1017:. Prime Minister Aklilu Habte Wold removed the general affectionately known to his men as "the desert lion" from army duties and assigned him as a senator, a job he hated very much as he recounted to his author, but could not refuse without arousing the Emperor's ire. Aman's replacement was General Haile Baikedagn, who found Mengistu an intriguer and a very dangerous young officer. General Haile had actually written a secret report to his superiors to put a close watch on Mengistu and not give him a raise in the military ranks. A few years before his second departure for training to the US he was in conflict with the then Third Division commander General Haile Baykedagn whose policy of strict discipline and order did not sit well with Mengistu. At the time, the ordnance group was offered military technical training support in the US. Despite his disapproval of Mengistu's insubordination and disrespect, the General was obliged to release him and Mengistu went for an 18-month training program at the
1282:, stripping the Ethiopian Church, the Imperial family, and the nobility of all their sizable estates and the bulk of their wealth. During this same period, all foreign-owned and locally owned companies were nationalized without compensation in an effort to redistribute the country's wealth. All undeveloped urban property and all rental property were also nationalized. Private businesses such as banks and insurance companies, large retail businesses, etc. were also taken over by the government. All this nationalized property was brought under the administration of large bureaucracies set up to administer them. Farmers who had once worked on land owned by absentee landlords were now compelled to join collective farms. All agricultural products were no longer to be offered on the free market but were to be controlled and distributed by the government. Despite progressive agricultural reforms, under the Derg, agricultural output suffered due to
1414:. While Mengistu was unharmed, his alleged attacker, Solomon Haile Ghebre Michael, an Eritrean, was shot and arrested by Mengistu's bodyguards. He was later tried for this assassination attempt, pleading not guilty in a Zimbabwean court on 8 July 1996. The Eritrean Ambassador to South Africa, Tsegaye Tesfa Tsion, flew to Harare to attend the trial. The attacker was sentenced to ten years in prison, while his accomplice Abraham Goletom Joseph, who had been arrested in a police raid, was sentenced to five years. They said that they had been tortured under Mengistu, and on appeal, their sentences were reduced to two years each due to "mitigatory circumstances". The Ethiopian ambassador to Zimbabwe, Fantahun Haile Michael, said his government was not involved in the assassination attempt, and that he heard about the incident from the media.
711:
1158:
412:
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1457:, for the killing of nearly 2,000 people. The charge sheet and evidence list for his crimes were 8,000 pages long. The evidence against him included signed execution orders, videos of torture sessions, and personal testimony. The trial began in 1994 and ended in 2006. The court found Mengistu guilty as charged on 12 December 2006, and imposed a life sentence in January 2007. In addition to the genocide conviction, the court found him guilty of imprisonment, illegal homicide, and illegal confiscation of property. Michael Clough, a US attorney and longtime observer of Ethiopia, said in a statement:
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1114:, which came to be known as the Derg. Mengistu was originally one of the lesser members, officially sent to represent the Third Division because his commander, General Nega Tegnegn, considered him a trouble-maker and wanted to get rid of him. Between July and September 1974 through sheer demagoguery and political intrigues, Mengistu succeeded to outmaneuver all officers who stood in his way and climbed the political ladder. Mengistu and Atnafu Abate were the
986:, who raised him to the rank of sergeant and assigned him duties as an errand boy in his office. Aman then recommended him to the Holetta Military Academy, one of the two important military academies of Ethiopia. After Mengistu graduated from the Holetta Military Academy in 1957, he received the rank of Second Lieutenant. General Aman then became his mentor, and when the General was assigned to the commander of the Third Division took Mengistu with him to
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Derg, which countered with its own counter-terrorism campaign, labeled the EPRP's tactics the White Terror. Mengistu asserted that all "progressives" were given "freedom of action" in helping root out the revolution's enemies, and his wrath was particularly directed toward the EPRP. Peasants, workers, public officials, and even students thought to be loyal to the
Mengistu regime were provided with arms to accomplish this task.
69:
1483:. After Mengistu's conviction in December 2006, the Zimbabwean government said that he still enjoyed asylum and would not be extradited. A Zimbabwean government spokesman explained this by saying that "Mengistu and his government played a key and commendable role during our struggle for independence". According to the spokesman, Mengistu assisted Zimbabwean guerrilla fighters during the
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1193:, the neighborhood watch committees which served during Mengistu's reign as the lowest level local government and security surveillance units. Families had to pay the kebeles a tax known as "the wasted bullet" to obtain the bodies of their loved ones. In May 1977, the Swedish general secretary of the
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Haile
Selassie died in 1975. It is rumored that Mengistu smothered the Emperor using a pillowcase, but Mengistu has denied these rumors. Though several groups were involved in the overthrow, the Derg succeeded to power. There is no doubt that the Derg under Mengistu's leadership ordered the execution
1417:
As of 2018, Mengistu still resided in
Zimbabwe, despite the Ethiopian government's desire that he be extradited. He is said to live in luxurious circumstances, and it is claimed that he advised Mugabe on security matters; according to Zimbabwean intelligence sources, he proposed the idea of clearing
1142:
was killed. The vice-chairman of the Derg, Atnafu Abate, clashed with
Mengistu over the issue of how to handle the war in Eritrea and lost, leading to his execution with 40 other officers, clearing the way for Mengistu to assume control. He formally assumed power as head of state, and justified his
1498:
by
Ethiopia's High Court, overturning his previous sentence of life imprisonment. Twenty-three of his most senior aides also received death sentences that were commuted on 1 June 2011. As of 4 October 2011, 16 former Mengistu officials have been released from prison on parole, due to their old age
1184:
The EPRP's efforts to discredit and undermine the Derg and its MEISON collaborators escalated in the fall of 1976. It targeted public buildings and other symbols of state authority for bombings and assassinated numerous Abyot Seded and MEISON members, as well as public officials at all levels. The
1398:
Mengistu left behind almost the entire membership of the original Derg and the WPE leadership. The regime only survived without him for another week before the EPRDF streamed into the capital, precluding the previous leadership's escape. Almost all were promptly arrested and put on trial upon the
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In a public speech in April 1977, Mengistu shouted "Death to counterrevolutionaries! Death to the EPRP!" and then produced three bottles filled with a red liquid that symbolized the blood of the imperialists and the counterrevolutionaries and smashed them to the ground to show what the revolution
973:
camps around the country and partly within the compound of the aristocratic family. In Debre Markos, Mengistu attended the Negus Tekle
Haimanot School where he was known to be a problematic teenager and not serious with his studies, he was later expelled from high school for misbehavior. Mengistu
1312:
The
Soviets hailed Ethiopia for its supposed similar cultural and historical parallels to the USSR. Moscow said it proved that a backward society could become revolutionary by adopting a Leninist system. It was hailed as a model junior ally that Moscow was eager to support. In the 1980s Ethiopia
1475:
ever witnessed in Africa." During his reign it was not uncommon to see students, suspected government critics, or rebel sympathizers hanging from lampposts each morning. Mengistu himself is alleged to have murdered opponents by garroting or shooting them, saying that he was leading by example.
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Some experts believe hundreds of thousands of university students, intellectuals, and politicians (including
Emperor Haile Selassie) were killed during Mengistu's rule. Amnesty International estimates that a total of half a million people were killed during the Red Terror of 1977 and 1978.
