2420:
51:
1439:
Palestinian
Melkites were mostly of Roman, greek and lvantian descent converts to Christianity, who had a long tradition of using Palestinian Aramaic dialects as literary languages. Closely associated with the Palestinian Melkites were the Melkites of Transjordan, who also used Palestinian Christian Aramaic. Another community of Aramaic-speaking Melkites existed in the vicinity of Antioch and parts of Syria. These Melkites used Classical Syriac as a written language, the common literary language of the overwhelming majority of Christian Arameans.
1585:
Palestinian
Melkites were mostly Jewish converts to Christianity, who had a long tradition of using Palestinian Aramaic dialects as literary languages. Closely associated with the Palestinian Melkites were the Melkites of Transjordan, who also used Palestinian Christian Aramaic. Another community of Aramaic-speaking Melkites existed in the vicinity of Antioch and parts of Syria. These Melkites used Classical Syriac as a written language, the common literary language of the overwhelming majority of Christian Arameans.
1603:
concentrated around
Antioch and adjacent regions of northern Syria and used Syriac as their literary and liturgical language. The Melkite community also included the Aramaic-speaking Jewish converts to Christianity in Palestine and the Orthodox Christians of Transjordan. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary work (mainly translation) in Palestinian Christian Aramaic, a Western Aramaic dialect, using a script closely resembling the Estrangela cursive of Osrhoene.
1383:
concentrated around
Antioch and adjacent regions of northern Syria and used Syriac as their literary and liturgical language. The Melkite community also included the Aramaic-speaking Jewish converts to Christianity in Palestine and the Orthodox Christians of Transjordan. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary work (mainly translation) in Palestinian Christian Aramaic, a Western Aramaic dialect, using a script closely resembling the Estrangela cursive of Osrhoene.
977:
1172:
767:
1623:"However, in contrast to what went on in northern Syria and Mesopotamia, where Syriac competed well with Greek to remain a great cultural language, Syropalestinian was in a weak position with regard to Greek and, later, to Arabic." quote from the book The Fourth International Conference on the History of Bilād Al-Shām During the Umayyad Period: English section, p.31
1403:"However, in contrast to what went on in northern Syria and Mesopotamia, where Syriac competed well with Greek to remain a great cultural language, Syropalestinian was in a weak position with regard to Greek and, later, to Arabic." quote from the book The Fourth International Conference on the History of Bilād Al-Shām During the Umayyad Period: English section, p.31
1650:"The west Syriac tradition covers the Syriac Orthodox, Maronite, and Melkite churches, though the Melkites changed their Church's rite to that of Constantinople in the 9th-11th centuries, which required new translations of all its liturgical books.", quote from the book The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, p.917
1584:
The main center of
Aramaic-speaking Melkites was Palestine. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary, mainly translation work in the local Western Aramaic dialect, known as "Palestinian Christian Aramaic", using a script closely resembling the cursive Estrangela of Osrhoene.
1438:
The main center of
Aramaic-speaking Melkites was Palestine. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary, mainly translation work in the local Western Aramaic dialect, known as "Palestinian Christian Aramaic", using a script closely resembling the cursive Estrangela of Osrhoene.
1602:
In contrast to "Nestorians" and "Jacobites", a small group of
Syriacs accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. Non-Chalcedonian Syriacs called them "Melkites" (from Aramaic malka "king"), thereby connecting them to the Byzantine Emperor's denomination. Melkite Syriacs were mostly
1382:
In contrast to "Nestorians" and "Jacobites", a small group of
Syriacs accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. Non-Chalcedonian Syriacs called them "Melkites" (from Aramaic malka "king"), thereby connecting them to the Byzantine Emperor's denomination. Melkite Syriacs were mostly
859:
terms that designated those who were loyal to the empire, not just in regard to their political loyalty, but also in relation to their acceptance of imperial religious policies. Throughout the Near East, all
Christians who accepted state-backed Chalcedonian Christianity, became known as
1215:
to rule the patriarchate instead of Cyril. After being ordained a priest, then bishop, he was given
Turkish protection to overthrow Cyril. Sylvester's heavy-handed leadership of the church encouraged many to re-examine the validity of Cyril's claim to the patriarchal throne.
