35:
360:
536:
79:
200:
463:
larger amounts produce both gynes and workers (KERR 1966). In research done by Kerr, Stort, and
Montenegro (1966) it was found that no gynes occurred among pupae weighing less than 72 mg, while above that weight around 25% of pupae were gynes. When all pupae are above 72 mg, a 3:1 segregation of workers to gynes is observed. In times when food is not adequate and pupae are of lower rate, fewer gynes develop.
54:
591:
351:. This species shows considerable variety in nesting sites and has been recorded nesting in tree trunks from 1 to 3 meters above the soil surface, in the soil in nests of Atta, and in the abandoned mud bird nests constructed on telephone poles. Nests are commonly found in tree holes and incorporate clay. The opening of the nests allow for only one bee to pass through at a time.
415:
When a cell has been completed, the queen will fixate on the cell for inspection and push away workers from the cell. A worker will provision food into the cell and quickly retreat. Sometimes, when the queen is not around, a worker will lay an egg in the cell and quickly retreat from the area similar
378:
New colonies are established in a slow process, when the number of worker bees exceed 500 or 600 individuals in the parent colony. Then, a number of worker bees starts to build a new nest in a tree cavity found to be well suited for this purpose, and store honey and pollen in there. When the new nest
406:
Young worker bees of the same age group are tasked with cell construction and provisioning of brood cells. An individual can participate in both cell building and provisioning. Each cell is not built exclusively and continuously by a single worker, but by successive activities by multiple workers.
462:
cells which produce workers (and males) and those which produce gynes (young queens) are indistinguishable and intermixed. Upon emergence, gynes are around the same size as workers, although different structurally. Cells that receive small amounts of provisions produce workers, while cells with
647:
These bees are exceedingly tame, never attacking humans, even to defend their nest. Their normal reaction when the hive is opened is to hide in dark corners, usually they do not attempt to fly away. In strong colonies, a few workers may fly around the intruder, but will avoid touching it. This
1065:
Stefan Jarau, Michael Hrncir, Ronaldo Zucchi, Friedrich Barth. Recruitment behavior in stingless bees, Melipona scutellaris and M. quadrifasciata. I. Foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance. Apidologie, Springer Verlag (Germany), 2000, 31 (1), pp.81–91.
297:
have dark black, rounded bodies with slightly curved antennae and translucent wings. Size is from 10 to 11 mm, and they are more heavily build than the common honeybee. This bee can be identified by the bright yellow stripe pattern from the third to the sixth abdominal
371:, are highly eusocial bees that are characterized by having perennial colonies that are typically headed by a single-mated queen. The average number of adult workers and queens within a colony is 300–400. There has been a novel case of temporal polygyny within a colony of
490:, are continually produced due to the genetic and trophic nature of caste differentiation. This provides a failsafe if a new queen is ever needed, however there must also be a device in place to dispose of the excess gynes. It is usually workers that kill excess gynes in
639:
as an additional source of income. The honey is typically collected and sold by women, and in a good blooming season a single hive can produce 1 to 1.5 liters of honey. In warm regions honey is produced the whole year round, and production can be considerably higher.
504:, several gynes will be killed before a newly accepted virgin queen helps the workers to deal with other virgin gynes that may emerge. After the newly accepted queen is established and the competition is disposed of, the new queen will take her mating flight.
442:. Usually, if a worker egg is found, it is eaten by the queen. The duration of queen oviposition is notably longer than worker oviposition, lasting an average of 24.5 seconds. After the queen has deposited an egg, there is usually a slight delay in
318:
queens swell with ovarian development, making older queens larger than workers which is typical of most social bees. Queens vary slightly in their coloring, having brown eyes and brown hair compared to the black eyes and hair of worker bees.
327:
Workers are smaller than the queen. Workers have black eyes and black hair on their thorax and abdomen. Older workers will go out foraging while younger workers, 12–21 days old, will construct and provision cells in the comb.
1244:
Tomé, Hudson Vaner V.; Barbosa, Wagner F.; Martins, Gustavo F.; Guedes, Raul
Narciso C. (1 April 2015). "Spinosad in the native stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata: Regrettable non-target toxicity of a bioinsecticide".
