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important to consider the intersectionality of race and gender when thinking about mental health. The same study as mentioned above states that
African American men are more likely to experience social isolation than African American women, which could make black men in this country even more at-risk for psychiatric disorders. When thinking about the racism in this country, this somewhat makes sense, because black men experience certain aspects of discrimination that are specific to their group. For example, African American men are often perceived as dangerous and have high rates of being arrested. When all of these risk factors are then combined with the stigma that all men face in terms of discussing mental health issues, this puts African American men at a very high risk for both developing psychiatric disorders and not feeling empowered enough to talk about their struggles.
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underprivileged minorities. This lack of access can arise from geographic isolation, poor funding and incentive for health care providers, inefficient health care coverage or highly stigmatized and discriminatory community attitudes surrounding mental health. Also, changing the content of healthcare literature and education to include mental health is equally important. The United States has made strides to break down the stigmas surrounding mental health, but the rate of such stigma is currently still on the rise. Potentially linked to such high stigma and miseducation, mental health is also still not considered to be a significant part of basic health care plans. In order for individuals to receive the treatment necessary for mental illness, it must be first acknowledged as a real, treatable illness.
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geographically. Because the current funding for public schools comes from local property taxes, there is more incentive for high-status individuals to narrow the boundaries to not include lower income families from their school districts. Because each school district is then only encompassing one socioeconomic group, the programs and quality are affected. This is where we begin to see the dramatic differences between school districts. While some schools offer amazing guidance departments, advanced classes, and phenomenal facilities, other areas struggle to find qualified and motivated teachers to teach basic classes. Although public education is something that is supposed to be a right for all, an individual's socioeconomic status can greatly affect the quality of that education.
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location of genders and sex within the social construct can be a great determinant of risks and predictors of mental health disorders. These disparities in gender can correlate to the disparities in the types of mental health disorders that individuals have. While all genders and sexes are at risk of a large variety of mental health illnesses, some illnesses and disorders are more common among one sex than another. Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with forms of depression as depressive disorders account for close to 41.9% of the disability from neuropsychiatric disorders among women compared to 29.3% among men. On the other hand, men are three times more likely to be given a diagnosis of a social anxiety disorder than women.
264:, 19% of the LGBTQ+ sample reported being denied the healthcare they needed. In addition, 28% of the sample reported being harassed or even physically assaulted during the health visit. While denial of treatment and harassment during treatment are large causes of the disparities among mental health care quality, the lack of knowledge is also of concern among the LGBTQ+ population. As it is such a newly developing field of study, there is very little knowledge or research conducted that relate specifically to LGBTQ+ health and healthcare. In 2012, about 50% of transgender people surveyed reported having to teach aspects of their health and treatment to the health care providers.
248:, limiting the amount and type of access that they have mental health outpatient sources. In one study, of all those who received mental health care, minority populations reported a higher degree of unmet needs and dissatisfaction with the services they were given (12.5% of whites, 25.4% of African Americans, and 22.6% of Hispanics reported poor care). This is due to the fact that minority groups are more likely to use different sources of care due to insurance discrepancies and costs. More specifically, African Americans are more likely to use emergency services or alternative treatments instead of going to a specialized physician for mental health issues.
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the LGBTQ+ population who receive little or no family support and acceptance are three times more likely to have thoughts of suicide than those who do have a strong family support system behind them. Oftentimes, the lack of familial support is more conducive of detrimental behaviors, such as drug and illegal substance abuse, which can cause further harm to the individual. Multiple aspects of lifestyles, including religion, can affect family support. Those who have strong family ties to religion may be less likely to seek support and help from family members due to fear of a lack of acceptance within the family, as well as within the religious community.
