963:. In "How Problem Solving and Neurotransmission in the Upper Paleolithic led to The Emergence and Maintenance of Memetic Equilibrium in Contemporary World Religions", DiCarlo argues that as human consciousness evolved and developed, so too did our ancestors' capacity to consider and attempt to solve environmental problems in more conceptually sophisticated ways. When a satisfactory solution is found, the feeling of environmental stability, or memetic equilibrium, is achieved. The relationship between a gradually emerging conscious awareness and sophisticated languages in which to formulate representations combined with the desire to maintain biological equilibrium, generated the necessity for equilibrium to fill in conceptual gaps in terms of understanding three very important aspects in the Upper Paleolithic: causality, morality, and mortality. The desire to explain phenomena in relation to maintaining survival and reproductive stasis, generated a normative stance in the minds of our ancestors—Survival/Reproductive Value (or S-R Value).
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interviews with climate activists. The major finding was that the global warming meme is not effective at spreading because it causes emotional duress in the minds of people who learn about it. Five central tensions were revealed in the discourse about , each of which represents a resonance point through which dialogue can be engaged. The tensions were
Harmony/Disharmony (whether or not humans are part of the natural world), Survival/Extinction (envisioning the future as either apocalyptic collapse of civilization or total extinction of the human race), Cooperation/Conflict (regarding whether or not humanity can come together to solve global problems), Momentum/Hesitation (about whether or not we are making progress at the collective scale to
1352:, cultural evolution, the history of ideas, social analytics, and more. Many of these applications do not make reference to the literature on memes directly but are built upon the evolutionary lens of idea propagation that treats semantic units of culture as self-replicating and mutating patterns of information that are assumed to be relevant for scientific study. For example, the field of public relations is filled with attempts to introduce new ideas and alter social discourse. One means of doing this is to design a meme and deploy it through various media channels. One historic example of applied memetics is the PR campaign conducted in 1991 as part of the build-up to the first Gulf War in the United States.
828:) may be challenged whether memes even exist. Questions can extend to whether the idea of "meme" is itself a meme or is a true concept. Fundamentally, memetics is an attempt to produce knowledge through organic metaphors, which as such is a questionable research approach, as the application of metaphors has the effect of hiding that which does not fit within the realm of the metaphor. Rather than study actual reality, without preconceptions, memetics, as so many of the socio-biological explanations of society, believe that saying that the apple is like an orange is a valid analysis of the apple."
1359:, has recently been attempted at thwink.org Using meme types and memetic infection in several stock and flow simulation models, Jack Harich has demonstrated several interesting phenomena that are best, and perhaps only, explained by memes. One model, The Dueling Loops of the Political Powerplace, argues that the fundamental reason corruption is the norm in politics is due to an inherent structural advantage of one feedback loop pitted against another. Another model, The Memetic Evolution of Solutions to Difficult Problems, uses memes, the
803:(2013), criticize Dawkins' idea of the meme, writing that "while the idea of the meme is a compelling one, it may not adequately account for how content circulates through participatory culture." The three authors also criticize other interpretations of memetics, especially those which describe memes as "self-replicating", because they ignore the fact that "culture is a human product and replicates through human agency." In doing so, they align more closely with Shifman's notion of Internet Memetics and her addition of the human agency of
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791:. Meme is thus described in memetics as a sign without its triadic nature. Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic theory involves a triadic structure: a sign (a reference to an object), an object (the thing being referred to), and an interpretant (the interpreting actor of a sign). For Deacon and Kull, the meme is a degenerate sign, which includes only its ability of being copied. Accordingly, in the broadest sense, the objects of copying are memes, whereas the objects of translation and interpretation are signs.
1408:, Austrian linguist Nikolaus Ritt has attempted to operationalise memetic concepts and use them for the explanation of long term sound changes and change conspiracies in early English. It is argued that a generalised Darwinian framework for handling cultural change can provide explanations where established, speaker centred approaches fail to do so. The book makes comparatively concrete suggestions about the possible material structure of memes, and provides two empirically rich case studies.
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573:, passed a motion calling for an end to definitional debates. McNamara demonstrated in 2011 that functional connectivity profiling using neuroimaging tools enables the observation of the processing of internal memes, "i-memes", in response to external "e-memes". This was developed further in a paper "Memetics and Neural Models of Conspiracy Theories" by Duch, where a model of memes as a quasi-stable neural associative memory
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earlier concerns of memetics. Internet
Memetics might be understood as a study without an agreed upon theory, as present research tends to focus on empirical developments answering theories of other areas of cultural research. It exists more as a set of distributed studies than a methodology, theory, field, or discipline, with a few exceptions such as Shifman and those closely following her motivating framework.
269:– and can propagate. This proposal resulted in debate among anthropologists, sociologists, biologists, and scientists of other disciplines. Dawkins did not provide a comprehensive explanation of how replication of units of information in the brain controls human behaviour and culture, as the main focus of the book was on gene expression. Dawkins apparently did not intend to present a comprehensive theory of
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816:"One, culture is not best understood by examining its smallest parts, as culture is pattern-like, comparable to an ocean current. Many more factors, historical and others, should be taken into account than only whatever particle culture is built from. Two, if memes are not thoughts (and thus not cognitive phenomena), as Daniel C. Dennett insists in "
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empirical research. That is, memetics in this conceptualization has been notably testable by the application of social science methodologies. It has been popular enough that following
Lankshear and Knobel's (2019) review of empirical trends, they warn those interested in memetics that theoretical development should not be ignored, concluding that,
631:, teaching and other methods. The copies are not perfect: memes are copied with variation; moreover, they compete for space in our memories and for the chance to be copied again. Only some of the variants can survive. The combination of these three elements (copies; variation; competition for survival) forms precisely the condition for
627:(2002) re-stated the definition of meme as: whatever is copied from one person to another person, whether habits, skills, songs, stories, or any other kind of information. Further she said that memes, like genes, are replicators in the sense as defined by Dawkins. That is, they are information that is copied. Memes are copied by
428:, which more fully worked out the ideas of Dennett, Lynch, and Brodie and attempted to compare and contrast them with various approaches from the cultural evolutionary mainstream, as well as providing novel (and controversial) memetics-based theories for the evolution of language and the human sense of individual selfhood.
