967:
712:), is a quadrivalent conjugate vaccine against serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y. In April 2012 Nimenrix was approved as the first quadrivalent vaccine against invasive meningococcal disease to be administered as a single dose in those over the age of one year, by the European Medicines Agency. In 2016, they approved the vaccine in infants six weeks of age and older, and it has been approved in other countries including Canada and Australia, among others. It is not licensed in the United States.
1135:
836:
1153:
701:
1063:
1081:
1099:
1117:
4910:
4898:
2592:
1809:
772:
As of 2010, there remains limited evidence that any of the current conjugate vaccines offer continued protection beyond three years; studies are ongoing to determine the actual duration of immunity, and the subsequent requirement of booster vaccinations. The CDC offers recommendations regarding who they feel should get booster vaccinations.
898:(JCVI) issued an interim position statement recommending against adoption of Bexsero as part of a routine meningococcal B immunisation program, on the grounds of cost-effectiveness. This decision was reverted in favor of Bexsero vaccination in March 2014. In March 2015 the UK government announced that they had reached agreement with
1020:
Travellers who wish to enter or leave certain countries or territories must be vaccinated against meningococcal meningitis, preferably 10–14 days before crossing the border, and be able to present a vaccination record/certificate at the border checks. Countries with required meningococcal vaccination
1165:
Proof of vaccination is required for travellers 2 years of age and older who are Hajj or Umrah pilgrims and seasonal or pilgrim workers in Hajj and Umrah areas. Vaccination with quadrivalent ACYW135 (either polysaccharide or conjugate) must be issued not less than 10 days before arrival and not more
854:
A number of "serogroup B" vaccines have been produced. Strictly speaking, these are not "serogroup B" vaccines, as they do not aim to produce antibodies to the group B antigen: it would be more accurate to describe them as serogroup independent vaccines, as they employ different antigenic components
771:
A study published in March 2006, comparing the two kinds of vaccines found that 76% of subjects still had passive protection three years after receiving MCV-4 (63% protective compared with controls), but only 49% had passive protection after receiving MPSV-4 (31% protective compared with controls).
870:
Due to a similarly high prevalence of B-serotype meningitis in Norway between 1974 and 1988, Norwegian health authorities developed a vaccine specifically designed for
Norwegian children and adolescents. Clinical trials were discontinued after the vaccine was shown to cover only slightly more than
2797:
Uli L, Castellanos-Serra L, Betancourt L, Domínguez F, Barberá R, Sotolongo F, et al. (June 2006). "Outer membrane vesicles of the VA-MENGOC-BC vaccine against serogroup B of
Neisseria meningitidis: Analysis of protein components by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry".
691:
Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV-4), Menomune, has been available since the 1970s. It may be used if MCV-4 is not available, and is the only meningococcal vaccine licensed for people older than 55. Information about who should receive the meningococcal vaccine is available from the CDC.
1169:
Vaccination is also required for domestic pilgrims, residents of Mecca and Medina, and any persons participating in Hajj or Umrah or seasonal or pilgrimage work in Hajj and Umrah zones. At the discretion of the
Ministry of Health, travellers may be administered prophylactic antibiotics upon
550:
are ongoing. In Canada and the United States the vaccines effective against four types of meningococcus (A, C, W, and Y) are recommended routinely for teenagers and others who are at high risk. Saudi Arabia requires vaccination with the quadrivalent vaccine for international travellers to
942:
Common side effects include pain and redness around the site of injection (up to 50% of recipients). A small percentage of people develop a mild fever. A small proportion of people develop a severe allergic reaction. In 2016 Health Canada warned of an increased risk of anemia or
3258:
917:
that they had authorized emergency importation of
Bexsero to stop the outbreak. Bexsero was subsequently approved by the FDA in February 2015 for use in individuals 10 through 25 years of age. In October 2014, Trumenba, a serogroup B vaccine produced by
866:
of the bacterium. The VA-MENGOC-BC vaccine proved safe and effective in randomized double-blind studies, but it was granted a licence only for research purposes in the United States as political differences limited cooperation between the two countries.
871:
50% of all cases. Furthermore, lawsuits for damages were filed against the State of Norway by persons affected by serious adverse reactions. Information that the health authorities obtained during the vaccine development were subsequently passed on to
2516:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (September 2009). "Updated recommendation from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for revaccination of persons at prolonged increased risk for meningococcal disease".
663:(FDA) for people 2 through 55 years of age. Menactra received FDA approval for use in children as young as 9 months in April 2011, while Menveo received FDA approval for use in children as young as two months in August 2013. The
2911:
A Cuban scientist who helped develop a low-cost synthetic vaccine that prevents meningitis and pneumonia in small children says he was offended the U.S. government denied his request to travel to the United States to receive an
3374:
3254:
1166:
than 3 years (polysaccharide vaccine) or 5 years (conjugate vaccine) before arrival. The immunisation certificate should clearly state if the traveller was vaccinated with the conjugate vaccine for the 5-year validity to apply.
3032:
515:. Different versions are effective against some or all of the following types of meningococcus: A, B, C, W-135, and Y. The vaccines are between 85 and 100% effective for at least two years. They result in a decrease in
580:, and other groups created the International Coordinating Group on Vaccine Provision for Epidemic Meningitis Control, which manages global response strategy. ICGs have since been created for other epidemic diseases.
1226:
4950:
2315:
MacLennan J, Obaro S, Deeks J, et al. (1999). "Immune response to revaccination with meningococcal A and C polysaccharides in
Gambian children following repeated immunization during early childhood".
2489:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (January 2011). "Updated recommendations for use of meningococcal conjugate vaccines --- Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010".
2421:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (January 2011). "Updated recommendations for use of meningococcal conjugate vaccines --- Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010".