1041:. Henze also notes that while receiving military training in the United States, Mengistu experienced racial discrimination which led him to develop a strong anti-American sentiment, but Henze was unable to find any evidence of such incidents. When he took power, and attended the meeting of
1515:), was leaked onto the internet. Some months later the first leaked volume was published in the United States, and in 2016 the second volume followed. This time it was published in Ethiopia. Mengistu accused the remnants of the EPRP of leaking the first volume to sabotage his publication.
1130:, in 1977. Mengistu himself has acknowledged that the Derg ordered these deaths but refuses to accept personal responsibility. Members of the Derg have contradicted him in interviews given from prison, saying he conspired and was in full agreement with their decisions.
1461:
The biggest problem with prosecuting
Mengistu for genocide is that his actions did not necessarily target a particular group. They were directed against anybody who was opposing his government, and they were generally much more political than based on any ethnic
1340:, which ultimately took over 500,000 lives. Mengistu made seven visits to the Soviet Union between 1977 and 1984, as well as other visits to his political allies Cuba, East Germany, South Yemen, and Mozambique. From 1983 to 1984 Mengistu served as head of the
1332:, he was effectively a dictator. He and the other surviving members of the Derg all retired from the military. However, even as civilians, they dominated the Politburo of the WPE. In the late 1980s, some Western critics of Mengistu, including Michael Johns of
1065:
Bahru Zewde notes that
Mengistu was distinguished by a "special ability to size up situations and persons". Although Bahru notes that some observers "rather charitably" equated this ability with intelligence, the academic believes this skill is more akin to
583:
969:. Mengistu was raised in the household of Dejazmatch Kebede Tesemma (the former governor of Gojjam), where Mengistu's mother is said to have worked as a domestic servant and his father became Kebede's house guard. Mengistu was raised partially in
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1235:, when Somalia's erstwhile allies, the Soviets and the Cubans, launched an unprecedented arms and personnel airlift to come to rescue of Ethiopia. The Derg government turned back the Somali invasion and made deep strides against the
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1951:
His roots—apparently in a Konso slave family in the south—were somewhat more obscure than those of Tewodros, who at least could claim some kind of noble blood; but they shared a continual anxiety concerning questions over their
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would do to its enemies. Thousands of young men and women turned up dead in the streets of the capital and other cities in the following months. They were systematically murdered mainly by the militia attached to the
1036:
Mengistu typically endured derogatory comments about his appearance, rooted in his Konso background. His features were far more "negroid" than the average highlander Ethiopian, which Paul Henze believes gave him an
872:
Internal rebellion, government repression, and economic mismanagement characterized Mengistu's presidency, the Red Terror period being a battle for dominance between the Derg, the EPRP, and their rival the
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at the time. In the mid-1970s, under Mengistu's leadership, the Derg regime radicalized and began an aggressive program of changing system of Ethiopia from a mixed feudal-capitalist emergent economy to an
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where father Haile Mariam joined Haile Selassie's fledgling army and received the rank of corporal. Corporal Haile Mariam was then transferred to the ammunition's production unit of the imperial army in
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execution of Abate (on 13 November of that year) by claiming that he had "placed the interests of Ethiopia above the interests of socialism" and undertaken other "counter-revolutionary" activities.
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877:(MEISON), which had initially aligned itself with the Derg. While this internal conflict was being fought, Ethiopia was threatened by both the Somali invasion and the guerrilla campaign of the
869:(EPRP) in September 1976, after it had ignored the Derg's invitation to join the union of socialist parties. The death toll is unknown but is often estimated at between 30,000 and 750,000.
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1033:, but was prevented by General Haile Baykedagn who cited his previous insubordination. Years later, Mengistu would murder General Haile Baykedagn along with 60 ministers and generals.
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without trial of 61 ex-officials of the Imperial government on 23 November 1974, and later of numerous other former nobles and officials including the Patriarch of the
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1359:, with over 20,000 men either killed or captured and the loss of even more equipment. On 16 May 1989, while Mengistu was out of the country for a four-day state visit to
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106 Derg officials were accused of genocide during the trials, but only 36 of them were present in the court. Several former members of the Derg have been sentenced to
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Mengistu married Wubanchi Bishaw in 1968. They have a son, Andinet, and daughters, Tigist and Timihirt. Mengistu has resided in Zimbabwe, due to his friendship with
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which had ruled Ethiopia since the 13th century. Mengistu purged rivals for power from the Derg and made himself dictator of Ethiopia, attempting to modernize the
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1371:, was killed; Mengistu returned within 24 hours and nine generals, including the air force commander and the army chief of staff, died as the coup was crushed.
1302:
1336:, charged that Mengistu's economic, military and political policies, along with the Soviet Union's support for Mengistu, were key contributing factors to the
1009:. The imperial regime found him too popular with the soldiers especially after his commendable military exploits in the engagement against the Somali army at
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1201:. You can see the heaped-up bodies of murdered children, most of them aged eleven to thirteen, lying in the gutter, as you drive out of Addis Ababa."
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An assassination attempt against Mengistu occurred on 4 November 1995, while he was out walking with his wife, Wubanchi Bishaw, near his home in the
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plunged into greater turmoil and the Soviet system itself was collapsing by 1990. Russian commentators had turned scornful of the Ethiopian regime.
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2040:(New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 290 n. 13. In Mengistu's last interview, he mentioned that he knew Kebede Tesemma, but denied a blood relationship.
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1383:(EPRDF) forces advanced on Addis Ababa from all sides, and Mengistu fled the country with 50 family and Derg members. He was granted asylum in
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1355:, with 15,000 casualties and the loss of a great deal of equipment. This was followed up less than a year later by another crushing defeat at
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Emperor Haile Selassie's government, having lost the confidence of the Ethiopian public following a drought and crop failures in
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901:), was notable for the prominent role of Mengistu's Soviet and Cuban allies in securing an Ethiopian victory. The catastrophic
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1025:, making him fluent in English. He returned for a third time in 1970, this time as a student at the Combined Arms Center in
937:. Mengistu's government is estimated to be responsible for the deaths of 500,000 to 2,000,000 Ethiopians, mostly during the
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2780:; Werth, Nicolas; Panne, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis & Kramer, Mark (1999).
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1169:(EPRP). Mengistu cracked down on the EPRP and other revolutionary student organizations in what would become called the "
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stated that "1,000 children have been killed, and their bodies are left in the streets and are being eaten by wild
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assumption of power by the EPRDF. Mengistu has claimed that the takeover of his country resulted from the policies of
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of Ethiopia. There are conflicting reports about his origins, which are said to be of a slave family from the south.
1543:
The ethnicity of Mengistu's parents is obscure and disputed, with biographers claiming that he was either an ethnic
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of 1974. As a result, power came into the hands of a committee of low-ranking officers and enlisted soldiers led by
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2006:
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6017:
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1070:": "it is rather closer to the mark to see it as inner-city smartness (or what in local parlance would be called
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From the Gulag to the Killing Fields: Personal Accounts of Political Violence and Repression in Communist States
1507:
In 2010, Mengistu announced the publication of his memoirs. In early 2012, a manuscript of the memoir, entitled
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1269:, which was increasingly popular among many nationalists and revolutionaries throughout Africa and much of the
799:; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian former politician and former military officer who was the head of state of
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Mengistu did not emerge as the leader of the Derg until after the 3 February 1977 shootout, in which Chairman
1320:(WPE) was founded as the country's ruling party, with Mengistu as general secretary. On 10 September 1987, a
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1403:, who in his view allowed the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the termination of its aid to Ethiopia.
