2524:
2080:
188:
297:
people of what is now northern
Wisconsin in the United States. The federally recognized tribe has been working to encourage revival of use of the language by intensive classes locally and partnerships with universities. Most of the fluent speakers are elderly. Many of the people use English as their
1237:
and are classified as either animate or inanimate. Animacy in
Menominee is a grammatical construct for noun classification and not a reflection of the noun's status as "living" or "non-living." Therefore, some semantically inherently inanimate objects are grammatically animate.
1271:
into two categories: animate and inanimate. Additionally, all nouns must be marked for plurality. Plurality agreement are suffixes that attach to noun stems. Singular forms are unmarked (represented by zero morpheme ∅) and plural has two forms, as shown in the table below.
1800:
Transitive verbs can be used with either animate or inanimate actors. Transitive verbs contain inflectional reference both to their subject and to the object. One form of the verb exists for animate objects and another for inanimate objects:
1190:
Primary stress occurs on every long vowel or diphthong that is in the next-to-last syllable of a word. Most compounds and inflected forms are treated as single words in assigning stress. Rhetorical stress comes on the last syllable.
1216:
Bloomfield states there are five overarching categories in
Menominee: noun, pronoun, negator, verb, and particle. Nouns, pronouns, negators, and verbs all take inflection whereas particles do not carry any morphology.
3411:
2576:
1203:, there is a sharp rise in pitch at the end of the sentence. The modulations of pitch for expressing exclamations, quotations, etc. is generally much more pronounced in Menominee than in English.
2554:
1776:
Menominee displays inflectional reference. Nouns, verbs, and objects are inflected to agree in gender, person, and number of their possessor, actor, or transitive verb, respectively.
2138:
427:
As of 2013, there are "six or seven people ... able to be conversational in the language," according to an article on the
Menominee Place Names Map, a collaborative project at the
1673:
Nouns and nearly all pronouns are inflected for singular and plural. Some nouns occur only as singulars, typically denoting liquids or other uncountable substances (e.g.
3426:
2584:
1308:
These suffixes are attached directly to noun stems or to possessed themes. Examples below show singular and plural inflections of both animate and inanimate nouns:
368:, as there are only a handful of fluent speakers left. According to a 1997 report by the Menominee Historic Preservation Office, 39 people spoke Menominee as their
1876:
Bloomfield distinguishes five modes of the verb in
Menominee, which are reflected in the verb, negator, personal and demonstrative pronouns, and auxiliary verbs:
3431:
2693:
2244:
2678:
198:
2494:
2440:
2355:
402:-Gresham School District to open their own district," began to offer Menominee language, drumming, and tribal dance in addition to its academic program.
2546:
428:
1915:
and is used when the speaker is stating something learned from another person or from a dream or vision. It is the mode used in traditional narrative.
2767:
2185:
756:
Menominee does not make contrasts between voiced and voiceless stops and voicing from a following vowel may set in before the opening is complete.
3421:
1199:
In an interrogative sentence which uses a question word, there is a rising and then falling of pitch near the beginning and a drop at the end. In
1167:
Syllable structure in
Menominee is typically VC(C) or C(C)VC(C); syllables do not end in vowels. Any consonant can begin or end a syllable except
410:
3406:
938:
873:
2683:
643:
388:
3436:
3416:
417:
2296:
1060:
is labialized if the preceding syllable contains a back vowel or when it is followed by a palatalized consonant. The same is true for
1955:, puts an emphasis on the fact that the event is taking place in the present, as opposed to the past or in contrast with expectation.
2130:
1981:, puts an emphasis on the fact that the event took place in the past, as opposed to in the present or in contrast with expectation.
2410:
3196:
687:
600:
555:
2164:
356:'s 1928 bilingual text collection, his 1962 grammar (considered a landmark study), and Skinner's earlier anthropological work.
3077:
966:
950:
889:
879:
444:
210:
960:
944:
2760:
2325:
3255:
2214:
1890:
The indicative makes statements. In the first-person plural, it is used as a hortatory (first person plural imperative:
1225:
Agreement morphology in
Menominee can be fusional, e.g. animacy and number (nouns), are indicated within the same affix.