914:, expanded his definition of meme by saying there are actually two different types of memetic processes (controversial and informative). The first is a type of cultural idea, action, or expression, which does have high variance; for instance, a student of his who had inherited some of the mannerisms of
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and Mike
Thelwall (2009). Shiman, in particular, followed Susan Blackmore in rejecting the internalist and externalist debate, however did not offer a clear connection to prior evolutionary frameworks. Later in 2014, she rejected the historical relevance of "information" to memetics. Instead of memes
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The evolutionary model of cultural information transfer is based on the concept that memes—units of information—have an independent existence, are self-replicating, and are subject to selective evolution through environmental forces. Starting from a proposition put forward in the writings
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is a memeplex with the language and stories of its practitioners at its core. This radical approach sees a project and its management as an illusion; a human construct about a collection of feelings, expectations, and sensations, which are created, fashioned, and labeled by the human brain. Whitty's
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in governmental and private organizations in Sweden in the 1990s from a memetic perspective. Comparing the effects of active ("Lamarckian") IT strategy versus user–producer interactivity (Darwinian co-evolution), evidence from
Swedish organizations shows that co-evolutionary interactivity is almost
970:, memes in digitally mediated contexts, to be (a) a group of digital items sharing common characteristics of content, form, and/or stance, which (b) were created with awareness of each other, and (c) were circulated, imitated, and/or transformed via the Internet by many users. Further, she outlines
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of her meme. As such, Shifman's developments can be seen as critical to
Dawkins's meme, but also as a somewhat distinct conceptualization of the meme as a communicative system dependent on the internet and social media platforms. By introducing memetics as an internet study there has been a rise in
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capacity to generally imitate a model or selectively imitate the model. Since the process of social learning varies from one person to another, the imitation process cannot be said to be completely imitated. The sameness of an idea may be expressed with different memes supporting it. This is to say
1383:, brought the idea of the meme into the discipline of archaeology. He coined the term "Cultural Virus Theory", and used it to try to anchor archaeological theory in a neo-Darwinian paradigm. Archaeological memetics could assist the application of the meme concept to material culture in particular.
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Another application of memetics in the sustainability space is the crowdfunded
Climate Meme Project conducted by Joe Brewer and Balazs Laszlo Karafiath in the spring of 2013. This study was based on a collection of 1000 unique text-based expressions gathered from Twitter, Facebook, and structured
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signs which has had limited success among those adjacent to
Internet Memetics. In particular, she translates many of the neo-Darwinian conceptualizations of evolution to biosemiotic evolutionary concepts. This approach was theoretically integrated with an empirical investigation of information in
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rate in memetic evolution is extremely high, and mutations are even possible within each and every iteration of the imitation process. It becomes very interesting when we see that a social system composed of a complex network of microinteractions exists, but at the macro level an order emerges to
503:'Mimeme' comes from a suitable Greek root, but I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like 'gene'. I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme. If it is any consolation, it could alternatively be thought of as being related to 'memory', or to the French word même."
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for memes which would suggest a genuine analogy to DNA in genes. He also suggests the meme mutation mechanism is too unstable which would render the evolutionary process chaotic. That is to say that the "unit of information" which traverses across minds is perhaps too flexible in meaning to be a
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As
Lankshear and Knobel show, the Internet Memetic reconceptualization is limited in addressing long-standing memetic theory concerns. It is not clear that existing Internet Memetic theory's departure from conceptual dichotomies between internalist and externalist debate are compatible with most
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has much in common with memetics but rejects the idea that memes are replicators. From this perspective, memetics is seen as just one of several approaches to cultural evolution and one that is generally considered less useful than the alternatives of gene-culture coevolution or dual inheritance
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Criticisms of memetics include claims that memes do not exist, that the analogy with genes is false, that the units cannot be specified, that culture does not evolve through imitation, and that the sources of variation are intelligently designed rather than random. Critics of memetics include
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approach requires project managers to consider that the reasons for using project management are not consciously driven to maximize profit, and are encouraged to consider project management as naturally occurring, self-serving, evolving process which shapes organizations for its own purpose.
514:"Why not date the beginnings of memetics (or mnemetics) as 1904 or at the very least 1914? If two publications are taken as the beginnings of memetics, then the development of memetics has been around for almost a hundred years without much in the way of conceptual or empirical advance!"
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left the
University of the West of England to become a freelance science-writer and now concentrates more on the field of consciousness and cognitive science. Derek Gatherer moved to work as a computer programmer in the pharmaceutical industry, although he still occasionally publishes on
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The primary analytic approaches of internet memetics has been more in association with visual culture and communication methodologies. These researchers justify the existence of memes by way of culturally association, social networks or networked artifacts, most notably online image
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science, unless it moves its emphasis onto the directly quantifiable aspects of culture. Internalists countered with various arguments: that brain states will eventually be directly observable with advanced technology, that most cultural anthropologists agree that culture is about
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Like other critics, Maria Kronfeldner has criticized memetics for being based on an allegedly inaccurate analogy with the gene; alternately, she claims it is "heuristically trivial", being a mere redescription of what is already known without offering any useful novelty.
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Alexander O. Smith and Jeff Hemsley's development. They suggested under the influence of Cannizzaro's work that memes are "an information transmission network of documents connected through their differences among similarities and is interpreted as a semiotic system".
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patterns taught to elementary students– the meme is either passed on in the exact sequence of instructions, or (in the case of a forgetful child) terminates. The self-correcting meme tends to not evolve, and to experience profound mutations in the rare event that it
90:. Like genes, memes are selfish replicators and have causal efficacy; in other words, their properties influence their chances of being copied and passed on. Some succeed because they are valuable or useful to their human hosts while others are more like viruses.
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There have been some serious criticisms of memetics. Namely, there are a few key points on which most criticisms focus: mentalism, cultural determinism, Darwinian reduction, a lack of academic novelty, and a lack of empirical evidence of memetic mechanisms.
707:"ight now would be a good time for anyone seriously interested in memes to revisit Dawkins’ work in light of how internet memes have evolved over the past three decades and reflect on what most merits careful and conscientious research attention."
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and not artifacts, or that artifacts cannot be replicators in the same sense as mental entities (or DNA) are replicators. The debate became so heated that a 1998 Symposium on Memetics, organised as part of the 15th International Conference on
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592:. Aunger also organised a conference in Cambridge in 1999, at which prominent sociologists and anthropologists were able to give their assessment of the progress made in memetics to that date. This resulted in the publication of
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Houben, Jan E.M. "A Tradição Sânscrita entre Memética Védica e Cultura Literária." (In Portuguese) Revista Linguagem & Ensino, vol. 17 n. 2 (2014), p. 441-469. www.rle.ucpel.tche.br/index.php/rle/article/view/1089/783
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initially borrowed Blackmore's conceptual developments but is effectively a data-driven approach, focusing on digital artifacts. This was led primarily by conceptual developments Colin Lankshear and Michele Knobel (2006) and
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theory. The main difference is that dual inheritance theory ultimately depends on biological advantage to genes, whereas memetics treats memes as a second replicator in its own right. Memetics also extends to the analysis of
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Memetic equilibrium – the cultural equivalent of species biological equilibrium. It is that which humans strive for in terms of personal value with respect to cultural artefacts and ideas. The term was coined by Christopher
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of Dawkins, this model has formed the basis of a new area of study, one that looks at the self-replicating units of culture. It has been proposed that just as memes are analogous to genes, memetics is analogous to genetics.
326:", Richard Dawkins used memetics to explain the phenomenon of religious belief and the various characteristics of organised religions. By then, memetics had also become a theme appearing in fiction (e.g. Neal Stephenson's
690:, she argued information is exclusively delegated to be "the ways in which addressers position themselves in relation to text, its linguistic codes, the addressees, and other potential speakers." This is what she called
510:(2001) pointed out Dawkins's oversight of Semon's work. Hull suggests this early work as an alternative origin to memetics by which Dawkins's memetic theory and classicist connection to the concept can be negotiated.
