1028:. Prime Minister Aklilu Habte Wold removed the general affectionately known to his men as "the desert lion" from army duties and assigned him as a senator, a job he hated very much as he recounted to his author, but could not refuse without arousing the Emperor's ire. Aman's replacement was General Haile Baikedagn, who found Mengistu an intriguer and a very dangerous young officer. General Haile had actually written a secret report to his superiors to put a close watch on Mengistu and not give him a raise in the military ranks. A few years before his second departure for training to the US he was in conflict with the then Third Division commander General Haile Baykedagn whose policy of strict discipline and order did not sit well with Mengistu. At the time, the ordnance group was offered military technical training support in the US. Despite his disapproval of Mengistu's insubordination and disrespect, the General was obliged to release him and Mengistu went for an 18-month training program at the
1293:, stripping the Ethiopian Church, the Imperial family, and the nobility of all their sizable estates and the bulk of their wealth. During this same period, all foreign-owned and locally owned companies were nationalized without compensation in an effort to redistribute the country's wealth. All undeveloped urban property and all rental property were also nationalized. Private businesses such as banks and insurance companies, large retail businesses, etc. were also taken over by the government. All this nationalized property was brought under the administration of large bureaucracies set up to administer them. Farmers who had once worked on land owned by absentee landlords were now compelled to join collective farms. All agricultural products were no longer to be offered on the free market but were to be controlled and distributed by the government. Despite progressive agricultural reforms, under the Derg, agricultural output suffered due to
1425:. While Mengistu was unharmed, his alleged attacker, Solomon Haile Ghebre Michael, an Eritrean, was shot and arrested by Mengistu's bodyguards. He was later tried for this assassination attempt, pleading not guilty in a Zimbabwean court on 8 July 1996. The Eritrean Ambassador to South Africa, Tsegaye Tesfa Tsion, flew to Harare to attend the trial. The attacker was sentenced to ten years in prison, while his accomplice Abraham Goletom Joseph, who had been arrested in a police raid, was sentenced to five years. They said that they had been tortured under Mengistu, and on appeal, their sentences were reduced to two years each due to "mitigatory circumstances". The Ethiopian ambassador to Zimbabwe, Fantahun Haile Michael, said his government was not involved in the assassination attempt, and that he heard about the incident from the media.
722:
1169:
423:
727:
1468:, for the killing of nearly 2,000 people. The charge sheet and evidence list for his crimes were 8,000 pages long. The evidence against him included signed execution orders, videos of torture sessions, and personal testimony. The trial began in 1994 and ended in 2006. The court found Mengistu guilty as charged on 12 December 2006, and imposed a life sentence in January 2007. In addition to the genocide conviction, the court found him guilty of imprisonment, illegal homicide, and illegal confiscation of property. Michael Clough, a US attorney and longtime observer of Ethiopia, said in a statement:
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1125:, which came to be known as the Derg. Mengistu was originally one of the lesser members, officially sent to represent the Third Division because his commander, General Nega Tegnegn, considered him a trouble-maker and wanted to get rid of him. Between July and September 1974 through sheer demagoguery and political intrigues, Mengistu succeeded to outmaneuver all officers who stood in his way and climbed the political ladder. Mengistu and Atnafu Abate were the
997:, who raised him to the rank of sergeant and assigned him duties as an errand boy in his office. Aman then recommended him to the Holetta Military Academy, one of the two important military academies of Ethiopia. After Mengistu graduated from the Holetta Military Academy in 1957, he received the rank of Second Lieutenant. General Aman then became his mentor, and when the General was assigned to the commander of the Third Division took Mengistu with him to
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Derg, which countered with its own counter-terrorism campaign, labeled the EPRP's tactics the White Terror. Mengistu asserted that all "progressives" were given "freedom of action" in helping root out the revolution's enemies, and his wrath was particularly directed toward the EPRP. Peasants, workers, public officials, and even students thought to be loyal to the
Mengistu regime were provided with arms to accomplish this task.
80:
1494:. After Mengistu's conviction in December 2006, the Zimbabwean government said that he still enjoyed asylum and would not be extradited. A Zimbabwean government spokesman explained this by saying that "Mengistu and his government played a key and commendable role during our struggle for independence". According to the spokesman, Mengistu assisted Zimbabwean guerrilla fighters during the
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1204:, the neighborhood watch committees which served during Mengistu's reign as the lowest level local government and security surveillance units. Families had to pay the kebeles a tax known as "the wasted bullet" to obtain the bodies of their loved ones. In May 1977, the Swedish general secretary of the
1132:
Haile
Selassie died in 1975. It is rumored that Mengistu smothered the Emperor using a pillowcase, but Mengistu has denied these rumors. Though several groups were involved in the overthrow, the Derg succeeded to power. There is no doubt that the Derg under Mengistu's leadership ordered the execution
1428:
As of 2018, Mengistu still resided in
Zimbabwe, despite the Ethiopian government's desire that he be extradited. He is said to live in luxurious circumstances, and it is claimed that he advised Mugabe on security matters; according to Zimbabwean intelligence sources, he proposed the idea of clearing
1153:
was killed. The vice-chairman of the Derg, Atnafu Abate, clashed with
Mengistu over the issue of how to handle the war in Eritrea and lost, leading to his execution with 40 other officers, clearing the way for Mengistu to assume control. He formally assumed power as head of state, and justified his
1509:
by
Ethiopia's High Court, overturning his previous sentence of life imprisonment. Twenty-three of his most senior aides also received death sentences that were commuted on 1 June 2011. As of 4 October 2011, 16 former Mengistu officials have been released from prison on parole, due to their old age
1195:
The EPRP's efforts to discredit and undermine the Derg and its MEISON collaborators escalated in the fall of 1976. It targeted public buildings and other symbols of state authority for bombings and assassinated numerous Abyot Seded and MEISON members, as well as public officials at all levels. The
1409:
Mengistu left behind almost the entire membership of the original Derg and the WPE leadership. The regime only survived without him for another week before the EPRDF streamed into the capital, precluding the previous leadership's escape. Almost all were promptly arrested and put on trial upon the
1199:
In a public speech in April 1977, Mengistu shouted "Death to counterrevolutionaries! Death to the EPRP!" and then produced three bottles filled with a red liquid that symbolized the blood of the imperialists and the counterrevolutionaries and smashed them to the ground to show what the revolution
984:
camps around the country and partly within the compound of the aristocratic family. In Debre Markos, Mengistu attended the Negus Tekle
Haimanot School where he was known to be a problematic teenager and not serious with his studies, he was later expelled from high school for misbehavior. Mengistu
1323:
The
Soviets hailed Ethiopia for its supposed similar cultural and historical parallels to the USSR. Moscow said it proved that a backward society could become revolutionary by adopting a Leninist system. It was hailed as a model junior ally that Moscow was eager to support. In the 1980s Ethiopia
1486:
ever witnessed in Africa." During his reign it was not uncommon to see students, suspected government critics, or rebel sympathizers hanging from lampposts each morning. Mengistu himself is alleged to have murdered opponents by garroting or shooting them, saying that he was leading by example.
1094:
1477:
Some experts believe hundreds of thousands of university students, intellectuals, and politicians (including
Emperor Haile Selassie) were killed during Mengistu's rule. Amnesty International estimates that a total of half a million people were killed during the Red Terror of 1977 and 1978.