3064:
2914:
2001:
921:
911:
679:
671:
594:
174:
3277:
420:
issued an apology to "a seventh-grader who was punished after using her native
Menominee language in the classroom" in
3164:
3159:
2949:
2005:
834:
824:
721:
713:
697:
612:
406:
127:
2252:
383:
Nation to promote the continued use of the language. In the 21st century, residents of the
Menominee reservation at
2348:"Learning Language, Crafts Instills Pride in Students : Reservation Schools Keep Indian Tribe's Culture Alive"
991:
976:
729:
660:
633:
545:
535:
376:; and 65 others had learned some of it for the purpose of understanding the language and/or teaching it to others.
322:
The main characteristics of
Menominee, as compared to other Algonquian languages, are its extensive use of the low
391:
to document the language and to develop curriculum and learning materials. A Menominee dictionary project, led by
3359:
2100:
3191:
2753:
2486:
2432:
2384:
856:
846:
405:
Classes in the Menominee language are available locally at preschool, high school and adult levels, and at the
395:, has resulted in the publication of modern dictionaries of the language in support of revitalization efforts.
330:
220:
3216:
3186:
3176:
2956:
2105:
565:
2718:
2821:
2193:
2079:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1040:
1032:
1022:
1014:
470:
398:
In 1977, Menominee High School, founded when "the Indians of the Menominee Reservation separated from the
326:
1779:
Intransitive verbs typically occur in two forms: one for animate actors, the other for inanimate actors:
2963:
2936:
2347:
508:
498:
2461:
3352:
2869:
2864:
2815:
2784:
1993:
1548:
Certain nouns occur only in possessed forms, typically referring to body parts or relatives, such as
753:
Consonants, including nasals, are palatalized before front vowels and labialized before back vowels.
727:
719:
711:
703:
695:
685:
677:
669:
658:
290:
105:
1861:, 'why, it isn't raining anymore!' It can be used alone to answer a yes–no question. The particle
1200:
3234:
3226:
3201:
3137:
3082:
3041:
2942:
2859:
2807:
2793:
365:
2462:"College of Menominee Nation – Native American College, Tribal College, Wisconsin – Come join us!"
1246:
All nouns are required to be inflected if they are plural. Nouns which are singular are unmarked.
3327:
3261:
3154:
3034:
2987:
2890:
2009:
1268:
465:
421:
399:
384:
353:
338:
2698:
3334:
3266:
3206:
3181:
3170:
3123:
3088:
3071:
2017:
900:
485:
475:
387:
have held intensive classes for learners of all ages, and have worked with linguists from the
2113:
3283:
3058:
3014:
2970:
2900:
2801:
2013:
1855:, 'it is not raining'. The negator also inflects for certain elements of modal inflection:
460:
242:
2740:
2288:
2127:
3371:
3146:
3133:
2998:
2992:
2776:
2134:
2025:
1997:
492:
480:
392:
373:
100:
92:
2273:
Caldwell, Alan; Macaulay, Monica (2000). "The Current Status of the Menominee Language".
311:'. The tribe has gathered and cultivated this native food as a staple for millennia. The
3387:
3379:
3310:
3304:
3211:
3005:
2662:
2406:
369:
2517:"Green Bay diocese apologizes to student punished for using native Menominee language"
2289:"NSF Award Search: Award # 0235873 - A Menominee-English/English-Menominee Dictionary"
166:
3400:
3116:
2930:
2841:
2832:
2705:
2156:
2094:
2021:
1578:, 'my stone'). They are also used in the inflection of verbs to indicate the actor.
777:
3111:
3103:
705:
575:
342:
2516:
1822:
Impersonal verbs occur with no identifiable actor and in the singular inflection:
2741:
Menominee Language Institute: Language Materials - Dictionaries & Word Lists
2735:
2688:
1734:
Agent nouns (i.e., nouns that mean one who does the action of the verb, such as
1510:
There are four personal prefixes used to modify nouns and in personal pronouns:
818:
772:
623:
323:
316:
187:
179:
82:
2317:
2895:
2874:
2719:"Menominee vowel harmony revisited: A height-based underspecification account"
2222:
2072:
2067:
2051:
2046:
1254:
Menominee has four grammatical persons: first, second, third, and indefinite.
932:
782:
352:
Good sources of information on the Menominee tribe and their language include
1101:
are treated like long vowels in the assignment of stress. They contrast with
2849:
1679:, 'coffee'). The singular is often used for a representative meaning, e.g.
