1234:). If the cache can grow so large as to cause problems, this may be a programming or design error, but is not a memory leak as the information remains nominally in use. In other cases, programs may require an unreasonably large amount of memory because the programmer has assumed memory is always sufficient for a particular task; for example, a graphics file processor might start by reading the entire contents of an image file and storing it all into memory, something that is not viable where a very large image exceeds available memory.
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960:, where an object is responsible for keeping track of how many references are pointing to it. If the number goes down to zero, the object is expected to release itself and allow its memory to be reclaimed. The flaw with this model is that it does not cope with cyclic references, and this is why nowadays most programmers are prepared to accept the burden of the more costly
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limit, to prevent any one program from hogging all of the memory on the system. The disadvantage to this arrangement is that the operating system sometimes must be re-configured to allow proper operation of programs that legitimately require large amounts of memory, such as those dealing with graphics, video, or scientific calculations.
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operating systems have special mechanisms to deal with an out-of-memory condition, such as killing processes at random (which may affect "innocent" processes), or killing the largest process in memory (which presumably is the one causing the problem). Some operating systems have a per-process memory
1139:
If a program has a memory leak and its memory usage is steadily increasing, there will not usually be an immediate symptom. Every physical system has a finite amount of memory, and if the memory leak is not contained (for example, by restarting the leaking program) it will eventually cause problems.
563:
The memory leak lasts until the system is reset. For example: if the elevator's power were turned off or in a power outage, the program would stop running. When power was turned on again, the program would restart and all the memory would be available again, but the slow process of memory leak would
699:
In general, automatic memory management is more robust and convenient for developers, as they do not need to implement freeing routines or worry about the sequence in which cleanup is performed or be concerned about whether or not an object is still referenced. It is easier for a programmer to know
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The consequences would be unpleasant; at the very least, the elevator would stop responding to requests to move to another floor (such as when an attempt is made to call the elevator or when someone is inside and presses the floor buttons). If other parts of the program need memory (a part assigned
663:
for C and C++ programs. "Conservative" garbage collection capabilities can be added to any programming language that lacks it as a built-in feature, and libraries for doing this are available for C and C++ programs. A conservative collector finds and reclaims most, but not all, unreachable memory.
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Cases like this would not usually have any immediate effects. People do not often press the button for the floor they are already on, and in any case, the elevator might have enough spare memory that this could happen hundreds or thousands of times. However, the elevator will eventually run out of
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When a button is pressed: Get some memory, which will be used to remember the floor number Put the floor number into the memory Are we already on the target floor? If so, we have nothing to do: finished
Otherwise: Wait until the lift is idle Go to the required floor
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When a button is pressed: Get some memory, which will be used to remember the floor number Put the floor number into the memory Are we already on the target floor? If not: Wait until the lift is idle Go to the required floor
Release the memory we used to remember the floor
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are transferred into main memory for fast access; inactive pages are pushed out to secondary storage to make room, as needed. When a single process starts consuming a large amount of memory, it usually occupies more and more of main memory, pushing other programs out to secondary storage –
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Memory leaks may not be serious or even detectable by normal means. In modern operating systems, normal memory used by an application is released when the application terminates. This means that a memory leak in a program that only runs for a short time may not be noticed and is rarely serious.
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by reducing the amount of available memory. A memory leak can cause an increase in memory usage, performance run-time and can negatively impact the user experience. Eventually, in the worst case, too much of the available memory may become allocated and all or part of the system or device stops
729:. It involves associating scoped objects with the acquired resources, and automatically releasing the resources once the objects are out of scope. Unlike garbage collection, RAII has the advantage of knowing when objects exist and when they do not. Compare the following C and C++ examples:
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can recover unreachable memory, it cannot free memory that is still reachable and therefore potentially still useful. Modern memory managers therefore provide techniques for programmers to semantically mark memory with varying levels of usefulness, which correspond to varying levels of
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When all the memory on a system is exhausted (whether there is virtual memory or only main memory, such as on an embedded system) any attempt to allocate more memory will fail. This usually causes the program attempting to allocate the memory to terminate itself, or to generate a
927:, which mark-and-sweep garbage collection does not handle gracefully. These include open files, open windows, user notifications, objects in a graphics drawing library, thread synchronisation primitives such as critical sections, network connections, and connections to the
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when a reference is no longer needed than to know when an object is no longer referenced. However, automatic memory management can impose a performance overhead, and it does not eliminate all of the programming errors that cause memory leaks.