1526:
324:
597:, classified according to the antigenic structure of their polysaccharide capsule. Six serogroups, A, B, C, Y, W-135, and X, are responsible for virtually all cases of the disease in humans.
3123:
2237:
Lepow ML, Goldschneider I, Gold R, Randolph M, Gotschlich EC (1977). "Persistence of antibody following immunization of children with groups A and C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines".
3366:
2194:
Reingold AL, Broome CV, Hightower AW, et al. (1985). "Age-specific differences in duration of clinical protection after vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide A vaccine".
3255:"Summary Safety Review – SOLIRIS (eculizumab) and BEXSERO - Assessing the Potential Risk of Hemolysis and Low Hemoglobin in Patients Treated with Soliris and Vaccinated with Bexsero"
3062:
3025:
2898:
199:
1682:
1196:
843:
Vaccines against serotype B meningococcal disease have proved difficult to produce, and require a different approach from vaccines against other serotypes. Whereas effective
485:
2072:"Meningococcal quadrivalent tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT, Nimenrix™): A review of its immunogenicity, safety, co-administration, and antibody persistence"
4801:
2701:"An IgG monoclonal antibody to group B meningococci cross-reacts with developmentally regulated polysialic acid units of glycoproteins in neural and extraneural tissues"
1015:
1284:
1218:
763:
polysaccharide–protein complex, resulting in anticipated enhanced duration of protection, increased immunity with booster vaccinations, and effective herd immunity.
3281:
Yih WK, Weintraub E, Kulldorff M (December 2012). "No risk of
Guillain-Barré syndrome found after meningococcal conjugate vaccination in two large cohort studies".
1579:
Conterno LO, Silva Filho CR, Rüggeberg JU, Heath PT (July 2006). Conterno LO (ed.). "Conjugate vaccines for preventing meningococcal C meningitis and septicaemia".
895:
3944:
2177:
883:
862:
A vaccine for serogroup B was developed in Cuba in response to a large outbreak of meningitis B during the 1980s. This vaccine was based on artificially produced
1306:
3833:
2280:
Borrow R, Joseh H, Andrews N, et al. (2000). "Reduced antibody response to revaccination with meningococcal serogroup A polysaccharide vaccine in adults".
1945:
1915:
84:
3584:
Conterno LO, Silva Filho CR, Rüggeberg JU, Heath PT (2006). Conterno LO (ed.). "Conjugate vaccines for preventing meningococcal C meningitis and septicaemia".
1459:
3984:
3979:
3000:
1826:
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1248:
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can develop. For this reason, Menomune is suitable for travellers requiring short-term protection, but not for national public health prevention programs.
3681:
3669:
3649:
1983:
1676:
1109:
Proof of vaccination with quadrivalent ACYW-135 is required for travellers departing
Lebanon and going to Hajj, Umrah, and to certain African countries.
930:
The occurrence of serogroup X has been reported in North America, Europe, Australia, and West Africa. There is no vaccine to protect against serogroup X
910:
664:
3746:
3557:
3175:
2548:
1863:
1827:"FDA Approves Penbraya, the First and Only Vaccine for the Prevention of the Five Most Common Serogroups Causing Meningococcal Disease in Adolescents"
3524:
1893:
4381:
3434:
3115:
2841:
3464:
3404:
3994:
3494:
902:
who had taken over Novartis's vaccines business, and that Bexsero would be introduced into the UK routine immunization schedule later in 2015.
894:. However, deployment in individual EU member countries still depends on decisions by national governments. In July 2013, the United Kingdom's
4852:
4780:
2577:
2054:
1736:
The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
570:
4386:
2750:"Immune Response Induction and New Effector Mechanisms Possibly Involved in Protection Conferred by the Cuban Anti-Meningococcal BC Vaccine"
562:
Meningococcal vaccines are generally safe. Some people develop pain and redness at the injection site. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe.
4940:
3153:
729:
3231:
3058:
2386:
Moore PS, Harrison LH, Telzak EE, Ajello GW, Broome CV (1988). "Group A meningococcal carriage in travelers returning from Saudi Arabia".
1384:
639:(MCV-4), Menactra, Menveo, and Menquadfi. The pure polysaccharide vaccine Menomune, MPSV4, was discontinued in the United States in 2017.
4935:
4418:
4096:
3949:
2123:
1989:
740:
The duration of immunity mediated by Menomune (MPSV-4) is three years or less in children aged under five because it does not generate
4828:
4165:
4135:
3768:
1671:
1348:
4240:
2947:
2019:
1715:
1025:, Indonesia, Lebanon, Libya, the Philippines and, most importantly and extensively, Saudi Arabia for Muslims visiting or working in
863:
847:
vaccines have been produced against types A, C, W-135, and Y, the capsular polysaccharide on the type B bacterium is too similar to
3338:
2926:"Serogroup B meningococcal disease in the Norwegian armed forces: What can we learn from an inconclusive vaccine protection trial?"
1192:
2153:
951:(Soliris). The highest risk was when individuals "received a dose of Soliris within 2 weeks after being vaccinated with Bexsero".
4807:
3777:
4391:
615:
Penbraya was approved for use in the United States in October 2023. It combines the vaccines Trumenba and Nimenrix. Penbraya is
4930:
4428:
4396:
4220:
4170:
3207:
2978:
309:
116:
4486:
4091:
1274:
882:
A MenB vaccine was approved for use in Europe in January 2013. Following a positive recommendation from the European Union's
2871:
748:
response, so boosters are not recommended with this vaccine. As with all polysaccharide vaccines, Menomune does not produce
577:
966:
4284:
3989:
2652:"Baseline Meningococcal Carriage in Burkina Faso before the Introduction of a Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine"
975: Upon arrival in the Hajj and Umrah zones (foreign and domestic pilgrims, workers, and residents of Mecca and Medina)
848:
135:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3179:
3149:
2573:
2015:
1949:
1919:
1522:
799:
type b. This was the first meningococcal vaccine that could be given to infants as young as six weeks old. Menhibrix is
680:
660:
429:
3092:
2174:
4869:
3613:
Patel M, Lee CK (2005). Patel M (ed.). "Polysaccharide vaccines for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis".
