177:
153:). By the height of the Ming dynasty, codes and statutes had been drawn up specifying the style and diction appropriate for each level of official concerning each type of problem. When petitions arrived in the imperial capital, multiple copies were made of the original by the Office of Transmission. The copies would be filed with the archives at the
200:, memorials were received constantly, detailing personnel evaluations, crop reports, local prices, weather predictions, and local gossip at the national, provincial, and county levels. Memorials were delivered by the imperial courier network and copied, summarized, and entered into official registers by the clerks of the
176:
70:
to a common farmer, but the court secretaries would read them aloud to the emperor and exercised considerable control over what was considered worthy of his time. They were used in imperial China as a means of regulating corrupt local officials who might otherwise have escaped oversight.
130:
memorial. At the time he was summoned for his punishment, however, the emperor had only gotten to the 16,370th one. Having the remainder read aloud the next day while in bed, the emperor instituted four of Ru's proposals and praised the
135:
500 characters as a model memorial for all future submissions. Hongwu admitted he had erred in getting angry, but blamed the victim for having forced him to listen to thousands of words before getting to the substance of his request.
164:
Replies varied from Ru's flogging in the Hongwu
Emperor's presence to personal replies both handwritten and dictated. Most often, emperors or their secretaries would annotate the memorials with
247:'Memorial Fold') in the late 17th century. This system delivered local officials' memorials to him directly and, under various forms, it continued to be practiced by his successors. A "
87:
tasked with overseeing provincial administration. He was generally required to present any formal memorials, but could reject them for improper formatting. Masters of
Writing under the
264:
55:
66:
and their presentation was a formal affair directed by government officials. Submission of a memorial was a right theoretically available to everyone from the
168:
ink, whether "forward to the proper ministry", "noted", or a series of circles. These functioned as checkmarks, indicating that he had read the petition.
99:
was placed in charge of reception of the memorials as part of his post as
Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages under the Ministry of Guards.
590:
493:
119:
251:", for instance, was to be written on pages small enough for the emperor to hold them in his hand and read without being observed. The
574:
511:
476:
157:
and the original sent to the emperor. Criminal codes specified punishments for mistranscriptions or violations of the imperial
528:
457:
413:
224:
37:
88:
84:
154:
539:
296:
139:
Two years later in August 1377, the Hongwu
Emperor disbanded the existing Office of Report Inspection and created an
112:
405:
323:
276:
140:
185:
402:
Communication and
Imperial Control in China: Evolution of the Palace Memorial System, 1693–1735.
301:
281:
255:
was particularly partial to the informal system, which allowed him brevity, celerity, and honesty.
468:
189:
570:
558:
524:
519:
507:
499:
489:
472:
453:
409:
252:
201:
127:
92:
63:
544:
371:
59:
534:
216:
181:
123:
17:
584:
212:
197:
158:
108:
549:
Wang Yu-ch'uan. "An
Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty",
484:
448:
208:
80:
211:) bureaucracy might interrupt, conceal, or lose information important to their
504:
A Biographical
Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
449:
Monarchs and
Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820
96:
520:
The Manchu Way: The Eight
Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
165:
91:
then copied and processed these prior to submission to the emperor. Under
291:
286:
83:, generally, the reception of memorials was the responsibility of the
232:
45:
67:
485:
The
Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
567:
Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery
118:
In AD 1375, Ru Taisu, a bureau secretary of the
452:. University of California Press (Berkeley), 1991.
192:in Guangzhou, with imperial reply in red (1719)
523:. Stanford University Press (Stanford), 2001.
265:Official Communications of the Chinese Empire
144:
8:
242:
543:, 2nd ed. Norton (New York), 1999. page
488:. University of California Press, 1999.
175:
62:. They were generally careful essays in
312:
318:
316:
126:for two harsh comments of his 17,000-
7:
506:. Koninklijke Brill (Leiden), 2007.
219:developed a supplemental system of "
551:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
353:Crespigny (2007), 1049 & 1223.
115:was established in AD 1370.
25:
155:Office of Supervising Secretaries
29:Petition to the Emperor of China
569:. Springer (Dordrecht), 2007.
553:, Vol. 12, No. 1/2 (Jun 1949).
467:. Cambridge University Press (
237:
228:
50:
41:
1:
434:Bartlett (1991), 48–53.
391:Spence, 70–71 & 87.
591:Government of Imperial China
465:The Bureaucracy of Han Times
207:Because this great (largely
540:The Search for Modern China
335:Wang (1949), 148–149.
113:Office of Report Inspection
607:
404:Harvard University Press (
559:Chinese History: A Manual
382:Wilkinson, 534–535.
145:
425:Elliott, 161–164.
277:Great Rites Controversy
18:Memorials to the throne
344:Bielenstein (1980), 9.
193:
141:Office of Transmission
56:official communication
34:memorial to the throne
186:Viceroy of Liangguang
179:
122:, was flogged by the
446:Bartlett, Beatrice.
302:Imperial examination
282:Rebellion of Cao Qin
463:Bielenstein, Hans.
271:Prominent memorials
120:Ministry of Justice
500:de Crespigny, Rafe
194:
190:Thirteen Factories
85:Imperial Secretary
494:978-0-520-22154-3
253:Yongzheng Emperor
245:
202:Grand Secretariat
107:During the early
64:Classical Chinese
16:(Redirected from
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535:Spence, Jonathan
482:Brook, Timothy.
435:
432:
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362:Yan (2007), 128.
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249:Folding Memorial
246:
243:
239:
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221:Palace Memorials
180:Memorial to the
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147:
89:Minister Steward
60:Emperor of China
52:
43:
21:
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517:Elliott, Mark.
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15:
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565:Yan Hong-sen.
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217:Kangxi Emperor
182:Kangxi Emperor
173:
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124:Hongwu Emperor
104:
101:
76:
73:
28:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
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575:1-4020-6459-4
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512:90-04-15605-4
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477:0-521-22510-8
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297:Yang Jisheng
248:
236:
220:
215:rulers, the
206:
198:Qing dynasty
195:
172:Qing dynasty
163:
159:naming taboo
150:
138:
132:
117:
109:Ming dynasty
106:
103:Ming dynasty
78:
68:Crown Prince
49:
33:
31:
26:
556:Wilkinson.
400:Wu, Silas.
209:Han Chinese
151:Tōngzhèngsī
95:, however,
81:Han dynasty
75:Han dynasty
529:0804736065
458:0520065913
441:References
414:0674148010
372:Brook, 32.
196:Under the
188:about the
166:vermillion
97:Zhang Heng
93:Emperor An
79:Under the
471:), 1980.
469:Cambridge
408:), 1970.
406:Cambridge
184:from the
128:character
54:) was an
51:zhāngbiǎo
585:Category
292:Fu Youyi
287:Tien Gow
259:See also
322:Brook,
225:Chinese
58:to the
38:Chinese
573:
527:
510:
492:
475:
456:
412:
238:zòuzhé
235::
233:pinyin
227::
213:Manchu
48::
46:pinyin
40::
308:Notes
111:, an
571:ISBN
525:ISBN
508:ISBN
490:ISBN
473:ISBN
454:ISBN
410:ISBN
244:lit.
133:last
223:" (
146:通政司
587::
545:70
537:.
502:.
324:33
315:^
241:;
231:;
229:奏摺
204:.
161:.
149:,
44:;
42:章表
32:A
577:.
562:.
531:.
514:.
496:.
479:.
460:.
416:.
326:.
143:(
36:(
20:)
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