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A "sawtooth" pattern of memory utilization may be an indicator of a memory leak within an application, particularly if the vertical drops coincide with reboots or restarts of that application. Care should be taken though because
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element with an event handler, and failed to remove the reference before exiting, would leak memory (AJAX web pages keep a given DOM alive for a lot longer than traditional web pages, so this leak was much more apparent).
1172:. Some programs are designed to recover from this situation (possibly by falling back on pre-reserved memory). The first program to experience the out-of-memory may or may not be the program that has the memory leak.
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usually significantly slowing performance of the system. Even if the leaking program is terminated, it may take some time for other programs to swap back into main memory, and for performance to return to normal.
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The memory leak would occur if the floor number requested is the same floor that the elevator is on; the condition for releasing the memory would be skipped. Each time this case occurs, more memory is leaked.
540:, is intended to show how a memory leak can come about, and its effects, without needing any programming knowledge. The program in this case is part of some very simple software designed to control an
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uses a combination of RAII and garbage collection, employing automatic destruction when it is clear that an object cannot be accessed outside its original scope, and garbage collection otherwise.
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schemes are often based on a notion of reachability – if you do not have a usable reference to the memory in question, it can be collected. Other garbage collection schemes can be based on
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to open and close the door, for example), then no one would be able to enter, and if someone happens to be inside, they will become trapped (assuming the doors cannot be opened manually).
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In practice, this trivial example would be spotted straight away and fixed. In most real examples, the cycle of references spans more than two objects, and is more difficult to detect.
1450:
Rudafshani, Masoomeh, and Paul A. S. Ward. "LeakSpot: Detection and
Diagnosis of Memory Leaks in JavaScript Applications." Software, practice & experience 47.1 (2017): 97–123. Web.
1195:, the operating system itself will likely fail. Computers without sophisticated memory management, such as embedded systems, may also completely fail from a persistent memory leak.
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Note that constantly increasing memory usage is not necessarily evidence of a memory leak. Some applications will store ever increasing amounts of information in memory (e.g. as a
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To put it another way, a memory leak arises from a particular kind of programming error, and without access to the program code, someone seeing symptoms can only guess that there
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676:. The memory manager does not free an object that is strongly reachable. An object is strongly reachable if it is reachable either directly by a
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However, using RAII correctly is not always easy and has its own pitfalls. For instance, if one is not careful, it is possible to create
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Because they can exhaust available system memory as an application runs, memory leaks are often the cause of or a contributing factor to
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be a memory leak. It would be better to use terms such as "constantly increasing memory use" where no such inside knowledge exists.
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where new memory is allocated frequently for one-time tasks, such as when rendering the frames of a computer game or animated video
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where a program runs for a long time and consumes added memory over time, such as background tasks on servers, and especially in
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or portable device, or where the program requires a very large amount of memory to begin with, leaving little margin for leaks
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A related concept is the "space leak", which is when a program consumes excessive memory but does eventually release it.
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The "sawtooth" pattern of memory utilization: the sudden drop in used memory is a candidate symptom for a memory leak.
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The leak in the above example can be corrected by bringing the "release" operation outside of the conditional:
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The C++ version requires no explicit deallocation; it will always occur automatically as soon as the object
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if an attacker discovers a sequence of operations which can trigger a leak. Such a sequence is known as an
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schemes. And because object destructors can free resources other than memory, RAII helps to prevent the
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544:. This part of the program is run whenever anyone inside the elevator presses the button for a floor.