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865:, a brutal crackdown on opposition groups and civilians following a failed assassination attempt by the
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in 2005, and chaired meetings at which the operation was planned. However, the State Security Minister
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1243:(TPLF) as well. By the end of the seventies, Mengistu presided over the second-largest army in all of
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Estimates of the number of deaths for which he was responsible range from 500,000 to over 2,000,000.
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1328:. Mengistu became president, with sweeping executive and legislative powers. Due to the doctrine of
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officer in the Third Division. He was subsequently sent to the US for the first time in 1964 to the
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were rolled back when that party split just as it was on the verge of capturing the old capital of
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families automatically categorize persons with dark skin, thick lips, and kinky hair as "Barias" (
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1061:)... let it be clear to everybody that I shall soon make these ignoramuses stoop and grind corn!
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1686:"Four facts about Mengistu, the Ethiopian dictator who overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974"
1379:
By 1990, the Soviet Union had all but ended its support for Mengistu's regime. In May 1991, the
1029:, Kansas. Returning after his training, he was expected to command the ordnance sub-division in
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2012:
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members at the Fourth Division headquarters in Addis Ababa, Mengistu exclaimed with emotion:
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published a photo of himself meeting with Mengistu. He withdrew the photo after criticism.
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Indian Ocean Newsletter publication, 1985 "Ethiopia: Political Power & the Military"
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and good behavior while incarcerated. However, Mengistu's sentence remained unchanged.
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pilots. The spokesman said that "not many countries have shown such commitment to us".
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As an ambitious young soldier, he attracted the attention of the Eritrean-born General
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4336:
4019:
3999:
3979:
3959:
3934:
3891:
3833:
3823:
3652:
3441:
3340:
3320:
3300:
3260:
3175:
2853:
2489:
1544:
1524:
1388:
1198:
540:
174:
160:
4082:
2494:
1895:"Mengistu Haile Mariam | Ethiopian Dictator & Revolutionary Leader | Britannica"
6220:
6097:
5863:
5808:
5579:
5421:
5336:
5241:
5167:
4800:
4691:
4463:
4009:
3964:
3698:
3589:
3564:
3330:
3220:
3041:
2962:
2129:
1552:
1548:
1448:
1360:
1275:
1139:
1111:
1091:
1087:
1010:
961:
582:
285:
273:
252:
156:
2455:
2350:
Diana L. Ohlbaum, "Ethiopia and the Construction of Soviet Identity, 1974-1991".
1205:
estimates that up to 500,000 people were killed during the Ethiopian Red Terror.
6205:
5948:
5843:
5644:
5634:
5554:
5351:
5331:
5296:
5231:
5148:
5044:
4930:
4788:
4518:
4062:
3949:
3924:
3866:
3828:
3818:
3688:
3456:
3401:
3381:
3315:
3280:
2634:
2536:
2389:
1981:
Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa: Genealogies of Conflict since c.1800
1873:
1728:
1706:
1472:
1270:
1006:
966:
2320:
1936:
Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa Genealogies of Conflict Since C.1800
1347:
However, the government's military position gradually weakened. First came the
6136:
6126:
5619:
5451:
5411:
5191:
5125:
5032:
4564:
4438:
4052:
3838:
3783:
3753:
3683:
3476:
3240:
3225:
2952:
2886:
983:
890:
688:
517:
471:
37:
33:
2873:, by Michael Johns, Heritage Foundation Backgrounder # 692, 23 February 1989.
2550:"The irony of the Anuak Masscare and Zenawi's genocide verdict over Mengistu"
2083:
6210:
6195:
5356:
5109:
5076:
5071:
4956:
4905:
4604:
4398:
4117:
4057:
3939:
3549:
3335:
2576:
2249:
2231:
1487:
by providing training and arms; after the war, he had provided training for
1232:
2153:, 12 November 2006. Paul Henze, however, states this accusation as a fact (
949:
Mengistu Haile Mariam was born on 21 May 1937 in Welayta, Kaffa during the
2934:
Ethiopian heads of state (1974–1987) / Presidents of Ethiopia (since 1987)
2213:
21:"Mengistu" redirects here. For other people with the same given name, see
6165:
6131:
5574:
5441:
4972:
4967:
3954:
3929:
3886:
3720:
3703:
3627:
3230:
3052:
2857:
2572:"Guilty of genocide: the leader who unleashed a 'Red Terror' on Africa |"
1588:
1384:
1213:
1067:
999:
929:
925:
800:
523:
411:
382:
339:
6263:
2841:
2672:
2355:
6002:
5943:
5321:
5141:
5060:
3881:
2896:
2721:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
2305:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
1792:
1759:
1512:
1426:
strongly denied that Mengistu was involved in Operation Murambatsvina.
1173:". The Derg subsequently turned against the socialist student movement
3497:
2396:, Vol. 5, Issue 12 (31 December 1995), p. 14 (accessed 15 August 2009)
1817:"Peter Gill, page.44 "Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid""
5011:
4985:
3808:
1411:
1306:
1228:
1217:
1190:
921:
898:
846:
378:
2316:
2314:
1494:
Following an appeal on 26 May 2008, Mengistu was sentenced to death
822:
that governed Ethiopia, from 1977 to 1987, and the president of the
5476:
The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
4631:
1607:
1177:, a major supporter against the EPRP, in what would be called the "
1021:
in Maryland, United States. He also took some night classes at the
5778:
4978:
1300:
1156:
1103:
1081:
1030:
987:
905:
is what brought his government the most international attention.
861:. His bloody consolidation of power in 1977–1978 is known as the
6406:
People from Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region
5828:
5813:
5788:
4733:
2942:
1471:
describes the Red Terror as "one of the most systematic uses of
1316:
In early 1984, under Mengistu's direction, the Marxist–Leninist
1042:
812:
416:
214:
4635:
3501:
3118:
2906:
1082:
928:, despite an Ethiopian court verdict which found him guilty of
3584:
2759:
2735:
Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators: From Napoleon to the Present
2323:
2815:
2737:, Frank Coppa, ed., pp. 181–183. Peter Lang Publishing.
2485:"Ethiopia's Mengistu brains behind Zimbabwe cleanup campaign"
2836:
Aryeh Y. Yodfat, "The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa",
2145:"Ethiopian court convicts Mengistu Haile Mariam of genocide"
1265:
After coming to power, Mengistu embraced the philosophy of
2121:
Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments
3605:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
1165:
Resistance against the Derg ensued, led primarily by the
1447:
Mengistu was charged by the Ethiopian government led by
6171:
Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes
2056:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), p. 185.
1086:
Mengistu Haile Mariam (left) with fellow Derg members
6336:
Ethiopian people convicted of crimes against humanity
2943:
Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia
2516:
2514:
2512:
2456:"Why a photo of Mengistu has proved so controversial"
2450:
2448:
2123:. National Foreign Assessment Center. February 2003.
2110:, second edition (London: James Currey, 2001), p. 249
908:
Mengistu fled to Zimbabwe in May 1991 after the PDRE
2864:"A U.S. Strategy to Foster Human Rights in Ethiopia"
1231:
region, and was on the verge of capturing Harar and
6144:
6120:
5991:
5732:
5508:
5459:
5180:
4939:
4858:
4814:
4669:
4613:
4547:
4389:
4314:
4223:
4165:
4156:
4038:
3900:
3847:
3744:
3676:
3613:
3535:
3374:
3156:
3050:
3029:
3003:
2940:
2299:
2297:
1395:, no new extradition requests have been submitted.