1052:. Henze also notes that while receiving military training in the United States, Mengistu experienced racial discrimination which led him to develop a strong anti-American sentiment, but Henze was unable to find any evidence of such incidents. When he took power, and attended the meeting of
1526:), was leaked onto the internet. Some months later the first leaked volume was published in the United States, and in 2016 the second volume followed. This time it was published in Ethiopia. Mengistu accused the remnants of the EPRP of leaking the first volume to sabotage his publication.
1141:, in 1977. Mengistu himself has acknowledged that the Derg ordered these deaths but refuses to accept personal responsibility. Members of the Derg have contradicted him in interviews given from prison, saying he conspired and was in full agreement with their decisions.
1472:
The biggest problem with prosecuting
Mengistu for genocide is that his actions did not necessarily target a particular group. They were directed against anybody who was opposing his government, and they were generally much more political than based on any ethnic
1351:, which ultimately took over 500,000 lives. Mengistu made seven visits to the Soviet Union between 1977 and 1984, as well as other visits to his political allies Cuba, East Germany, South Yemen, and Mozambique. From 1983 to 1984 Mengistu served as head of the
1343:, he was effectively a dictator. He and the other surviving members of the Derg all retired from the military. However, even as civilians, they dominated the Politburo of the WPE. In the late 1980s, some Western critics of Mengistu, including Michael Johns of
1076:
Bahru Zewde notes that
Mengistu was distinguished by a "special ability to size up situations and persons". Although Bahru notes that some observers "rather charitably" equated this ability with intelligence, the academic believes this skill is more akin to
594:
980:. Mengistu was raised in the household of Dejazmatch Kebede Tesemma (the former governor of Gojjam), where Mengistu's mother is said to have worked as a domestic servant and his father became Kebede's house guard. Mengistu was raised partially in
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1246:, when Somalia's erstwhile allies, the Soviets and the Cubans, launched an unprecedented arms and personnel airlift to come to rescue of Ethiopia. The Derg government turned back the Somali invasion and made deep strides against the
5813:
1962:
His roots—apparently in a Konso slave family in the south—were somewhat more obscure than those of Tewodros, who at least could claim some kind of noble blood; but they shared a continual anxiety concerning questions over their
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1200:
would do to its enemies. Thousands of young men and women turned up dead in the streets of the capital and other cities in the following months. They were systematically murdered mainly by the militia attached to the
1047:
Mengistu typically endured derogatory comments about his appearance, rooted in his Konso background. His features were far more "negroid" than the average highlander Ethiopian, which Paul Henze believes gave him an
883:
Internal rebellion, government repression, and economic mismanagement characterized Mengistu's presidency, the Red Terror period being a battle for dominance between the Derg, the EPRP, and their rival the
1284:
at the time. In the mid-1970s, under Mengistu's leadership, the Derg regime radicalized and began an aggressive program of changing system of Ethiopia from a mixed feudal-capitalist emergent economy to an
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where father Haile Mariam joined Haile Selassie's fledgling army and received the rank of corporal. Corporal Haile Mariam was then transferred to the ammunition's production unit of the imperial army in
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execution of Abate (on 13 November of that year) by claiming that he had "placed the interests of Ethiopia above the interests of socialism" and undertaken other "counter-revolutionary" activities.
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888:(MEISON), which had initially aligned itself with the Derg. While this internal conflict was being fought, Ethiopia was threatened by both the Somali invasion and the guerrilla campaign of the
880:(EPRP) in September 1976, after it had ignored the Derg's invitation to join the union of socialist parties. The death toll is unknown but is often estimated at between 30,000 and 750,000.
3615:
1044:, but was prevented by General Haile Baykedagn who cited his previous insubordination. Years later, Mengistu would murder General Haile Baykedagn along with 60 ministers and generals.
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without trial of 61 ex-officials of the Imperial government on 23 November 1974, and later of numerous other former nobles and officials including the Patriarch of the
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1370:, with over 20,000 men either killed or captured and the loss of even more equipment. On 16 May 1989, while Mengistu was out of the country for a four-day state visit to
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106 Derg officials were accused of genocide during the trials, but only 36 of them were present in the court. Several former members of the Derg have been sentenced to
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1534:
Mengistu married Wubanchi Bishaw in 1968. They have a son, Andinet, and daughters, Tigist and Timihirt. Mengistu has resided in Zimbabwe, due to his friendship with
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which had ruled Ethiopia since the 13th century. Mengistu purged rivals for power from the Derg and made himself dictator of Ethiopia, attempting to modernize the
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3000:
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1382:, was killed; Mengistu returned within 24 hours and nine generals, including the air force commander and the army chief of staff, died as the coup was crushed.
1313:
1347:, charged that Mengistu's economic, military and political policies, along with the Soviet Union's support for Mengistu, were key contributing factors to the
1020:. The imperial regime found him too popular with the soldiers especially after his commendable military exploits in the engagement against the Somali army at
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1212:. You can see the heaped-up bodies of murdered children, most of them aged eleven to thirteen, lying in the gutter, as you drive out of Addis Ababa."
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1417:
An assassination attempt against Mengistu occurred on 4 November 1995, while he was out walking with his wife, Wubanchi Bishaw, near his home in the
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plunged into greater turmoil and the Soviet system itself was collapsing by 1990. Russian commentators had turned scornful of the Ethiopian regime.
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94:
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2051:(New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 290 n. 13. In Mengistu's last interview, he mentioned that he knew Kebede Tesemma, but denied a blood relationship.
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1394:(EPRDF) forces advanced on Addis Ababa from all sides, and Mengistu fled the country with 50 family and Derg members. He was granted asylum in
737:
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1366:, with 15,000 casualties and the loss of a great deal of equipment. This was followed up less than a year later by another crushing defeat at
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714:
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1975:
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Emperor Haile Selassie's government, having lost the confidence of the Ethiopian public following a drought and crop failures in
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912:), was notable for the prominent role of Mengistu's Soviet and Cuban allies in securing an Ethiopian victory. The catastrophic
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1036:, making him fluent in English. He returned for a third time in 1970, this time as a student at the Combined Arms Center in
948:. Mengistu's government is estimated to be responsible for the deaths of 500,000 to 2,000,000 Ethiopians, mostly during the
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4717:
4687:
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4133:
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3125:
2791:; Werth, Nicolas; Panne, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis & Kramer, Mark (1999).
1352:
1332:
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1180:(EPRP). Mengistu cracked down on the EPRP and other revolutionary student organizations in what would become called the "
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stated that "1,000 children have been killed, and their bodies are left in the streets and are being eaten by wild
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assumption of power by the EPRDF. Mengistu has claimed that the takeover of his country resulted from the policies of
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of Ethiopia. There are conflicting reports about his origins, which are said to be of a slave family from the south.
1554:
The ethnicity of Mengistu's parents is obscure and disputed, with biographers claiming that he was either an ethnic
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of 1974. As a result, power came into the hands of a committee of low-ranking officers and enlisted soldiers led by
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6123:
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179:
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5402:
2017:
6341:
6326:
6028:
5725:
4911:
4846:
4519:
1379:
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1081:": "it is rather closer to the mark to see it as inner-city smartness (or what in local parlance would be called
2775:
From the Gulag to the Killing Fields: Personal Accounts of Political Violence and Repression in Communist States
1518:
In 2010, Mengistu announced the publication of his memoirs. In early 2012, a manuscript of the memoir, entitled
6038:
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4534:
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4123:
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1280:, which was increasingly popular among many nationalists and revolutionaries throughout Africa and much of the
810:; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian former politician and former military officer who was the head of state of
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341:
163:
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1990:
1945:
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Mengistu did not emerge as the leader of the Derg until after the 3 February 1977 shootout, in which Chairman
1331:(WPE) was founded as the country's ruling party, with Mengistu as general secretary. On 10 September 1987, a
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1414:, who in his view allowed the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the termination of its aid to Ethiopia.
