ..105..940C
3152:1976JSV....47..185S
3032:1999ASAJ..105R1001C
2994:1879Natur..19R.275.
2749:Related instruments
2585:American reed organ
2563:American reed organ
2413:Suction reed organs
2205:Flattop harmonium (
1460:The Hurdy Gurdy Man
1391:on the title song "
1246:Alexander Zemlinsky
1156:Barcarolle, Op. 108
1151:Camille Saint-Saëns
631:combinational tones
486:included it in his
373:and in the Western
351:Indian Subcontinent
309:More portable than
284:American reed organ
184:, harmonica, Asian
152:Related instruments
104:Free reed aerophone
60:Keyboard instrument
43:
5022:Sets of free reeds
4691:Reclam de xeremies
4410:Autophone (1878),
4362:. September 2017.
4310:. 26 August 2017.
4117:(video). YouTube.
3573:has generic name (
1785:. You can help by
1405:on his 1973 album
1354:We Can Work It Out
1342:
1276:
1227:", fourth movement
1071:Sigfrid Karg-Elert
1029:Alexandre Guilmant
843:
835:
831:Mason & Hamlin
823:
815:
795:exponential growth
710:
615:
560:
515:
500:Mason & Hamlin
336:Mason & Hamlin
294:(for details, see
252:
236:
4999:
4998:
4964:
4963:
4864:Gourd mouth organ
4755:
4754:
4625:
4624:
4421:Accession Number:
4246:Accession Number:
4192:978-0-8195-6508-2
4156:Музей "Собрание"
3990:978-2-11-162589-1
3521:978-1-592-40269-4
3437:978-0-9617485-0-0
3402:"Martijn Padding"
3258:10.1121/1.4781137
2878:"Harmonium"
2680:Later instruments
2497:lyre-leg melodeon
2066:fr:Piano-melodium
2040:Early instruments
1813:Historically the
1803:
1802:
1753:Bangladeshi music
1677:
1676:
1669:
1560:The Divine Comedy
1556:Enjoy the Silence
1417:, the 1978 album
1380:" and the track "
1364:A Day in the Life
1210:Ariadne auf Naxos
1163:Arnold Schoenberg
1139:Gioachino Rossini
989:Arnold Schoenberg
951:for the Viennese
949:Arnold Schoenberg
880:Western classical
328:The Cable Company
240:
239:
228:
16:(Redirected from
5029:
4929:Orthotonophonium
4924:Indian harmonium
4766:
4639:Cylindrical bore
4636:
4511:Cylindrical bore
4507:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4464:
4435:
4434:
4422:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4384:
4378:
4371:
4369:
4352:
4346:
4319:
4317:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4274:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4247:
4238:Rocking Melodeon
4232:
4226:
4225:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4080:(me-ˈlō'di-on).
4072:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4018:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3978:
3962:
3921:
3920:
3909:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3848:
3847:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3730:. Archived from
3719:
3713:
3712:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3670:
3662:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3536:"Hello, Goodbye"
3532:
3526:
3525:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3371:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3318:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3260:. Archived from
3251:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3201:. Archived from
3199:10.1121/1.426334
3184:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3095:. Archived from
3090:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3042:. Archived from
3040:10.1121/1.425800
3025:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:10.1038/019275c0
2988:(482): 275–276.
2973:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2785:
2778:
2738:
2723:
2707:
2695:
2682:
2681:
2667:
2658:
2636:
2624:
2611:
2599:
2590:
2574:
2552:
2540:
2527:
2526:
2507:
2486:
2471:
2462:
2455:
2445:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2390:Orthotonophonium
2387:
2379:
2369:
2361:Theodor Mannborg
2356:
2347:Chapel harmonium
2344:
2330:Indian harmonium
2326:
2312:
2302:
2287:
2273:
2263:
2248:
2245:harmoniums d’art
2241:
2225:
2214:Alexandre Debain
2211:
2208:
2202:
2173:
2158:
2141:
2119:
2109:
2098:
2084:
2026:
2012:
1988:
1963:
1940:
1913:
1903:
1900:
1892:
1891: 1822/1829
1889:
1881:
1878:
1858:rocking melodeon
1798:
1795:
1777:
1770:
1718:Indian harmonium
1702:
1687:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1629:
1621:
1617:Indian harmonium
1436:The Marble Index
1429:. German singer
1306:Mariana Sadovska
1225:Manfred Symphony
1198:Vom ewigen Leben
1192:Chamber Symphony
1133:Elise Rondonneau
905:Altenberg Lieder
874:Johannes de Heer
479:Alexandre Debain
413:
397:
343:Indian harmonium
281:
269:Indian harmonium
248:Indian harmonium
229:
167:Indian harmonium
123:
51:
44:
21:
18:Melodeon (organ)
5037:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4960:
4800:
4751:
4710:
4621:
4543:
4496:
4494:Reed aerophones
4491:
4443:
4438:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4392:harmoniumnet.nl
4386:
4385:
4381:
4372:
4364:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4320:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4242:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4090:(me-lō'di-um).