552:
547:
530:
515:
486:
455:
441:
431:
393:
388:
374:
366:
358:
347:
313:
308:
291:
279:
269:
246:
234:
212:
199:
186:
166:
146:
128:
116:
104:
82:
45:
2811:, Addis Ababa University Press, Addis Ababa, 2003.
2785:Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators
2339:Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators
2308:by Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, pg 457
2084:"Mengistu Haile Mariam: The Profile of a Dictator"
1850:Red Tears: War, Famine, and Revolution in Ethiopia
3146:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
2390:"Report: Mengistu Survives Assassination Attempt"
2064:
2062:
1381:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
3643:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
2334:
2332:
2190:"Mengistu Haile Mariam | president of Ethiopia"
1634:"Mengistu Haile Mariam | president of Ethiopia"
1429:In 2018, the former prime minister of Ethiopia
1002:for an Ordnance testing course for six months.
4424:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
2619:"Zimbabwe hails Mengistu's role in liberation"
2597:"Court sentences Major Melaku Tefera to death"
1298:, which was the 10th anniversary of the Derg.
811:from 1984 to 1991. He was the chairman of the
6088:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
4682:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
4647:
3513:
3130:
2918:
2733:Coppa, Frank. 2006. "Mengistu Haile Mariam".
2048:
2046:
1387:as an official guest of Zimbabwean President
1324:was adopted, and the country was renamed the
1261:Soviet Union-Africa relations § Ethiopia
916:. His departure brought an abrupt end to the
734:
8:
2766:. Intercollegiate Studies Institute (2006).
2032:
2030:
2028:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1351:in March 1989, a defeat at the hands of the
265:3 February 1977 – 10 September 1987
228:17 November 1974 – 28 November 1974
2071:Provisional Military Administrative Council
1278:-style command economy. All rural land was
958:were defeated and expelled from the country
634:1974–1974, 1977–1987, 1984–1991 (1987–1991)
36:, and the person should be referred by the
6346:People of the Eritrean War of Independence
5486:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
4654:
4640:
4632:
4162:
3520:
3506:
3498:
3137:
3123:
3115:
2925:
2911:
2903:
2877:"Ethiopian Dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam"
1305:Mengistu in 1986 at SED Party Congress in
974:then joined the army at a very young age.
741:
727:
573:
42:
6401:Ethiopian politicians convicted of crimes
6048:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
2648:"Ethiopia's Mengistu Haile-Mariam speaks"
2420:
2418:
2416:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2128:
6181:Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule
4891:General Secretary of the Communist Party
3006:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
2809:A Tripping Stone: Ethiopian Prison Diary
2521:"Ethiopian Dictator Sentenced to Prison"
2263:Ethiopian Dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam
2005:Ottaway, Marina; Ottaway, David (1978).
1701:
1699:
1326:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
897:, fought over a disputed border region (
824:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
142:10 September 1987 – 21 May 1991
100:12 September 1984 – 21 May 1991
6073:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
4048:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
3053:Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
2426:"Mengistu 'brains behind Zim clean-up'"
1748:
1746:
1628:
1626:
1571:
1536:
920:. Mengistu Haile Mariam still lives in
775:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
576:
6396:Fugitives wanted on war crimes charges
6386:Workers' Party of Ethiopia politicians
6381:Collars of the Order of the White Lion
6341:Ethiopian people convicted of genocide
6151:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
5471:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
5083:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3731:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3668:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2375:, 29 May 1989 (accessed 30 July 2009).
1956:
1781:
1779:
1375:Removal from power; asylum in Zimbabwe
1208:Military gains made by the monarchist
1167:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party
867:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party
590:This article is part of a series about
6376:People sentenced to death in absentia
5550:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
4078:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
1161:Some victims of the Red Terror regime
794:
7:
6446:Fugitives wanted on genocide charges
6093:Sandinista National Liberation Front
5545:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
2675:, Ethiomedia online, 6 February 2012
2228:Encyclopedia of the developing world
777: instead of Ethiopic characters.
16:Leader of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991
6326:Collaborators with the Soviet Union
6102:Militarized Communist Party of Peru
6053:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4851:Socialist state of the whole people
3032:Transitional Government of Ethiopia
2093:, reprinted from the February 1994
1797:. Edinburgh: Canongate. p. 615
1764:. Edinburgh: Canongate. p. 615
1707:"Mengistu found guilty of genocide"
1659:"Mengistu Haile Mariam's Biography"
1601:. Other accounts state 21 May 1941
6436:20th-century Ethiopian politicians
6241:State ideology of the Soviet Union
6043:Communist Party of the Philippines
6033:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
2493:. 21 February 2006. Archived from
1933:Reid, Richard J. (24 March 2011).
1353:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
1118:from March 1975 to February 1977.
912:dissolved itself and called for a
879:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
14:
6441:20th-century presidents in Africa
6431:People of the Ethiopian Civil War
5099:Scientific Outlook on Development
4714:Commanding heights of the economy
3575:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
3560:Criticism of communist party rule
2635:Court Sentences Mengistu to Death
2321:US admits helping Mengistu escape
1920:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1391:. Although Mugabe has since been
1005:Aman was abruptly transferred to
6274:
6262:
6078:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
5496:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
4871:Civilian control of the military
4826:People's democratic dictatorship
4621:Human rights in the Soviet Union
3580:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2537:Mengistu is handed life sentence
1874:"Profile: Mengistu Haile Mariam"
1729:"Profile: Mengistu Haile Mariam"
1585:"Profile: Mengistu Haile Mariam"
1418:slums, which was implemented as
1241:Tigray People's Liberation Front
1106:province, was overthrown in the
1015:1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
881:, who demanded independence for
841:in 1974, marking the end of the
755:
714:
709:
581:
460:1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
420:
410:
398:
67:
4821:Dictatorship of the proletariat
4796:Theory of the productive forces
4529:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
4459:Fall of the inner German border
2466:from the original on 2019-06-29
2011:. Africana Publishing Company.
1922:. Scarecrow Press. p. 287.
1367:, and the Minister of Defense,
990:, and later was assigned as an
875:All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement
6356:Leaders who took power by coup
5773:People's Republic of Kampuchea
5491:A Critique of Soviet Economics
4846:State of socialist orientation
4519:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
3658:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
2787:. Walker & Company, 2004.
2008:Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution
960:in 1941, his parents moved to
667:1987 constitutional referendum
1:
4707:Soviet-type economic planning
4677:Administrative-command system
4539:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
4138:Inter-regional Deputies Group
4123:National League for Democracy
2854:"Mengistu defends Red Terror"
2686:"Mengistu Haile Mariam Facts"
1963:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1848:Giorgis, Dawit Wolde (1989).