867:
710:
do not appear initially, except sometimes as the on-glide of a vowel. Final
586:
529:
380:
346:
319:
peoples and also speak an Algonquian language, also use this term for them.
308:
294:
159:
143:
66:
55:
2699:
The Meaning of the Menominee Myth of the Flood--in Relation to People Today
150:
2547:"Menominee 7th Grader Suspended for Saying I Love You in Native Language"
2487:"UW-Green Bay to offer Menominee language course for students, community"
1566:, 'someone's foot'. These affixes are used to indicate possession (e.g.
440:
228:
216:
1750:, in English) are homonymous with the third person inflected verb. So,
1234:
525:
379:
The Menominee Language & Culture Commission was established by the
334:
224:
3375:
2854:
2723:
Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics 35, ed. By Joanna Chociej et Al
2684:
Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin Language & Culture Commission
312:
195:
2376:
2126:
Center for Menominee Language, Culture, and Art, Language Materials
345:) have classified it as a Central Algonquian language based on its
2745:
1147:, which are usually written ⟨ae a͞e⟩, can also be written as ⟨æ ǣ⟩
2215:"News release: Professor documents endangered Menominee language"
1175:. The only clusters which can occur at the end of a syllable are
2749:
1581:
The personal pronouns formed by these prefixes are as follows:
1233:
All nouns are split into two categories and are inflected for
269:
3412:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
2617:
2615:
2613:
2465:
257:
227:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
263:
248:
2000:. Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999) classify it with the
194:
Menominee is classified as Critically Endangered by the
301:
The name of the tribe, and the language, derived from
2407:"Menominee tribe makes effort to keep language alive"
2275:
Papers of the 31st Conference on Algonquian Languages
1725:
Diminutives can be formed from any noun by suffixing
266:
254:
3344:
3319:
3296:
3247:
3225:
3145:
3132:
3102:
3051:
3024:
2980:
2922:
2913:
2883:
2840:
2831:
2792:
2783:
2245:"Wisconsin Tribal Languages in Danger of Dying Out"
260:
251:
245:
173:
157:
141:
136:
126:
121:
89:
73:
61:
50:
42:
35:
21:
2736:OLAC resources in and about the Menominee language
2093:
315:, their neighbors to the north who are one of the
2679:Wisconsin Tribal Languages in Danger of Dying Out
2128:www.menomineelanguage.com/dictionaries-word-lists
1183:. The only cluster which can begin a syllable is
726:is sometimes dropped and sometimes replaced with
372:, all of whom were elderly; 26 spoke it as their
2381:Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Culture
1976:
1970:
1961:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1929:The interrogative is used for yes–no questions.
1921:
1910:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1834:
1826:
1813:
1805:
1791:
1783:
1762:
1754:
1726:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1680:
1674:
1662:
1654:
1641:
1633:
1620:
1610:
1602:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1523:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1465:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1421:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1374:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1330:
1116:
1110:
735:
302:
283:
27:
2433:"Menominee language finds new life in schools"
1151:Vowels are slightly nasalized before or after
2761:
2137:, Menominee Dictionary - English - Menominee
8:
2689:Native Languages of the Americas: Menominee
1528:(also used for inclusive 1st person plural)
132:Menominee Language & Culture Commission
3142:
2919:
2837:
2789:
2768:
2754:
2746:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2604:
2322:Multilingualism and Education in Wisconsin
2277:. University of Manitoba: Winnipeg: 18–29.
1688:Nouns can also be inflected for locality:
999:
763:
454:
186:
18:
2024:, and Eastern Great Lakes languages like
1996:, which are part of the larger family of
1129:becomes primarily bilabial. The syllable
1583:
1310:
1274:
199:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3427:Native American language revitalization
2036:
1073:is particularly open when found before
221:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1943:The present mode, typically ending in
2577:"Map project promotes tribal history"
2377:"Revitalizing the Menominee Language"
2042:
2040:
429:University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point
7:
3432:Native American history of Wisconsin
2706:"Menominee Place Names In Wisconsin"
2431:Jagannathan, Malavika (2008-12-01).