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DiCarlo, Christopher W. 2010. "How Problem Solving and Neurotransmission in the Upper Paleolithic led to The Emergence and Maintenance of Memetic Equilibrium in Contemporary World Religions." Politics and Culture.
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to show how complex solutions evolve over time and how that process can be improved. The insights gained from these models are being used to engineer memetic solution elements to the sustainability problem.
559:, and William Benzon, a writer on cultural evolution and music. The main rationale for externalism was that internal brain entities are not observable, and memetics cannot advance as a science, especially a
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Critics contend that some of the proponents' assertions are "untested, unsupported or incorrect." Most of the history of memetic criticism has been directed at Dawkins' earlier theory of memetics framed in
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Others have pointed to the fact that memetics reduces genuine social and communicative activity to genetic arguments, and this cannot adequately describe cultural interactions between people. For example,
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These two schools became known as the "internalists" and the "externalists." Prominent internalists included both Lynch and Brodie; the most vocal externalists included Derek Gatherer, a geneticist from
138:, who argues that when our ancestors began imitating behaviours, they let loose a second replicator and co-evolved to become the "meme machines" that copy, vary, and select memes in culture. Philosopher
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https://politicsandculture.org/2010/04/27/how-problem-solving-and-neurotransmission-in-the-upper-paleolithic-led-to-the-emergence-and-maintenance-of-memetic-equilibrium-in-contemporary-world-religions/
410:. The e-journal soon became the central point for publication and debate within the nascent memeticist community. (There had been a short-lived paper-based memetics publication starting in 1990, the
154:. He describes the units of memes as "the smallest elements that replicate themselves with reliability and fecundity," and claims that "Human consciousness is itself a huge complex of memes." In
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Houben, Jan E.M. "Memetics of Vedic Ritual, Morphology of the Agnistoma." Powerpoint presentation first presented at the Third International Vedic Workshop, Leiden 2002 www.academia.edu/7090834
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ceased publication and published a set of articles on the future of memetics. The website states that although "there was to be a relaunch... after several years nothing has happened".
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Later Arel Lucas suggested that the discipline that studies memes and their connections to human and other carriers of them be known as "memetics" by analogy with "genetics". Dawkins'
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disowned the memetics community and the words "meme" and "memetics" (without disowning the ideas in his book), adopting the self-description "thought contagionist". He died in 2005.
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1019:(out of print since 2005) believe that 'memetics' has the potential to be an important and promising analysis of culture using the framework of evolutionary concepts.
395:. Lynch claimed to have conceived his theory totally independently of any contact with academics in the cultural evolutionary sphere, and apparently was not aware of
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relationship. Simply put, a meme-complex is a set of ideas that reinforce each other. Meme-complexes are roughly analogous to the symbiotic collection of individual
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Another criticism points to memetic triviality. That is, some have argued memetics is derivative of more rich areas of study. One of these cases comes from Peircian
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contrasts static societies that depend on anti-rational memes suppressing innovation and creativity, with dynamic societies based on rational memes that encourage
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Stance is about how actors (e.g. people) position themselves in relation to content and form of the media as well as those who might be addressed by the message.
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argues against memetics as a viable approach to cultural evolution because cultural items are not directly copied or imitated but are reproduced. Anthropologist
3631:"How Problem Solving and Neurotransmission in the Upper Paleolithic led to The Emergence and Maintenance of Memetic Equilibrium in Contemporary World Religions"
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with some modifications to account for the different patterns of evolution seen in genes and memes. In the method of memetics as the way to see culture as a
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Stepan, Nancy L. Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science. In Goldberg, David Theo (ed.) The Anatomy of Racism. University of Minnesota Press, 1990.
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Metamemetic thinking - coined by Diego Fontanive, is the thinking skill & cognitive training capable of making individuals acknowledge illogical memes.
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DiCarlo (2010) developed the definition of meme further to include the idea of 'memetic equilibrium', which describe a culturally compatible state with
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in human cultural evolution. After Dawkins, many discussed this unit of culture as evolutionary "information" which replicates with rules analogous to
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The memetics movement split almost immediately into two. The first group were those who wanted to stick to Dawkins' definition of a meme as "a unit of
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and behaviors. However, in contrast to those two positions, the article "Consciousness in meme machines" by Susan Blackmore rejects neither movement.
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has been a factor in attracting the attention of people of disparate intellectual backgrounds. Another stimulus was the publication in 1991 of
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Despite this, Semon's work remains mostly understood as distinct to memetic origins even with the overt similarities accounted for by Hull.
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1012:(concurrent scanning of two communicating individuals in two separate MRI machines) as a key tool in the future for investigating memetics.
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662:. Others instead suggest it is not superseded but rather holds a small but distinct intellectual space in cultural evolutionary theory.
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Over a decade after Kull's and Deacon's semiotic critique, Sara Cannizzaro offered her own development to redeem memes as fully formed
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Memocide - intentional action to eradicate a meme or memeplex from the population, either by killing its carriers or by censorship.
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that can be copied, located in the brain". This thinking is more in line with Dawkins' second definition of the meme in his book
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300:, was influential – as was his 1985 book of the same name. "Memeticist" was coined as analogous to "geneticist" – originally in
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for people who have been taken over by a meme to the extent that their own survival becomes inconsequential. Examples include
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in a speculative spirit. Accordingly, different researchers came to define the term "unit of information" in different ways.
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1401:. In 2003 Klaas Chielens carried out these tests in a Masters thesis project on the testability of the selection criteria.
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3556:"The Evolution of IT Innovations in Swedish Organizations: A Darwinian Critique of ‘Lamarckian’ Institutional Economics",
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635:, and so memes (and hence human cultures) evolve. Large groups of memes that are copied and passed on together are called
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writes: "the word has not been recognised as a virus because it has achieved a state of stable symbiosis with the host."
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in 1995, and was accelerated with the publication in 1996 of two more books by authors outside the academic mainstream:
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3283:"Families and Networks of Internet Memes: The Relationship Between Cohesiveness, Uniqueness, and Quiddity Concreteness"
406:(published electronically from 1997 to 2005) first appeared. It was first hosted by the Centre for Policy Modelling at
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tools and the suggestion that such studies have already been done was given by McNamara (2011). This author proposes
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has postulated what he calls "memetic selection criteria". These criteria opened the way to a specialized field of
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This article is about the study of self-replicating units of culture. For the critical and philosophical term, see
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3600:"Memetics discussion list archive (associated with Jom-EMIT): Two early meme papers of historical interest (1a)"
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Edmonds, Bruce. 2005. "The revealed poverty of the gene-meme analogy – why memetics per se has failed."
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3697:(2008). "Can Memes Play Games? Memetics and the Problem of Space" in T. Botz-Bornstein (ed.):
3684:
3570:
3518:
3489:
3244:
3205:
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1995:
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leading to conspiracy theories illustrated with the simulation of a self-organizing network.