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memory. This could take months or years, so it might not be discovered despite thorough testing.
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running on an operating system that does not automatically release memory on program termination.
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restart together with the program, eventually prejudicing the correct running of the system.
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goes out of scope, including if an exception is thrown. This avoids some of the overhead of
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The C version, as implemented in the example, requires explicit deallocation; the array is
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points could also cause such a pattern and would show a healthy usage of the heap.
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program deliberately leaks memory by losing the pointer to the allocated memory.
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working correctly, the application fails, or the system slows down vastly due to
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which is no longer needed is not released. A memory leak may also happen when an
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A well-known example of this kind of leak came to prominence with the rise of
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If the program continues to create such pointers without freeing them,
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Memory leaks are a common error in programming, especially when using
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is stored in memory but cannot be accessed by the running code (i.e.
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is a popular memory leak detection tool for applications running on
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once it is no longer needed and, if necessary, by deregistering any
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code illustrates the canonical reference-counting memory leak:
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leaking of input and output resources accessed through a handle
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for Visual Studio, Delphi, Fortran, Visual Basic, proprietary
1030:' At this point, the two objects each have one reference,
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When a computer program fails to release unnecessary memory
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Release the memory we used to remember the floor number
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717:(RAII) is an approach to the problem commonly taken in
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Memory management as a function of an operating system
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514:where a leak occurs within the operating system or
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696:that maintain strong references to the object.
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1875:International Symposium on Memory Management
507:where memory is very limited, such as in an
500:where a program can request memory, such as
1099:' And now you've got a memory leak!
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607:has led to the development of a number of
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1502:Memory Leak Detection in Embedded Systems
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1069:' Now they each have two references.
948:Reference counting and cyclic references
494:which may be left running for many years
43:This article includes a list of general
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486:Much more serious leaks include those:
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1084:' You could still get out of it...
715:Resource acquisition is initialization
710:Resource acquisition is initialization
7:
1389:from the original on 7 December 2012
1318:it will consume memory continuously.
1198:Publicly accessible systems such as
1584:Input–output memory management unit
1409:"Creating a memory leak with Java"
536:The following example, written in
355:Notable compilers & toolchains
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1321:Therefore, a leak would occur. */
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603:. The prevalence of memory leak
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1755:Concurrent mark sweep collector
1880:Region-based memory management
1485:for Visual Studio, proprietary
1473:for Visual Studio, open source
684:is a reference that, unlike a
614:to detect unreachable memory.
1:
1497:(Using MFC Debugging Support)
1191:If the memory leak is in the
1143:Most modern consumer desktop
659:are some of the more popular
1928:Memory management algorithms
1740:Automatic Reference Counting
1578:Translation lookaside buffer
312:target-specific initializer)
1918:Automatic memory management
1717:C dynamic memory allocation
472:performance of the computer
139:Intermediate representation
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1938:Memory management software
1785:Tracing garbage collection
1618:Virtual memory compression
1114:programming techniques in
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470:A memory leak reduces the
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1208:denial-of-service attacks
532:An example of memory leak
1712:Static memory allocation
1704:Manual memory management
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1126:code which associated a
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1770:Garbage-first collector
1745:Boehm garbage collector
1651:x86 memory segmentation
1495:Detecting a Memory Leak
1245:A simple example in C++
1120:lapsed listener problem
363:GNU Compiler Collection
288:Common Language Runtime
64:more precise citations.
1775:Mark–compact algorithm
1572:Memory management unit
1383:"JScript Memory Leaks"
1226:Other memory consumers
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1024:"Some.Thing"
1003:"Some.Thing"
218:Compilation strategies
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931:or another database.
910:dynamically allocated
597:dynamically allocated
243:Compile and go system
1722:new and delete (C++)
1464:Visual Leak Detector
1381:Crockford, Douglas.
