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44:
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375:-like seed 2–4 cm long inside. Fleshy strobili weigh about 5.5 g, the seed alone 3.8 g. It changes colour from yellow to orange, purple or pink when ripe. Melinjo season in Indonesia comes three times in March to April, June to July, and September to October, but the fruiting season in northeast of Philippines mainly from June to September.
364:
617:
Oral administration of the 50% ethanol extract of melinjo fruit at 100 mg/kg/day significantly enhanced the production of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ irrespective of concanavalin-A stimulation, whereas the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 was not affected. New stilbene
339:), growing to 15–22 metres tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 40 cm (16 in). In addition to the tree form, there are also varieties that includes shrub forms (brunonianum, griffithii, and tenerum). The
1031:
Kato, Hikaru; Samizo, Masayuki; Kawabata, Ryosuke; Takano, Fumihide; Ohta, Tomihisa (2011). "Stilbenoids from the
Melinjo (Gnetum gnemonL.) Fruit Modulate Cytokine Production in Murine Peyer's Patch CellsEx Vivo".
354:
from single long stems 3–6 centimetres long. Male strobili are small and arranged in long stalks which are often mistaken for flowers, melinjo fruit instead are produced from fertilizing the female strobili.
622:, isorhapontigenin, gnemonoside D, gnetins C and E were isolated from the extract. Gnemonoside M strongly enhanced Th1 cytokine production in cultured Peyer's patch cells from mice at 10 mg/kg/day.
942:
Iliya, Ibrahim; Ali, Zulfiqar; Tanaka, Toshiyuki; Iinuma, Munekazu; Furusawa, Miyuki; Nakaya, Ken-ichi; Murata, Jin; Darnaedi, Dedy (2002). "Four New
Stilbene Oligomers in the Root of Gnetum gnemon".
553:
activity, works as a food preservative, off flavour inhibitor and taste enhancer. This species may have applications in food industries which do not use any synthetic chemicals in their processes.
614:
which were tested for DPPH radical scavenging action, antimicrobial activity and inhibition of lipase and α-amylase from porcine pancreas. Gnetin C showed the best effect among these stilbenoids.
319:
This species can be easily confused for an angiosperm due to the fruit-like female strobili, broad leaves and male strobili looking like flowers due to convergent evolution.
486:
region and is regarded as a vegetable of high status. Its male strobili, young leaves and female strobilus are used as ingredients in traditional vegetable curry called
1272:
1396:
1311:
1463:
891:
996:
Kato, Eishin; Tokunaga, Yuji; Sakan, Fujio (2009). "Stilbenoids
Isolated from the Seeds of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) and Their Biological Activity".
1220:
913:
1285:
1233:
1370:
610:
The separation of a 50% ethanol extract of the dried endosperms yielded gnetin C, gnetin L (new stilbenoid), gnemonosides A, C and D, and
860:
955:
1259:
1473:
768:
1290:
479:). The crackers have a slightly bitter taste and are frequently served as a snack or accompaniment to Indonesian dishes.
1478:
1132:
815:
817:
Philippines: Country Report to the FAO International
Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources (Leipzig, 1996)
347:, opposite, 8–20 cm long and 3–10 cm broad, entire, emerging bronze-coloured, maturing glossy dark green.
1383:
932:.(2008). Inhibition of Fish Lipid Oxidation by the Extract of Indonesia Edible Plant Seed `Melinjo`. Kyoto, Japan.
1409:
1316:
1074:
87:
1388:
908:(2005). Antibacterial and Antioxidative Constituents of Melinjo Seeds and Their Application to Foods. Japan.
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414:. The young leaves, flowers, and the outer flesh of the fruits are also edible when cooked and are eaten in
1212:
1199:
1194:
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909:
607:-glycosylflavones (isovitexin, vicenin II, isoswertisin, swertisin, swertiajaponin, isoswertiajaponin).
188:
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542:. This result was published in XXIII International Conference on Polyphenols, Canada, in 2006.
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The oval fruit measures 1–3.5 cm long, it consists of a thin velvety skin and a large
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Wallace, James W.; Morris, Gene (1978). "C-Glycosylflavones in Gnetum gnemon".
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442:. They have a slightly sour taste and are commonly eaten in soups and stews.
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463:(sour vegetable soup) and also, made into raw chips that later need to be
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761:
Traditional Trees of
Pacific Islands: Their Culture, Environment, and Use
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10.1002/1522-2675(200208)85:8<2538::AID-HLCA2538>3.0.CO;2-J
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492:. This dish is served on all important traditional occasions, such as
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glucosides gnemonoside L and gnemonoside M, and known stilbenoids
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823:. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. 1995.
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Gnetum nuts are eaten boiled, roasted, or raw in most parts of
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district, the women pick the red-skinned ripe fruit and make
728:(1): 336–347 – via Naturalis Institutional Repository.