819:
RamĂrez, Santiago R.; Nieh, James C.; Quental, Tiago B.; Roubik, David W.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera L.; Pierce, Naomi E. (1 August 2010). "A molecular phylogeny of the stingless bee genus
Melipona (Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
383:) join the workers, and if accepted it starts laying eggs and becomes the new queen. As in other Melipona bees, after a while the abdomen of the new queen expands to 3 or more times the initial size (a phenomenon called
420:, or egg laying, the worker will be quiet with her wings closed and keep her body completely still as not to attract the queen. Worker oviposition will last an average of 7 seconds. A worker's egg is about
630:
This species is well suited for rational beekeeping, as colonies grant introduction of new queens from other areas, allowing for exchange of queens between beekeepers in different regions of Brazil. Honey from
961:
Sakagami, Shoichi (1965). "Behavior studies of the stingless bees, with special reference to the oviposition process.：V. Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides
Lepeletier (With 7 Text-figures and 1 Table)".
685:
are perceived as environmentally safe due to their natural origins. However, recent studies have shown lethal and sublethal risks to local pollinators as unintended consequences of biopesticide usage.
664:
seeks nesting sites in hollows of trees located a few meters up from the ground, creating a rather narrow niche. Only one species of tree in an area of the
Brazilian cerrado is federally protected,
189:
1475:
1056:
Rossini, AS. 1989. Caracterização das mudas ontogenéticas e biometria dos corpora allata de
Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides Lep. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Dissertação de Mestrado, IBCR-UNESP.
474:
at either or both loci produces an individual that becomes a worker. A potential queen, having double heterozygosity, can only become a queen if environmental conditions are good and ideal
756:
Marcelo
Fidelis Marques Mendes; et al. (2007). "INTRA-POPULATIONAL VARIABILITY OF Melipona tquadrifasciata Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) USING RELATIVE WARP ANALYSIS".
243:
is often used as pollinators in greenhouses, outperforming honey bees in efficiency and leading to overall larger yields of fruits that were heavier, larger, and contained more seeds.
555:
was not as great at communicating the location of a foraging site, but this could be due to the abundant and easily encountered food sources in its habitat in the forests of Brazil.
1117:
Quezada-Euán, José Javier G.; May-Itzá, William de Jesús; González-Acereto, Jorge A. (1 January 2001). "Meliponiculture in Mexico: problems and perspective for development".
1201:
Antonini, Yasmine; Martins, Rogério P. (1 September 2003). "The value of a tree species (Caryocar brasiliense) for a stingless bee
Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata".
306:
that produce workers, males, and potential queens are indistinguishable and intermixed, making caste differentiation both environmentally and genetically determined.
551:
were able to recruit other foragers within a colony and communicate the direction but not the distance of a foraging site. In comparison with other species of bee,
1391:
1445:
618:
outperformed honey bees as greenhouse pollinators to yield fruits that were larger and carried more seeds than those pollinated by honey bees. The nests of
689:
is an important native pollinator in Brazil, and was therefore used to study the effects of biopesticides on pollinators. It was found that the pesticides
610:, named after bees of the tribe Meliponini—such as Melipona quadrifasciata in Brazil. This variation of bee keeping still occurs around the world today.
407:
Cells are built in a concentric pattern and are finished successively, not synchronously, so at any given time there is diversity in each growing stage.
1352:
1378:
239:
constructs mud hives in the hollows of trees to create thin passages that only allow one bee to pass at a time. Because they are stingless bees,
1460:
1470:
1455:
991:
719:"Conservation study of an endangered stingless bee (Melipona capixaba—Hymenoptera: Apidae) with restricted distribution in Brazil"
857:"Differentiation of Melipona quadrifasciata L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) subspecies using cytochrome b PCR-RFLP patterns"
1465:
780:"Pollination of tomatoes by the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata and the honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae)"
614:
is frequently harvested to be used as a greenhouse pollinator because it is stingless and can easily live in man-made hives.
1383:
660:
has reduced the abundance of
Meliponini bees. The fragmentation of habitat affects floral food sources and nesting sites.
587:
is commonly used in agriculture in South
America, but wild bees are feeling the effects of deforestation and pesticides.