2157:"Menominee Place Names In Wisconsin"
2114:participating institution membership
439:Below are the basic orthography and
2667:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2190:Menominee Indian Tribe Of Wisconsin
1969:The preterit, typically ending in
1087:is consistently lengthened before
14:
990:
975:
965:
959:
949:
943:
937:
920:
910:
899:
888:
878:
872:
855:
845:
833:
823:
642:
632:
611:
599:
593:
574:
564:
554:
544:
534:
507:
497:
411:University of Wisconsin–Green Bay
2078:
1909:The quotative typically ends in
1685:, 'the way the Menomini lives'.
1267:Noun classes are split based on
1115:('he uses it') is distinct from
360:Usage and revitalization efforts
241:
2557:from the original on 2013-07-29
2527:from the original on 2024-05-26
2515:Associated Press (2012-02-28).
2497:from the original on 2012-11-06
2443:from the original on 2012-06-30
2413:from the original on 2014-03-19
2387:from the original on 2013-07-02
2358:from the original on 2015-09-19
2328:from the original on 2023-05-21
2299:from the original on 2023-05-24
2243:Pervos, Stefanie (2002-10-05).
2219:University of Wisconsin-Madison
2167:from the original on 2013-04-10
1867:is used to negate imperatives:
389:University of Wisconsin–Madison
3422:Languages of the United States
2346:O'Meara, Robery (1986-02-02).
1767:, 'he whittles' or 'carpenter'
1:
2143:Menominee, Menominee Language
1906:, 'it is said that he comes'
1849:typically precedes the verb:
1682:ɛːsespemaːteset omɛːqnomeneːw
1163:Syllable structure and stress
418:Catholic Diocese of Green Bay
3407:Central Algonquian languages
2661:Bloomfield, Leonard (1962).
2545:Rickert, Levi (2012-02-03).
3382:language •
2971:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog
2950:Massachusett Pidgin English
2575:Vine, Nathan (2013-08-25).
2006:Plains Algonquian languages
407:College of Menominee Nation
307:, comes from the word for '
3453:
3437:Endangered Algic languages
3417:Great Lakes tribal culture
2694:Menominee Language Lessons
2008:along with languages like
3369:
2710:The Menominee Clans Story
2405:Jones, Meg (2009-03-07).
2161:The Menominee Clans Story
2101:Oxford English Dictionary
1966:, 'he did formerly come'
1601:
1598:
1417:
1326:
1290:
781:
771:
592:
435:Orthography and phonology
337:. Some scholars (notably
207:
185:
26:
3256:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
3197:North of Superior Ojibwa
1992:Menominee is one of the
1759:, 'he works' or 'worker'
281:(In Menominee language:
3104:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo
2833:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
2106:Oxford University Press
2057:(subscription required)
1977:
1971:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1922:
1911:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1873:, 'don't be too late'.
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1835:
1827:
1814:
1806:
1792:
1784:
1763:
1755:
1727:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1681:
1675:
1663:
1655:
1642:
1634:
1621:
1611:
1603:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1524:
1516:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1422:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1331:
1117:
1111:
736:
303:
293:spoken by the historic
284:
28:
3078:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
2581:Appleton Post-Crescent
2186:"Language and Culture"
668:The unvoiced sibilant
364:Menominee is a highly
209:This article contains
2717:Oxford, Will (2016).
2664:The Menomini language
2923:Southern New England
2587:on September 7, 2013
2318:"History: Menominee"
2251:(71). Archived from
1994:Algonquian languages
1940:, 'so he is coming'
1560:, 'your (s.) foot';
1263:Agreement morphology
1121:('fish egg'). Final
329:, its rich negation
285:omǣqnomenēweqnæsewen
29:omǣqnomenēweqnæsewen
3202:Northwestern Ojibwa
3165:Border Lakes Ojibwa
3160:Berens River Ojibwa
3065:Carolina Algonquian
2943:Massachusett Pidgin
2491:UW-Green Bay Inside
2104:(Online ed.).
1585:
1572:'my older sister';
1133:can alternate with
1002:
971:⟨a͞e⟩
766:
366:endangered language
291:Algonquian language
289:) is an endangered
16:Algonquian language
2915:Eastern Algonquian
2648:, p. 113-114.
2133:2023-06-02 at the
1926:, 'is he coming?'
1896:, 'let's set out'
1584:
1269:grammatical gender
1212:Lexical categories
1185:⟨kw⟩
1181:⟨qs⟩
1177:⟨qc⟩
1137:for some speakers.