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4343:
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3294:
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2525:
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1613:
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that make up the genetic codes of biological organisms. An example of a memeplex would be a
788:
764:
Luis Benitez-Bribiesca points to the lack of memetic mechanisms. He refers to the lack of a
424:
365:
254:
219:
202:
134:
54:
3830:
3224:
3125:
2980:"Memetics as informational difference: offering an information-centric conception of memes"
5353:
5244:
5209:
5118:
5006:
4900:
4856:
4836:
4709:
4425:
4404:
4159:
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3885:
3867:
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3837:
3791:
3708:
3680:
3544:
3350:
2764:
2751:
2596:"Assessing global diffusion with Web memetics: The spread and evolution of a popular joke"
2462:
2451:
2293:
1542:
Eumemics - the belief and practice of deliberately improving the quality of the meme pool.
1514:
1349:
927:
624:
609:
530:". Gibron Burchett, a memeticist responsible for helping to research and co-coin the term
473:
415:
224:
185:
129:
49:
2784:(2000). "Copy versus translate, meme versus sign: development of biological textuality".
2697:
1939:
Science and selection : essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science
3860:
2595:
2200:
1355:
The application of memetics to a difficult complex social system problem, environmental
4846:
4826:
4736:
4429:
4321:
4196:
3967:
2390:
2363:
2339:
2312:
1625:
1556:
1498:
1356:
1103:
941:
936:
485:
441:
402:
Around the same time as the publication of the books by Lynch and Brodie the e-journal
319:
315:
250:
139:
724:
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5348:
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4621:
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4608:
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4409:
4399:
4326:
4228:
4122:
3818:
3607:
3343:
3157:
3011:
2729:
2545:
1915:. The MIT Press essential knowledge series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
1592:
1071:
1009:
796:
777:
770:
682:
671:
584:
An advanced statement of the internalist school came in 2002 with the publication of
453:
206:
161:
97:
gene complexes, so groups of memes acting together form co-adapted meme complexes or
94:
35:
3847:
3256:
2953:
1428:
four times as strong a factor behind IT creativity as the "Lamarckian" IT strategy.
70:. The conveyor of the information being copied is known as the replicator, with the
5138:
4439:
4416:
3978:
2412:
Aunger, Robert. "Darwinizing culture: The status of memetics as a science." (2001).
2169:
1506:
1299:
1022:
990:
915:
825:
810:
3981:
which is very strongly critical of "meme totalists" who assert memes over bodies.
2380:
5277:
5189:
5133:
4971:
4756:
4455:
4274:
4022:
3674:
Alphabetic Memes: Caricature, Satire, and Political Literacy in the Age of Trump
3511:
Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution: A Darwinian Approach to Language Change
3485:
2781:
1513:, September 1985 pp. 5–8, and referenced in the expanded second edition of
1107:
960:
646:
570:
538:
480:
in 2000, Semon's work had little influence, though it was quoted extensively in
249:
itself is a much older topic, with a history that dates back at least as far as
177:
63:
3482:
Contagious Ideas: On evolution, culture, archaeology, and Cultural Virus Theory
2807:. Postmillennial pop. New York; London: New York University Press. p. 19.
2744:
952:, he describes a way to see memetics as an alternative methodology of cultural
44:
is a theory of the evolution of culture based on Darwinian principles with the
5224:
5219:
4936:
4671:
4211:
3989:
by Hokky Situngkir – formal interplays between memetics and cultural analysis.
3870:, in: Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, ed. B. Meyers (Springer)
3314:
3126:""It Gets Better": Internet memes and the construction of collective identity"
3103:
2936:
2580:
1420:
641:
636:
391:, a mathematician and philosopher who worked for many years as an engineer at
328:
87:
3745:
3248:
3240:
3209:
3200:
3183:
3149:
3141:
3003:
2945:
2827:
Midgley, Mary. The Solitary Self: Darwin and the Selfish Gene. Acumen, 2010.
2721:
2657:
2537:
2329:
1957:
1571: – Study of cultural change modelled on theories of evolutionary biology
4886:
3688:
3281:
Segev, Elad; Nissenbaum, Asaf; Stolero, Nathan; Shifman, Limor (July 2015).
2995:
1690:. Philosophers and their critics. Oxford (GB) Cambridge (Mass.): Blackwell.
1631:
1598:
1490:
1455:
1441:
953:
787:, (e.g., Deacon, Kull) stating that the concept of meme is a less developed
784:
628:
466:
Die mnemischen Empfindungen in ihren Beziehungen zu den Originalempfindungen
376:
266:
106:
75:
3637:(Special Evolutionary Issue). Archived from the original on August 23, 2021
3569:
Blackmore, Susan, 1999, The Meme Machine, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
2399:
2348:
1464:– The process of deliberately creating memes, using engineering principles.
66:
being copied, varied, and selected, a process also known as variation with
4063:
2637:
2081:
478:
Forgotten Ideas, Neglected Pioneers: Richard Semon and the Story of Memory
364:
The foundation of memetics in its full modern incarnation was launched by
5098:
4803:
2497:
2480:
1580:
1494:
1449:
1437:
821:
651:
578:
535:
392:
118:
102:
98:
1890:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.
5239:
3825:
Edmonds, Bruce. 2002. "Three challenges for the survival of memetics."
3810:
3299:
3282:
3075:"Promise Keepers: Is it a Cult? - alt.mindcontrol | Google Groups"
2423:"Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission"
2148:
1607:
919:
288:
The modern memetics movement dates from the mid-1980s. A January 1983 "
242:
83:
31:
17:
3746:"The Enemy: A Thought Experiment on Patriarchies, Feminisms and Memes"
2920:"Internet memes as internet signs: A semiotic view of digital culture"
2611:
2600:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
2560:
1505:
members who commit mass suicide. The term was apparently coined by H.
3994:
Journal of Memetics – Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission
3844:
Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission
3827:
Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission
2114:
Journal of Memetics – Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission
1937:
1029:(Analog Aug. 1987) makes the case that memetics needs to incorporate
565:
461:
404:
Journal of Memetics – Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission
4040:
by Adam McNamara which presents neuroimaging tools to measure memes.
1180:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
776:" and "a dangerous idea that poses a threat to the serious study of
379:
executive turned motivational speaker and professional poker-player
2698:"Memes, Macros, Meaning, and Menace: Some Trends in Internet Memes"
2529:
265:
is a pattern that can influence its surroundings – that is, it has
773:
4025:
which uses memetics to explain the growth and spread of ideology.
1838:
The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations That Transform the World
1502:
1445:
1397:
to find out if these selection criteria could stand the test of
238:
229:
71:
48:
as the unit of culture. The term "meme" was coined by biologist
45:
4067:
1865:(Repr ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 163–173.
3427:
1991:
The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: [2 Volumes]
1474:
that attempts to emulate cultural evolution in order to solve
1268:
1207:
1145:
1086:
1045:
982:
as "the information memes convey about their own communication
839:
719:
3547:(International Journal of Project Management, 23 (8) 575-583)
3225:"Memes as genre: A structurational analysis of the memescape"
2869:
2253:"Taking memetics seriously: Memetics will be what we make it"
1790:. New York London Toronto : Simon and Schuster. p. 344.
1348:
Research methodologies that apply memetics go by many names:
3051:
2430:
2119:
1419:
Swedish political scientist Mikael Sandberg argues against "
596:, edited by Aunger and with a foreword by Dennett, in 2001.