1857:
1145:
Proof of vaccination with quadrivalent ACYW-135 is required for travellers going to Hajj and Umrah (in Saudi Arabia).
1953:
1923:
1646:
4888:
4406:
3843:
3826:
1490:
955:
824:
2450:"Antibody persistence 3 years after immunization of adolescents with quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine"
4456:
1731:
1378:
1342:
1091:
Travellers arriving from or departing to Saudi Arabia must show proof of vaccination with quadrivalent ACYW-135.
535:
3010:
4411:
4376:
4371:
4366:
3740:
3367:"Countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and countries requiring yellow fever vaccination (July 2019)"
2351:
Hassan-King MK, Wall RA, Greenwood BM (1988). "Meningococcal carriage, meningococcal disease and vaccination".
1548:
Patel M, Lee CK (January 2005). "Polysaccharide vaccines for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis".
1073:
All travellers must show proof of vaccination with quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (ACYW135) upon arrival.
631:
There are three quadrivalent vaccines available in the United States targeting serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y:
2042:
4857:
4790:
4771:
4567:
4539:
4501:
4496:
4476:
3999:
3677:
1763:
1038:
1006:
958:, subsequent studies in 2012 have shown no increased risk of GBS after meningococcal conjugate vaccination.
543:
542:. In countries with a low risk of disease, they recommend that high risk groups should be immunized. In the
172:
3549:
3183:
2543:
1852:
4838:
4767:
3761:
3701:
3516:
1885:
795:
786:
589:
528:
511:
189:
51:
827:
and has the potential to prevent outbreaks of group A meningitis, which is common in sub-Saharan Africa.
4833:
4667:
4662:
4113:
3969:
3426:
2845:
744:. Attempting to overcome this problem by repeated immunization results in a diminished, not increased,
3456:
3328:"International Travel and Health. Chapter 6 - Vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccines (2019 update)"
784:
for infants and children 6 weeks to 18 months old. The vaccine, Menhibrix, prevents disease caused by
4716:
4657:
4448:
4086:
3964:
3915:
3882:
3816:
3396:
3005:
906:
539:
3486:
780:
In June 2012, the FDA approved a combination vaccine against two types of meningococcal disease and
538:
recommends that countries with a moderate or high rate of disease or with frequent outbreaks should
4639:
4605:
4491:
4257:
4252:
4198:
4029:
3897:
3869:
3821:
891:
373:
3736:
3665:
2569:
4672:
4506:
4247:
4208:
4193:
4069:
4039:
3959:
3877:
3725:
3689:
3306:
2823:
2730:
2262:
2219:
1790:
725:
146:
3145:
759:
Menveo and Menactra contain the same antigens as Menomune, but the antigens are conjugated to a
651:
The first meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV-4), Menactra, was licensed in the US in 2005, by
623:
serogroups A, B, C, W, and Y. It is approved for use in individuals 10 through 25 years of age.
3713:
3223:
2650:
Kristiansen PA, Diomandé F, Wei SC, Ouédraogo R, Sangaré L, Sanou I, et al. (March 2011).
4795:
4762:
4741:
4595:
4436:
4326:
4215:
4076:
3901:
3864:
3754:
3626:
3601:
3298:
2815:
2779:
2722:
2681:
2632:
2526:
2498:
2471:
2430:
2403:
2368:
2333:
2297:
2254:
2211:
2101:
2050:
1711:
1705:
1638:
1592:
1561:
1482:
1373:
636:
547:
349:
336:
74:
3690:"Meningococcal (Groups A, C, Y and W-135) Polysaccharide Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine"
2119:
1409:
382:
94:
4721:
4706:
4562:
4423:
4336:
3618:
3593:
3290:
2937:
2807:
2769:
2761:
2712:
2671:
2663:
2622:
2461:
2395:
2360:
2325:
2289:
2246:
2203:
2091:
2083:
1978:
1739:
1630:
1584:
1553:
1474:
760:
749:
1337:
667:(CDC) has not made recommendations for or against its use in children less than two years.
601:
Serogroup B is a major cause of meningococcal disease in younger children and adolescents.
546:
efforts to immunize all people between the ages of one and thirty with the meningococcal A
445:
438:
4945:
4902:
4726:
4524:
4331:
4289:
4155:
4125:
4108:
4034:
4024:
3954:
3893:
3889:
3838:
3556:. International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers (IAMAT). 20 August 2020.
3523:. International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers (IAMAT). 20 August 2020.
3493:. International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers (IAMAT). 20 August 2020.
3463:. International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers (IAMAT). 20 August 2020.
3433:. International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers (IAMAT). 20 August 2020.
3403:. International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers (IAMAT). 20 August 2020.
3211:
2552:
2545:
FDA approves new combination vaccine that protects children against two bacterial diseases
2181:
981: Before departure to Hajj and Umrah in Saudi Arabia, and to certain African countries
899:
721:
3639:
2925:
2011:
3643:
3327:
835:
4914:
4863:
4590:
4481:
4441:
4321:
4142:
4081:
2676:
2651:
2611:"Eliminating epidemic Group A meningococcal meningitis in Africa through a new vaccine"
2145:
2096:
2071:
1127:
All travellers must show proof of vaccination with quadrivalent ACYW-135 upon arrival.