1044:⟨wa⟩
1036:⟨ua⟩
1026:⟨ya⟩
1018:⟨ia⟩
1000:
955:⟨ae⟩
764:
676:can range between
422:Shawano, Wisconsin
354:Leonard Bloomfield
3394:
3393:
3388:extinct languages
3292:
3291:
3243:
3242:
3171:Broken Oghibbeway
3098:
3097:
2909:
2908:
2551:NativeNewsNetwork
2352:Los Angeles Times
2112:(Subscription or
2076:(17th ed., 2013)
2055:(18th ed., 2015)
1870:poːn kasɛːhkehseh
1839:, 'it is raining'
1671:
1670:
1625:'(inclusive) we'
1615:'(exclusive) we'
1508:
1507:
1306:
1305:
1207:Grammar – general
1173:⟨q⟩
1169:⟨h⟩
1079:⟨q⟩
1075:⟨h⟩
1049:
1048:
998:
997:
988:⟨ā⟩
981:⟨a⟩
926:⟨ō⟩
916:⟨o⟩
905:⟨ö⟩
894:⟨ē⟩
884:⟨e⟩
861:⟨ū⟩
851:⟨u⟩
839:⟨ī⟩
829:⟨i⟩
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
655:
654:
648:⟨w⟩
638:⟨y⟩
617:⟨h⟩
605:⟨s⟩
580:⟨q⟩
570:⟨k⟩
560:⟨c⟩
550:⟨t⟩
540:⟨p⟩
513:⟨n⟩
503:⟨m⟩
235:
234:
217:rendering support
213:phonetic symbols.
128:Regulated by
3444:
3360:Proto-Algonquian
3192:Nipissing Ojibwa
3143:
2920:
2838:
2790:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2730:
2713:
2668:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2583:. Archived from
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2464:. Archived from
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2221:. Archived from
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2192:. Archived from
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2152:
2146:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2044:
1980:
1974:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1925:
1914:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1858:kasaq kemeːwanon
1854:
1848:
1838:
1830:
1817:
1810:, 'he fears him'
1809:
1795:
1787:
1766:
1758:
1730:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1684:
1678:
1666:
1658:
1645:
1637:
1624:
1614:
1606:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1311:
1275:
1201:yes–no questions
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1003:
994:
989:
982:
979:
972:
969:
963:
956:
953:
947:
941:
927:
924:
917:
914:
906:
903:
895:
892:
885:
882:
876:
862:
859:
852:
849:
840:
837:
830:
827:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
767:
748:
745:
742:
739:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
691:
683:
675:
664:
649:
646:
639:
636:
618:
615:
606:
603:
597:
581:
578:
571:
568:
561:
558:
551:
548:
541:
538:
514:
511:
504:
501:
455:
447:) of Menominee.
443:(represented in
328:
306:
298:first language.
287:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
201:
190:
169:
153:
146:
95:
31:
19:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3365:
3345:Proto-languages
3340:
3315:
3288:
3239:
3221:
3128:
3094:
3047:
3020:
2999:Pidgin Delaware
2976:
2905:
2879:
2827:
2779:
2777:Algic languages
2774:
2716:
2704:Hoffman, Mike.
2703:
2675:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2646:Bloomfield 1962
2644:
2640:
2634:Bloomfield 1962
2632:
2628:
2622:Bloomfield 1962
2620:
2611:
2605:Bloomfield 1962
2603:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2528:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2155:Hoffman, Mike.
2154:
2153:
2149:
2135:Wayback Machine
2125:
2121:
2111:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2045:
2038:
2034:
1998:Algic languages
1990:
1988:Language family
1920:Interrogative:
1818:, 'he fears it'
1774:
1772:Grammar – verbs
1646:'you (plural)'
1476:
1473:
1470:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1265:
1260:
1258:Grammar – nouns
1252:
1244:
1231:
1223:
1214:
1209:
1197:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1109:. For example,
1078:
1074:
1043:
1035:
1025:
1017:
987:
980:
970:
954:
925:
915:
904:
893:
883:
860:
850:
838:
828:
762:
746:
743:
740:
647:
637:
616:
604:
579:
569:
559:
549:
539:
512:
502:
474:
453:
437:
393:Monica Macaulay
374:second language
362:
277:, also spelled
244:
240:
215:Without proper
203:
202:
193:
165:
149:
142:
122:Official status
117:
96:
93:Language family
91:
80:
76:
75:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3278:Miami–Illinois
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3217:Western Ojibwa
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Eastern Ojibwa
3184:
3179:
3177:Central Ojibwa
3174:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3112:Mesquakie–Sauk
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2957:Mohegan–Pequot
2953:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2714:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2673:External links
2671:
2670:
2669:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2624:, p. 113.