1355:Java Virtual Machine
626:, Memory Validator,
432:incorrectly manages
316:Java virtual machine
238:Tracing just-in-time
1628:Memory segmentation
629:IBM Rational Purify
428:that occurs when a
132:Optimizing compiler
1964:Software anomalies
1870:Automatic variable
1854:Unreachable memory
1780:Reference counting
1750:Cheney's algorithm
1732:Garbage collection
1469:2015-12-15 at the
1220:garbage collection
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1170:segmentation fault
958:reference counting
954:garbage collection
921:garbage collection
599:memory has become
585:garbage collection
575:Programming issues
446:unreachable memory
434:memory allocations
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1898:Memory management
1646:Virtual 8086 mode
1545:Memory management
1504:" by Cal Erickson
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268:Notable runtimes
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102:General concepts
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831:// C++ version
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1434:. Retrieved
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1413:. Retrieved
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1391:. Retrieved
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1116:web browsers
1109:
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1018:CreateObject
997:CreateObject
969:Visual Basic
966:
952:More modern
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891:do_some_work
800:do_some_work
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232:Just-in-time
205:Machine code
125:Compile time
76:
67:
48:
18:Memory leaks
1849:Memory leak
1200:web servers
1149:main memory
601:unreachable
422:memory leak
346:Zend Engine
327:Objective-C
195:Object code
190:Source code
167:Interpreter
115:Translation
62:introducing
1953:Categories
1613:Page table
1508:WonderLeak
1415:2013-06-14
1368:References
1157:hard drive
1155:such as a
1147:have both
1124:JavaScript
650:Dr. Memory
587:, such as
538:pseudocode
450:programmer
162:Executable
45:references
1760:Finalizer
1641:Real mode
1500:Article "
609:debugging
581:languages
477:thrashing
371:and
339:and
329:and
299:and
210:Microcode
145:Execution
1694:ptmalloc
1689:mimalloc
1679:jemalloc
1669:dlmalloc
1565:Hardware
1483:Deleaker
1477:Valgrind
1467:Archived
1387:Archived
1330:See also
834:#include
737:#include
656:memwatch
644:Insure++
641:Parasoft
635:Valgrind
623:Deleaker
542:elevator
284:(Erlang)
200:Bytecode
120:Compiler
1765:Garbage
1684:libumem
1586:(IOMMU)
1393:20 July
1303:nullptr
1212:exploit
1204:routers
1135:Effects
1118:in the
1096:Nothing
1081:Nothing
571:number
341:Node.js
297:CPython
155:Runtime
58:improve
1837:Issues
1436:27 May
1351:Plumbr
1193:kernel
1060:member
1042:member
867:vector
788:sizeof
776:calloc
725:, and
442:object
438:memory
322:LuaJIT
234:(JIT)
47:, but
1863:Other
1674:Hoard
1580:(TLB)
1574:(MMU)
1239:might
1232:cache
1175:Some
1161:pages
917:array
897:array
879:array
818:array
806:array
770:array
612:tools
373:Clang
365:(GCC)
348:(PHP)
331:Swift
318:(JVM)
278:(ART)
228:(AOT)
1438:2017
1395:2022
1361:nmon
1261:main
1112:AJAX
876:>
870:<
840:void
812:free
743:void
704:RAII
690:null
653:and
605:bugs
591:and
420:, a
378:MSVC
369:LLVM
306:crt0
301:PyPy
292:Mono
282:BEAM
141:(IR)
110:Code
1285:int
1282:new
1270:int
1258:int
1251:C++
1202:or
1128:DOM
1102:End
1087:Set
1072:Set
1051:Set
1033:Set
1009:Set
988:Set
976:Dim
873:int
861:std
849:int
797:));
794:int
764:int
752:int
727:Ada
719:C++
593:C++
416:In
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1385:.
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1264:()
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20:)
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