4085:
4074:
4073:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4034:
4020:
4019:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3924:
3911:
3910:
3891:
3877:
3876:
3851:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3751:The Bhakti Beat
3744:
3743:
3739:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3663:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3580:
3569:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3457:Harmony Central
3450:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3411:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3319:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3221:cite conference
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3182:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3062:cite conference
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2849:Vermont Phoenix
2843:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2788:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2696:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2650:
2649:by Joseph Alley
2648:
2637:
2628:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2603:
2600:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2463:
2460:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2394:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2313:
2304:
2296:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2257:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2150:
2142:
2133:
2120:
2111:
2103:
2092:
2089:Orgue-expressif
2085:
2068:
2058:fr:Harmoniflûte
2042:
2035:
2032:invented c.1829
2029:
2020:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1964:
1955:
1948:
1946:Portative organ
1941:
1932:
1921:
1914:
1901:
1890:
1879:
1833:powered by the
1831:resonance-pipes
1811:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1783:needs expansion
1768:
1741:All India Radio
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1673:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1642:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1547:The Black Album
1512:the title track
1426:Made in England
1338:Bhaktifest West
1327:
1268:
1205:Richard Strauss
1178:Weihnachtsmusik
1123:Martijn Padding
1041:Pastorale A-Dur
1013:Vesper Preludes
999:Five Bagatelles
911:William Bergsma
882:
807:
607:
465:orgue expressif
424:
423:
422:
421:
420:
414:
406:
405:
398:
387:
275:
224:
117:
101:
78:
54:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5035:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5017:Organs (music)
5014:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4981:Quadruple reed
4978:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Heckel-clarina
4724:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4442:
4441:External links
4439:
4437:
4436:
4428:: Autophone /
4402:
4379:
4347:
4295:
4289:(available as
4260:
4227:
4220:
4198:
4191:
4165:
4142:
4125:
4103:
4051:
3996:
3989:
3922:
3919:on 2015-01-01.
3889:
3849:
3828:10.2307/834116
3822:(2): 151–155.
3802:
3781:
3756:
3737:
3728:India Currents
3714:
3692:
3678:
3645:
3623:
3599:
3583:|journal=
3571:|author1=
3549:
3527:
3520:
3500:
3493:
3469:
3443:
3436:
3418:
3393:
3372:
3359:
3334:
3293:(4): 803–816.
3277:
3232:
3165:
3146:(2): 185–205.
3127:
3112:
3073:
3009:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2919:
2910:
2890:
2861:
2836:
2823:Missin, P. R.
2812:
2786:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2577:Parlor organ:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2447:
2440:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2290:Orgue-mélodium
2278:Piano-mélodium
2275:
2268:
2266:
2264:, Paris (1890)
2231:Kunstharmonium
2227:
2220:
2218:
2204:
2197:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2086:
2079:
2050:fr:Poïkilorgue
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2014:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1919:Positive organ
1915:
1908:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1764:
1709:and harmonium.
1704:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1633:
1631:
1624:
1612:
1609:
1580:'s 2000 album
1570:Sara Bareilles
1490:More recently
1479:Peter Sinfield
1378:Hello, Goodbye
1352:' hit single "
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:Lyric Symphony
1253:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1218:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1186:Franz Schreker
1183:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1107:Symphony No. 8
1099:
1090:
1087:Henri Letocart
1084:
1077:Kronos Quartet
1074:
1068:
1065:There and Back
1060:Hin und zurück
1055:Paul Hindemith
1052:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1026:
1016:
1002:
995:Antonín Dvořák
992:
979:Claude Debussy
976:
960:
944:Symphony no. 7
939:Anton Bruckner
936:
925:William Bolcom
922:
908:
881:
878:
866:Milla Viljamaa
862:Timo Alakotila
806:
803:
791:damping forces
647:equal-tempered
606:
603:
484:Hector Berlioz
415:
408:
407:
399:
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:
386:
383:
273:Kunstharmonium
246:A hand-pumped
238:
237:
220:
219:
215:
214:
207:
206:
202:
201:
194:
193:
189:
188:
155:
154:
148:
147:
140:
139:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
112:
108:
107:
98:
92:
91:
86:
84:Classification
80:
79:
77:
76:
73:
69:
67:
63:
62:
56:
55:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5034:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:Physharmonica
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Richter-tuned
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4221:9780415941747
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3771:on 2007-04-09
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3553:
3550:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3494:0-19-514105-9
3490:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3470:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3408:on 2013-02-22
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3349:on 2011-07-24
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3267:on 2012-03-26
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3208:on 2012-03-26
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3102:on 2012-03-26
3098:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3049:on 2012-03-26
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3010:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2873:Gilman, D. C.