3731:
Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
1888:
Not by genes alone: how culture transformed human evolution
1788:
Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life
1738:
Darwin's dangerous idea: evolution and the meanings of life
1622: – Sociological theory regarding shared understandings
188:
work within the alternative, and more mainstream, field of
3892:, 1976, 2nd edition, December 1989, hardcover, 352 pages,
3394:"The Memetic Evolution of Solutions to Difficult Problems"
3124:
Gal, Noam; Shifman, Limor; Kampf, Zohar (September 2016).
1295:
871:
824:
status is open to question, and memeticists (who are also
930:, tried to offer a more rigorous formalism for the meme,
547:. The second group wants to redefine memes as observable
176:
who calls memetics a "meaningless metaphor". Philosopher
3831:
http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/2002/vol6/edmonds_b_letter.html
3797:
Cloak, F.T. (1975). "Is a cultural ethology possible?".
3701:(Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press), pp. 142–156.
3424:"Climate Meme - Applying Meme Science to Global Warming"
1863:
Darwinizing Culture: The Status of Memetics as a Science
1033:
to understand the psychological traits of a meme's host.
1004:
The possibility of quantitative analysis of memes using
594:
Darwinizing Culture: The Status of Memetics as a Science
3364:"The Dueling Loops of the Political Powerplace (paper)"
2051:
Metamagical themas: questing for the ... - Google Books
2018:
Metamagical themas: questing for the ... - Google Books
1643: – Application of Darwinian theory to other fields
1636:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1603:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1509:
in "Memes, L5 and the Religion of the Space Colonies,"
1232:
1169:
1115:
736:
617:
is now climbing the world professional poker rankings.
452:
was used in 1904, by the German evolutionary biologist
2870:"On Selfish Memes: culture as complex adaptive system"
2257:
Darwinizing CultureThe Status of Memetics as a Science
1763:
From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds
3753:
Feminista: Gender, Race, and Class in the Philippines
3451:"Using Memes To Improve Climate Change Communication"
3073:
Keith Henson View profile More options (1997-10-05).
2562:
New literacies everyday practices and social learning
1665:(Repr. with corr ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Pr.
492:”. Richard Dawkins (1976) apparently coined the word
385:
Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society
3223:
Wiggins, Bradley E; Bowers, G Bret (December 2015).
2767:, The trouble with memes (and what to do about it).
1486:
Memotype – the actual information-content of a meme.
142:
develops memetics extensively, notably in his books
58:, to illustrate the principle that he later called "
5265:
5147:
5036:
5029:
4927:
4802:
4670:
4594:
4496:
4302:
4295:
4158:
2364:"Memetics and Neural Models of Conspiracy Theories"
940:, seeing the meme as a cultural unit in a cultural
448:), meaning "imitator, pretender". The similar term
3699:Culture, Nature, Memes: Dynamic Cognitive Theories
1634: – Single identifiable element within culture
1601: – Single identifiable element within culture
1589: – Ambiguous term applied to several concepts
978:as "the physical incarnation of the message", and
3968:The Ideology of Cybernetic Totalist Intellectuals
3848:http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/2005/vol9/edmonds_b.html
2978:Smith, Alexander O.; Hemsley, Jeff (2022-08-09).
2803:Jenkins, Henry; Ford, Sam; Green, Joshua (2013).
2170:"The Journal of Ideas (ISSN 1049-6335): Contents"
2594:Shifman, Limor; Thelwall, Mike (December 2009).
1740:. New York London Toronto : Simon and Schuster.
1411:Australian academic S.J. Whitty has argued that
1391:Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies
78:. Dawkins proposed that the same process drives
3920:The Electric Meme: A New Theory of How We Think
3184:"The Cultural Logic of Photo-Based Meme Genres"
2481:"Why Did Memetics Fail? Comparative Case Study"
1559: – Effect of learned behavior on evolution
813:criticizes memetics for at least two reasons:
588:, by Robert Aunger, an anthropologist from the
101:. Memeplexes include (among many other things)
4004:Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme
3908:; trade paperback, September 1990, 352 pages,
3755:, Philippines: Anvil Publishing, Inc.: 53–64,
2702:The Journal of Communication and Media Studies
769:realistic unit. As such, he calls memetics "a
399:until his book was very close to publication.
373:Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme
369:Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture
128:Among proponents of memetics are psychologist
4079:
1686:Dennett, Daniel Clement; Dahlbom, Bo (1993).
1595: – Cultural item spread via the Internet
1241:that contextualizes different points of view.
1227:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
694:which is analytically distinguished from the
318:, which incorporated the meme concept into a
121:. Dawkins famously referred to religions as "
8:
3729:Boyd, Rob & Richerson, Peter J. (2005).
1970:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1565: – Evolutionary theory of social change
799:, Joshua Green, and Sam Ford, in their book
780:and cultural evolution" among other things.
168:values, scientific curiosity, and progress.
74:functioning as the replicator in biological
3941:, Oxford University Press, 1999, hardcover
2259:, Oxford University Press, pp. 43–67,
1983:
1981:
1610: – Communication by means of imitation
1080:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1015:Proponents of memetics as described in the
241:, arguing that replication also happens in
5033:
4299:
4086:
4072:
4064:
3287:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
3100:"Sex, Drugs, and Cults by H. Keith Henson"
2696:Lankshear, Colin; Knobel, Michele (2019).
2681:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2296:(2003). "Consciousness in meme machines".
2227:The Selfish Gene: 30th Anniversary edition
1886:Richerson, Peter J.; Boyd, Robert (2008).
1688:Dennett and his critics: demystifying mind
1298:. Please do not remove this message until
27:Study of self-replicating units of culture
3629:Christopher W. diCarlo (April 27, 2010).
3315:"How PR Sold the War in the Persian Gulf"
3298:
3199:
2935:
2496:
2465:King's College Sociobiology Group, eds.,
2389:
2379:
2338:
2328:
2265:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632449.003.0003
1336:Learn how and when to remove this message
1318:Learn how and when to remove this message
1257:Learn how and when to remove this message
1196:Learn how and when to remove this message
1134:Learn how and when to remove this message
890:Learn how and when to remove this message
5250:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
4006:. Seattle, Wash: Integral Press, 1996.
3538:A Memetic Paradigm of Project Management
3035:
1294:Relevant discussion may be found on the
870:Relevant discussion may be found on the
456:, best known for his development of the
93:Just as genes can work together to form
62:". All evolutionary processes depend on
4018:Cultural Software: A Theory of Ideology
3859:Heylighen F. & Chielens K. (2009):
1653:
1406:Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution
34:. For the study of Internet memes, see
3648:
2674:
2317:Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience
1963:
1815:. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 210.
1628: – Indirect infusion of knowledge
1458:– a population of interbreeding memes.
496:independently of Semon, writing this:
5463:Concepts in the philosophy of science
4742:Psychological effects of Internet use
3325:from the original on 27 February 2018
2786:European Journal for Semiotic Studies
807:to describe participatory structure.