1342:Organization of African Unity
1322:new Soviet-style constitution
1095:
796:[mənɡɨstuhaɪləmarjam]
672:1987 Constitution of Ethiopia
217:and Head of State of Ethiopia
32:, the name Haile Mariam is a
6038:Communist Party of Kampuchea
5660:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
5585:Chinese Communist Revolution
4896:Highest organ of state power
4759:Proletarian internationalism
4449:Alexanderplatz demonstration
4414:Polish Round Table Agreement
4088:People's Movement of Ukraine
2690:biography.yourdictionary.com
2285:: Crimes, Terror, Repression
2108:A History of Modern Ethiopia
1731:. BBC News. 12 December 2006
1709:. BBC News. 12 December 2006
1363:, senior military officials
939:1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia
849:economy of Ethiopia through
502:1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia
468:Eritrean War of Independence
6311:Ethiopian former Christians
6068:Indochinese Communist Party
5705:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
5700:New People's Army rebellion
5481:Britain's Road to Socialism
4806:Wars of national liberation
4494:January Events in Lithuania
4429:Hungarian Round Table Talks
4068:Democratic Party of Albania
2283:The Black Book of Communism
2226:Leonard, Thomas M. (2005).
1984:. Oxford University Press.
1939:. OUP Oxford. p. 174.
1369:Haile Giyorgis Habte Mariam
853:-inspired policies such as
829:The Derg took power in the
6462:
6186:Marxist schools of thought
6113:Portuguese Communist Party
6058:Communist Party of Vietnam
5051:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
4148:Hungarian Democratic Forum
4143:Alliance of Free Democrats
4133:Union of Democratic Forces
2840:(1980) 2#2 pp. 65–81
2341:by Riccardo Orizio, pg 151
1443:Trials of the Derg members
1440:
1393:removed from power in 2017
1338:mid-1980s Ethiopian famine
1318:Worker's Party of Ethiopia
1258:
1255:Embracing Marxism–Leninism
1247:, as well as a formidable
1222:Somali Democratic Republic
1210:Ethiopian Democratic Union
1150:
826:(PDRE) from 1987 to 1991.
809:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
704:Soviet-ethiopian relations
694:Eritrea(EPLF)-Ethiopia War
352:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
88:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
27:
20:
6426:People from Wolayita Zone
6258:
6063:Communist Party of Malaya
6018:Communist Party of Brazil
5715:Internal conflict in Peru
4991:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
4901:Leading role of the party
4836:National-democratic state
4831:People's democratic state
4509:1991 protests in Belgrade
3086:
2974:
2838:Northeast African Studies
2539:BBC News, 11 January 2007
2410:, 11 July 1996, page A10.
2352:Northeast African Studies
2214:A Country Study: Ethiopia
1978:Reid, Richard J. (2011).
1124:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
790:
568:
564:
560:
511:
477:
304:
258:
221:
135:
93:
78:
66:
57:
6028:Communist Party of India
5998:Albanian Party of Labour
5121:Bill of Rights socialism
4774:Socialism in one country
4744:Marxist–Leninist atheism
4499:January Events in Latvia
4489:Reunification of Germany
4474:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
4404:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
4128:National Salvation Front
4113:Belarusian Popular Front
4103:Popular Front of Estonia
3872:Polish underground press
3633:List of socialist states
2673:Book Review: "Tiglachin"
2289:Harvard University Press
2216:(US Library of Congress)
331:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
153:Fikre Selassie Wogderess
58:
6391:Politicide perpetrators
6371:People from Addis Ababa
6236:State ideology of China
6108:Workers' Party of Korea
6023:Communist Party of Cuba
6013:Chinese Communist Party
5670:Portuguese Colonial War
5466:Foundations of Leninism
5018:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
4729:Dialectical materialism
4575:Economic liberalization
4514:1991 Belarusian strikes
4454:Fall of the Berlin Wall
4108:Public Against Violence
4098:Popular Front of Latvia
3877:Political demonstration
3726:Chinese economic reform
3638:People Power Revolution
2367:"Ethiopia Fizzled Coup"
2194:Encyclopedia Britannica
2130:2027/osu.32435024020026
2097:(accessed 30 July 2009)
1791:White, Matthew (2011).
1758:White, Matthew (2011).
1638:Encyclopedia Britannica
1420:Operation Murambatsvina
1334:The Heritage Foundation
1116:deputy chairmen of Derg
1019:Aberdeen Proving Ground
914:transitional government
195:as Chairman of the Derg
6416:20th-century criminals
6411:People of the Cold War
6366:Presidents of Ethiopia
5958:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5292:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
5202:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
3709:New political thinking
2713:Andrew, Christopher M.
2637:BBC News, 26 May 2008.
2054:Revolutionary Ethiopia
1473:mass murder by a state
1464:
1309:
1237:Eritrean secessionists
1195:Save the Children Fund
1162:
1134:Leadership of Ethiopia
1099:
1063:
1049:In this country, some
1023:University of Maryland
803:from 1977 to 1991 and
763:This article contains
329:Caffa & Ghimirra,
6201:Post-Marxism–Leninism
6083:Nepal Communist Party
5680:Nicaraguan Revolution
5650:Albanian–Soviet split
5347:Mengistu Haile Mariam
4886:Democratic centralism
4876:Collective leadership
4580:Post-Soviet conflicts
4534:Tajikistani Civil War
4484:Revolution on Granite
4444:Monday Demonstrations
3970:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
3804:Mengistu Haile Mariam
3570:Eastern Bloc politics
2816:Five Grounds: A Novel
2723:. Basic Books, 2005.
1754:Tyrant for the taking
1459:
1330:democratic centralism
1304:
1259:Further information:
1227:, having overrun the
1203:Amnesty International
1160:
1153:Red Terror (Ethiopia)
1085:
1047:
971:Ethiopian Empire Army
783:Mengistu Haile Mariam
599:Mengistu Haile Mariam
130:President of Ethiopia
52:Mengistu Haile Mariam
6321:Ethiopian communists
6281:Communism portal
6269:Socialism portal
5768:Democratic Kampuchea
5675:Black Power movement
5640:Non-Aligned Movement
4779:Socialist patriotism
3990:Vytautas Landsbergis
3985:Viacheslav Chornovil
3814:Denis Sassou Nguesso
2625:), 13 December 2006.
2407:The Washington Times
2143:Gettleman, Jeffrey,
1489:Zimbabwean air force
1431:Hailemariam Desalegn
1108:Ethiopian revolution
1078:The rise of the Derg
887:province of Ethiopia
863:Ethiopian Red Terror
831:Ethiopian Revolution
647:Ethiopian Revolution
111:Position established
6191:National Bolshevism
5725:Revolutions of 1989
5710:Sino-Albanian split
5695:Naxalite insurgency
5685:Cultural Revolution
5565:Great Patriotic War
5417:Nur Muhammad Taraki
4963:Ho Chi Minh Thought
4881:Cult of personality
4719:Developed socialism
4434:Pan-European Picnic
4409:1988 Polish strikes
3789:Wojciech Jaruzelski
3529:Revolutions of 1989
2883:, 29 November 1999.
2860:, 28 December 1999.
2570:Clayton, Jonathan.
2431:Mail & Guardian
2354:1.1 (1994): 63-89.
2089:11 May 2017 at the
1511:("Our Struggle" in
1294:. There was also a
1147:Political conflicts
1039:inferiority complex
956:After the Italians
918:Ethiopian Civil War
903:famine of 1983–1985
859:land redistribution
464:Ethiopian Civil War
335:Italian East Africa
206:Tesfaye Gebre Kidan
180:Tesfaye Gebre Kidan
6351:Exiled politicians
6306:Ethiopian atheists
5720:Nepalese Civil War
5665:Great Leap Forward
5427:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
5302:Kaysone Phomvihane
5104:Xi Jinping Thought
4739:Labour aristocracy
3794:Slobodan Milošević
3663:Vatican Opposition
2881:Human Rights Watch
2869:2006-08-23 at the
2821:2019-10-24 at the
2783:Orizio, Riccardo.