350:
The tree does not flower but still grow male and female
509:
499:
493:
487:
572:, were isolated from acetone extract of the root of
1092:
367:Cross section of a melinjo fruit with seed inside.
482:This plant is commonly cultivated throughout the
748:Manner, Harley I.; Elevitch, Craig R. (2006).
663:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T194943A8924190.en
530:Recently, it has been discovered that melinjo
8:
1080:
998:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
61:
42:
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890:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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534:are rich in a stilbenoid composed of
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1327:8c297b9a-ada7-4c95-971b-03687f8038f9
835:"Produce Market, Mantalongon Barili"
711:
709:
694:. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. 2023
1464:IUCN Red List least concern species
789:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (1997).
763:. Permanent Agriculture Resources.
649:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
576:along with five known stilbenoids,
25:
267:in southeast Asia to the western
1389:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:383520-1
1068:
599:The extraction of dried leaf of
86:
759:. In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.).
603:with acetone water (1:1) gave
445:Gnetum is most widely used in
271:islands. Common names include
1:
983:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88711-7
556:Four new stilbene oligomers,
327:It is a small to medium-size
247:, its native area spans from
545:Melinjo resveratrol, having
255:in India down south through
526:Dimer Resveratrol Structure
510:
500:
494:
488:
1495:
916:February 17, 2012, at the
692:Plants of the World Online
457:. The seeds are used for
398:chips, made from smashed
218:
211:
194:
187:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
795:The Gymnosperm Database
1046:10.1055/s-0030-1250742
944:Helvetica Chimica Acta
527:
403:
368:
316:
224:Reinw. ex E.A.Duchesne
1474:Edible nuts and seeds
1077:at Wikimedia Commons
716:Markgraf, F. (1948).
656:: e.T194943A8924190.
525:
449:where it is known as
391:
366:
310:
538:and identified as a
910:Science Links Japan
638:Baloch, E. (2011).
335:species, which are
331:(unlike most other
315:) branch with fruit
53:Conservation status
1479:Indonesian cuisine
528:
447:Indonesian cuisine
404:
369:
317:
1451:
1450:
1335:Open Tree of Life
1086:Taxon identifiers
1073:Media related to
1010:10.1021/jf803077p
841:. 14 October 2009
261:Malay Archipelago
230:
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221:Gnetum domesticum
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873:on 2016-03-04
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189:Binomial name
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904:Hisada, H.,
900:
875:. Retrieved
868:the original
855:
843:. Retrieved
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798:. Retrieved
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691:
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667:. Retrieved
653:
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578:ampelopsin E
573:
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473:, a type of
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126:Gymnospermae
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29:
1247:iNaturalist
1118:Wikispecies
718:"Gnetaceae"
669:19 November
620:resveratrol
612:resveratrol
536:resveratrol
420:Philippines
303:Description
265:Philippines
241:species of
1458:Categories
1363:kew-334116
1358:Plant List
877:2013-12-03
845:9 February
770:0970254458
626:References
558:gnemonol G
489:kuah pliek
465:deep-fried
460:sayur asem
239:gymnosperm
136:Gnetophyta
132:Division:
1469:Gnetaceae
1213:210000665
1200:210000665
754:(gnetum)"
514:from it.
504:. In the
501:keureudja
416:Indonesia
412:Melanesia
345:evergreen
313:G. gnemon
311:Melinjo (
277:joint fir
174:Species:
156:Gnetaceae
96:Kingdom:
1428:14300128
1423:Tropicos
1347:PalDat:
1278:11012368
1265:383520-1
1103:Wikidata
1054:21267811
1018:19222220
914:Archived
886:cite web
800:7 August
586:gnetin C
532:strobili
495:khanduri
424:Thailand
384:Culinary
281:two leaf
263:and the
213:Synonyms
152:Family:
146:Gnetales
73:IUCN 3.1
1226:2653133
1174:1156260
698:13 June
455:belinjo
451:melinjo
428:Vanuatu
396:melinjo
289:belinjo
285:melinjo
269:Pacific
249:Mizoram
162:Genus:
142:Order:
100:Plantae
71: (
18:Melinjo
1415:127221
1410:Steere
1371:PLANTS
1340:673436
1324:NZOR:
1304:194943
1291:183503
1252:135923
1138:126010
1109:Q72368
1052:
1016:
930:et al.
906:et al.
767:
476:krupuk
470:emping
438:, and
434:, the
418:, the
394:Emping
341:leaves
337:lianas
333:Gnetum
295:, and
273:gnetum
244:Gnetum
167:Gnetum
1402:212-1
1397:SANBI
1273:IRMNG
1239:17841
1187:GNEGN
1151:6KN9L
871:(PDF)
864:(PDF)
821:(PDF)
757:(PDF)
540:dimer
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