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in 2005, and chaired meetings at which the operation was planned. However, the State Security Minister
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1254:(TPLF) as well. By the end of the seventies, Mengistu presided over the second-largest army in all of
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Estimates of the number of deaths for which he was responsible range from 500,000 to over 2,000,000.
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841:
657:
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1339:. Mengistu became president, with sweeping executive and legislative powers. Due to the doctrine of
1005:
officer in the Third Division. He was subsequently sent to the US for the first time in 1964 to the
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were rolled back when that party split just as it was on the verge of capturing the old capital of
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families automatically categorize persons with dark skin, thick lips, and kinky hair as "Barias" (
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1072:)... let it be clear to everybody that I shall soon make these ignoramuses stoop and grind corn!
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1697:"Four facts about Mengistu, the Ethiopian dictator who overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974"
1390:
By 1990, the Soviet Union had all but ended its support for Mengistu's regime. In May 1991, the
1040:, Kansas. Returning after his training, he was expected to command the ordnance sub-division in
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3371:
3321:
2837:
2799:
2778:
2749:
2735:
2314:
2288:
2256:
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2023:
1996:
1951:
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1205:
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members at the Fourth Division headquarters in Addis Ababa, Mengistu exclaimed with emotion:
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2727:
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published a photo of himself meeting with Mengistu. He withdrew the photo after criticism.
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33:
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Indian Ocean Newsletter publication, 1985 "Ethiopia: Political Power & the Military"
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and good behavior while incarcerated. However, Mengistu's sentence remained unchanged.
1502:
pilots. The spokesman said that "not many countries have shown such commitment to us".
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As an ambitious young soldier, he attracted the attention of the Eritrean-born General
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4479:
4347:
4030:
4010:
3990:
3970:
3945:
3902:
3844:
3834:
3663:
3452:
3351:
3331:
3311:
3271:
3186:
2864:
2500:
1555:
1535:
1399:
1209:
551:
185:
171:
4093:
2505:
1906:"Mengistu Haile Mariam | Ethiopian Dictator & Revolutionary Leader | Britannica"
6231:
6108:
5874:
5819:
5590:
5432:
5347:
5252:
5178:
4811:
4702:
4474:
4020:
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3341:
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3052:
2973:
2140:
1563:
1559:
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1371:
1286:
1150:
1122:
1102:
1098:
1021:
972:
593:
296:
284:
263:
167:
2466:
2361:
Diana L. Ohlbaum, "Ethiopia and the Construction of Soviet Identity, 1974-1991".
1216:
estimates that up to 500,000 people were killed during the Ethiopian Red Terror.
6216:
5959:
5854:
5655:
5645:
5565:
5362:
5342:
5307:
5242:
5159:
5055:
4941:
4799:
4529:
4073:
3960:
3935:
3877:
3839:
3829:
3699:
3467:
3412:
3392:
3326:
3291:
2645:
2547:
2400:
1992:
Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa: Genealogies of Conflict since c.1800
1884:
1739:
1717:
1483:
1281:
1017:
977:
2331:
1947:
Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa Genealogies of Conflict Since C.1800
1358:
However, the government's military position gradually weakened. First came the
6147:
6137:
5630:
5462:
5422:
5202:
5136:
5043:
4575:
4449:
4063:
3849:
3794:
3764:
3694:
3487:
3251:
3236:
2963:
2897:
994:
901:
699:
528:
482:
48:
44:
2884:, by Michael Johns, Heritage Foundation Backgrounder # 692, 23 February 1989.
2561:"The irony of the Anuak Masscare and Zenawi's genocide verdict over Mengistu"
2094:
6221:
6206:
5367:
5120:
5087:
5082:
4967:
4916:
4615:
4409:
4128:
4068:
3950:
3560:
3346:
2587:
2260:
2242:
1498:
by providing training and arms; after the war, he had provided training for
1243:
2164:, 12 November 2006. Paul Henze, however, states this accusation as a fact (
960:
Mengistu Haile Mariam was born on 21 May 1937 in Welayta, Kaffa during the
2945:
Ethiopian heads of state (1974–1987) / Presidents of Ethiopia (since 1987)
2224:
32:"Mengistu" redirects here. For other people with the same given name, see
6176:
6142:
5585:
5452:
4983:
4978:
3965:
3940:
3897:
3731:
3714:
3638:
3241:
3063:
2868:
2583:"Guilty of genocide: the leader who unleashed a 'Red Terror' on Africa |"
1599:
1395:
1224:
1078:
1010:
940:
936:
811:
534:
422:
393:
350:
6274:
2852:
2683:
2366:
17:
6013:
5954:
5332:
5152:
5071:
3892:
2907:
2732:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
2316:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
1803:
1770:
1523:
1437:
strongly denied that Mengistu was involved in Operation Murambatsvina.
1184:". The Derg subsequently turned against the socialist student movement
3508:
2407:, Vol. 5, Issue 12 (31 December 1995), p. 14 (accessed 15 August 2009)
1828:"Peter Gill, page.44 "Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid""
5022:
4996:
3819:
1422:
1317:
1239:
1228:
1201:
932:
909:
857:
389:
2327:
2325:
1505:
Following an appeal on 26 May 2008, Mengistu was sentenced to death
833:
that governed Ethiopia, from 1977 to 1987, and the president of the
5487:
The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
4642:
1618:
1188:, a major supporter against the EPRP, in what would be called the "
1032:
in Maryland, United States. He also took some night classes at the
5789:
4989:
1311:
1167:
1114:
1092:
1041:
998:
916:
is what brought his government the most international attention.
872:. His bloody consolidation of power in 1977–1978 is known as the
6417:
People from Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region
5839:
5824:
5799:
4744:
2953:
1482:
describes the Red Terror as "one of the most systematic uses of
1327:
In early 1984, under Mengistu's direction, the Marxist–Leninist
1053:
823:
427:
225:
4646:
3512:
3129:
2917:
1093:
939:, despite an Ethiopian court verdict which found him guilty of
3595:
2770:
2746:
Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators: From Napoleon to the Present
2334:
2826:
2748:, Frank Coppa, ed., pp. 181–183. Peter Lang Publishing.
2496:"Ethiopia's Mengistu brains behind Zimbabwe cleanup campaign"
2847:
Aryeh Y. Yodfat, "The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa",
2156:"Ethiopian court convicts Mengistu Haile Mariam of genocide"
1276:
After coming to power, Mengistu embraced the philosophy of
2132:
Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments
3616:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
1176:
Resistance against the Derg ensued, led primarily by the
1458:
Mengistu was charged by the Ethiopian government led by
6182:
Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes
2067:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), p. 185.
1097:
Mengistu Haile Mariam (left) with fellow Derg members
6347:
Ethiopian people convicted of crimes against humanity
2954:
Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia
2527:
2525:
2523:
2467:"Why a photo of Mengistu has proved so controversial"
2461:
2459:
2134:. National Foreign Assessment Center. February 2003.
2121:, second edition (London: James Currey, 2001), p. 249
919:
Mengistu fled to Zimbabwe in May 1991 after the PDRE
2875:"A U.S. Strategy to Foster Human Rights in Ethiopia"
1242:
region, and was on the verge of capturing Harar and
6155:
6131:
6002:
5743:
5519:
5470:
5191:
4950:
4869:
4825:
4680:
4624:
4558:
4400:
4325:
4234:
4176:
4167:
4049:
3911:
3858:
3755:
3687:
3624:
3546:
3385:
3167:
3061:
3040:
3014:
2951:
2310:
2308:
1406:, no new extradition requests have been submitted.