2609:
2597:
2567:
2537:
2521:TwinCities.com
2507:
2493:. 2012-08-22.
2478:
2453:
2423:
2397:
2368:
2338:
2309:
2280:
2265:
2235:
2206:
2177:
2147:
2119:
2085:
2060:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2022:Cree languages
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1888:
1887:
1852:kan kemeːwanon
1841:
1840:
1832:
1831:, 'it is cold'
1820:
1819:
1811:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1723:
1722:
1721:, 'right here'
1714:
1706:
1705:, 'in a house'
1698:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1520:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1479:
1462:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1371:
1370:
1357:
1344:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1250:Person marking
1248:
1243:
1240:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1164:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1092:
1082:
1064:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1007:
996:
995:
985:
983:
973:
957:
935:
929:
928:
918:
908:
896:
886:
870:
864:
863:
853:
843:
841:
831:
821:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
761:
758:
751:
750:
693:
666:
665:is postdental.
653:
652:
650:
640:
630:
628:
626:
620:
619:
609:
607:
591:
589:
583:
582:
572:
562:
552:
542:
532:
522:
521:
519:
517:
515:
505:
495:
489:
488:
483:
478:
468:
463:
458:
452:
449:
436:
433:
370:first language
361:
358:
233:
232:
219:, you may see
205:
204:
192:
191:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
163:
155:
154:
147:
139:
138:
137:Language codes
134:
133:
130:
124:
123:
119:
118:
116:
115:
114:
113:
99:
97:
90:
87:
86:
79:35 (2007)
77:
74:
71:
70:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
47:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3449:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2822:Nawathinehena
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2636:, p. 36.
2635:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2468:on 2013-09-01
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2255:on 2012-07-17
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2225:on 2015-05-09
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2196:on 2015-05-09
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1764:moːhkotaːqsow
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1162:
1160:
1139:
1119:
1113:
1093:
1083:
1065:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
993:
986:
984:
978:
974:
968:
962:
958:
952:
946:
940:
936:
934:
931:
930:
923:
919:
913:
909:
902:
897:
891:
887:
881:
875:
871:
869:
866:
865:
858:
854:
848:
844:
842:
836:
832:
826:
822:
820:
817:
816:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
788:
787:
784:
779:
776:
774:
769:
768:
765:Monophthongs
759:
757:
754:
738:
731:
723:
715:
707:
699:
694:
689:
681:
673:
667:
662:
657:
656:
651:
645:
641:
635:
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416:In 2012, the
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304:Oma͞eqnomenew
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69:(2000 census)
68:
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57:
54:Northeastern
53:
49:
46:United States
45:
41:
38:
36:Pronunciation
34:
30:
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2964:Narragansett
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2937:Massachusett
2929:
2820:
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2726:
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2663:
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2629:
2600:
2589:. Retrieved
2585:the original
2580:
2570:
2559:. Retrieved
2550:
2540:
2529:. Retrieved
2520:
2510:
2499:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:the original
2456:
2445:. Retrieved
2436:
2426:
2415:. Retrieved
2400:
2389:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2360:. Retrieved
2351:
2341:
2330:. Retrieved
2321:
2312:
2301:. Retrieved
2292:
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2274:
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:the original
2248:
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2218:
2209:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2189:
2180:
2169:. Retrieved
2160:
2150:
2142:
2122:
2099:
2088:
2071:
2063:
2050:
1991:
1893:kenawmaːciaq
1889:
1886:, 'he comes'
1880:Indicative:
1875:
1843:The negator
1842:
1821:
1799:
1796:, 'it falls'
1788:, 'he falls'
1778:
1775:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1687:
1672:
1659:'he/she/it'
1580:
1547:
1539:indefinite:
1531:3rd person:
1522:2nd person:
1514:1st person:
1509:
1496:metɛ:mohs-ak
1307:
1266:
1253:
1245:
1232:
1224:
1215:
1198:
1189:
1166:
1150:
755:
752:
438:
426:
415:
404:
397:
378:
363:
351:
321:
300:
282:
278:
237:
236:
208:
158:
110:
3353:Proto-Algic
3026:Nanticockan
2870:Swampy Cree
2865:Plains Cree
2816:Gros Ventre
2655:Works cited
2293:www.nsf.gov
2095:"Menominee"
1900:Quotative:
1575:neta:qsɛnem
1502:metɛ:mohsak
1483:metɛ:mohs-∅
1361:we:kewam-an
1001:Diphthongs
624:Approximant
324:front vowel
317:Anishinaabe
223:instead of
83:L2 speakers
3401:Categories
3235:Potawatomi
3227:Potawatomi
3138:Potawatomi
3042:Piscataway
2896:Innu-aimun
2875:Woods Cree
2860:Moose Cree
2808:Besawunena
2785:Algonquian
2591:2013-09-07
2561:2013-09-07
2531:2013-09-07
2501:2013-09-07
2472:2013-09-07
2447:2013-09-07
2417:2013-09-07
2391:2013-09-07
2362:2013-09-07
2332:2023-05-21
2303:2023-05-24
2259:2013-09-07
2229:2013-09-07
2200:2013-09-07
2171:2013-09-07
2116:required.)