2868:
2866:
2862:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2732:
2729:(1930s–1960s)
2728:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2522:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2410:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2125:Physharmonica
2118:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:Physharmonica
2039:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1953:with bellows)
1952:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1885:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1794:February 2015
1788:
1784:
1781:This section
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1671:
1668:
1660:
1657:November 2016
1650:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1634:This section
1632:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:new-age music
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1523:Open the Door
1519:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1492:Roger Hodgson
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1423:, and 1995's
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:Gustav Mahler
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
980:
977:
974:
973:W. S. Gilbert
970:
969:
964:
963:Frederic Clay
961:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:
940:
937:
934:
930:
926:
923:
920:
916:
912:
909:
907:
906:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
891:
887:
879:
877:
875:
869:
867:
863:
857:
854:
852:
848:
839:
832:
827:
819:
811:
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
767:
765:
760:
757:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
729:
726:
721:
719:
715:
706:
702:
700:
697:
693:
692:Lord Rayleigh
689:
687:
683:
679:
678:53-tone scale
675:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:inharmonicity
648:
644:
640:
634:
632:
626:
624:
620:
611:
604:
602:
600:
595:
592:
589:
584:
581:
580:Hammond organ
575:
571:
569:
565:
557:
552:
548:
546:
540:
538:
537:
532:
528:
524:
519:
511:
507:
505:
501:
495:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
432:
429:
418:
412:
403:
396:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:physharmonica
285:
279:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
249:
244:
233:
221:
216:
213:
208:
203:
200:
195:
190:
187:
183:
179:
176:
173:
172:
168:
164:
161:
156:
153:
149:
146:
141:
138:
137:Playing range
134:
130:
126:
121:
116:
113:
109:
105:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
74:
71:
70:
68:
64:
61:
57:
50:
45:
37:
34: and
33:
19:
4913:
4827:Couesnophone
4715:Conical bore
4592:Oboe d'amore
4567:English horn
4549:Conical bore
4429:
4426:Manufacturer
4425:
4424:
4423:07.195a, b,
4412:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4382:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4350:
4321:See images:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4298:
4280:
4276:
4263:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4237:
4230:
4207:
4201:
4178:
4168:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4134:
4128:
4113:
4106:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4063:
4046:(=melodeon).
4043:
4039:
4036:
4033:(=melodium).
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4009:
3972:
3967:
3917:the original
3883:
3878:Fudge, Rod.
3819:
3815:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3784:
3773:. Retrieved
3769:the original
3759:
3750:
3740:
3732:the original
3727:
3717:
3709:Yoga Journal
3708:
3681:
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3626:
3615:. Retrieved
3611:
3602:
3563:cite journal
3552:
3542:December 24,
3540:. Retrieved
3530:
3510:
3503:
3479:
3472:
3460:. Retrieved
3446:
3427:
3421:
3410:. Retrieved
3406:the original
3396:
3385:. Retrieved
3375:
3367:
3362:
3351:. Retrieved
3347:the original
3337:
3323:cite journal
3290:
3286:
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3262:the original
3245:
3210:. Retrieved
3203:the original
3178:
3143:
3139:
3121:
3115:
3104:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3092:
3051:. Retrieved
3044:the original
3019:
3012:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2902:. Retrieved
2893:
2882:
2853:. Retrieved
2848:
2839:
2828:. Retrieved
2806:
2781:
2776:
2741:
2686:
2668:instrument,
2661:
2640:
2639:
2602:Chapel organ
2584:
2583:
2578:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2531:
2512:
2511:Piano-style
2510:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2393:(1870s/1914)
2388:
2334:Indian music
2289:
2277:
2244:
2230:
2229:
2192:
2184:
2164:Harmoniflûte
2163:
2144:
2130:Anton Haeckl
2123:
2088:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2015:
1991:
1967:
1966:
1943:
1916:
1862:
1843:
1838:
1829:) using the
1814:
1812:
1804:
1791:
1787:adding to it
1782:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1663:
1654:
1643:Please help
1638:verification
1635:
1586:
1563:
1552:Depeche Mode
1545:
1536:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1489:
1482:
1475:King Crimson
1471:Robert Fripp
1469:
1465:John Cameron
1458:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1424:
1420:A Single Man
1418:
1412:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1371:
1357:
1343:
1298:, Pakistani
1255:
1250:
1240:
1237:Anton Webern
1231:Louis Vierne
1208:
1197:
1190:
1177:
1168:Herzgewächse
1167:
1154:
1142:
1126:
1116:
1105:
1096:
1080:
1064:
1058:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1019:César Franck
1012:
1008:
1005:Edward Elgar
998:
982:
966:
942:
928:
914:
903:
894:
886:church organ
883:
870:
858:
855:
844:
841:A pump organ
784:displacement
776:aerodynamics
768:
761:
744:
731:
727:
722:
711:
690:
671:
655:temperaments
636:
628:
622:
616:
596:
593:
585:
576:
572:
561:
541:
534:
526:
520:
516:
496:
487:
477:
464:
439:
435:Johann Wilde
425:
404:mouth organ.