1008:(451) in eastern patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, gradually led to the creation of distinctive pro-Chalcedonian (Melkite) and non-Chalcedonian branches, that by the beginning of the 6th century evolved into separate hierarchical structures.
883:) designated all loyalists, regardless of their ethnicity (Greeks, Copts, Hellenized Jews, Arameans (Syriacs), Arabs,...), thus including not only Greek-speaking Chalcedonians, but also those among Aramaic-speaking and Arabic-speaking Christians and
1883:
1223:(1724–1730) also recognised the legitimacy of Cyril's claim and recognized him and his followers as being in communion with Rome. From that point onwards, the Melkite Church was divided between the Greek Orthodox (
1180:
963:
in the 9th-11th centuries, requiring new translations of all their Classical Syriac liturgical books. The decline of Syriac-Aramaic traditions among Melkites was enhanced (since the 7th century) by gradual
1614:"JACOB BARcLAY, Melkite Orthodox Syro-Byzantine Manuscripts in Syriac and Palestinian Aramaic" quote from the German book Internationale Zeitschriftenschau für Bibelwissenschaft und Grenzgebiete, p. 291
1394:"JACOB BARcLAY, Melkite Orthodox Syro-Byzantine Manuscripts in Syriac and Palestinian Aramaic" quote from the German book Internationale Zeitschriftenschau für Bibelwissenschaft und Grenzgebiete, p. 291
2419:
2217:"The Split of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (1724) and the Emergence of a New Identity in Bilâd al-Shâm as Reflected by some Melkite Historians of the 18th and Early 20th Centuries"
1632:"Some Chalcedonians of Palestine and the Transjordan chose to write in Christian Palestinian Aramaic (CPA) rather than Syriac." quote from the book A Companion to Byzantine Epistolography, p.68
1412:"Some Chalcedonians of Palestine and the Transjordan chose to write in Christian Palestinian Aramaic (CPA) rather than Syriac." quote from the book A Companion to Byzantine Epistolography, p.68
205:
2601:
593:
2254:
2125:
1889:
1641:"I found among them many Syriac manuscripts; but they were unable to read or understand them." quote from the book Maaloula (XIXe-XXIe siècles). Du vieux avec du neuf, p.95
1203:, normally dated to 1054, was undefined, and many of those who continued to worship and work within the Melkite Church became identified as a pro-Western party. In 1724,
195:
1714:"Melkite Orthodox Syro-Byzantine Manuscripts in Syriac (Edessene Dialect of Aramaic) and Palestinian Aramaic (Indigenous Palestinian Dialect of the Peasant Jews)"
549:
50:
2809:
1733:
2071:
2513:
1012:
1020:
968:, that also affected Greek-speaking Melkite communities, since under the Islamic rule Arabic became the main language of public life and administration.
586:
2247:
1068:
1024:
797:
1078:
1016:
2819:
2583:
1073:
238:
2611:
2606:
2814:
579:
2737:
2707:
2240:
1227:), who continued to be appointed by the authority of the patriarch of Constantinople until the late 19th century, and the Greek Catholics (
1032:
876:, meaning "ruler", "king" or "emperor"), thus designating those who are loyal to the empire and its officially imposed religious policies.