905:
In November 2013, in response to an outbreak of B-serotype meningitis on the campus of
844:
676:
652:
3026:"JCVI interim position statement on use of Bexsero® meningococcal B vaccine in the UK"
2364:
2329:
2293:
2207:
752:, so people can still become colonised with virulent strains of meningococcus, and no
33:
4924:
4746:
4731:
4701:
4696:
4551:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4203:
4049:
3848:
3204:
2774:
2749:
2596:
2045:. In Keystone JS, Kozarsky PE, Connor BA, Nothdurft HD, Mendelson M, Leder K (eds.).
1813:
1311:
1279:
753:
741:
524:
183:
108:
3310:
2970:
2827:
2765:
2734:
2266:
2223:
4823:
4466:
4361:
4294:
4235:
4230:
4054:
3910:
3801:
3781:
3622:
3597:
1588:
1557:
1158:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
2748:
Pérez O, Lastre M, Lapinet J, Bracho G, Díaz M, Zayas C, et al. (July 2001).
2087:
1219:"Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2017"
2867:
2717:
2700:
598:
4610:
4600:
4461:
4267:
4262:
4175:
4150:
4118:
4044:
3906:
3797:
3789:
1140:
781:
700:
563:
102:
4736:
4711:
4401:
4351:
2627:
2610:
1068:
1022:
948:
820:
516:
413:
3084:
2942:
2399:
922:, was approved by the FDA for use in individuals 10 through 25 years of age.
4785:
4356:
4224:
3793:
3176:"FDA approves a second vaccine to prevent serogroup B meningococcal disease"
1519:"First vaccine approved by FDA to prevent serogroup B Meningococcal disease"
1086:
944:
800:
790:
616:
569:
The first meningococcal vaccine became available in the 1970s. It is on the
88:
3630:
3605:
3302:
3116:"Emergency meningitis vaccine will be imported to halt Ivy League outbreak"
2819:
2811:
2783:
2685:
2636:
2530:
2502:
2475:
2434:
2337:
2301:
2105:
1642:
1615:
1596:
1565:
1486:
2894:
2726:
2448:
Vu DM, Welsch JA, Zuno-Mitchell P, Dela Cruz JV, Granoff DM (March 2006).
2407:
2372:
2250:
2215:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4585:
4341:
4277:
4272:
3702:"Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine, Groups A, C, Y and W-135 Combined"
2667:
2258:
914:
887:
745:
656:
643:
Menveo and Menquadfi are approved for medical use in the European Union.
610:
594:
393:
130:
1744:
1634:
1478:
1041:, vaccinations prior to entry are not required, but highly recommended.
704:
Nimenrix (Pfizer). Meningoccal group A, C, W-135 and Y conjugate vaccine
683:(FDA) in April 2020, for use in individuals two years of age and older.
402:
17:
4346:
4103:
3785:
2924:
Djupesland PG, Bjune G, HØ E, Grønnesby JK, Mundal R (September 1997).
1104:
732:) are used worldwide, but have not been licensed in the United States.
523:
among populations where they are widely used. They are given either by
506:
59:
40:
4909:
855:
of the organism; indeed, some of the antigens are common to different
4649:
4634:
3920:
3294:
919:
872:
709:
520:
3024:
Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) (July 2013).
1616:"Meningococcal A conjugate vaccine: updated guidance, February 2015"
1043:
2842:"Finlay Institute VA-MENGOC-BC Most frequent questions and answers"
2466:
2449:
576:
Inspired by the response to the 1997 outbreak in Nigeria, the WHO,
472:
465:
4644:
4529:
4130:
4064:
3638:
Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S, eds. (2021).
1122:
1034:
1026:
965:
876:
834:
699:
552:
2595:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1812:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1759:
1460:"Meningococcal vaccines : WHO position paper, November 2011"
1249:"Prescription medicines and biologicals: TGA annual summary 2017"
3939:
1047:
Meningococcal vaccination requirements for international travel
1030:
556:
456:
355:
3750:
343:
125:
3550:"Saudi Arabia Required Vaccinations: Meningococcal Meningitis"
2146:"Nimenrix – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc)"
970:
Travellers need to show proof of meningococcal vaccination...
913:(CDC) meningitis and vaccine preventable diseases branch told
803:
for active immunization to prevent invasive disease caused by
619:
for active immunization to prevent invasive disease caused by
3517:"Philippines Required Vaccinations: Meningococcal Meningitis"
3230:. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.
1760:"International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision"
1193:"TGA eBS - Product and Consumer Medicine Information Licence"
811:
type b for children 6 weeks of age through 18 months of age.
708:
Nimenrix (developed by GlaxoSmithKline and later acquired by
2699:
Finne J, Bitter-Suermann D, Goridis C, Finne U (June 1987).
987: Before departure to and upon arrival from Saudi Arabia
27:
Vaccines used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis
3645:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
3427:"Indonesia Required Vaccinations: Meningococcal Meningitis"
318:
157:
3059:"UK review of vaccines flawed, says Novartis' John Porter"
3457:"Lebanon Required Vaccinations: Meningococcal Meningitis"
4951:
World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)
3397:"Gambia Required Vaccinations: Meningococcal Meningitis"
3322:
3320:
993: Before departure to Hajj and Umrah in Saudi Arabia
875:(now GlaxoSmithKline), who developed a similar vaccine,
331:
3487:"Libya Required Vaccinations: Meningococcal Meningitis"
3205:
Clonal Groupings in Serogroup X Neisseria meningitidis.
571:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
492:
4886:
2175:"Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)"
4816:
4755:
4687:
4578:
4550:
4517:
4186:
4017:
4010:
3929:
3857:
3809:
3361:
3359:
455:
428:
412:
392:
372:
367:
308:
303:
198:
171:
145:
115:
101:
83:
73:
68:
58:
46:
39:
3666:"Meningococcal ACWY Vaccine Information Statement"
2895:"Cuban scientist barred from receiving U.S. prize"
2868:"World: Americas Cuba vaccine deal breaks embargo"
1979:"Meningococcal Vaccination – What You Should Know"
4802:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
1016:Vaccination requirements for international travel
3085:"Meningitis B vaccine deal agreed – Jeremy Hunt"
1368:
1366:
823:has been developed through a program called the
3678:"Meningococcal B Vaccine Information Statement"
1785:
1783:
1781:
1404:
1402:
896:Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation
381:
884:Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
3762:
1332:
1330:
8:
2971:"Investigation: The Meningococcal Gold Rush"
627:Quadrivalent (serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y)
134:
32:
3001:"First ever MenB vaccine available for use"
2519:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2491:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2423:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1610:
1608:
1606:
1581:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1550:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1458:World Health Organization (November 2011).
566:occur in less than one in a million doses.
4014:
3769:
3755:
3747:
3682:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3670:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3650:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3228:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2122:. European Medicines Agency. 24 May 2012.
1984:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1916:"22 April 2011 Approval Letter – Menactra"
1677:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1513:
1511:
1453:
1451:
911:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
665:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
659:. Both MCV-4 vaccines are approved by the
605:Pentavalent (serogroups A, B, C, W, and Y)
3739:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2941:
2773:
2716:
2675:
2626:
2465:
2095:
1743:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1275:"Regulatory Decision Summary - Menquadfi"
444:
437:
1946:"1 August 2013 Approval Letter – Menveo"
4893:
3648:(14th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S.
2076:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
1973:
1971:
1184:
401:
107:
3544:
3542:
3182:(FDA). 23 January 2015. Archived from
2609:LaForce FM, Okwo-Bele JM (June 2011).
2070:Assaf-Casals A, Dbaibo G (July 2016).
1710:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 168.
1253:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
1223:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
1051:
1046:
1009:: vaccination recommended for visitors
31:
3560:from the original on 27 February 2021
3437:from the original on 27 February 2021
3126:from the original on 16 November 2013
2893:NBC News Digital (12 November 2015).
2580:from the original on 17 February 2023
2156:from the original on 29 November 2020
2126:from the original on 23 December 2019
1766:from the original on 30 November 2021
1738:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1707:Vaccinology : an essential guide
1672:"Saudi Arabia: Hajj/Umrah Pilgrimage"
93:
7:
3527:from the original on 26 October 2020
3497:from the original on 16 January 2021
3467:from the original on 26 October 2020
3407:from the original on 31 October 2020
3283:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
2981:from the original on 28 October 2021
2950:from the original on 28 October 2021
2874:from the original on 3 February 2009
2043:"Recommend/Required Travel Vaccines"
1992:from the original on 20 October 2019
1890:Union Register of medicinal products
1652:from the original on 19 October 2015
1387:from the original on 28 January 2022
1351:from the original on 2 December 2020
730:JN-International Medical Corporation
291:
281:
271:
261:
251:
241:
231:
221:
211:
3640:"Chapter 14: Meningococcal Disease"
3261:from the original on 11 August 2017
3065:from the original on 9 October 2014
3038:from the original on 19 August 2013
1685:from the original on 12 August 2017
1037:pilgrimages. For some countries in
471:
464:
4829:Eradication of infectious diseases
4586:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
3344:from the original on 11 April 2020
3234:from the original on 17 March 2017
2454:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1229:from the original on 10 April 2023
655:; Menveo was licensed in 2010, by
79:Menactra, Menveo, Menomune, Others
25:
4419:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
3377:from the original on 8 March 2021
3009:. 24 January 2013. Archived from
2930:European Journal of Public Health
2870:. BBC News Online. 29 July 1999.
2041:Torresi J, Kollaritsch H (2019).
1896:from the original on 5 March 2023
1866:from the original on 17 June 2017
1795:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1529:from the original on 15 June 2019
1199:from the original on 13 June 2021
4908:
4896:
4808:Alternative vaccination schedule
3778:Artificial induction of immunity
3224:"Vaccines: Vac-Gen/Side Effects"
3095:from the original on 23 May 2015
2901:from the original on 7 June 2019
2590:
1833:(Press release). 20 October 2023
1807:
1287:from the original on 5 June 2022
1151:
1133:
1115:
1097:
1079:
1061:
3373:. United Nations. 4 July 2019.
3156:from the original on 4 May 2022
3114:Aleccia JN (15 November 2013).
2766:10.1128/IAI.69.7.4502-4508.2001
2022:from the original on 4 May 2022
1886:"Menquadfi Product information"
954:Despite initial concerns about
849:human neural adhesion molecules
4640:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
3623:10.1002/14651858.CD001093.pub2
3598:10.1002/14651858.CD001834.pub2
2969:Burstyn BS (7 February 2005).
1629:(8): 57–62. 20 February 2015.
1589:10.1002/14651858.CD001834.pub2
1558:10.1002/14651858.CD001093.pub2
890:, received a licence from the
593:has 13 clinically significant
1:
4171:Group B streptococcal disease
3990:Vaccines for Children Program
2365:10.1016/S0163-4453(88)96117-8
2330:10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00139-5
2294:10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00317-0
2208:10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90224-7
2088:10.1080/21645515.2016.1143157
776:Bivalent (serogroups C and Y)
509:used to prevent infection by
3730:Food and Drug Administration
3718:Food and Drug Administration
3706:Food and Drug Administration
3694:Food and Drug Administration
3180:Food and Drug Administration
3150:Food and Drug Administration
2718:10.4049/jimmunol.138.12.4402
2574:Food and Drug Administration
2016:Food and Drug Administration
1950:Food and Drug Administration
1920:Food and Drug Administration
1523:Food and Drug Administration
681:Food and Drug Administration
661:Food and Drug Administration
4941:Drugs developed by Novartis
1858:Centers for Disease Control
675:Menquadfi, manufactured by
64:Conjugate or polysaccharide
4967:
4936:Drugs developed by GSK plc
3615:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
3586:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1748:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
1013:
825:Meningitis Vaccine Project
608:
4847:
3371:World Health Organization
3335:World Health Organization
2628:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0328
2576:(FDA). 28 February 2023.