563:
558:
541:
526:
497:
466:
452:
442:
404:
399:
385:
377:
369:
358:
324:
319:
302:
290:
280:
257:
245:
223:
210:
197:
177:
157:
139:
127:
115:
93:
56:
2822:, Addis Ababa University Press, Addis Ababa, 2003.
2796:Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators
2350:Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators
2319:by Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, pg 457
2095:"Mengistu Haile Mariam: The Profile of a Dictator"
1861:Red Tears: War, Famine, and Revolution in Ethiopia
3157:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
2401:"Report: Mengistu Survives Assassination Attempt"
2075:
2073:
1392:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
3654:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
2345:
2343:
2201:"Mengistu Haile Mariam | president of Ethiopia"
1645:"Mengistu Haile Mariam | president of Ethiopia"
1440:In 2018, the former prime minister of Ethiopia
1013:for an Ordnance testing course for six months.
4435:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
2630:"Zimbabwe hails Mengistu's role in liberation"
2608:"Court sentences Major Melaku Tefera to death"
1309:, which was the 10th anniversary of the Derg.
822:from 1984 to 1991. He was the chairman of the
6099:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
4693:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
4658:
3524:
3141:
2929:
2744:Coppa, Frank. 2006. "Mengistu Haile Mariam".
2059:
2057:
1398:as an official guest of Zimbabwean President
1335:was adopted, and the country was renamed the
1272:Soviet Union-Africa relations § Ethiopia
927:. His departure brought an abrupt end to the
745:
8:
2777:. Intercollegiate Studies Institute (2006).
2043:
2041:
2039:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1362:in March 1989, a defeat at the hands of the
276:3 February 1977 – 10 September 1987
239:17 November 1974 – 28 November 1974
2082:Provisional Military Administrative Council
1289:-style command economy. All rural land was
969:were defeated and expelled from the country
645:1974–1974, 1977–1987, 1984–1991 (1987–1991)
47:, and the person should be referred by the
6357:People of the Eritrean War of Independence
5497:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
4665:
4651:
4643:
4173:
3531:
3517:
3509:
3148:
3134:
3126:
2936:
2922:
2914:
2888:"Ethiopian Dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam"
1316:Mengistu in 1986 at SED Party Congress in
985:then joined the army at a very young age.
752:
738:
584:
53:
6412:Ethiopian politicians convicted of crimes
6059:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
2659:"Ethiopia's Mengistu Haile-Mariam speaks"
2431:
2429:
2427:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2139:
6192:Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule
4902:General Secretary of the Communist Party
3017:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
2820:A Tripping Stone: Ethiopian Prison Diary
2532:"Ethiopian Dictator Sentenced to Prison"
2274:Ethiopian Dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam
2016:Ottaway, Marina; Ottaway, David (1978).
1712:
1710:
1337:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
908:, fought over a disputed border region (
835:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
153:10 September 1987 – 21 May 1991
111:12 September 1984 – 21 May 1991
6084:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
4059:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
3064:Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
2437:"Mengistu 'brains behind Zim clean-up'"
1759:
1757:
1639:
1637:
1582:
1547:
931:. Mengistu Haile Mariam still lives in
786:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
587:
6407:Fugitives wanted on war crimes charges
6397:Workers' Party of Ethiopia politicians
6392:Collars of the Order of the White Lion
6352:Ethiopian people convicted of genocide
6162:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
5482:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
5094:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3742:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3679:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2386:, 29 May 1989 (accessed 30 July 2009).
1967:
1792:
1790:
1386:Removal from power; asylum in Zimbabwe
1219:Military gains made by the monarchist
1178:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party
878:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party
601:This article is part of a series about
6387:People sentenced to death in absentia
5561:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
4089:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
1172:Some victims of the Red Terror regime
805:
7:
6457:Fugitives wanted on genocide charges
6104:Sandinista National Liberation Front
5556:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
2686:, Ethiomedia online, 6 February 2012
2239:Encyclopedia of the developing world
788: instead of Ethiopic characters.
27:Leader of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991
6337:Collaborators with the Soviet Union
6113:Militarized Communist Party of Peru
6064:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4862:Socialist state of the whole people
3043:Transitional Government of Ethiopia
2104:, reprinted from the February 1994
1808:. Edinburgh: Canongate. p. 615
1775:. Edinburgh: Canongate. p. 615
1718:"Mengistu found guilty of genocide"
1670:"Mengistu Haile Mariam's Biography"
1612:. Other accounts state 21 May 1941
6447:20th-century Ethiopian politicians
6252:State ideology of the Soviet Union
6054:Communist Party of the Philippines
6044:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
2504:. 21 February 2006. Archived from
1944:Reid, Richard J. (24 March 2011).
1364:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
1129:from March 1975 to February 1977.
923:dissolved itself and called for a
890:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
25:
6452:20th-century presidents in Africa
6442:People of the Ethiopian Civil War
5110:Scientific Outlook on Development
4725:Commanding heights of the economy
3586:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
3571:Criticism of communist party rule
2646:Court Sentences Mengistu to Death
2332:US admits helping Mengistu escape
1931:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1402:. Although Mugabe has since been
1016:Aman was abruptly transferred to
6285:
6273:
6089:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
5507:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
4882:Civilian control of the military
4837:People's democratic dictatorship
4632:Human rights in the Soviet Union
3591:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2548:Mengistu is handed life sentence
1885:"Profile: Mengistu Haile Mariam"
1740:"Profile: Mengistu Haile Mariam"
1596:"Profile: Mengistu Haile Mariam"
1429:slums, which was implemented as
1252:Tigray People's Liberation Front
1117:province, was overthrown in the
1026:1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
892:, who demanded independence for
852:in 1974, marking the end of the
766:
725:
720:
592:
471:1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
431:
421:
409:
78:
4832:Dictatorship of the proletariat
4807:Theory of the productive forces
4540:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
4470:Fall of the inner German border
2477:from the original on 2019-06-29
2022:. Africana Publishing Company.
1933:. Scarecrow Press. p. 287.
1378:, and the Minister of Defense,
1001:, and later was assigned as an
886:All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement
6367:Leaders who took power by coup
5784:People's Republic of Kampuchea
5502:A Critique of Soviet Economics
4857:State of socialist orientation
4530:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
3669:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
2798:. Walker & Company, 2004.
2019:Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution
971:in 1941, his parents moved to
678:1987 constitutional referendum
1:
4718:Soviet-type economic planning
4688:Administrative-command system
4550:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
4149:Inter-regional Deputies Group
4134:National League for Democracy
2865:"Mengistu defends Red Terror"
2697:"Mengistu Haile Mariam Facts"
1974:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1859:Giorgis, Dawit Wolde (1989).
1353:Organization of African Unity
1333:new Soviet-style constitution
1106:
807:[mənɡɨstuhaɪləmarjam]
683:1987 Constitution of Ethiopia
228:and Head of State of Ethiopia
43:, the name Haile Mariam is a
6049:Communist Party of Kampuchea
5671:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
5596:Chinese Communist Revolution
4907:Highest organ of state power
4770:Proletarian internationalism
4460:Alexanderplatz demonstration
4425:Polish Round Table Agreement
4099:People's Movement of Ukraine
2701:biography.yourdictionary.com
2296:: Crimes, Terror, Repression
2119:A History of Modern Ethiopia
1742:. BBC News. 12 December 2006
1720:. BBC News. 12 December 2006
1374:, senior military officials
950:1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia
860:economy of Ethiopia through
513:1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia
479:Eritrean War of Independence
6322:Ethiopian former Christians
6079:Indochinese Communist Party
5716:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
5711:New People's Army rebellion
5492:Britain's Road to Socialism
4817:Wars of national liberation
4505:January Events in Lithuania
4440:Hungarian Round Table Talks
4079:Democratic Party of Albania
2294:The Black Book of Communism
2237:Leonard, Thomas M. (2005).