2778:Courtois, Stephane
2654:on 6 February 2015
2608:Ethiopian Reporter
2602:2007-09-28 at the
2434:. 20 February 2006
2326:, 22 December 1999
2266:Human Rights Watch
2150:The New York Times
2052:Edmund J. Keller,
1899:www.britannica.com
1690:Face 2 Face Africa
1663:Durame News Online
1591:. 12 December 2006
1485:Rhodesian Bush War
1469:Human Rights Watch
1310:
1245:sub-Saharan Africa
1220:. The army of the
1163:
1100:
996:Savanna Army Depot
951:Italian occupation
893:of 1977–1978 with
628:leader of Ethiopia
450:Commander-in-Chief
446:Lieutenant Colonel
123:Position abolished
48:Lieutenant Colonel
6288:
6287:
5655:Sino-Soviet split
5615:Tito–Stalin split
5560:Spanish Civil War
5501:Guerrilla Warfare
5460:Theoretical works
5392:Władysław Gomułka
5367:Nicolae Ceaușescu
5327:Nikos Zachariadis
5247:Nikita Khrushchev
5222:Palmiro Togliatti
4921:Transmission belt
4866:Central committee
4724:Dialectical logic
4629:
4628:
4555:Colour revolution
4385:
4384:
4352:Congo-Brazzaville
4073:Democratic Russia
4030:Pope John Paul II
4025:George H. W. Bush
3975:Vladimir Bukovsky
3764:Mikhail Gorbachev
3759:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3545:Era of Stagnation
3495:
3494:
3112:
3111:
3051:President of the
3030:President of the
3004:President of the
2888:The Trial of Derg
2807:Taffara Deguefé,
2762:file and editor)
2743:978-0-8204-5010-0
2717:Mitrokhin, Vasili
2527:, 11 January 2007
2278:Stephane Courtois
2018:978-0-8419-0363-0
1991:978-0-19-161592-4
1946:978-0-19-161592-4
1852:. Red Sea Press.
1401:Mikhail Gorbachev
1292:economic policies
843:Solomonic dynasty
805:General Secretary
793:, pronunciation:
771:rendering support
751:
750:
637:
608:
607:
572:
571:
535:Life imprisonment
487:Years active
241:Aman Mikael Andom
84:General Secretary
6453:
6331:Ethiopian exiles
6316:Anti-Americanism
6279:
6278:
6277:
6267:
6266:
6226:State capitalism
5630:De-Stalinization
5625:Cuban Revolution
5447:Gennady Zyuganov
5432:Rohana Wijeweera
5287:Klement Gottwald
5282:Valko Chervenkov
5267:Lazar Kaganovich
5227:Dolores Ibárruri
5094:Three Represents
5039:Intercommunalism
4859:Political system
4702:Central planning
4697:Anti-revisionism
4687:Anti-imperialism
4663:Marxism–Leninism
4656:
4649:
4642:
4633:
4504:Transnistria War
4163:
4005:Aung San Suu Kyi
3920:Alexander Dubček
3857:Civil resistance
3714:Sinatra Doctrine
3694:Demokratizatsiya
3595:Shortage economy
3522:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3104:
3098:
3092:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2941:Chairmen of the
2927:
2920:
2913:
2904:
2889:
2814:Scott Rempell, "
2804:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2650:. Archived from
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2616:
2610:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2525:Associated Press
2523:by Les Neuhaus,
2518:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2422:
2411:
2403:
2397:
2394:Ethiopian Review
2387:
2376:
2364:
2358:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2301:
2292:
2275:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2095:Ethiopian Review
2081:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2034:
2023:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1822:. Archived from
1821:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1606:. Archived from
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1559:
1541:
1365:attempted a coup
1349:Battle of Afabet
1267:Marxism–Leninism
1225:invaded Ethiopia
1128:Abuna Theophilos
1097:
1027:Fort Leavenworth
851:Marxist-Leninist
839:Haile Selassie I
817:Marxist-Leninist
798:
792:
759:
758:
743:
736:
729:
718:
713:
699:Fall of the Derg
631:
604:
603:
602:
600:
592:
591:
585:
578:
577:
574:
531:Criminal penalty
520:
480:Criminal details
424:
415:
414:
406:Ethiopian Empire
404:
402:
401:
389:Military service
343:
327:
323:
321:
309:Personal details
294:
282:
263:
249:
237:
226:
213:Chairman of the
202:
189:
171:
149:
140:
119:
107:
98:
73:Mengistu in 1978
71:
61:
43:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6275:
6273:
6261:
6254:
6251:Totalitarianism
6231:State socialism
6140:
6116:
5987:
5728:
5570:Greek Civil War
5504:
5455:
5407:Mathieu Kérékou
5312:Leonid Brezhnev
5277:Bolesław Bierut
5272:Georgi Dimitrov
5257:Josip Broz Tito
5252:Walter Ulbricht
5176:
5023:Gonzalo Thought
4935:
4854:
4841:Socialist state
4810:
4665:
4660:
4630:
4625:
4609:
4570:Democratization
4560:Decommunization
4543:
4479:Helsinki Summit
4419:April 9 tragedy
4391:
4381:
4310:
4219:
4167:
4158:
4152:
4040:
4034:
3902:
3896:
3849:
3843:
3799:Mathieu Kérékou
3746:
3740:
3672:
3648:Reagan Doctrine
3623:Active measures
3615:
3609:
3600:Totalitarianism
3537:
3531:
3526:
3496:
3491:
3370:
3158:
3157:Organisation of
3152:
3143:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3082:
3055:
3046:
3034:
3025:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2972:
2945:
2936:
2931:
2887:
2871:Wayback Machine
2850:
2823:Wayback Machine
2802:
2801:. Berlin, 2006
2797:Ulrich Schmid.
2753:Hollander, Paul
2751:(foreword) and
2749:Applebaum, Anne
2709:
2707:Further reading
2704:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2604:Wayback Machine
2595:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2519:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2497:on 30 June 2017
2483:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2404:
2400:
2388:
2379:
2365:
2361:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2319:
2312:
2302:
2295:
2291:, 1999. pg. 691
2276:
2272:
2261:
2257:
2242:
2234:. p. 739.
2225:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2142:
2138:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2091:Wayback Machine
2082:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2051:
2044:
2036:Paul B. Henze,
2035:
2026:
2019:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1955:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1613:
1611:
1610:on 23 June 2006
1602:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1521:
1505:
1445:
1439:
1377:
1263:
1257:
1155:
1149:
1136:
1080:
980:
947:
910:National Shengo
855:nationalization
780:
779:
778:
769:Without proper
760:
756:
747:
708:
638:
636:
625:
598:
596:
595:
594:
593:
589:
588:
538:
516:
507:
482:
470:
466:
462:
448:
419:
409:
408:
399:
397:
362:Wubanchi Bishaw
348:Political party
337:
328:
325:
319:
317:
292:
280:
264:
259:
247:
235:
229:
227:
222:
200:
187:
178:
167:
159:
155:
147:
141:
136:
117:
105:
99:
94:
74:
62:
59:
53:
50:
41:
26:
23:Mengistu (name)
17:
12:
11:
5:
6459:
6457:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6293:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6271:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6248:
6246:Third-Worldism
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6168:
6163:
6156:Anti-communism
6153:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6121:Related topics
6118:
6117:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5794:Czechoslovakia
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5437:Abimael Guzmán
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5402:Thomas Sankara
5399:
5394:
5389:
5387:Erich Honecker
5384:
5382:Maurice Bishop
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5342:Agostinho Neto
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5307:Khalid Bakdash
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5237:Võ Nguyên Giáp
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5217:Maurice Thorez
5214:
5209:
5207:Ehmetjan Qasim
5204:
5199:
5197:Ernst Thälmann
5194:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5028:Prachanda Path
5025:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4988:
4982:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4776:
4771:
4769:Social fascism
4766:
4764:Self-criticism
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4595:Post-communism
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:Czechoslovakia
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4168:Eastern Europe
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4015:Isaias Afwerki
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3995:Zianon Pazniak
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:Erich Honecker
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Anti-communism
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
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1918:Shinn, David.