1732:World Health Organization
1414:European Medicines Agency
1379:European Medicines Agency
1343:European Medicines Agency
909:, the acting head of the
679:, was approved by the US
564:Severe allergic reactions
536:World Health Organization
482:
4166:Clostridioides difficile
3741:Medical Subject Headings
3720:(FDA). 28 February 2023.
3708:(FDA). 28 February 2023.
3696:(FDA). 28 February 2023.
3337:. United Nations. 2020.
2400:10.1001/jama.260.18.2686
2180:28 November 2020 at the
1525:(FDA). 29 October 2014.
578:Médecins Sans Frontières
4429:Tick-borne encephalitis
3210:17 January 2009 at the
3152:(FDA). 7 January 2022.
3057:Porter J (March 2014).
1039:African meningitis belt
1021:for travellers include
1007:African meningitis belt
956:Guillain-Barré syndrome
947:in people treated with
886:, Bexsero, produced by
864:outer membrane vesicles
851:to be a useful target.
839:Meningococcal B vaccine
807:serogroups C and Y and
544:African meningitis belt
525:injection into a muscle
339: / Schedule D
4931:Meningococcal vaccines
4839:List of vaccine topics
3834:Mathematical modelling
3737:Meningococcal Vaccines
3178:(Press release). U.S.
2943:10.1093/eurpub/7.3.261
2812:10.1002/pmic.200500502
1521:(Press release). U.S.
1011:
840:
809:Haemophilus influenzae
805:Neisseria meningitidis
796:Haemophilus influenzae
787:Neisseria meningitidis
705:
621:Neisseria meningitidis
599:Neisseria meningitidis
590:Neisseria meningitidis
512:Neisseria meningitidis
52:Neisseria meningitidis
4834:Vaccinate Your Family
4285:Japanese encephalitis
3684:(CDC). 27 April 2023.
3672:(CDC). 27 April 2023.
2705:Journal of Immunology
2615:Health Aff (Millwood)
2251:10.1542/peds.60.5.673
1952:(FDA). Archived from
1922:(FDA). Archived from
1383:. 15 September 2020.
1052:Country or territory
969:
838:
703:
503:Meningococcal vaccine
34:Meningococcal vaccine
4717:John Franklin Enders
3732:(FDA). 9 March 2023.
3006:Oxford Vaccine Group
2897:. Associated Press.
2668:10.1128/CVI.00479-10
2656:Clin Vaccine Immunol
2551:16 June 2012 at the
2150:www.medicines.org.uk
1956:on 28 September 2013
1623:Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec
1467:Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec
907:Princeton University
3898:Virus-like particle
3822:Vaccine ingredients
3257:. 23 October 2014.
3013:on 25 October 2014.
1704:Barrett AD (2015).
1283:. 23 October 2014.
962:Travel requirements
892:European Commission
879:, for New Zealand.
647:Menactra and Menveo
540:routinely vaccinate
529:just under the skin
327:(Prescription only)
41:Vaccine description
36:
4874:Never to phase III
4673:Hexavalent vaccine
4487:Epstein–Barr virus
4382:Oxford–AstraZeneca
4070:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
2324:(23–24): 3086–93.
2184:. CDC (June 2020).
1012:
999: Upon arrival
841:
726:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
706:
637:conjugate vaccines
4884:
4883:
4796:Vaccines and SIDS
4683:
4682:
4457:Hepatitis A and B
4433:Varicella zoster
3890:Subunit/component
3289:(12): 1359–1360.
3271:16 September 2016
3091:. 29 March 2015.
2848:on 8 January 2011
2711:(12): 4402–4407.
2557:FDA Press Release
2525:(37): 1042–1043.
2288:(9–10): 1129–32.
2056:978-0-323-54696-6
1853:"Clinical Update"
1797:. 20 October 2023
1496:on 29 August 2021
1176:
1175:
819:A vaccine called
761:diphtheria toxoid
548:conjugate vaccine
500:
499:
359:
347:
334:
322:
161:
128:
16:(Redirected from
4958:
4913:
4912:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4892:
4775:MMR autism fraud
4722:Maurice Hilleman
4707:Hilary Koprowski
4015:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3748:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3653:
3634:
3609:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3332:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3295:10.1002/pds.3353
3278:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3220:
3214:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3186:on 16 March 2015
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2945:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2844:. Archived from
2838:
2832:
2831:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2720:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2566:
2560:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2202:(8447): 114–18.
2191:
2185:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2082:(7): 1825–1837.
2067:
2061:
2060:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1988:. 26 July 2019.
1975:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1926:on 28 April 2011
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1620:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1489:. Archived from
1464:
1455:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1374:"Menquadfi EPAR"
1370:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1225:. 21 June 2022.
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1044:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
750:mucosal immunity
496:
495:
488:
475:
468:
448:
441:
405:
385:
357:
354:
345:
342:
333:
330:
320:
317:
295:
285:
275:
265:
255:
245:
235:
225:
215:
188:Polysaccharide:
159:
156:
138:
127:
124:
111:
97:
37:
35:
21:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4864:Clinical trials
4843:
4812:
4751:
4727:Stanley Plotkin
4689:
4679:
4591:Cancer vaccines
4574:
4568:Schistosomiasis
4546:
4540:Trypanosomiasis
4513:
4477:Cytomegalovirus
4387:Pfizer–BioNTech
4182:
4006:
3955:Vaccine wastage
3925:
3853:
3805:
3775:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3637:
3617:(1): CD001093.
3612:
3592:(3): CD001834.