215:
1855:
2573:
1051:
83:
2824:
2205:
2182:
2147:
2094:
2060:
2025:
1780:
1577:
1534:
1431:
87:
2747:
1207:(Seraphim Tanas) was elected in Damascus by the Synod as Patriarch of Antioch. Considering this to be a Catholic takeover attempt,
1224:
103:
2829:
2436:
2405:
2002:"Loyalty to the Emperor and Change of Rite: What Induced the Melkite Church to Exchange the Syrian for the Byzantine Tradition"
779:
536:
426:
162:
2518:
1973:
1558:
Abou Ackl, Rand. "The Construction of the Architectural Background in Melkite Annunciation Icons." Chronos 38 (2018): 147–170
1231:), who recognize the authority of the pope of Rome. However, it is now only the Catholic group who continue to use the title
1208:
989:
2525:
1228:
940:
789:
704:
541:
200:
34:
2593:
2568:
265:
2551:
2508:
2468:
2444:
2351:
813:
481:
210:
179:
174:
169:
120:
2449:
2356:
2341:
2037:"The Rite of Notification and Acceptance of the Episcopal Election in the Melkite Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch"
124:
1926:"From Aramaic to Arabic: The Languages of the Monasteries of Palestine in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods"
1748:
2346:
1256:
907:. Since Melkite communities were dominated by Greek episcopate, position of Aramaic-speaking and Arabic-speaking
852:
376:
246:
110:
91:
1046:, the pro-Chalcedonian (Melkite) party prevailed, as well as in some other regions, like the Nubian kingdom of
321:
184:
2727:
2712:
2537:
2336:
743:
723:
712:
673:
220:
2646:
2377:
2317:
1036:
149:
99:
75:
2072:"The Establishment of the Melkite Catholic Millet in 1848 and the Politics of Identity in Tanzimat Syria"
1188:
446:
2588:
1200:
997:
1885:
Melkites: Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholics of the Patriarchates of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem
2530:
2486:
2382:
2263:
2000:
Hohmann, Gregory (2000). Panicker, Geevarghese; Thekeparampil, Rev. Jacob; Kalakudi, Abraham (eds.).
1524:
1212:
1136:
948:
771:
681:
554:
401:
42:
1842:
2276:
1568:
Arman Akopian (11 December 2017). "Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites".
1422:
Arman Akopian (11 December 2017). "Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites".
1204:
1043:
920:
896:
892:
754:
connotations, but they are used as denominational components of complex terms, mainly in scholarly
567:
521:
461:
95:
2682:
2503:
2473:
2387:
2280:
2157:
2119:
2100:
1962:"Melkites, Jacobites and the Christological Controversies in Arabic in Third/Ninth-Century Syria"
1957:
1945:
1921:
1838:
1822:
1806:
1790:
1766:
1729:
1549:
PR Ackroyd: The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome, CUP 1963
1220:
944:
840:
785:
115:
70:
2035:
Madey, John (1997). Panicker, Geevarghese; Thekeparampil, Rev. Jacob; Kalakudi, Abraham (eds.).
1867:
976:
1794:
2768:
2578:
2201:
2193:
2178:
2143:
2090:
2056:
2021:
1969:
1776:
1573:
1530:
1427:
1196:
1096:
1005:
688:
669:
647:
456:
79:
65:
2541:
2458:
2082:
2048:
2013:
1961:
1937:
956:
887:
who were followers of Chalcedonian Christianity. All pro-Chalcedonian Christians throughout
856:
848:
613:
309:
287:
2546:
2133:
1316:
1297:
1285:
1261:
1176:
1160:
1132:
985:
916:
900:
888:
884:
716:
708:
700:
659:
491:
486:
282:
1171:
800:, this first community is said to have been a mixed one made up of individuals who were
2773:
2631:
2288:
1240:
1112:
1108:
1104:
960:
836:
755:
735:
677:
651:
531:
304:
292:
233:
225:
1985:"Byzantine Chant in the Melkite Tradition and at the Monastery of S. Saviour, Lebanon"
2803:
2641:
2636:
2397:
2372:
2272:
2104:
1126:
1050:(in modern Sudan), that was also Chalcedonian, in contrast to their non-Chalcedonian
825:
386:
371:
351:
314:
299:
275:
144:
676:
designation for those Christians who accepted imperial religious policies, based on
2702:
2697:
2692:
2491:
2481:
2454:
2428:
2292:
829:
809:
801:
662:
411:
396:
381:
361:
356:
346:
1523:
David Little, Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding (8 January 2007).
766:
2172:
2161:
2137:
1984:
1770:
1713:
2778:
2752:
2304:
2296:
2284:
1266:
1244:
993:
981:
965:
932:
839:
controversies in the first half of the 5th century gave rise to divisions among
692:
526:
391:
270:
2052:
2017:
1826:
1810:
2788:
2783:
2722:
2651:
2561:
2496:
2174:
Orthodoxy and Islam in the Middle East: The Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries
2086:
1028:
416:
17:
2036:
2001:
2732:
2672:
1089:
1061:
until c. 710 and still had a large Melkite minority until the 15th century.