379:sub-cultures
340:
319:pedal-boards
308:
259:
255:
253:
232:César Franck
218:Sound sample
186:mouth organs
175:Mouth-blown:
174:
160:Hand-pumped:
159:
158:
131:19th century
4919:Guide-chant
4894:Martinshorn
4631:Single reed
4617:Taepyeongso
4502:Double reed
4248:89.4.1194,
3816:Asian Music
3383:. Imslp.org
2712:chord organ
2664:mechanical
2647:(1868/1871)
2386:harmonium:
2364: [
2316:Guide-chant
2297: [
2282: [
2258: [
2236: [
2210: 1865
2168: [
2104: [
2093: [
2021: [
1902: 1829
1880: 1810
1873:pump organs
1819:pipe organs
1762:concerts.
1757:Sufi Muslim
1605:Krishna Das
1601:Snatam Kaur
1550:. In 1990,
1542:Dave Vanian
1442:Desertshore
1359:Rubber Soul
1350:the Beatles
1346:John Lennon
1334:Krishna Das
1288:, American
1286:Krishna Das
1280:Ivor Cutler
1093:Franz Liszt
1081:Early Music
1023:L'Organiste
851:Romanticism
659:modulations
639:Pythagorean
529:scene from
527:in-absentia
492:Franz Liszt
431:mouth organ
377:and kirtan
347:guide-chant
332:Estey Organ
311:pipe organs
276: [
143:Usually 10
118: [
111:Inventor(s)
66:Other names
5006:Categories
4936:Saenghwang
4914:Pump organ
4869:Hornophone
4822:Concertina
4791:Pitch pipe
4786:Party horn
4781:Bullroarer
4722:Aulochrome
4373:See also:
3775:2007-04-24
3617:2018-03-09
3412:2012-07-08
3387:2012-07-08
3353:2012-12-18
3343:"Harmooni"
3271:2012-12-18
3212:2012-12-18
3106:2012-12-18
3053:2012-12-18
2904:2010-08-06
2855:2020-11-29
2830:2010-08-06
2769:References
2763:Pipe organ
2758:Shruti box
2644:reed organ
2642:Enharmonic
2525:Reed organ
2384:Enharmonic
2187:See also:
2044:See also:
2027:circa 1830
2018:Symphonium
1996:circa 1830
1951:pipe organ
1949:(portable
1924:pipe organ
1895:Symphonium
1884:accordions
1865:free reeds
1850:reed-pipes
1538:The Damned
1528:Greg Weeks
1496:Supertramp
1448:The End...