468:, translated into English in 1921 as
245:, albeit in a different sense. While
7:
3713:Culture and the Evolutionary Process
3461:from the original on 7 February 2018
4722:Digital media use and mental health
3404:from the original on 21 August 2006
3374:from the original on 21 August 2006
2714:10.18848/2470-9247/cgp/v04i04/43-57
2180:from the original on 9 October 2017
1715:. Oxford: Oxford university press.
223:(1976), the evolutionary biologist
5458:Concepts in the philosophy of mind
4353:Automatic and controlled processes
3986:Culture as Complex Adaptive System
3102:. Human-nature.com. Archived from
3077:. Groups.google.ca. Archived from
2514:"Crowding out Memetic Explanation"
2048:Hofstadter, Douglas (1996-04-04).
2015:Hofstadter, Douglas (1996-04-04).
408:Manchester Metropolitan University
25:
4762:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
3558:Journal of Evolutionary Economics
3426:. 8 December 2012. Archived from
2855:Darwinian Creativity and Memetics
2092:from the original on 13 June 2008
1061:This article has multiple issues.
420:University of the West of England
414:edited by Elan Moritz.) In 1999,
5413:
5400:
5388:
5387:
4787:Mobile phones and driving safety
3744:Boyles, Robert James M. (2011),
3182:Shifman, Limor (December 2014).
2868:Situngkir, Hokky (16 Mar 2006).
2742:Benitez-Bribiesca, Luis (2001):
2467:Current Problems in Sociobiology
2298:Journal of Consciousness Studies
2199:Semon, Richard Wolfgang (1921).
1811:Dennett, Daniel Clement (1991).
1786:Dennett, Daniel Clement (1995).
1761:Dennett, Daniel Clement (2017).
1736:Dennett, Daniel Clement (1995).
1616: – Smallest unit of meaning
1577: – Theory of human behavior
1273:
1212:
1150:
1091:
1050:
974:as "both ideas and ideologies",
844:
723:
577:is proposed, and a formation of
557:Liverpool John Moores University
314:by Tufts University philosopher
4690:Computer-mediated communication
3922:. New York: Free Press, 2002.
3772:from the original on 2021-08-23
3509:Ritt, Nikolaus (July 5, 2004).
3263:from the original on 2023-07-16
3164:from the original on 2023-07-16
3018:from the original on 2022-12-18
2960:from the original on 2023-02-01
2918:Cannizzaro, Sara (2016-12-31).
2876:from the original on 2009-07-24
2755:. Interciecia 26: 29–31, p. 29.
2664:from the original on 2022-06-22
2618:from the original on 2022-12-18
2224:Dawkins, Richard (2006-03-16).
1988:Shermer, Michael (2002-11-14).
1116:check for citation inaccuracies
1069:or discuss these issues on the
944:. It is based on the Darwinian
339:had already been introduced by
4967:Empathising–systemising theory
4270:female intrasexual competition
4207:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3861:Evolution of Culture, Memetics
2141:"Index to all JoM-EMIT Issues"
1942:. Cambridge University Press.
343:as early as 1962 in his novel
151:From Bacteria to Bach and Back
1:
5327:Standard social science model
4380:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
2251:Hull, David L. (2001-01-04),
1027:Memetics and the Modular-Mind
966:Limor Shifman (2014) defines
926:Another definition, given by
688:units of cultural information
522:Internalists and externalists
277:, but rather coined the term
5175:Missing heritability problem
4767:Social aspects of television
4390:Evolution of nervous systems
4358:Computational theory of mind
4060:– Richard Dawkins Foundation
3733:. Chicago University Press.
3449:Schiller, Ben (8 May 2013).
2769:The Semiotic Review of Books
2642:. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
2381:10.1016/j.patter.2021.100353
1861:Aunger, Robert, ed. (2003).
1711:Blackmore, Susan J. (2000).
233:to describe a unit of human
5421:Evolutionary biology portal
3717:University of Chicago Press
3560:, vol. 17, No. 1 (Feb 2007)
2512:Cao, Rosa (December 2020).
2205:. London: Allen & Unwin
1300:conditions to do so are met
1176:the claims made and adding
5489:
5382:Evolutionary psychologists
5255:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
5170:Human–animal communication
4882:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
4732:Imprinted brain hypothesis
4700:Human–computer interaction
3515:Cambridge University Press
2745:Memetics: A dangerous idea
2456:"Replicators and Vehicles"
2230:. Oxford UP. p. 182.
669:
613:memetics-related matters.
29:
5376:
5302:Environmental determinism
5273:Cultural selection theory
5160:Evolutionary epistemology
5074:evolutionary neuroscience
4747:Rank theory of depression
4249:Parent–offspring conflict
4101:
3655:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3188:Journal of Visual Culture
2937:10.12697/SSS.2016.44.4.05
2565:. Open University Press.
2559:Lankshear, Colin (2011).
2362:Duch, Włodzisław (2021).
1840:. London: Penguin Books.
1661:Dawkins, Richard (1981).
1587:Evolutionary epistemology
1569:Cultural selection theory
1526:The Electronic Revolution
352:The Electronic Revolution
190:cultural evolution theory
157:The Beginning of Infinity
5453:Concepts in epistemology
5195:Cultural group selection
5079:Biocultural anthropology
4772:Societal impacts of cars
4705:Media naturalness theory
4395:Fight-or-flight response
3695:Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten
3241:10.1177/1461444814535194
3201:10.1177/1470412914546577
3142:10.1177/1461444814568784
2984:Journal of Documentation
2896:Memes in digital culture
2639:Memes in digital culture
2330:10.3389/fnevo.2011.00001
1936:L., Hull, David (2001).
1913:Memes in digital culture
1472:evolutionary computation
1425:information technologies
1379:Ben Cullen, in his book
853:This article or section
418:, a psychologist at the
346:The Ticket That Exploded
194:gene-culture coevolution
5395:Evolutionary psychology
5359:Sociocultural evolution
5200:Dual inheritance theory
4657:Personality development
4118:Theoretical foundations
4095:Evolutionary psychology
3890:Oxford University Press
3484:. Oxford and Oakville:
3229:New Media & Society
3130:New Media & Society
2996:10.1108/JD-07-2021-0140
2894:Shifman, Limor (2014),
2636:Shifman, Limor (2014).
2485:Perspectives on Science
2313:"Can we Measure Memes?"
2311:McNamara, Adam (2011).
1911:Shifman, Limor (2014).
1836:Deutsch, David (2012).
1813:Consciousness Explained
1575:Dual inheritance theory
1031:evolutionary psychology
950:complex adaptive system
903:Alternative definitions
818:Darwin's Dangerous Idea
660:dual inheritance theory
590:University of Cambridge
355:, published in 1970 in
311:Consciousness Explained
198:Dual inheritance theory
145:Darwin's Dangerous Idea
5317:Social constructionism
5312:Psychological nativism
5287:Biological determinism
5235:Recent human evolution
5230:Punctuated equilibrium
5053:Behavioral epigenetics
5048:evolutionary economics
5017:Variability hypothesis
4962:Emotional intelligence
4695:Engineering psychology
4385:Evolution of the brain
1765:. London: Allen Lane.