1031:
non-Chalcedonians, parallel patriarchates emerged in Alexandria (miaphysite
844:
751:
655:
501:
421:
366:
911:
within the wider Melkite community was somewhat secondary to that of Greek
2717:
2687:
2656:
2328:
2308:
2300:
1192:
793:
406:
341:
1156:
2232:
1949:
1120:
1047:
928:
696:
1906:"Syriac Melkite Monasticism at Mount Sinai in the 13th–14th Centuries"
1152:
1236:
1093:
1085:
832:
held similar views regarding the emergence of the Melkite community.
821:
1941:
1905:
1235:; thus, in modern usage, the term applies almost exclusively to the
2216:
1856:"The Syrian Melkites of the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1474)"
1195:
and other areas who had worked toward a union between Rome and the
2742:
2463:
1925:
1526:
Peacemakers in action: profiles of religion in conflict resolution
1170:
1116:
975:
817:
805:
765:
496:
2677:
1103:
have survived partially to the present, notably in the distinct
1100:
915:. That led to the gradual decline of Syriac-Aramaic traditions.
2236:
2139:
Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.
707:) language in their religious life, and initially employed the
1345:
1343:
1139:, what English speakers often call "Byzantines"). The term
631:
622:
1529:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press, 2007.
730:
designations can have two distinctive meanings. The term
711:
in their liturgy, but later (10th–11th century) accepted
206:
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia
189:
Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic
1966:
Syrian Christians under Islam: The First Thousand Years
1775:(2nd revised ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
1847:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
1831:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
1815:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
1799:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
226:
P'ent'ay - Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches
2221:
Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand
1860:
Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand
1123:. Members of these communities still call themselves
628:
1323:
1310:
1304:
1146:
1140:
1124:
788:, dating the Melkite Church back to the time of the
634:
625:
2761:
2665:
2624:
2435:
2396:
2365:
2327:
2316:
1360:
1358:
668:, meaning "royal", referring to the loyalty to the
619:
616:
2194:"Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the Middle East"
1849:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 285–286.
1817:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 248–251.
2200:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 107–119.
2124:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1801:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 96–97.
855:(451), provided the base for a specific use of
196:Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)
2198:Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East
2177:. Jordanville, NY: Holy Trinity Publications.
2142:Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
1888:. Roslindale, MA: Sophia Press. Archived from
672:. The term acquired religious connotations as
2248:
1833:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 285.
1734:"A Short Melkite Baptismal Service in Syriac"
587:
8:
939:, predominantly of Jewish descent, used the
738:Christians of the Near East, while the term
2324:
2255:
2241:
2233:
2107:. Archived from the original on 2020-02-13
2081:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 455–473.
2079:Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule
1695:
1570:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies
1424:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies
1349:
1004:Internal divisions that emerged after the
847:. Official state support, provided by the
594:
580:
29:
1293:
1069:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria
1025:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
798:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
770:Ecclesiastical order, established by the
1659:
1079:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem
1011:Chalcedonian (Melkite) patriarchates of
719:in parts of their liturgical practices.
27:Christian churches of the Byzantine Rite
1474:
1339:
1278:
41:
2117:
1683:
1498:
1486:
1450:
1074:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch
864:, a term derived from the Hebrew word
239:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
1510:
1462:
192:Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia
7:
1671:
1364:
1131:, which literally means "Romans" in
1064:Main Melkite Orthodox Churches are:
935:, while some other Aramaic-speaking
851:imperial government to adherents of
234:Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism
216:Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church
2810:Christian groups in the Middle East
1320:
1301:
1199:. At that time, the nature of the
750:designations do not have implicit
25:
2171:Panchenko, Constantin A. (2021).
1772:An Introduction to Syriac Studies
1600:. Gorgias Handbooks. p. 14.
1380:. Gorgias Handbooks. p. 14.