547:
is not as acute as in honey bees. In a series of experiments done at by the University of Vienna, it was confirmed that
1313:
286:
which are more often found in the southern range. However, there is a large hybrid area where the subspecies overlap.
466:
The 3:1 ratio of workers to gynes provides evidence of genetic caste determination. To be a queen, a female must be
1396:
478:
weight can be achieved. A doubly heterozygous offspring will become a worker if food conditions are not favorable.
622:
and other stingless bees of the Meliponini tribe are commonly used to harvest honey in Central and South America.
78:
606:
The ancient Maya domesticated a separate species of stingless bee. The use of stingless bees is referred to as
1012:"First discovery of a rare polygyne colony in the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata (Apidae, Meliponini)"
1281:
34:
1318:
1078:"Flight activity and colony strength in the stingless bee Melipona bicolor bicolor (Apidae, Meliponinae)"
1010:
Alves, Denise Araujo; Menezes, Cristiano; Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera Lucia; Wenseleers, Tom (19 May 2011).
516:
is approximately 38 days; 5 days of embryonic development, 15-day larval stage, and 18-day pupal stage.
173:
359:
1339:
697:—commonly used against crop pests—greatly impaired worker respiration, group activity, and flight in
666:
395:
This section contains information on cell construction, ovipositioning, and caste differentiation of
535:
1162:"Manejo e manipulação artificial de colônias de Melipona quadrifasciata Lep. (Apidae: Meliponinae)"
43:
1226:
1142:
1039:
738:
573:
73:
229:. It is native to the southeastern coastal states of Brazil, where it is more commonly known as
1450:
1417:
1326:
1262:
1218:
1183:
1134:
1099:
1031:
987:
932:
878:
837:
801:
348:
235:, which means "beautiful guard," as there is always a bee at the narrow entrance of the nest.
1422:
1254:
1210:
1173:
1126:
1089:
1023:
922:
914:
868:
829:
791:
730:
560:
576:
and temperature were moderate. They forage for food in the first few hours of the morning.
1404:
607:
527:
is a highly eusocial bee, making communication imperative for the survival of the colony.
1011:
927:
902:
1258:
1439:
384:
63:
58:
1178:
1161:
1146:
1094:
1077:
1043:
873:
856:
742:
1331:
1230:
1130:
694:
682:
471:
467:
855:
Souza, Rogério O.; Moretto, Geraldo; Arias, Maria C.; Lama, Del; A, Marco (2008).
778:
Bispo dos Santos, S.A.; Roselino, A.C.; Hrncir, M.; Bego, L.R. (1 January 2009).
718:
1365:
918:
833:
648:
behavior greatly facilitates the work of beekeepers interested in raising them.
497:
417:
375:, where eight egg-laying queens were found to be coexisting in a single colony.
259:
231:
226:
199:
130:
1304:
1214:
734:
590:
344:
267:
1222:
1187:
1138:
1035:
882:
1027:
110:
90:
1266:
1103:
841:
805:
1409:
936:
903:"Evidences that genetically determined Melipona queens can become workers"
796:
779:
1298:
690:
569:
492:
439:
299:
222:
150:
1076:
Hilario, S. D.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L.; Kleinert, A. de M.P. (2000).
964:
Journal of the Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Series VI. Zoology
1357:
657:
1370:
255:
140:
120:
100:
1275:
387:) and it becomes incapable of flying, never leaving the nest again.
636:
589:
534:
475:
358:
343:
species in southeastern coastal Brazil, found from the states of
1344:
487:
380:
1279:
568:
are mostly active outside of their nest in the morning, when
446:
workers before operculation, or closing of the cell, occurs.
270:
which is commonly referred to as "stingless bees". The genus
458:
that caste determination is both genetic and environmental.
644:
honey is used both for consumption and medicinal purposes.
438:
The queen briefly inspects the cell before inserting her
282:
which occupies the northern range of the species and
984:
The Social Behavior of the Bees: a comparative study
1288:
635:is produced sporadically in the Brazilian state of
543:Forager recruitment in stingless bees such as
1476:Taxa named by Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier
8:
1160:Aidar, Davi S.; Campos, Lucio A. O. (1998).
1276:
430: the size of eggs laid by the queen.