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1829:on 16 May 2018
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1787:Knives Are Out
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1441:Main article:
1438:
1437:Genocide trial
1435:
1424:Didymus Mutasa
1376:
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1296:famine in 1984
1290:and misguided
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1151:Main article:
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833:following the
820:military junta
791:መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማርያም
773:, you may see
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4020:Ronald Reagan
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4000:Zhelyu Zhelev
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3980:Boris Yeltsin
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3892:Strike action
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3834:Todor Zhivkov
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3824:Deng Xiaoping
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3150:African Union
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3105:Derg Chairman
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2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:1-4792-0172-3
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2799:Aschemenschen
2796:
2794:
2793:0-8027-7692-2
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:1-932236-78-3
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:0-465-00311-7
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2490:Sudan Tribune
2486:
2480:
2477:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2241:1-57958-388-1
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:Bahru Zewde,
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1859:0-932415-34-2
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1620:, 27 May 1941
1609:
1605:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1525:Robert Mugabe
1519:Personal life
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:Robert Mugabe
1386:
1382:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1093:
1090:(middle) and
1089:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:street smarts
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
977:
975:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
952:
944:
942:
940:
936:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
788:
784:
776:
772:
768:
766:
765:Ethiopic text
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
724:
722:
721:
717:
712:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
642:
635:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
611:
601:
587:
584:
580:
579:
575:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
543:(in absentia)
542:
541:death penalty
536:
533:
529:
526:(in absentia)
525:
522:
519:
518:Conviction(s)
514:
510:
503:
499:
496:
492:
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:
423:
418:
413:
407:
396:
392:
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
346:
341:
336:
332:
326:(age 87)
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
296:
290:
287:
284:
278:
275:
272:
268:
262:
257:
254:
251:
245:
242:
239:
233:
225:
220:
216:
211:
207:
204:
198:
194:
191:
185:
181:
176:
175:Fisseha Desta
173:
170:
165:
162:
161:Tesfaye Dinka
158:
154:
151:
145:
139:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
115:
112:
109:
103:
97:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
70:
65:
56:
49:
44:
39:
35:
31:
24:
19:
6221:Second World
6098:Shining Path
5928:Turkmenistan
5864:Soviet Union
5809:East Germany
5609:2002–present
5580:Eastern Bloc
5515:Soviet Union
5422:Alfonso Cano
5372:Gustáv Husák
5362:Sanzō Nosaka
5346:
5337:Fidel Castro
5242:Earl Browder
5168:Zachariadism
5154:
5147:
5131:Lovestoneism
4996:Kimjongunism
4977:
4815:Class system
4801:Third Period
4692:Anti-fascism
4548:Later events
4464:Malta Summit
4296:Turkmenistan
4224:Soviet Union
4210:Soviet Union
4190:East Germany
4010:Meles Zenawi
3965:Sali Berisha
3915:Václav Havel
3862:Human chains
3803:
3769:Károly Grósz
3699:Khozraschyot
3590:Nomenklatura
3565:Eastern Bloc
3270:
3056:(since 1995)
3015:
2967:
2957:
2837:
2808:
2798:
2784:
2763:
2757:introduction
2734:
2720:
2693:. Retrieved
2689:
2680:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:the original
2642:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2607:
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2575:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2544:
2532:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:the original
2488:
2479:
2468:. Retrieved
2459:
2436:. Retrieved
2429:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2370:
2362:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2304:
2281:
2273:
2258:
2230:. New York:
2227:
2221:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2139:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2079:
2070:
2053:
2037:
2007:
2000:
1980:
1973:
1950:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1876:. 2006-12-12
1868:
1849:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1824:the original
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1794:Atrocitology
1793:
1786:
1766:. Retrieved
1761:Atrocitology
1760:
1753:
1752:Fitzgerald,
1733:. Retrieved
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1667:. Retrieved
1665:. 1 May 2012
1662:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1637:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1593:. Retrieved
1539:
1522:
1508:
1506:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1449:Meles Zenawi
1446:
1428:
1416:
1405:
1397:
1378:
1361:East Germany
1346:
1315:
1311:
1280:nationalized
1276:Eastern Bloc
1264:
1207:
1187:
1183:
1179:White Terror
1164:
1140:Tafari Benti
1137:
1120:
1112:Atnafu Abate
1101:
1092:Atnafu Abate
1088:Tafari Benti
1071:
1064:
1051:aristocratic
1048:
1035:
1004:
981:
962:Debre Markos
955:
948:
932:
907:
871:
828:
782:
781:
762:
677:
640:
639:
633:
627:
626:
597:
539:Elevated at
479:
456:Battles/wars
426:PDR Ethiopia
375:Residence(s)
300:as President
297:
293:Succeeded by
286:Tafari Benti
274:Atnafu Abate
260:
253:Tafari Benti
248:Succeeded by
223:
201:Succeeded by
192:
157:Hailu Yimenu
137:
122:
118:Succeeded by
110:
95:
18:
6301:1937 births
6206:Red fascism
5844:North Korea
5739:Afghanistan
5645:Vietnam War
5635:Warsaw Pact
5555:Great Purge
5540:Great Break
5377:János Kádár
5352:Kim Il Sung
5332:Che Guevara
5297:Enver Hoxha
5232:Ho Chi Minh
5173:Brezhnevism
5156:Rankovićism
4931:Vanguardism
4911:Secretariat
4749:Partiinost'
4524:August Coup
4377:South Yemen
4322:Afghanistan
4166:Central and
4159:by location
4063:Civic Forum
3950:Feng Congde
3925:Ion Iliescu
3910:Lech Wałęsa
3867:Magnitizdat
3829:Zhao Ziyang
3819:Heng Samrin
3779:Miloš Jakeš
3689:Perestroika
3432:Hailemariam
3035:(1991–1995)
3009:(1987–1991)
2946:(1974–1987)
2803:(in German)
1952:legitimacy.
1595:13 December
1496:in absentia
1454:in absentia
1271:Third World
1013:during the
1011:Tog Wuchale
1007:Addis Ababa
967:Addis Ababa
934:in absentia
837:of Emperor
652:Land reform
500:1983–1985 (
493:1976–1978 (
354:(1984–1991)
324:21 May 1937
281:Preceded by
236:Preceded by
188:Preceded by
177:(1987–1991)
106:Preceded by
40:, Mengistu.