1211:imposed a deacon, the Greek monk
1179:in a Byzantine bishop’s regalia (
658:. The term comes from the common
654:and their members originating in
185:Believers Eastern Church of India
2418:
1968:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 9–55.
1225:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
784:Melkites view themselves as the
612:
49:
2574:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
2366:Independent Churches/Communions
1795:"Christian Palestinian Aramaic"
1023:remained in communion with the
780:Christianity in the Middle East
2820:History of Eastern Catholicism
2598:Moscow–Constantinople schisms
2163:History of the Byzantine State
1843:"Melkite literature in Syriac"
1572:. Gorgias Press. p. 573.
1426:. Gorgias Press. p. 573.
1209:Jeremias III of Constantinople
903:thus became commonly known as
1:
1229:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
1055:
201:Evangelical Church of Romania
2815:History of Eastern Orthodoxy
2748:Essence–energies distinction
2569:Christianization of Bulgaria
1747:(1): 119–130. Archived from
2552:Antiochian Greek Christians
2450:Christianization of Georgia
2445:Christianization of Armenia
2352:Assyrian Church of the East
1324:
1311:
1305:
1147:
1141:
1125:
1027:. On the other side, among
990:Saint Catherine's Monastery
742:refers to adherents of the
211:Evangelical Orthodox Church
180:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
175:Assyrian Evangelical Church
170:Armenian Evangelical Church
2846:
2602:15th–16th centuries schism
2526:Oriental Orthodox Churches
2357:Ancient Church of the East
2342:Oriental Orthodox Churches
2215:Walbiner, Carsten (2003).
2166:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
2053:10.31826/9781463232993-013
2018:10.31826/9781463233013-008
1854:Coureas, Nicholas (2019).
1159:" in Classical Arabic and
1035:) and Antioch (miaphysite
843:in various regions of the
824:. Secular historians like
792:. Accordingly, notably to
777:
243:St. Valentine's Fellowship
230:Russian Evangelical Church
2416:
2347:Eastern Catholic Churches
2270:
2192:Roussos, Sotiris (2010).
2087:10.1163/9789004191044_024
1257:Chalcedonian Christianity
1191:clergy who were based in
1145:is used in preference to
853:Chalcedonian Christianity
796:historiographers and the
786:first Christian community
550:Index of related articles
537:Eastern Christian history
247:Ukrainian Lutheran Church
2825:Ethnic groups in Lebanon
1904:Glynias, Joseph (2019).
1882:Dick, Iganatios (2004).
1175:Melkite Catholic art of
988:Sertâ book script, from
322:Eastern Catholic liturgy
259:Eastern liturgical rites
2584:Eastern Orthodox Church
2538:Saint Thomas Christians
2337:Eastern Orthodox Church
2070:Masters, Bruce (2010).
1989:Eastern Churches Review
1983:Haddad, Rashid (1966).
1866:: 75–94. Archived from
1712:Barclay, Jacob (1971).
1135:(that is, those of the
955:changed their church's
744:Melkite Catholic Church
713:Constantinopolitan rite
687:Originally, during the
221:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
2830:Ethnic groups in Syria
2383:True Orthodox churches
2378:Spiritual Christianity
1187:From 1342, there were
1184:
1181:Annunciation Cathedral
1001:
980:11th-century Melchite
775:
139:Independent communions
2406:Eastern Protestantism
2279:that developed since
1930:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1174:
979:
778:Further information:
769:
691:, Melkites used both
427:Eastern Protestantism
163:Eastern Protestantism
60:Mainstream communions
2531:Council of Chalcedon
2277:Christian traditions
2264:Eastern Christianity
1137:Eastern Roman Empire
1115:of Southern Turkey,
951:instead. The Syriac
868:(similar to Aramaic
772:Council of Chalcedon
682:Council of Chalcedon
646:, refers to various
555:Western Christianity
43:Eastern Christianity
2307:, and parts of the
2158:Ostrogorsky, George
1958:Griffith, Sidney H.
1922:Griffith, Sidney H.
1839:Brock, Sebastian P.
1823:Brock, Sebastian P.
1807:Brock, Sebastian P.