416:to when provisioning cells. During worker
198:
52:
33:
22:
1177:
1166:Anais da Sociedade EntomolĂłgica do Brasil
1093:
926:
872:
795:
278:can be categorized into two subspecies:
717:Nogueira, Juliano; et al. (2014).
709:
656:Cropland expansion and logging in the
822:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
496:species. However, at a time of queen
7:
1005:
1003:
977:
975:
973:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
896:
894:
892:
773:
771:
1446:IUCN Red List least concern species
986:. Belknap Press. pp. 113–114.
512:The full period of development for
379:is ready, a "princess bee" (mated
290:Identification and differentiation
274:includes nearly 50 other species.
14:
1259:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.038
280:M. quadrifasciata quadrifasciata
77:
1179:10.1590/S0301-80591998000100021
1095:10.1590/S0034-71082000000200014
874:10.1590/S1415-47572008000300009
784:Genetics and Molecular Research
1203:Journal of Insect Conservation
1131:10.1080/0005772X.2001.11099523
1066:<10.1051/apido:2000108>.
861:Genetics and Molecular Biology
723:Journal of Insect Conservation
284:M. quadrifasciata anthidioides
1:
982:Michener, Charles D. (1974).
225:, stingless bee of the order
1461:Hymenoptera of South America
834:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.026
1492:
670:, which is widely used by
339:is one of the most common
254:is a member of the family
1471:Insects described in 1836
1456:Endemic insects of Brazil
919:10.1093/genetics/54.3.859
735:10.1007/s10841-014-9639-3
206:
197:
179:
172:
74:Scientific classification
72:
50:
41:
32:
25:
367:Stingless bees, such as
332:Distribution and habitat
1290:Melipona quadrifasciata
1215:10.1023/A:1027378306119
595:Melipona quadrifasciata
585:Melipona quadrifasciata
525:Melipona quadrifasciata
514:Melipona quadrifasciata
456:Melipona quadrifasciata
337:Melipona quadrifasciata
295:Melipona quadrifasciata
252:Melipona quadrifasciata
218:Melipona quadrifasciata
183:Melipona quadrifasciata
27:Melipona quadrifasciata
901:Kerr; Nielsen (1966).
602:Greenhouse pollinators
598:
540:
364:
165:M. quadrifasciata
1466:Hymenoptera of Brazil
1028:10.1051/apido/2010053
797:10.4238/vol8-2kerr015
593:
538:
486:Potential queens, or
454:It has been found in
450:Caste differentiation
362:
667:Caryocar brasiliense
266:is in the subfamily
531:Forager recruitment
363:Nest entrance guard
44:Conservation status
599:
580:Relation to humans
541:
502:M. quadfrifasciata
411:Worker oviposition
397:M. quadrifasciata.
365:
316:M. quadrifasaciata
1433:
1432:
1418:Open Tree of Life
1282:Taxon identifiers
699:M. quadrifasciata
687:M. quadrifasciata
672:M. quadrifasciata
662:M. quadrifasciata
658:Brazilian cerrado
642:M. quadrifasciata
633:M. quadrifasciata
620:M. quadrifasciata
616:M. quadrifasciata
612:M. quadrifasciata
566:M. quadrifasciata
553:M. quadrifasciata
549:M. quadrifasciata
545:M. quadrifasciata
482:Queen supersedure
444:M. quadrifasciata
434:Queen oviposition
402:Cell construction
373:M. quadrifasciata
369:M. quadrifasciata
349:Rio Grande do Sul
276:M. quadrifasciata
264:M. quadrifasciata
241:M. quadrifasciata
237:M. quadrifasciata
214:
213:
209:M. quadrifasciata
67:
1483:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1007:
998:
997:
979:
968:
967:
958:
941:
940:
930:
898:
887:
886:
876:
852:
846:
845:
816:
810:
809:
799:
775:
766:
765:
753:
747:
746:
714:
561:Melipona bicolor
429:
428:
424:
314:The abdomens of
221:is a species of
202:
185:
82:
81:
61:
56:
55:
37:
23:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1405:Observation.org
1403:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1284:
1274:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1082:Rev. Bras. Biol
1075:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1009:
1008:
1001:
994:
981:
980:
971:
960:
959:
944:
900:
899:
890:
854:
853:
849:
818:
817:
813:
777:
776:
769:
755:
754:
750:
716:
715:
711:
707:
680:
678:Pesticide usage
654:
628:
608:meliponiculture
604:
582:
574:light intensity
533:
522:
510:
484:
452:
436:
426:
422:
421:
413:
404:
393:
357:
334:
325:
312:
292:
249:
193:
187:
181:
168:
76:
68:
57:
53:
46:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1362:
1349:
1336:
1323:
1310:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1236:
1209:(3): 167–174.