3583:
3579:
3577:Further reading
3574:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3212:Wayback Machine
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3018:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2806:(11): 3389–99.
2796:
2795:
2791:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2591:
2583:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:Wayback Machine
2542:
2538:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2394:(18): 2686–89.
2385:
2384:
2380:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2182:Wayback Machine
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2047:Travel Medicine
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1583:(3): CD001834.
1578:
1577:
1573:
1552:(1): CD001093.
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1473:(47): 521–540.
1462:
1457:
1456:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1416:. 20 April 2012
1410:"Nimenrix EPAR"
1408:
1407:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1152:
1150:
1134:
1132:
1116:
1114:
1098:
1096:
1080:
1078:
1062:
1060:
1018:
1010:
1002:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
988:
984:
982:
978:
976:
972:
964:
940:
932:N. meningitidis
928:
900:GlaxoSmithKline
833:
817:
778:
769:
738:
722:GlaxoSmithKline
718:
698:
689:
673:
649:
629:
613:
607:
586:
491:
489:
486:(what is this?)
483:
478:
451:
424:
408:
388:
363:
299:
194:
174:
167:
148:
141:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4964:
4962:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4905:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4742:Katalin Karikó
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4497:Herpes simplex
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4397:Sinopharm BIBP
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4347:Bharat Biotech
4344:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3970:Vaccine injury
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3930:Administration
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3904:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3660:
3659:External links
3657:
3655:
3654:
3635:
3610:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3538:
3508:
3478:
3448:
3418:
3388:
3355:
3316:
3273:
3252:Health Canada
3245:
3215:
3197:
3167:
3137:
3106:
3076:
3049:
3016:
2992:
2961:
2936:(3): 261–266.
2916:
2885:
2859:
2833:
2789:
2740:
2691:
2642:
2621:(6): 1049–57.
2601:
2561:
2559:, 14 June 2012
2536:
2508:
2481:
2467:10.1086/500512
2460:(6): 821–828.
2440:
2413:
2388:J Am Med Assoc
2378:
2343:
2307:
2272:
2229:
2186:
2167:
2137:
2111:
2062:
2055:
2033:
2003:
1967:
1937:
1907:
1877:
1844:
1818:
1777:
1751:
1723:
1716:
1696:
1663:
1602:
1571:
1540:
1507:
1427:
1398:
1362:
1347:. 4 May 2010.
1326:
1298:
1266:
1255:. 21 June 2022
1240:
1210:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
963:
960:
939:
936:
927:
924:
845:polysaccharide
832:
829:
816:
813:
777:
774:
768:
765:
742:memory T cells
737:
734:
717:
714:
697:
694:
688:
685:
677:Sanofi Pasteur
672:
669:
653:Sanofi Pasteur
648:
645:
641:
640:
628:
625:
609:Main article:
606:
603:
585:
582:
505:refers to any
498:
497:
480:
479:
477:
476:
469:
461:
459:
453:
452:
450:
449:
442:
434:
432:
426:
425:
423:
422:
418:
416:
410:
409:
407:
406:
398:
396:
390:
389:
387:
386:
378:
376:
370:
369:
365:
364:
362:
361:
352:
340:
328:
314:
312:
306:
305:
301:
300:
298:
297:
204:
202:
196:
195:
193:
192:
186:
179:
177:
175:administration
169:
168:
166:
165:
163:
153:
151:
143:
142:
140:
139:
121:
119:
113:
112:
105:
99:
98:
91:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
56:
55:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4963:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4894:
4890:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4747:Drew Weissman
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:H. Fred Clark
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:Louis Pasteur
4700:
4698:
4697:Edward Jenner
4695:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:DTwP-HepB-Hib
4666:
4664:
4663:DTaP-IPV-HepB
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:combination:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4552:Helminthiasis
4549:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:combination:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
4149:
4148:
4147:combination:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4060:Meningococcus
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:Leptospirosis
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Vaccine court
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:GAVI Alliance
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:(7): 4502–8.
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:(3): 435–43.
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:public domain
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:(5): 673–80.
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:public domain
1796:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1717:9780470656167
1713:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:"Menveo EPAR"
1333:
1331:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1312:Health Canada
1308:
1302:
1299:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:Health Canada
1276:
1270:
1267:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1194:
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1178:
1168:
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1160:
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1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1008:
968:
961:
959:
957:
952:
950:
946:
937:
935:
933:
925:
923:
921:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
868:
865:
860:
858:
852:
850:
846:
837:
830:
828:
826:
822:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
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4824:Epidemiology
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4658:DTaP-IPV/Hib
4449:Yellow fever
4362:EpiVacCorona
4114:Tuberculosis
4087:Pneumococcal
4059:
4055:Lyme disease
3883:Heterologous
3782:Immunization
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383:1312204-49-1
310:Legal status
304:Legal status
190:subcutaneous
117:License data
60:Vaccine type
50:
29:
4860:from market
4756:Controversy
4690:researchers
4606:Hepatitis B
4492:Hepatitis C
4437:Chicken pox
4263:Hepatitis E
4258:Hepatitis B
4253:Hepatitis A
4199:Chikungunya
4176:Shigellosis
4030:Brucellosis
3916:Therapeutic
3870:Inactivated
3810:Development
3798:Inoculation
3790:Vaccination
3130:16 November
3042:16 November
2570:"MenHibrix"
2359:(1): 55–9.
2160:27 November
2130:23 December
2012:"Menquadfi"
1837:15 November
1801:15 November
1770:30 November
1568:. CD001093.