1791:Brock, Sebastian P.
1767:Brock, Sebastian P.
1730:Brock, Sebastian P.
1111:communities of the
1107:of the Melkite and
1044:Byzantine Palestine
921:liturgical language
919:was originally the
897:Byzantine Palestine
893:Byzantine Phoenicia
734:thus refers to the
715:, and incorporated
680:resolutions of the
568:Christianity portal
522:Christian mysticism
335:Major controversies
111:Eastern Catholicism
2504:Church of the East
2474:Ecumenical council
2425:Christ Pantocrator
2281:Early Christianity
1741:Parole de l'Orient
1489:, p. 248-251.
1465:, p. 119-130.
1453:, p. 285-286.
1221:Pope Benedict XIII
1219:The newly elected
1185:
1052:Ethiopian Tewahedo
1002:
998:Schøyen Collection
996:, now part of the
841:Eastern Christians
776:
116:Church of the East
71:Oriental Orthodoxy
2797:
2796:
2769:Sign of the cross
2579:Turkic Christians
2414:
2413:
1167:Catholic Melkites
1054:neighbours, from
1006:Council Chalcedon
972:Orthodox Melkites
835:The emergence of
740:Catholic Melkites
732:Orthodox Melkites
689:Early Middle Ages
670:Byzantine emperor
648:Eastern Christian
604:
603:
150:Spiritual Russian
107:
80:Orthodox Tewahedo
66:Eastern Orthodoxy
16:(Redirected from
2837:
2589:East–West Schism
2542:Malankara Church
2459:Byzantine Empire
2427:(circa 1261) in
2422:
2325:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2211:
2188:
2167:
2153:
2134:Meyendorff, John
2129:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2076:
2066:
2031:
1996:
1979:
1953:
1917:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1850:
1834:
1818:
1802:
1786:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1738:
1725:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:, p. 96–97.
1681:
1675:
1674:, p. 13-54.
1669:
1663:
1662:, p. 11–31.
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1598:CLASSICAL SYRIAC
1594:
1588:
1587:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1477:, p. 49-56.
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1378:CLASSICAL SYRIAC
1374:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1283:
1201:East–West Schism
1150:
1144:
1130:
1060:
1057:
957:West Syriac Rite
941:Syro-Palestinian
917:Classical Syriac
885:Judeo-Christians
814:Aramean (Syriac)
705:Syro-Palestinian
701:Classical Syriac
650:churches of the
642:), also written
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
596:
589:
582:
482:Antiochian Greek
128:
73:
53:
30:
21:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2757:
2688:Filioque clause
2661:
2620:
2547:Arab Christians
2469:Proto-orthodoxy
2431:
2423:
2410:
2392:
2361:
2319:
2312:
2266:
2261:
2231:
2214:
2208:
2191:
2185:
2170:
2156:
2150:
2132:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2097:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2034:
2028:
1999:
1982:
1976:
1956:
1942:10.2307/1291760
1920:
1910:ARAM Periodical
1903:
1895:
1893:
1881:
1873:
1871:
1853:
1837:
1821:
1805:
1789:
1783:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1736:
1728:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1696:Meyendorff 1989
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1580:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1350:Meyendorff 1989
1348:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1262:Christian Arabs
1253:
1241:Greek Catholics
1177:Christ the King
1169:
1161:Biblical Hebrew
1151:, which means "
1105:church services
1084:Some typically
1058:
974:
901:Byzantine Egypt
889:Byzantine Syria
879:The very term (
782:
764:
709:Antiochian rite
660:Central Semitic
615:
611:
600:
560:
559:
546:
516:
508:
507:
506:
476:
468:
467:
466:
441:
433:
432:
431:
336:
328:
327:
326:
260:
252:
251:
165:
155:
154:
140:
132:
131:
118:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2774:Divine Liturgy
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2289:Eastern Europe
2271:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2212:
2206:
2189:
2183:
2168:
2154:
2148:
2130:
2095:
2067:
2061:
2032:
2026:
1997:
1980:
1974:
1954:
1918:
1901:
1879:
1851:
1835:
1819:
1803:
1787:
1781:
1763:
1726:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1589:
1578:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1535:
1515:
1503:
1501:, p. 285.