1620:Social constructionism
1583: – Occult concept
1374:address climate change
1361:evolutionary algorithm
961:biological equilibrium
709:
544:The Extended Phenotype
516:
505:
115:financial institutions
5344:Multilineal evolution
5307:Nature versus nurture
5266:Theoretical positions
5114:Functional psychology
5109:Evolutionary medicine
5084:Biological psychiatry
4792:Texting while driving
4782:Lead–crime hypothesis
4642:Cognitive development
4627:Caregiver deprivation
4138:Gene selection theory
4030:Can we Measure Memes?
3672:Apter, Emily (2019).
3048:"Journal of Memetics"
2518:Philosophy of Science
2479:Radim Chvaja (2020).
1476:optimization problems
1399:quantitative analyses
1235:by rewriting it in a
857:synthesis of material
705:
528:cultural transmission
512:
498:
322:. In his 1991 essay "
235:cultural transmission
5297:Cultural determinism
5104:Evolutionary biology
5089:Cognitive psychology
5037:Academic disciplines
4685:Cognitive ergonomics
4652:Language acquisition
4632:Childhood attachment
4445:Wason selection task
4339:Behavioral modernity
4128:Cognitive revolution
4111:Evolutionary thought
3635:Politics and Culture
3480:Cullen, Ben (2000).
2924:Sign Systems Studies
2853:Kronfeldner, Maria.
2498:10.1162/posc_a_00350
1530:William S. Burroughs
341:William S. Burroughs
5364:Unilineal evolution
5129:Population genetics
4914:Sexy son hypothesis
4852:Hormonal motivation
4832:Concealed ovulation
4373:Dual process theory
4244:Parental investment
4051:"What’s in a Meme?"
3709:Richerson, Peter J.
3321:. 28 October 2004.
2427:Journal of Memetics
2300:. Imprint Academic.
2145:Journal of Memetics
1641:Universal Darwinism
1462:Memetic engineering
1287:of this article is
1017:Journal of Memetics
676:A new framework of
666:"Internet Memetics"
639:meme complexes, or
633:Darwinian evolution
606:Journal of Memetics
532:memetic engineering
349:, and continued in
337:language as a virus
324:Viruses of the Mind
298:Scientific American
259:Darwinian selection
123:viruses of the mind
111:scientific theories
68:selective retention
60:Universal Darwinism
5322:Social determinism
5205:Fisher's principle
5165:Great ape language
5155:Cultural evolution
5124:Philosophy of mind
4957:Division of labour
4919:Westermarck effect
4867:Mating preferences
4777:Distracted driving
4511:Literary criticism
4368:Domain specificity
4348:modularity of mind
4056:2021-08-12 at the
4035:2013-05-23 at the
3973:2021-01-26 at the
3949:, trade paperback
3866:2021-02-24 at the
3853:2021-07-17 at the
3836:2011-05-03 at the
3811:10.1007/bf01531639
3790:2021-08-23 at the
3679:2020-06-14 at the
3610:on 3 November 2013
3543:2016-03-03 at the
3430:on 8 December 2012
3349:2021-02-27 at the
3300:10.1111/jcc4.12120
2750:2009-07-04 at the
2461:2021-02-26 at the
1563:Cultural evolution
1523:(p. 330). In
1468:Memetic algorithms
1413:project management
1161:possibly contains
911:A Devil's Chaplain
867:to the main topic.
861:verifiably mention
855:possibly contains
735:. You can help by
549:cultural artifacts
366:Douglas Rushkoff's
320:theory of the mind
294:Douglas Hofstadter
290:Metamagical Themas
247:cultural evolution
80:cultural evolution
5430:
5429:
5408:Psychology portal
5372:
5371:
5215:Hologenome theory
5185:Unit of selection
5180:Primate cognition
5094:Cognitive science
5025:
5024:
4896:Sexual attraction
4872:Mating strategies
4637:Cinderella effect
4567:Moral foundations
4471:Visual perception
4363:Domain generality
4332:Facial expression
4280:Sexual dimorphism
4239:Natural selection
4185:Hamiltonian spite
4012:978-0-9636001-1-0
3928:978-0-7432-0150-6
3762:978-971-27-2594-4
3725:978-0-226-06933-3
3587:A Memetic Lexicon
3524:978-0-521-82671-6
3495:978-1-84217-014-4
3235:(11): 1886–1906.
3054:on 10 August 2011
2905:978-1-4690-6325-6
2833:978-1-84465-253-2
2814:978-0-8147-4350-8
2649:978-1-4619-4733-2
2612:10.1002/asi.21185
2606:(12): 2567–2576.
2572:978-1-283-26917-9
2433:on 10 August 2011
2274:978-0-19-263244-9
2061:978-0-465-04566-2
2028:978-0-465-04566-2
2001:978-1-57607-653-8
1922:978-0-262-52543-5
1897:978-0-226-71212-3
1872:978-0-19-263244-9
1847:978-0-14-027816-3
1822:978-0-316-18065-8
1797:978-0-684-80290-9
1772:978-0-241-00356-5
1747:978-0-684-80290-9
1722:978-0-19-286212-9
1697:978-0-631-18549-9
1672:978-0-19-857519-1
1482:Memetic computing
1470:– an approach to
1387:Francis Heylighen
1365:scientific method
1346:
1345:
1338:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1221:This article may
1206:
1205:
1198:
1163:original research
1144:
1143:
1136:
1084:
946:genetic algorithm
900:
899:
892:
758:The Selfish Gene.
753:
752:
678:Internet Memetics
586:The Electric Meme
575:attractor network
482:Erwin Schrödinger
440:derives from the
302:The Selfish Gene.
237:analogous to the
174:Stephen Jay Gould
52:in his 1976 book
16:(Redirected from
5480:
5448:1980s neologisms
5417:
5404:
5391:
5390:
5034:
5030:Related subjects
4817:Adult attachment
4344:Cognitive module
4300:
4287:Social selection
4261:Costly signaling
4256:Sexual selection
4143:Modern synthesis
4088:
4081:
4074:
4065:
3934:The Meme Machine
3918:Aunger, Robert.
3881:The Selfish Gene
3822:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3750:
3687:170, Fall 2019,
3661:
3660:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3606:. Archived from
3596:
3590:
3589:. Montreal. 1990
3583:
3577:
3567:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3420:
3414:
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3411:
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3390:
3384:
3383:
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3360:
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3332:
3330:
3311:
3305:
3304:
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3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3136:(8): 1698–1714.
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3050:. Archived from
3044:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
2990:(5): 1149–1163.
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2939:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2865:
2859:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2805:Spreadable Media
2800:
2794:
2793:
2778:
2772:
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2756:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2693:
2687:
2686:
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2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2524:(5): 1160–1171.
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2476:
2470:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2429:. Archived from
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2308:
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2301:
2294:Blackmore, Susan
2290:
2284:
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2210:
2196:
2190:
2189:
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2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2147:. Archived from
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2118:. Archived from
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2078:
2072:
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2069:
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2045:
2039:
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2012:
2006:
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1985:
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1808:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1713:The meme machine
1708:
1702:
1701:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1663:The selfish gene
1658:
1637:
1614:Seme (semantics)
1604:
1520:The Selfish Gene
1395:applied memetics
1381:Contagious Ideas
1341:
1334:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1251:
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1238:balanced fashion
1216:
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1194:
1190:
1187:
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1178:inline citations
1154:
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1139:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1095:
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1087:
1076:
1054:
1053:
1046:
999:Memetic analysis
895:
888:
884:
881:
875:
848:
847:
840:
836:New developments
801:Spreadable Media
771:pseudoscientific
748:
745:
727:
720:
655:create culture.