1995:. Oxford University Press.
1950:. OUP Oxford. p. 174.
1380:Haile Giyorgis Habte Mariam
864:-inspired policies such as
840:The Derg took power in the
6473:
6197:Marxist schools of thought
6124:Portuguese Communist Party
6069:Communist Party of Vietnam
5062:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
4159:Hungarian Democratic Forum
4154:Alliance of Free Democrats
4144:Union of Democratic Forces
2851:(1980) 2#2 pp. 65–81
2352:by Riccardo Orizio, pg 151
1454:Trials of the Derg members
1451:
1404:removed from power in 2017
1349:mid-1980s Ethiopian famine
1329:Worker's Party of Ethiopia
1269:
1266:Embracing Marxism–Leninism
1258:, as well as a formidable
1233:Somali Democratic Republic
1221:Ethiopian Democratic Union
1161:
837:(PDRE) from 1987 to 1991.
820:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
715:Soviet-ethiopian relations
705:Eritrea(EPLF)-Ethiopia War
363:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
99:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
38:
31:
6437:People from Wolayita Zone
6269:
6074:Communist Party of Malaya
6029:Communist Party of Brazil
5726:Internal conflict in Peru
5002:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
4912:Leading role of the party
4847:National-democratic state
4842:People's democratic state
4520:1991 protests in Belgrade
3097:
2985:
2849:Northeast African Studies
2550:BBC News, 11 January 2007
2421:, 11 July 1996, page A10.
2363:Northeast African Studies
2225:A Country Study: Ethiopia
1989:Reid, Richard J. (2011).
1135:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
801:
579:
575:
571:
522:
488:
315:
269:
232:
146:
104:
89:
77:
68:
6039:Communist Party of India
6009:Albanian Party of Labour
5132:Bill of Rights socialism
4785:Socialism in one country
4755:Marxist–Leninist atheism
4510:January Events in Latvia
4500:Reunification of Germany
4485:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
4415:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
4139:National Salvation Front
4124:Belarusian Popular Front
4114:Popular Front of Estonia
3883:Polish underground press
3644:List of socialist states
2684:Book Review: "Tiglachin"
2300:Harvard University Press
2227:(US Library of Congress)
342:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
164:Fikre Selassie Wogderess
69:
6402:Politicide perpetrators
6382:People from Addis Ababa
6247:State ideology of China
6119:Workers' Party of Korea
6034:Communist Party of Cuba
6024:Chinese Communist Party
5681:Portuguese Colonial War
5477:Foundations of Leninism
5029:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
4740:Dialectical materialism
4586:Economic liberalization
4525:1991 Belarusian strikes
4465:Fall of the Berlin Wall
4119:Public Against Violence
4109:Popular Front of Latvia
3888:Political demonstration
3737:Chinese economic reform
3649:People Power Revolution
2378:"Ethiopia Fizzled Coup"
2205:Encyclopedia Britannica
2141:2027/osu.32435024020026
2108:(accessed 30 July 2009)
1802:White, Matthew (2011).
1769:White, Matthew (2011).
1649:Encyclopedia Britannica
1431:Operation Murambatsvina
1345:The Heritage Foundation
1127:deputy chairmen of Derg
1030:Aberdeen Proving Ground
925:transitional government
206:as Chairman of the Derg
6427:20th-century criminals
6422:People of the Cold War
6377:Presidents of Ethiopia
5969:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5303:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
5213:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
3720:New political thinking
2724:Andrew, Christopher M.
2648:BBC News, 26 May 2008.
2065:Revolutionary Ethiopia
1484:mass murder by a state
1475:
1320:
1248:Eritrean secessionists
1206:Save the Children Fund
1173:
1145:Leadership of Ethiopia
1110:
1074:
1060:In this country, some
1034:University of Maryland
814:from 1977 to 1991 and
774:This article contains
340:Caffa & Ghimirra,
6212:Post-Marxism–Leninism
6094:Nepal Communist Party
5691:Nicaraguan Revolution
5661:Albanian–Soviet split
5358:Mengistu Haile Mariam
4897:Democratic centralism
4887:Collective leadership
4591:Post-Soviet conflicts
4545:Tajikistani Civil War
4495:Revolution on Granite
4455:Monday Demonstrations
3981:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
3815:Mengistu Haile Mariam
3581:Eastern Bloc politics
2827:Five Grounds: A Novel
2734:. Basic Books, 2005.
1765:Tyrant for the taking
1470:
1341:democratic centralism
1315:
1270:Further information:
1238:, having overrun the
1214:Amnesty International
1171:
1164:Red Terror (Ethiopia)
1096:
1058:
982:Ethiopian Empire Army
794:Mengistu Haile Mariam
610:Mengistu Haile Mariam
141:President of Ethiopia
63:Mengistu Haile Mariam
6332:Ethiopian communists
6292:Communism portal
6280:Socialism portal
5779:Democratic Kampuchea
5686:Black Power movement
5651:Non-Aligned Movement
4790:Socialist patriotism
4001:Vytautas Landsbergis
3996:Viacheslav Chornovil
3825:Denis Sassou Nguesso
2636:), 13 December 2006.
2418:The Washington Times
2154:Gettleman, Jeffrey,
1500:Zimbabwean air force
1442:Hailemariam Desalegn
1119:Ethiopian revolution
1089:The rise of the Derg
898:province of Ethiopia
874:Ethiopian Red Terror
842:Ethiopian Revolution
658:Ethiopian Revolution
122:Position established
6202:National Bolshevism
5736:Revolutions of 1989
5721:Sino-Albanian split
5706:Naxalite insurgency
5696:Cultural Revolution
5576:Great Patriotic War
5428:Nur Muhammad Taraki
4974:Ho Chi Minh Thought
4892:Cult of personality
4730:Developed socialism
4445:Pan-European Picnic
4420:1988 Polish strikes
3800:Wojciech Jaruzelski
3540:Revolutions of 1989
2894:, 29 November 1999.
2871:, 28 December 1999.
2581:Clayton, Jonathan.
2442:Mail & Guardian
2365:1.1 (1994): 63-89.
2100:11 May 2017 at the
1522:("Our Struggle" in
1305:. There was also a
1158:Political conflicts
1050:inferiority complex
967:After the Italians
929:Ethiopian Civil War
914:famine of 1983–1985
870:land redistribution
475:Ethiopian Civil War
346:Italian East Africa
217:Tesfaye Gebre Kidan
191:Tesfaye Gebre Kidan
6362:Exiled politicians
6317:Ethiopian atheists
5731:Nepalese Civil War
5676:Great Leap Forward
5438:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
5313:Kaysone Phomvihane
5115:Xi Jinping Thought
4750:Labour aristocracy
3805:Slobodan Milošević
3674:Vatican Opposition
2892:Human Rights Watch
2880:2006-08-23 at the
2832:2019-10-24 at the
2794:Orizio, Riccardo.