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1432:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1369:
1354:
1352:, p. 190.
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1189:Roman Catholic
1168:
1165:
1113:Hatay Province
1109:Greek Orthodox
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
973:
970:
961:Constantinople
923:of the Syriac
837:Christological
763:
760:
756:ethnoreligious
736:Greek Orthodox
724:denominational
678:Christological
674:denominational
652:Byzantine Rite
602:
601:
599:
598:
591:
584:
576:
573:
572:
571:
570:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
545:
544:
539:
534:
532:Divine Liturgy
529:
524:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Three Chapters
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
317:
307:
302:
297:
296:
295:
290:
280:
279:
278:
273:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
241:
236:
231:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
190:
187:
182:
177:
172:
166:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
113:
108:
68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
18:Melkite Church
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2842:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:New Testament
2640:
2638:
2637:Old Testament
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2398:Protestantism
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Old Believers
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:Cultural area
2269:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2207:9781135193713
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2184:9781942699330
2180:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2149:9780881410563
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:9789004191044
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2062:9781463232993
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2027:9781463233013
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1892:on 2023-06-08
1891:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1870:on 2021-01-28
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1782:9781593333492
1778:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1754:on 2021-06-24
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:Griffith 1997
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:9781463238933
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1536:9780521853583
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1513:, p. 76.
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:9781463238933
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1037:Syriac Church
1034:
1033:Coptic Church
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
971:
969:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:and parts of
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
826:Edward Gibbon
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
781:
773:
768:
761:
759:
758:terminology.
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:terminology,
725:
722:When used in
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
609:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
577:
575:
574:
569:
566:
565:
564:
563:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
512:
511:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
472:
471:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
437:
436:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
387:Monothelitism
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
372:Caesaropapism
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Monophysitism
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
332:
331:
323:
320:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
256:
255:
248:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
164:
159:
158:
151:
148:
146:
145:Old Believers
143:
142:
136:
135:
126:
122:
117:
114:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2703:Nestorianism
2698:Dyophysitism
2693:Miaphysitism
2683:Apophaticism
2647:Deuterocanon
2556:
2492:Paulicianism
2482:Nestorianism
2455:Roman Empire
2429:Hagia Sophia
2424:
2224:
2220:
2197:
2173:
2162:
2138:
2109:. Retrieved
2078:
2044:
2040:
2009:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1965:
1933:
1929:
1916:(1–2): 7–33.
1913:
1909:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:the original
1863:
1859:
1846:
1830:
1814:
1798:
1771:
1756:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1744:
1740:
1721:
1718:Liber Annuus
1717:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1525:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1475:Hohmann 2000
1470:
1458:
1446:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:, p. 9.
1289:
1281:
1232:
1218:
1186:
1083:
1063:
1041:
1010:
1003:
952:
936:
924:
912:
908:
904:
880:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
834:
830:Ernest Renan
783:
747:
739:
731:
727:
721:
686:
665:
643:
607:
605:
515:Other topics
451:
412:Paulicianism
397:Dyothelitism
382:Monoenergism
362:Dyophysitism
357:Miaphysitism
347:Nestorianism
2779:Iconography
2753:Metousiosis
2612:2018 schism
2607:1996 schism
2305:South India
2297:East Africa
2285:Middle East
1995:(1): 31–35.
1684:Brock 2011a
1499:Brock 2011c
1487:Brock 2011b
1451:Brock 2011d
1267:Melchizedek
1245:Middle East
994:Mount Sinai
984:written in
982:Hirmologion
966:Arabization
959:to that of
949:Transjordan
943:dialect in
693:Koine Greek
542:Monasticism
527:Christology
392:Dyoenergism
310:East Syriac
288:West Syriac
266:Alexandrian
2804:Categories
2789:Omophorion
2784:Asceticism
2738:Hypostasis
2723:Philokalia
2652:Septuagint
2625:Scriptures
2562:Ghassanids
2497:Bogomilism
2487:Iconoclasm
2388:Tolstoyans
2329:Communions
2301:Asia Minor
2111:2021-02-26
1975:9004120556
1896:2021-02-02
1874:2021-02-26
1758:2021-02-21
1724:: 205–219.