502:
425:The Meme Machine
412:Journal of Ideas
397:The Selfish Gene
306:The Selfish Gene
275:The Selfish Gene
220:The Selfish Gene
203:Internet culture
135:The Meme Machine
55:The Selfish Gene
21:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5368:
5354:Neoevolutionism
5261:
5245:Species complex
5210:Group selection
5148:Research topics
5143:
5119:Neuropsychology
5021:
5007:Substance abuse
4929:Sex differences
4923:
4837:Coolidge effect
4798:
4710:Neuroergonomics
4675:
4666:
4590:
4492:
4426:Folk psychology
4307:
4291:
4161:
4154:
4097:
4092:
4058:Wayback Machine
4047:
4037:Wayback Machine
4000:Brodie, Richard
3975:Wayback Machine
3939:Susan Blackmore
3886:Richard Dawkins
3868:Wayback Machine
3855:Wayback Machine
3838:Wayback Machine
3796:
3792:Wayback Machine
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3748:
3743:
3685:OCTOBER Journal
3681:Wayback Machine
3669:
3664:
3647:
3640:
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3613:
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3598:
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3545:Wayback Machine
3536:
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3357:
3351:Wayback Machine
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2867:
2866:
2862:
2857:. Acumen, 2011.
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
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2822:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:Terrence Deacon
2763:
2759:
2752:Wayback Machine
2741:
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2463:Wayback Machine
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2110:
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2095:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2054:. Basic Books.
2047:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2021:. Basic Books.
2014:
2013:
2009:
2002:
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1660:
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1635:
1602:
1552:
1515:Richard Dawkins
1499:suicide bombers
1434:
1350:Viral marketing
1342:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1293:
1278:
1274:
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1252:
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1233:help improve it
1230:
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859:which does not
849:
845:
838:
829:
749:
743:
740:
733:needs expansion
718:
674:
668:
625:Susan Blackmore
610:Susan Blackmore
602:
524:
500:
490:Mind and Matter
474:Daniel Schacter
434:
416:Susan Blackmore
225:Richard Dawkins
215:
186:Peter Richerson
130:Susan Blackmore
50:Richard Dawkins
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5484:
5476:
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5473:Mental content
5470:
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4759:
4754:
4749:
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4739:
4737:Mind-blindness
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
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4432:
4430:theory of mind
4423:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4341:
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4199:
4197:Baldwin effect
4194:
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4182:
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4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
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4046:
4045:External links
4043:
4042:
4041:
4026:
4014:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3965:
3930:
3916:
3900:; April 1992,
3877:
3874:
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3823:
3805:(3): 161–182.
3794:
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3472:
3441:
3415:
3398:www.thwink.org
3385:
3368:www.thwink.org
3355:
3336:
3306:
3293:(4): 417–433.
3273:
3215:
3194:(3): 340–358.
3174:
3116:
3091:
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2930:(4): 562–586.
2910:
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2773:
2757:
2735:
2688:
2648:
2628:
2586:
2571:
2551:
2530:10.1086/710518
2504:
2491:(4): 542–570.
2471:
2444:
2414:
2405:
2374:(11): 100353.
2354:
2303:
2285:
2273:
2243:
2236:
2216:
2191:
2161:
2132:
2103:
2082:"Media Virus!"
2073:
2060:
2040:
2027:
2007:
2000:
1977:
1948:
1928:
1921:
1903:
1896:
1878:
1871:
1853:
1846:
1828:
1821:
1803:
1796:
1778:
1771:
1753:
1746:
1728:
1721:
1703:
1696:
1678:
1671:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1626:Social osmosis
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1557:Baldwin effect
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1433:
1430:
1357:sustainability
1344:
1343:
1326:
1325:
1281:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1020:
1013:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
987:
968:Internet memes
964:
957:
942:complex system
924:
904:
901:
898:
897:
852:
850:
843:
837:
834:
820:", then their
815:
751:
750:
730:
728:
717:
714:
667:
664:
615:Richard Brodie
601:
598:
523:
520:
486:Tarner Lecture
464:, in his work
433:
430:
381:Richard Brodie
316:Daniel Dennett
227:used the term
214:
211:
207:Internet memes
184:and biologist
140:Daniel Dennett
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5485:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5423:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5349:Neo-Darwinism
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5334:Functionalism
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:Connectionism
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5282:indeterminism
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:Schizophrenia
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4987:Mental health
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:Mate guarding
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:Age disparity
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:Schizophrenia
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4677:Mental health
4673:
4672:Human factors
4669:
4663:
4662:Socialization
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:paternal bond
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4486:Naïve physics
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:Motor control
4450:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4410:Ophidiophobia
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:Arachnophobia
4398:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Display rules
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:Kin selection
4227:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Adaptationism
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3963:0-19-286212-X
3960:
3956:
3955:0-9658817-8-4
3952:
3948:
3947:0-19-850365-2
3944:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:0-19-286092-5
3911:
3907:
3906:0-19-857519-X
3903:
3899:
3898:0-19-217773-7
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3799:Human Ecology
3795:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3739:0-226-71284-2
3736:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:Glenn Grant.
3582:
3579:
3576:
3575:0-19-850365-2
3572:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3106:on 2012-07-09
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3081:on 2014-03-10
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3036:McNamara 2011
3032:
3029:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:, MIT Press,
2897:
2890:
2887:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2792:(1): 101–120.
2791:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2237:9780191537554
2233:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2151:on 2011-08-10
2150:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2122:on 2011-08-10
2121:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2104:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:0-521-64339-2
1945:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
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1829:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1799:
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1768:
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1757:
1754:
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1699:
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1679:
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1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:Internet meme
1591:
1588:
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1582:
1579:
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1570:
1567:
1564:
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1234:
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1164:
1159:This article
1157:
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1138:
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1127:
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1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:This article
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1028:
1024:
1021:
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1011:
1010:hyperscanning
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
992:
991:cybersemiotic
988:
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981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:
958:
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951:
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917:
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894:
891:
883:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
851:
842:
841:
835:
833:
827:
826:reductionists
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
797:Henry Jenkins
792:
790:
786:
781:
779:
778:consciousness
775:
772:
767:
762:
759:
747:
744:February 2021
738:
734:
731:This section
729:
726:
722:
721:
715:
713:
708:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
683:Limor Shifman
679:
673:
672:Internet meme
665:
663:
661:
656:
653:
648:
644:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
604:In 2005, the
599:
597:
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591:
587:
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550:
546:
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509:
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497:
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491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
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454:Richard Semon
451:
447:
443:
442:Ancient Greek
439:
431:
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286:
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280:
276:
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267:causal agency
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252:
248:
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240:
236:
232:
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571:Cybernetics
539:information
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3641:August 25,
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