2789:Courtois, Stephane
2665:on 6 February 2015
2619:Ethiopian Reporter
2613:2007-09-28 at the
2445:. 20 February 2006
2337:, 22 December 1999
2277:Human Rights Watch
2161:The New York Times
2063:Edmund J. Keller,
1910:www.britannica.com
1701:Face 2 Face Africa
1674:Durame News Online
1602:. 12 December 2006
1496:Rhodesian Bush War
1480:Human Rights Watch
1321:
1256:sub-Saharan Africa
1231:. The army of the
1174:
1111:
1007:Savanna Army Depot
962:Italian occupation
904:of 1977–1978 with
639:leader of Ethiopia
461:Commander-in-Chief
457:Lieutenant Colonel
134:Position abolished
59:Lieutenant Colonel
6299:
6298:
5666:Sino-Soviet split
5626:Tito–Stalin split
5571:Spanish Civil War
5512:Guerrilla Warfare
5471:Theoretical works
5403:Władysław Gomułka
5378:Nicolae Ceaușescu
5338:Nikos Zachariadis
5258:Nikita Khrushchev
5233:Palmiro Togliatti
4932:Transmission belt
4877:Central committee
4735:Dialectical logic
4640:
4639:
4566:Colour revolution
4396:
4395:
4363:Congo-Brazzaville
4084:Democratic Russia
4041:Pope John Paul II
4036:George H. W. Bush
3986:Vladimir Bukovsky
3775:Mikhail Gorbachev
3770:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3556:Era of Stagnation
3506:
3505:
3123:
3122:
3062:President of the
3041:President of the
3015:President of the
2899:The Trial of Derg
2818:Taffara Deguefé,
2773:file and editor)
2754:978-0-8204-5010-0
2728:Mitrokhin, Vasili
2538:, 11 January 2007
2289:Stephane Courtois
2029:978-0-8419-0363-0
2002:978-0-19-161592-4
1957:978-0-19-161592-4
1863:. Red Sea Press.
1412:Mikhail Gorbachev
1303:economic policies
854:Solomonic dynasty
816:General Secretary
804:, pronunciation:
782:rendering support
762:
761:
648:
619:
618:
583:
582:
546:Life imprisonment
498:Years active
252:Aman Mikael Andom
95:General Secretary
16:(Redirected from
6464:
6342:Ethiopian exiles
6327:Anti-Americanism
6290:
6289:
6288:
6278:
6277:
6237:State capitalism
5641:De-Stalinization
5636:Cuban Revolution
5458:Gennady Zyuganov
5443:Rohana Wijeweera
5298:Klement Gottwald
5293:Valko Chervenkov
5278:Lazar Kaganovich
5238:Dolores Ibárruri
5105:Three Represents
5050:Intercommunalism
4870:Political system
4713:Central planning
4708:Anti-revisionism
4698:Anti-imperialism
4674:Marxism–Leninism
4667:
4660:
4653:
4644:
4515:Transnistria War
4174:
4016:Aung San Suu Kyi
3931:Alexander Dubček
3868:Civil resistance
3725:Sinatra Doctrine
3705:Demokratizatsiya
3606:Shortage economy
3533:
3526:
3519:
3510:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2952:Chairmen of the
2938:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2900:
2825:Scott Rempell, "
2815:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2661:. Archived from
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2536:Associated Press
2534:by Les Neuhaus,
2529:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2433:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2405:Ethiopian Review
2398:
2387:
2375:
2369:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2106:Ethiopian Review
2092:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2034:
2033:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1833:. Archived from
1832:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1617:. Archived from
1611:
1609:
1607:
1592:
1570:
1552:
1376:attempted a coup
1360:Battle of Afabet
1278:Marxism–Leninism
1236:invaded Ethiopia
1139:Abuna Theophilos
1108:
1038:Fort Leavenworth
862:Marxist-Leninist
850:Haile Selassie I
828:Marxist-Leninist
809:
803:
770:
769:
754:
747:
740:
729:
724:
710:Fall of the Derg
642:
615:
614:
613:
611:
603:
602:
596:
589:
588:
585:
542:Criminal penalty
531:
491:Criminal details
435:
426:
425:
417:Ethiopian Empire
415:
413:
412:
400:Military service
354:
338:
334:
332:
320:Personal details
305:
293:
274:
260:
248:
237:
224:Chairman of the
213:
200:
182:
160:
151:
130:
118:
109:
84:Mengistu in 1978
82:
72:
54:
21:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6286:
6284:
6272:
6265:
6262:Totalitarianism
6242:State socialism
6151:
6127:
5998:
5739:
5581:Greek Civil War
5515:
5466:
5418:Mathieu Kérékou
5323:Leonid Brezhnev
5288:Bolesław Bierut
5283:Georgi Dimitrov
5268:Josip Broz Tito
5263:Walter Ulbricht
5187:
5034:Gonzalo Thought
4946:
4865:
4852:Socialist state
4821:
4676:
4671:
4641:
4636:
4620:
4581:Democratization
4571:Decommunization
4554:
4490:Helsinki Summit
4430:April 9 tragedy
4402:
4392:
4321:
4230:
4178:
4169:
4163:
4051:
4045:
3913:
3907:
3860:
3854:
3810:Mathieu Kérékou
3757:
3751:
3683:
3659:Reagan Doctrine
3634:Active measures
3626:
3620:
3611:Totalitarianism
3548:
3542:
3537:
3507:
3502:
3381:
3169:
3168:Organisation of
3163:
3154:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3093:
3066:
3057:
3045:
3036:
3019:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2983:
2956:
2947:
2942:
2898:
2882:Wayback Machine
2861:
2834:Wayback Machine
2813:
2812:. Berlin, 2006
2808:Ulrich Schmid.
2764:Hollander, Paul
2762:(foreword) and
2760:Applebaum, Anne
2720:
2718:Further reading
2715:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2628:
2624:
2615:Wayback Machine
2606:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2530:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2508:on 30 June 2017
2494:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2415:
2411:
2399:
2390:
2376:
2372:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2341:
2330:
2323:
2313:
2306:
2302:, 1999. pg. 691
2287:
2283:
2272:
2268:
2253:
2245:. p. 739.
2236:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2153:
2149:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2112:
2102:Wayback Machine
2093:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2055:
2047:Paul B. Henze,
2046:
2037:
2030:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1966:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1624:
1622:
1621:on 23 June 2006
1613:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1532:
1516:
1456:
1450:
1388:
1274:
1268:
1166:
1160:
1147:
1091:
991:
958:
921:National Shengo
866:nationalization
791:
790:
789:
780:Without proper
771:
767:
758:
719:
649:
647:
636:
609:
607:
606:
605:
604:
600:
599:
549:
527:
518:
493:
481:
477:
473:
459:
430:
420:
419:
410:
408:
373:Wubanchi Bishaw
359:Political party
348:
339:
336:
330:
328:
303:
291:
275:
270:
258:
246:
240:
238:
233:
211:
198:
189:
178:
170:
166:
158:
152:
147:
128:
116:
110:
105:
85:
73:
70:
64:
61:
52:
37:
34:Mengistu (name)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6470:
6468:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6304:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6282:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6259:
6257:Third-Worldism
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6179:
6174:
6167:Anti-communism
6164:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6133:
6132:Related topics
6129:
6128:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5805:Czechoslovakia
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5448:Abimael Guzmán
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5413:Thomas Sankara
5410:
5405:
5400:
5398:Erich Honecker
5395:
5393:Maurice Bishop
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:Agostinho Neto
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5318:Khalid Bakdash
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5248:Võ Nguyên Giáp
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5228:Maurice Thorez
5225:
5220:
5218:Ehmetjan Qasim
5215:
5210:
5208:Ernst Thälmann
5205:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5163:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5046:
5041:
5039:Prachanda Path
5036:
5031:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4787:
4782:
4780:Social fascism
4777:
4775:Self-criticism
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4606:Post-communism
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Czechoslovakia
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4179:Eastern Europe
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:Isaias Afwerki
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Zianon Pazniak
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3785:Erich Honecker
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Anti-communism
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3011:
2986:
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2473:. 2018-08-02.