1414:Blue Moves
1403:Elton John
1393:Chapter 24
1389:Pink Floyd
900:Alban Berg
847:Curt Sachs
833:pump organ
749:transverse
718:concertina
663:dissonance
531:Mark Twain
523:pipe organ
473:diminuendo
449:Curt Sachs
445:Copenhagen
264:free-reeds
260:reed organ
256:pump organ
72:Reed organ
42:Pump organ
4991:Tone hole
4904:Organetto
4842:Chromatic
4837:Harmonica
4832:Harmoneon
4812:Accordion
4761:Free reed
4742:Saxophone
4676:Launeddas
4661:Chalumeau
4042:Melodion
3836:0044-9202
3315:121955334
2754:Harmonica
2670:Organette
2666:free-reed
2490:Portable
2475:Seraphine
2458:lap organ
2243:(French:
2181:Harmonium
2146:Seraphine
2132:, Vienna)
1994:Accordion
1975:(beating
1827:portative
1749:Pakistani
1599:in 2004,
1593:Jai Uttal
1578:Radiohead
1565:Promenade
1532:Tori Amos
1411:, 1976's
1401:in 1967,
805:Repertory
787:amplitude
780:nonlinear
756:torsional
741:harmonics
732:increases
728:decreases
714:accordion
682:fingering
668:Bosanquet
605:Acoustics
469:crescendo
457:Darmstadt
428:free-reed
417:Free reed
292:seraphine
192:Musicians
171:accordion
128:Developed
89:Aerophone
75:Harmonium
4899:Melodica
4889:Mangtong
4847:Diatonic
4817:Claviola
4747:Tárogató
4706:Zhaleika
4666:Clarinet
4524:Chirimia
4430:Inventor
4119:Archived
4096:melodeon
4088:melodium
4078:melodeon
4037:melodium
4024:melodeon
3667:cite web
3659:Archived
3612:AllMusic
2579:melodeon
2557:melodeon
2517:(c.1867)
2513:melodeon
2492:melodeon
2452:melodeon
2450:Rocking
1848:, these
1823:positive
1049:(Op. 83)
1043:(Op. 26)
1037:(Op. 53)
968:Ages Ago
933:melodeon
919:melodeon
764:coupling
696:overtone
568:couplers
556:air stop
545:woodworm
400:Chinese
323:cabinets
290:and the
282:and the
205:Builders
182:melodica
178:Claviola
4884:Lusheng
4857:Tremolo
4737:Octavin
4701:Xaphoon
4686:Pibgorn
4671:Diplica
4562:Bombard
4557:Bassoon
4519:Balaban
3638:May 24,
3295:Bibcode
3187:Bibcode
3148:Bibcode
3028:Bibcode
2990:Bibcode
2714:(1960s)
2672:in 1878
2251:Celesta
1928:bellows
1922:(small
1893:), and
1835:bellows
1760:Qawwali
1540:singer
1484:Islands
1455:Donovan
1266:Artists
1172:celesta
645:and to
597:Modern
385:History
355:qawwali
317:, with
315:manuals
304:Denmark
145:octaves
100:412.132
4951:Triola
4874:Hulusi
4769:Single
4681:Mijwiz
4656:Bülban
4651:Arghul
4646:Alboka
4612:Sopila
4602:Rhaita
4597:Piston
4572:Gralla
4218:
4189:
4094:. See
4086:
4035:
3987:
3975:]
3844:834116
3842:
3834:
3518:
3491:
3485:321–22
3462:7 June
3434:
3313:
2982:Nature
2461:(1825)
2370:(1911)
2064:, and
1751:, and
1745:Indian
1735:, and
1733:gamaka
1603:, and
1589:kirtan
1340:, 2015
1313:Lankum
1300:qawali
1290:kirtan
1153:. The
504:Boston
367:bhajan
363:kirtan
359:ghazal
334:, and
4969:Other
4941:Sheng
4879:Khene
4796:Sneng
4696:Sipsi
4607:Shawm
4529:Duduk
4283:(1):
4273:(PDF)
4251:Maker
4185:–12.
3977:(PDF)
3971:[
3840:JSTOR
3311:S2CID
3265:(PDF)
3250:(PDF)
3206:(PDF)
3183:(PDF)
3100:(PDF)
3089:(PDF)
3047:(PDF)
3024:(PDF)
2368:]
2301:]
2286:]
2262:]
2253:, by
2249:with
2240:]
2212:) by
2172:]
2108:]
2097:]
2025:]
1969:Regal
1926:with
1854:reeds
1846:regal
1766:Types
1737:meend
1729:slurs
1707:tabla
1582:Kid A
1494:from
799:decay
699:beats
686:Poole
588:Estey
564:stops
502:, of
461:regal
402:Sheng
300:sheng
296:Types
280:]
163:Regal
122:]
4986:Reed
4976:Bore
4805:Sets
4776:Bawu
4587:Oboe
4539:Piri
4534:Guan
4216:ISBN
4187:ISBN
4069:3700
3985:ISBN
3832:ISSN
3673:link
3640:2017
3594:link
3587:help
3575:help
3544:2015
3516:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3464:2017
3432:ISBN
3329:link
3227:link
3068:link
2428:Note
2288:and
2073:Note
2016:cf.
1992:cf.
1977:reed
1944:cf.
1917:cf.
1839:i.e.
1716:The
1530:and
1445:and
1431:Nico
1318:Nico
957:horn
890:Bach
864:and
797:and
752:mode
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