2073:Ethnologue
2052:Ethnologue
2032:References
1960:Preterit:
1702:weːkewameh
1551:okiːqsemaw
1452:enɛ:niw-ak
1405:wa:wanw-an
1367:we:kewaman
1348:we:kewam-∅
1327:Inanimate
1280:Inanimate
451:Consonants
339:Bloomfield
333:, and its
331:morphology
106:Algonquian
3386:indicate
3328:Nansemond
3320:Uncertain
3272:Menominee
3262:Blackfoot
3155:Algonquin
3035:Nanticoke
2981:Delawaran
2891:Atikamekw
2850:East Cree
2794:Arapahoan
2437:Canku Ota
2249:Canku Ota
2068:Menominee
2047:Menominee
2010:Blackfoot
1934:Present:
1793:paːpɛhnɛn
1785:paːpɛhcen
1697:, 'house'
1591:Singular
1554:, 'son';
1467:mɛtɛmohs-
1458:enɛ:niwak
1439:enɛ:niw-∅
1392:wa:wanw-∅
1332:we:kewam-
1288:Singular
1221:Agreement
587:Fricative
530:Affricate
381:Menominee
347:phonology
309:wild rice
295:Menominee
238:Menominee
180:Menominee
160:Glottolog
144:ISO 639-3
111:Menominee
85:(no date)
67:Menominee
62:Ethnicity
56:Wisconsin
22:Menominee
3335:Pamunkey
3267:Cheyenne
3207:Oji-Cree
3182:Chippewa
3124:Kickapoo
3089:Powhatan
3072:Etchemin
2988:Delaware
2555:Archived
2525:Archived
2495:Archived
2441:Archived
2411:Archived
2385:Archived
2383:. 2003.
2356:Archived
2326:Archived
2297:Archived
2165:Archived
2131:Archived
2018:Cheyenne
1836:kemeːwan
1756:anohkiːw
1713:, 'this'
1694:weːkewam
1489:metɛ:moh
1423:ɛnɛ:niw-
1418:Animate
1411:wa:wanon
1376:wa:wanw-
1354:we:kewam
1319:Singular
1283:Animate
734:, as in
466:Alveolar
441:phonemes
279:Menomini
229:Help:IPA
167:meno1252
3384:Italics
3284:Shawnee
3083:Mi'kmaq
3059:Abenaki
3015:Mahican
2901:Naskapi
2802:Arapaho
2145:Pg. 144
2014:Arapaho
2002:Central
1676:kahpeːh
1667:'they'
1664:wenuaq-
1643:kenuaq-
1594:Plural
1445:enɛ:niw
1322:Plural
1296:Plural
1235:animacy
1229:Animacy
1141:/ɪ~æ~ɛ/
778:Central
526:Plosive
486:Glottal
476:Palatal
400:Shawano
385:Keshena
335:lexicon
225:Unicode
3376:Pidgin
3372:Creole
3297:Others
3248:Others
3212:Ottawa
3147:Ojibwa
3134:Ojibwa
3052:Others
2993:Munsee
2884:Others
2855:Michif
2026:Ojibwe
2020:, the
1963:piapah
1937:piasah
1903:piːwen
1828:kɛqsiw
1815:koqtam
1807:koqnɛw
1744:talker
1736:worker
1656:wenah-
1638:'you'
1635:kenah-
1622:kenaq-
1612:nenaq-
1604:nenah-
1569:neme:h
1563:mese:t
1557:kese:t
1398:wa:wan
1242:Number
1145:æː~ɛː/
1143:&