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1981:
1956:
1936:
1929:Shinn, David.
1921:
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1840:on 16 May 2018
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1798:Knives Are Out
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1538:, since 1991.
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1515:
1512:
1452:Main article:
1449:
1448:Genocide trial
1446:
1435:Didymus Mutasa
1387:
1384:
1307:famine in 1984
1301:and misguided
1267:
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1162:Main article:
1159:
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990:
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957:
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844:following the
831:military junta
802:መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማርያም
784:, you may see
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71:መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማርያም
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41:Ethiopian name
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5408:Samora Machel
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5273:Mátyás Rákosi
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5018:Khrushchevism
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4765:Popular front
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4611:Yugoslav Wars
4609:
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4601:Neo-Stalinism
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4596:Neo-Sovietism
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4480:Black January
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4034:
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4031:Ronald Reagan
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Zhelyu Zhelev
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Boris Yeltsin
3989:
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3979:
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3971:Joachim Gauck
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3903:Strike action
3901:
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3863:
3857:
3851:
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3845:Todor Zhivkov
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Deng Xiaoping
3833:
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3664:Soviet Empire
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3386:African Union
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3170:African Unity
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3161:African Union
3158:
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3146:
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3116:Derg Chairman
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2990:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:1-4792-0172-3
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2810:Aschemenschen
2807:
2805:
2804:0-8027-7692-2
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:1-932236-78-3
2780:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:0-465-00311-7
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2501:Sudan Tribune
2497:
2491:
2488:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:1-57958-388-1
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:Bahru Zewde,
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1870:0-932415-34-2
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:, 27 May 1941
1620:
1616:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1536:Robert Mugabe
1530:Personal life
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:Robert Mugabe
1397:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1104:
1101:(middle) and
1100:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:street smarts
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
988:
986:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
963:
955:
953:
951:
947:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
799:
795:
787:
783:
779:
777:
776:Ethiopic text
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
735:
733:
732:
728:
723:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
653:
646:
641:
640:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
622:
612:
598:
595:
591:
590:
586:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
554:(in absentia)
553:
552:death penalty
547:
544:
540:
537:(in absentia)
536:
533:
530:
529:Conviction(s)
525:
521:
514:
510:
507:
503:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
465:
462:
458:
455:
451:
448:
445:
441:
438:
434:
429:
424:
418:
407:
403:
398:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
352:
347:
343:
337:(age 87)
327:
323:
318:
314:
310:
307:
301:
298:
295:
289:
286:
283:
279:
273:
268:
265:
262:
256:
253:
250:
244:
236:
231:
227:
222:
218:
215:
209:
205:
202:
196:
192:
187:
186:Fisseha Desta
184:
181:
176:
173:
172:Tesfaye Dinka
169:
165:
162:
156:
150:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
126:
123:
120:
114:
108:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
81:
76:
67:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
6232:Second World
6109:Shining Path
5939:Turkmenistan
5875:Soviet Union
5820:East Germany
5620:2002–present
5591:Eastern Bloc
5526:Soviet Union
5433:Alfonso Cano
5383:Gustáv Husák
5373:Sanzō Nosaka
5357:
5348:Fidel Castro
5253:Earl Browder
5179:Zachariadism
5165:
5158:
5142:Lovestoneism
5007:Kimjongunism
4988:
4826:Class system
4812:Third Period
4703:Anti-fascism
4559:Later events
4475:Malta Summit
4307:Turkmenistan
4235:Soviet Union
4221:Soviet Union
4201:East Germany
4021:Meles Zenawi
3976:Sali Berisha
3926:Václav Havel
3873:Human chains
3814:
3780:Károly Grósz
3710:Khozraschyot
3601:Nomenklatura
3576:Eastern Bloc
3281:
3067:(since 1995)
3026:
2978:
2968:
2848:
2819:
2809:
2795:
2774:
2768:introduction
2745:
2731:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:
2691:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:the original
2653:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2618:
2603:
2592:. Retrieved
2586:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2555:
2543:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:the original
2499:
2490:
2479:. Retrieved
2470:
2447:. Retrieved
2440:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2381:
2373:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2315:
2292:
2284:
2269:
2241:. New York:
2238:
2232:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2090:
2081:
2064:
2048:
2018:
2011:
1991:
1984:
1961:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1889:. Retrieved
1887:. 2006-12-12
1879:
1860:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1835:the original
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1805:Atrocitology
1804:
1797:
1777:. Retrieved
1772:Atrocitology
1771:
1764:
1763:Fitzgerald,
1744:. Retrieved
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1678:. Retrieved
1676:. 1 May 2012
1673:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:the original
1604:. Retrieved
1550:
1533:
1519:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1489:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1460:Meles Zenawi
1457:
1439:
1427:
1416:
1408:
1389:
1372:East Germany
1357:
1326:
1322:
1291:nationalized
1287:Eastern Bloc
1275:
1218:
1198:
1194:
1190:White Terror
1175:
1151:Tafari Benti
1148:
1131:
1123:Atnafu Abate
1112:
1103:Atnafu Abate
1099:Tafari Benti
1082:
1075:
1062:aristocratic
1059:
1046:
1015:
992:
973:Debre Markos
966:
959:
943:
918:
882:
839:
793:
792:
773:
688:
651:
650:
644:
638:
637:
608:
550:Elevated at
490:
467:Battles/wars
437:PDR Ethiopia
386:Residence(s)
311:as President
308:
304:Succeeded by
297:Tafari Benti
285:Atnafu Abate
271:
264:Tafari Benti
259:Succeeded by
234:
212:Succeeded by
203:
168:Hailu Yimenu
148:
133:
129:Succeeded by
121:
106:
29:
6312:1937 births
6217:Red fascism
5855:North Korea
5750:Afghanistan
5656:Vietnam War
5646:Warsaw Pact
5566:Great Purge
5551:Great Break
5388:János Kádár
5363:Kim Il Sung
5343:Che Guevara
5308:Enver Hoxha
5243:Ho Chi Minh
5184:Brezhnevism
5167:Rankovićism
4942:Vanguardism
4922:Secretariat
4760:Partiinost'
4535:August Coup
4388:South Yemen
4333:Afghanistan
4177:Central and
4170:by location
4074:Civic Forum
3961:Feng Congde
3936:Ion Iliescu
3921:Lech Wałęsa
3878:Magnitizdat
3840:Zhao Ziyang
3830:Heng Samrin
3790:Miloš Jakeš
3700:Perestroika
3443:Hailemariam
3046:(1991–1995)
3020:(1987–1991)
2957:(1974–1987)
2814:(in German)
1963:legitimacy.
1606:13 December
1507:in absentia
1465:in absentia
1282:Third World
1024:during the
1022:Tog Wuchale
1018:Addis Ababa
978:Addis Ababa
945:in absentia
848:of Emperor
663:Land reform
511:1983–1985 (
504:1976–1978 (
365:(1984–1991)
335:21 May 1937
292:Preceded by
247:Preceded by
199:Preceded by
188:(1987–1991)
117:Preceded by
51:, Mengistu.