1705:References
1511:Brock 2006
1463:Brock 1972
1296:),
1239:-speaking
1183:, Boston)
1148:Yūnāniyyūn
1059: 575
1029:miaphysite
1013:Alexandria
762:Background
440:Traditions
417:Bogomilism
402:Iconoclasm
283:Antiochene
2733:Theotokos
2673:Hesychasm
2478:Heresies
2320:divisions
2120:cite book
2105:130827888
2047:: 85–89.
2012:: 49–56.
1936:: 11–31.
1841:(2011d).
1827:"Melkite"
1825:(2011c).
1811:"Liturgy"
1809:(2011b).
1793:(2011a).
1769:(2006) .
1672:Dick 2004
1365:Dick 2004
1335:Citations
1243:from the
1213:Sylvester
1090:synagogal
1088:"ancient
1021:Jerusalem
945:Palestine
849:Byzantine
845:Near East
656:West Asia
606:The term
502:Maronites
422:Hesychasm
367:Henotikon
305:Byzantine
293:Malankara
84:Ethiopian
2718:Phronema
2666:Theology
2657:Peshitta
2309:Far East
2160:(1956).
2136:(1989).
2041:The Harp
2006:The Harp
1960:(2001).
1924:(1997).
1732:(1972).
1312:melech-i
1251:See also
1205:Cyril VI
1197:Orthodox
1193:Damascus
1094:priestly
953:Melkites
937:Melkites
925:Melkites
913:Melkites
909:Melkites
905:Melkites
881:Melkites
862:Melkites
790:Apostles
644:Melchite
492:Assyrian
407:Filioque
342:Arianism
300:Armenian
121:Assyrian
92:Armenian
88:Eritrean
35:a series
33:Part of
2762:Worship
2713:Theoria
2708:Theosis
2557:Melkite
2519:Mongols
2437:History
2283:in the
2227:: 9–36.
1950:1291760
1325:malak-ī
1290:malkoyo
1233:Melkite
1157:Ionians
1121:Lebanon
1086:Grecian
1048:Makuria
1017:Antioch
929:Antioch
857:Aramaic
794:Vatican
748:Melkite
728:Melkite
697:Aramaic
684:(451).
608:Melkite
457:Russian
452:Melkite
315:Malabar
125:Ancient
96:Cilicia
2728:Praxis
2594:Raskol
2204:
2181:
2146:
2103:
2093:
2059:
2024:
1972:
1948:
1779:
1576:
1533:
1430:
1317:Arabic
1315:, and
1306:melk-i
1298:Hebrew
1286:Syriac
1237:Arabic
1155:" or "
1153:Greeks
1133:Arabic
1019:, and
986:Syriac
866:melekh
822:Jewish
752:ethnic
717:Arabic
703:&
475:Groups
462:Syriac
271:Coptic
104:Indian
100:Syriac
76:Coptic
2743:Ousia
2632:Canon
2514:India
2509:China
2464:Copts
2318:Main
2293:North
2101:S2CID
2075:(PDF)
1946:JSTOR
1752:(PDF)
1737:(PDF)
1302:'מלך'
1294:ܡܠܟܝܐ
1273:Notes
1117:Syria
1101:hymns
1097:rites
933:Syria
874:malkō
870:malkā
818:Arabs
810:Roman
806:Copts
802:Greek
774:(451)
666:m-l-k
497:Copts
447:Greek
276:Ge'ez
2678:Icon
2295:and
2202:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2126:link
2091:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1321:ملكي
1119:and
1099:and
947:and
899:and
828:and
820:and
695:and
663:root
487:Arab
123:and
86:and
2275:of
2083:doi
2049:doi
2014:doi
1938:doi
1309:or
1142:Rūm
1127:Rūm
1042:In
1039:).
927:in
872:or
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90:-,
2806::
2303:,
2299:,
2291:,
2287:,
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1934:51
1932:.
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1914:31
1912:.
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1813:.
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