1125:after
1066:Short
1009:Short
760:Vowels
744:paddle
718:after
461:Labial
313:Ojibwa
196:UNESCO
51:Region
3380:Mixed
3311:Yurok
3305:Wiyot
3006:Unami
2141:() -
2110:
1746:from
1738:from
1728:-æshs
1474:woman
1339:house
1195:Pitch
1052:Long
1006:Long
819:Close
807:short
802:short
792:short
773:Front
690:]
686:[
682:]
678:[
493:Nasal
481:Velar
343:Sapir
101:Algic
3117:Sauk
2931:Loup
2842:Cree
2139:Link
2004:and
1972:-epa
1946:-esa
1923:piːq
1883:piːw
1864:poːn
1748:talk
1740:work
1718:yoːs
1710:yoːm
1651:3rd
1630:2nd
1607:'I'
1599:1st
1316:Stem
1302:-ak
1299:-an
1179:and
1171:and
1131:/wa/
1107:/wa/
1105:and
1103:/ja/
1099:/ua/
1097:and
1095:/ia/
1077:and
1062:/eː/
1058:/ɛː/
1054:/æː/
933:Open
812:long
797:long
783:Back
702:and
684:and
409:and
341:and
65:800
2070:at
2049:at
1978:-pa
1975:or
1952:-sa
1949:or
1912:-en
1846:kan
1542:mɛ-
1525:kɛ-
1517:nɛ-
1499:→
1430:man
1383:egg
1291:-∅
1157:/n/
1155:or
1153:/m/
1135:/o/
1127:/i/
1123:/w/
1118:wāh
1112:uah
1089:/w/
1085:/o/
1071:/ɛ/
1068:/æ/
1056:or
868:Mid
737:pih
556:t͡ʃ
445:IPA
327:/æ/
211:IPA
175:ELP
151:mez
81:25
3403::
2727:35
2725:.
2721:.
2708:.
2612:^
2579:.
2553:.
2549:.
2523:.
2519:.
2489:.
2439:.
2435:.
2409:.
2379:.
2354:.
2350:.
2324:.
2320:.
2295:.
2291:.
2247:.
2217:.
2188:.
2163:.
2159:.
2098:.
2039:^
2028:.
2016:,
2012:,
1742:,
1731:.
1534:o-
1486:→
1455:→
1442:→
1408:→
1395:→
1364:→
1351:→
1187:.
1159:.
1041:wa
1033:ua
1023:ja
1015:ia
992:aː
967:æː
961:ɛː
922:oː
907:)
890:eː
857:uː
835:iː
431:.
424:.
413:.
349:.
270:iː
3378:/
3374:/
3136:–
2769:e
2762:t
2755:v
2729:.
2712:.
2607:.
2594:.
2564:.
2534:.
2504:.
2475:.
2450:.
2420:.
2394:.
2365:.
2335:.
2306:.
2262:.
2232:.
2203:.
2174:.
2108:.
1477:'
1471:'
1433:'
1427:'
1386:'
1380:'
1342:'
1336:'
1091:.
1081:.
977:a
964:~
951:æ
948:~
945:ɛ
942:~
939:ɪ
912:o
901:ə
898:(
880:e
877:~
874:ɪ
847:u
825:i
749:.
747:'
741:'
732:/
730:j
728:/
724:/
722:i
720:/
716:/
714:h
712:/
708:/
706:ʔ
704:/
700:/
698:h
696:/
692:.
688:ʃ
680:s
674:/
672:s
670:/
663:/
661:t
659:/
644:w
634:j
613:h
601:ʃ
598:~
595:s
576:ʔ
566:k
546:t
536:p
528:/
509:n
499:m
473:/
273:/
267:n
264:ɪ
261:m
258:ɒ
255:n
252:ˈ
249:ɪ
246:m
243:/
231:.
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