6306:Categories
6148:Trotskyism
6138:Bolshevism
5984:Montenegro
5965:Yugoslavia
5949:Uzbekistan
5934:Tajikistan
5909:Kyrgyzstan
5904:Kazakhstan
5884:Azerbaijan
5850:Mozambique
5744:By country
5631:Korean War
5463:Xi Jinping
5423:Siad Barre
5203:Mao Zedong
5137:Browderism
5072:Pol Potism
5044:Pantherism
4576:Lustration
4450:Baltic Way
4401:Individual
4378:Mozambique
4317:Uzbekistan
4302:Tajikistan
4287:Kyrgyzstan
4282:Kazakhstan
4247:Azerbaijan
4226:Yugoslavia
4104:Solidarity
4064:Charter 77
4050:Opposition
3946:Wu'erkaixi
3912:Opposition
3859:Opposition
3850:Siad Barre
3795:Egon Krenz
3765:Ramiz Alia
3756:Government
3695:Uskoreniye
3627:background
3549:background
3483:Tshisekedi
3448:Abdel Aziz
3362:Bouteflika
3207:Boumédiène
3089:Sahle-Work
2706:2020-05-26
2669:4 February
2594:2017-01-08
2566:4 February
2481:2019-06-29
2449:2018-02-18
2168:, p. 188).
1915:2024-07-15
1891:2024-07-15
1796:Rapoport,
1746:11 January
1577:References
1520:Tiglatchin
1473:targeting.
1421:suburb of
1262:and navy.
1182:Red Terror
995:Aman Andom
956:Early life
902:Ogaden War
700:Ogaden War
668:Red Terror
652:Government
567:+1,200,000
506:Red Terror
483:Ogaden War
405:Allegiance
331:1937-05-21
49:given name
45:patronymic
6432:Regicides
6222:Red Scare
6207:New class
6019:Comintern
5979:Macedonia
5919:Lithuania
5615:1989–2002
5610:1976–1989
5605:1949–1976
5545:1982–1991
5540:1964–1982
5535:1953–1964
5530:1927–1953
5368:Chin Peng
5223:José Díaz
5174:Dubčekism
5121:Stalinism
5088:Nkrumaism
5083:Sankarism
4968:Guevarism
4963:Castroism
4917:Politburo
4616:Pink tide
4410:Jeltoqsan
4326:Elsewhere
4277:Lithuania
4129:Rastokhez
4069:New Forum
4052:movements
3951:Chai Ling
3561:Communism
3498:Ghazouani
3493:Assoumani
3478:Ramaphosa
3428:Mutharika
3377:Mwanawasa
3322:Babangida
3247:Ramgoolam
3227:Hassan II
2588:The Times
2291:, et al.
2243:Routledge
2190:, p. 302.
1970:cite book
1724:8 January
1625:21 August
1615:"Эфиопия"
1295:civil war
1260:air force
1244:Dire Dawa
989:Army life
896:, then a
846:overthrow
673:Civil War
272:In office
235:In office
149:In office
107:In office
6177:Cold War
6156:See also
6143:Leninism
5994:Slovenia
5889:Byelarus
5845:Mongolia
5825:Ethiopia
5814:Slovakia
5775:Cambodia
5770:Bulgaria
5586:Cold War
5453:Gus Hall
5160:Đilasism
5147:Marcyism
5126:American
5067:National
5013:Kadarism
4984:Husakism
4979:Hoxhaism
4951:Variants
4800:Yugoslav
4681:Concepts
4373:Mongolia
4368:Ethiopia
4353:Cambodia
4257:Chechnya
4191:Bulgaria
3966:Tank Man
3956:Wang Dan
3941:Liu Gang
3898:Samizdat
3893:Protests
3732:Glasnost
3715:500 Days
3639:Cold War
3547:Internal
3403:Obasanjo
3398:Chissano
3357:Compaoré
3317:Museveni
3282:Mengistu
3197:Selassie
3177:Selassie
3159:and the
3027:Mengistu
2979:Mengistu
2969:Mengistu
2878:Archived
2869:BBC News
2830:Archived
2611:Archived
2512:24 March
2475:Archived
2471:BBC News
2261:60705727
2098:Archived
1812:21 March
1779:21 March
1600:BBC News
1396:Zimbabwe
1250:and the
1225:Begemder
1105:(right)
1083:aradanat
1011:Illinois
1003:ordnance
941:genocide
937:Zimbabwe
812:Ethiopia
535:Genocide
394:Zimbabwe
378:Children
351:Ethiopia
219:(Acting)
39:In this
18:Mengistu
6014:Comecon
5974:Croatia
5955:Vietnam
5944:Ukraine
5924:Moldova
5899:Georgia
5894:Estonia
5879:Armenia
5870:Somalia
5865:Romania
5835:Hungary
5830:Grenada
5809:Czechia
5755:Albania
5520:History
5333:Pol Pot
5153:Titoism
5100:Dengism
5077:African
4625:Related
4383:Somalia
4312:Ukraine
4292:Moldova
4267:Georgia
4262:Estonia
4252:Belarus
4242:Armenia
4216:Romania
4206:Hungary
4186:Albania
4094:Sąjūdis
3914:leaders
3861:methods
3758:leaders
3747:Đổi Mới
3688:Reforms
3423:Gaddafi
3418:Kikwete
3408:Nguesso
3372:Chiluba
3367:Eyadéma
3337:Ben Ali
3332:Mubarak
3312:Mubarak
3297:Nguesso
3287:Nyerere
3272:Stevens
3267:Senghor
3262:Tolbert
3257:Nimeiry
3187:Nkrumah
3114:†
3104:Interim
3102:‡
3074:Negasso
3032:Tesfaye
2908:Reuters
2904:YouTube
2632:, AFP (
2186:Henze,
1844:3 March
1654:7 April
1568:Wolayta
1524:Amharic
1514:Memoirs
1419:Gunhill
1299:drought
1202:kebeles
1066:Amharic
906:Somalia
894:Eritrea
818:of the
798:Amharic
564:Victims
559:Details
309:Himself
204:Himself
97:of the
6226:Second
5989:Serbia
5929:Russia
5914:Latvia
5860:Poland
5760:Angola
5192:People
5023:Maoism
4997:Songun
4795:Soviet
4403:events
4338:Angola
4297:Russia
4272:Latvia
4211:Poland
4168:Events
3820:Ne Win
3468:Kagame
3453:Mugabe
3433:Obiang
3413:Kufuor
3352:Mugabe
3307:Traoré
3302:Kaunda
3222:Daddah
3217:Kaunda
3212:Ahidjo
3202:Mobutu
3192:Ankrah
3182:Nasser
3110:Acting
3084:Mulatu
2974:Tafari
2910:, 2007
2853:online
2840:
2802:
2781:
2752:
2738:
2367:online
2279:, 1999
2259:
2249:
2210:3 June
2026:
1999:
1954:
1867:
1556:Amhara
1423:Harare
1318:Berlin
1240:Ogaden
1229:Gondar
1210:hyenas
1186:MEISON
933:Harare
910:Ogaden
900:. The
858:feudal
826:, the
695:famine
689:Shengo
414:
390:Harare
370:Spouse
281:Deputy
241:Acting
193:(1991)
5960:Yemen
5795:Congo
5790:China
5765:Benin
5601:China
4990:Juche
4957:Cuban
4927:State
4358:China
4348:Burma
4343:Benin
3463:Condé
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