1500:20 December
1391:29 November
1355:29 November
1141:Philippines
1029:during the
926:Serogroup X
831:Serogroup B
815:Serogroup A
782:Hib disease
736:Limitations
368:Identifiers
182:Conjugate:
103:MedlinePlus
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4925:Categories
4791:Thiomersal
4737:Paul Offit
4712:Jonas Salk
4688:Inventors/
4559:research:
4536:research:
4473:research:
4402:Skycovione
4392:Sanofi–GSK
4337:SARS-CoV-2
4248:Hantavirus
4209:rVSV-ZEBOV
4194:Adenovirus
4162:research:
4040:Diphtheria
3878:Attenuated
3726:"Trumenba"
3564:2 December
3531:2 December
3501:2 December
3471:2 December
3441:2 December
3411:2 December
3381:2 December
3348:2 December
2985:28 October
2954:28 October
2878:25 October
2800:Proteomics
2239:Pediatrics
2120:"Nimenrix"
1996:19 October
1791:"Penbraya"
1533:19 October
1307:"Vaccines"
1179:References
1069:The Gambia
1023:The Gambia
1014:See also:
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821:MenAfriVac
791:serogroups
720:Mencevax (
595:serogroups
517:meningitis
446:9F8QQ6EER1
439:9B7N7Y96MK
414:ChemSpider
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4870:Phase III
4858:Withdrawn
4786:Pox party
4596:ALVAC-CEA
4518:Protozoan
4407:Sputnik V
4357:CoronaVac
4327:Rotavirus
4225:Pandemrix
4077:Pertussis
4018:Bacterial
3902:Synthetic
3865:Conjugate
3817:Adjuvants
3794:Infection
3554:iamat.org
3521:iamat.org
3491:iamat.org
3461:iamat.org
3431:iamat.org
3401:iamat.org
3265:11 August
3146:"Bexsero"
3069:6 October
1870:31 August
1689:15 August
1656:5 October
1087:Indonesia
945:hemolysis
934:disease.
859:species.
857:Neisseria
801:indicated
767:Endurance
671:Menquadfi
617:indicated
173:Routes of
147:Pregnancy
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4903:Medicine
4628:Prostvac
4621:Gardasil
4616:Cervarix
4563:Hookworm
4442:Shingles
4424:Smallpox
4342:Corbevax
4278:Gardasil
4273:Cervarix
4011:Vaccines
3965:Schedule
3936:Global:
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3786:Vaccines
3714:"Menveo"
3631:15674874
3606:16855979
3558:Archived
3525:Archived
3495:Archived
3465:Archived
3435:Archived
3405:Archived
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3311:43096082
3303:23225672
3259:Archived
3238:27 March
3232:Archived
3208:Archived
3190:15 March
3154:Archived
3124:Archived
3120:NBC News
3093:Archived
3089:BBC News
3063:Archived
3033:Archived
2979:Archived
2948:Archived
2899:Archived
2872:Archived
2852:10 March
2828:10828810
2820:16673438
2784:11401992
2735:24162009
2686:21228139
2637:21653956
2578:Archived
2549:Archived
2531:19779400
2503:21270745
2476:16479517
2435:21270745
2353:J Infect
2338:10462244
2302:11137248
2267:24021572
2224:36704156
2178:Archived
2154:Archived
2124:Archived
2106:26900984
2020:Archived
1990:Archived
1930:25 April
1894:Archived
1864:Archived
1764:Archived
1734:(2023).
1683:Archived
1647:Archived
1643:25702330
1597:16855979
1566:15674874
1527:Archived
1487:22128384
1385:Archived
1349:Archived
1319:13 April
1285:Archived
1259:31 March
1227:Archived
1197:Archived
1170:arrival.
1055:Details
915:NBC News
888:Novartis
746:antibody
716:Mencevax
696:Nimenrix
687:Menomune
657:Novartis
611:Penbraya
493:(verify)
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162: B1
149:category
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18:Mencevax
4915:Viruses
4889:Portals
4817:Related
4763:General
4525:Malaria
4412:Valneva
4377:Novavax
4372:Moderna
4367:Janssen
4352:CanSino
4332:Rubella
4290:Measles
4156:Td/Tdap
4126:Typhoid
4109:Tetanus
4104:Q fever
4035:Cholera
4025:Anthrax
3894:Peptide
3858:Classes
3839:Storage
3728:. U.S.
3716:. U.S.
3704:. U.S.
3692:. U.S.
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3668:. U.S.
3148:. U.S.
2727:3108388
2677:3067389
2572:. U.S.
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2373:3130424
2318:Vaccine
2282:Vaccine
2216:2862316
2097:4964831
2018:(FDA).
2014:. U.S.
1948:. U.S.
1918:. U.S.
1900:3 March
1233:9 April
1203:13 June
1105:Lebanon
507:vaccine
403:DB13888
335::
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288:J07AH09
280: (
278:J07AH08
270: (
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260: (
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228:J07AH03
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4482:Dengue
4322:Rabies
4143:Typhus
4082:Plague
3960:Policy
3921:Toxoid
3849:Trials
3743:(MeSH)
3652:(CDC).
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4187:Viral
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3995:VAERS
3945:NITAG
3874:Live
3342:(PDF)
3331:(PDF)
3307:S2CID
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3029:(PDF)
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2824:S2CID
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2731:S2CID
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1381:(EMA)
1345:(EMA)
1123:Libya
1035:Umrah
1027:Mecca
877:MeNZB
584:Types
553:Mecca
4507:Zika
4467:MMRV
4315:Salk
4295:Mpox
4241:LAIV
4236:H5N8
4231:H5N1
4221:H1N1
4097:PPSV
3980:ACIP
3976:US:
3950:SAGE
3911:mRNA
3827:list
3627:PMID
3602:PMID
3566:2020
3533:2020
3503:2020
3473:2020
3443:2020
3413:2020
3383:2020
3350:2020
3299:PMID
3267:2017
3240:2017
3192:2015
3162:2022
3132:2013
3101:2015
3071:2014
3044:2013
2987:2021
2956:2021
2907:2019
2880:2009
2854:2009
2816:PMID
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