1193:
1172:(1): 157–159.
1152:
1125:(4): 160–167.
1109:
1088:(2): 299–306.
1068:
1058:
1049:
1022:(2): 211–213.
999:
993:978-0674811751
992:
969:
942:
913:(3): 859–866.
888:
867:(2): 445–450.
847:
828:(2): 519–525.
811:
790:(2): 751–757.
767:
748:
729:(3): 317–326.
708:
706:
703:
679:
676:
653:
650:
627:
624:
603:
600:
581:
578:
532:
529:
521:
518:
509:
506:
483:
480:
451:
448:
435:
432:
412:
409:
403:
400:
392:
389:
356:
353:
333:
330:
324:
321:
311:
308:
291:
288:
258:and the order
248:
245:
212:
211:
204:
203:
195:
194:
188:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
160:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
70:
69:
51:
48:
47:
42:
39:
38:
30:
29:
18:Species of bee
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
989:
985:
978:
976:
974:
970:
965:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
895:
893:
889:
884:
880:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
815:
812:
807:
803:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
772:
768:
764:(1): 147–152.
763:
759:
752:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
710:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Biopesticides
677:
675:
674:for nesting.
673:
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59:Least Concern
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24:
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16:
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472:Homozygosity
468:heterozygous
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391:Reproduction
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1366:iNaturalist
1253:: 103–109.
1247:Chemosphere
558:Similar to
508:Development
498:supersedure
418:oviposition
260:Hymenoptera
227:Hymenoptera
190:le Peletier
131:Hymenoptera
1440:Categories
1016:Apidologie
705:References
626:Beekeeping
345:Pernambuco
268:Meliponini
111:Arthropoda
1223:1366-638X
1188:0301-8059
1139:0005-772X
1119:Bee World
1036:0044-8435
883:1415-4757
232:mandaçaia
207:Range of
159:Species:
97:Kingdom:
91:Eukaryota
1451:Melipona
1305:Q2038827
1299:Wikidata
1267:25496737
1147:85263563
1104:10959114
1044:12896976
907:Genetics
842:20433931
806:19681026
743:16597240
691:spinosad
570:humidity
539:Drinking
493:Melipona
460:Melipona
440:metasoma
341:Melipona
304:Melipona
300:tergites
272:Melipona
247:Taxonomy
223:eusocial
152:Melipona
137:Family:
107:Phylum:
101:Animalia
87:Domain:
64:IUCN 3.1
1358:1340076
1345:2757137
1231:6080884
937:5970624
928:1211207
758:Embrapa
425:⁄
323:Workers
147:Genus:
127:Order:
121:Insecta
117:Class:
62: (
1423:193571
1410:166977
1397:166423
1384:763876
1371:418697
1319:247362
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1034:
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804:
741:
310:Queens
256:Apidae
192:, 1836
141:Apidae
1332:6QY5V
1227:S2CID
1143:S2CID
1040:S2CID
739:S2CID
637:Bahia
488:gynes
476:pupae
1392:NCBI
1379:ITIS
1353:GBIF
1314:BOLD
1263:PMID
1219:ISSN
1184:ISSN
1135:ISSN
1100:PMID
1032:ISSN
988:ISBN
933:PMID
879:ISSN
838:PMID
802:PMID
693:and
597:hive
381:gyne
1340:EoL
1327:CoL
1255:doi
1251:124
1211:doi
1174:doi
1127:doi
1090:doi
1024:doi
923:PMC
915:doi
869:doi
830:doi
792:doi
731:doi
500:in
347:to
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832::
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794::
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745:.
733::
427:3
423:2
66:)
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