6295:Categories
6137:Trotskyism
6127:Bolshevism
5973:Montenegro
5954:Yugoslavia
5938:Uzbekistan
5923:Tajikistan
5898:Kyrgyzstan
5893:Kazakhstan
5873:Azerbaijan
5839:Mozambique
5733:By country
5620:Korean War
5452:Xi Jinping
5412:Siad Barre
5192:Mao Zedong
5126:Browderism
5061:Pol Potism
5033:Pantherism
4565:Lustration
4439:Baltic Way
4390:Individual
4367:Mozambique
4306:Uzbekistan
4291:Tajikistan
4276:Kyrgyzstan
4271:Kazakhstan
4236:Azerbaijan
4215:Yugoslavia
4093:Solidarity
4053:Charter 77
4039:Opposition
3935:Wu'erkaixi
3901:Opposition
3848:Opposition
3839:Siad Barre
3784:Egon Krenz
3754:Ramiz Alia
3745:Government
3684:Uskoreniye
3616:background
3538:background
3472:Tshisekedi
3437:Abdel Aziz
3351:Bouteflika
3196:Boumédiène
3078:Sahle-Work
2695:2020-05-26
2658:4 February
2583:2017-01-08
2555:4 February
2470:2019-06-29
2438:2018-02-18
2157:, p. 188).
1904:2024-07-15
1880:2024-07-15
1785:Rapoport,
1735:11 January
1566:References
1509:Tiglatchin
1462:targeting.
1410:suburb of
1251:and navy.
1171:Red Terror
984:Aman Andom
945:Early life
891:Ogaden War
689:Ogaden War
657:Red Terror
641:Government
556:+1,200,000
495:Red Terror
472:Ogaden War
394:Allegiance
320:1937-05-21
38:given name
34:patronymic
6421:Regicides
6211:Red Scare
6196:New class
6008:Comintern
5968:Macedonia
5908:Lithuania
5604:1989–2002
5599:1976–1989
5594:1949–1976
5534:1982–1991
5529:1964–1982
5524:1953–1964
5519:1927–1953
5357:Chin Peng
5212:José Díaz
5163:Dubčekism
5110:Stalinism
5077:Nkrumaism
5072:Sankarism
4957:Guevarism
4952:Castroism
4906:Politburo
4605:Pink tide
4399:Jeltoqsan
4315:Elsewhere
4266:Lithuania
4118:Rastokhez
4058:New Forum
4041:movements
3940:Chai Ling
3550:Communism
3487:Ghazouani
3482:Assoumani
3467:Ramaphosa
3417:Mutharika
3366:Mwanawasa
3311:Babangida
3236:Ramgoolam
3216:Hassan II
2577:The Times
2280:, et al.
2232:Routledge
2179:, p. 302.
1959:cite book
1713:8 January
1614:21 August
1604:"Эфиопия"
1284:civil war
1249:air force
1233:Dire Dawa
978:Army life
885:, then a
835:overthrow
662:Civil War
261:In office
224:In office
138:In office
96:In office
6166:Cold War
6145:See also
6132:Leninism
5983:Slovenia
5878:Byelarus
5834:Mongolia
5814:Ethiopia
5803:Slovakia
5764:Cambodia
5759:Bulgaria
5575:Cold War
5442:Gus Hall
5149:Đilasism
5136:Marcyism
5115:American
5056:National
5002:Kadarism
4973:Husakism
4968:Hoxhaism
4940:Variants
4789:Yugoslav
4670:Concepts
4362:Mongolia
4357:Ethiopia
4342:Cambodia
4246:Chechnya
4180:Bulgaria
3955:Tank Man
3945:Wang Dan
3930:Liu Gang
3887:Samizdat
3882:Protests
3721:Glasnost
3704:500 Days
3628:Cold War
3536:Internal
3392:Obasanjo
3387:Chissano
3346:Compaoré
3306:Museveni
3271:Mengistu
3186:Selassie
3166:Selassie
3148:and the
3016:Mengistu
2968:Mengistu
2958:Mengistu
2867:Archived
2858:BBC News
2819:Archived
2600:Archived
2501:24 March
2464:Archived
2460:BBC News
2250:60705727
2087:Archived
1801:21 March
1768:21 March
1589:BBC News
1385:Zimbabwe
1239:and the
1214:Begemder
1094:(right)
1072:aradanat
1000:Illinois
992:ordnance
930:genocide
926:Zimbabwe
801:Ethiopia
524:Genocide
383:Zimbabwe
367:Children
340:Ethiopia
208:(Acting)
28:In this
6003:Comecon
5963:Croatia
5944:Vietnam
5933:Ukraine
5913:Moldova
5888:Georgia
5883:Estonia
5868:Armenia
5859:Somalia
5854:Romania
5824:Hungary
5819:Grenada
5798:Czechia
5744:Albania
5509:History
5322:Pol Pot
5142:Titoism
5089:Dengism
5066:African
4614:Related
4372:Somalia
4301:Ukraine
4281:Moldova
4256:Georgia
4251:Estonia
4241:Belarus
4231:Armenia
4205:Romania
4195:Hungary
4175:Albania
4083:Sąjūdis
3903:leaders
3850:methods
3747:leaders
3736:Đổi Mới
3677:Reforms
3412:Gaddafi
3407:Kikwete
3397:Nguesso
3361:Chiluba
3356:Eyadéma
3326:Ben Ali
3321:Mubarak
3301:Mubarak
3286:Nguesso
3276:Nyerere
3261:Stevens
3256:Senghor
3251:Tolbert
3246:Nimeiry
3176:Nkrumah
3103:†
3093:Interim
3091:‡
3063:Negasso
3021:Tesfaye
2897:Reuters
2893:YouTube
2621:, AFP (
2175:Henze,
1833:3 March
1643:7 April
1557:Wolayta
1513:Amharic
1503:Memoirs
1408:Gunhill
1288:drought
1191:kebeles
1055:Amharic
895:Somalia
883:Eritrea
807:of the
787:Amharic
553:Victims
548:Details
298:Himself
193:Himself
86:of the
6215:Second
5978:Serbia
5918:Russia
5903:Latvia
5849:Poland
5749:Angola
5181:People
5012:Maoism
4986:Songun
4784:Soviet
4392:events
4327:Angola
4286:Russia
4261:Latvia
4200:Poland
4157:Events
3809:Ne Win
3457:Kagame
3442:Mugabe
3422:Obiang
3402:Kufuor
3341:Mugabe
3296:Traoré
3291:Kaunda
3211:Daddah
3206:Kaunda
3201:Ahidjo
3191:Mobutu
3181:Ankrah
3171:Nasser
3099:Acting
3073:Mulatu
2963:Tafari
2899:, 2007
2842:online
2829:
2791:
2770:
2741:
2727:
2356:online
2268:, 1999
2248:
2238:
2199:3 June
2015:
1988:
1943:
1856:
1545:Amhara
1412:Harare
1307:Berlin
1229:Ogaden
1218:Gondar
1199:hyenas
1175:MEISON
922:Harare
899:Ogaden
889:. The
847:feudal
815:, the
684:famine
678:Shengo
403:
379:Harare
359:Spouse
270:Deputy
230:Acting
182:(1991)
5949:Yemen
5784:Congo
5779:China
5754:Benin
5590:China
4979:Juche
4946:Cuban
4916:State
4347:China
4337:Burma
4332:Benin
3452:Condé
3382:Mbeki
3331:Meles
3316:Diouf
3281:Diouf
3241:Bongo
3226:Barre
3221:Gowon
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