423:, which affects their self-worth and confidence, leading to anxiety, depression, thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts, and suicide. These mental health effects are most commonly seen among adolescents, however, they are also prevalent among adults of all ages. When Covid-19 hit the US, many people used social media to communicate. Although it was good for the majority of the population to still find connection, LGBTQ+ youth and emerging adults were beginning to experience higher rates of mental health issues due to social disconnection and cyber-bullying. The sources of discrimination and victimization that the
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insurance. At least one-third of homeless individuals report one or more psychiatric illness, which is mostly due to the abuse of drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, the stress from previous mental health problems and economic instability, tend to become worse once an individual becomes homeless. This results in other mental health problems arising such as schizophrenia, suicidal ideation, paranoia, and psychosis. Due to homeless individuals not having any economic independence, they tend to lack adequate care from mental health specialists and this causes them to be put in unsafe conditions or situations.
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because it leads to feelings of social isolation and negative emotions. Not only are they made to feel as though they are not fully a part of our society, but they may also feel as though their non-black family members and friends do not fully understand their struggles. This could definitely lead to subjective social isolation, or a lack of feeling close to other people. One study revealed that subjective social isolation in
African Americans is correlated to having any 12-month disorder listed in the DSM and to having a higher number of 12-month disorders listed in the DSM.
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shown that minorities with low-income have less access to mental health care than low-income non-Latino whites. In addition to lack of access, minorities in the United States were more likely to receive poorer quality in mental health care and treatment compared to non-Latino white individuals, leading to many minorities delaying or failing treatment. Studies have shown the
African Americans have decrease access to mental health services and mental health care compared non-Latino white Americans. Many minorities have difficulty in finding care for mental health services.
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issues and the low number of those who have access to expensive and time-consuming therapies. Studies have demonstrated that preventative programs that take place in clinics or other healthcare settings are more beneficial to teenagers, despite the possibility that they may be successful in schools. Social media may be a valuable resource for young people who are socially isolated and who are struggling with mental health issues. But, especially in girls and underrepresented groups, social media use has also been related to sadness, suicide, and self-harm.
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most common reasons for mental health disorders in this community were domestic abuse, fear of loneliness and previous medical history of mental disorders. The Covid-19 pandemic was a difficult time for those who were pregnant as isolation, one of the main causes for anxiety and depression, was mandated. Studies showed that during the pandemic, while the mental health of middle class pregnant women living in New York City improved, pregnant women living under a low socioeconomic status were more vulnerable to suffer from psychological disorders.
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nations merely have warehouses to serve as hospitals where patients are isolated from the rest of society. The few psychiatric hospitals that do exist in developing countries are frequently overcrowded, understaffed, and may not offer the necessary level of care. Most psychiatric hospitals are located in urban areas, away from family members, which increases social isolation and costs for families. Integrating mental health into primary health care could help solve these problems on a global scale.
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that contain a high population of minorities. External environmental factors, such as family, community, and work, can influence the inclination to reach out for mental health counseling.This has been a problem for minority races that need the same services. It is an issue because
African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans need the services more in certain areas due to how biologically certain minority races are more likely to be diagnosed with a mental illness than whites.
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health stress is due to race. For example, many psychiatrists and mental health specialist fail to realize that minority races who are discriminated against face "higher rates of PTSD, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder" than those who receive little to no discrimination. Both often favor explanations rooted in past experiences like family life, personal setbacks, and other potential barriers.
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suffer a higher burden of being diagnose with a mental health disorders as their journey to the country has caused them to experience traumatizing events including sexual abuse, kidnapping, and the constant fear of deportation. Consequently, undocumented
Latinos have a lower access to mental healthcare than U.S.-born Latinos because of the current political restrictions against this community.
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These barriers include but are not limited to the fact that most parents of immigrant children do not understand the United States educational system, inadequate
English as a Second Language programs, and segregation. There are also differences in outcomes across immigrant generation, with first-generation immigrants performing better than subsequent generations. This is termed the
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are trained to help those in need of mental health care. It would also be beneficial to make specific services just for those in high-poverty neighborhoods who lack the resources so we can encourage those in need to get the help that they deserve. With adjustments made to meet these circumstances, the spatial disparities can be lowered and allow those who need the help to get it.
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health disorders. Yet this population has been shown to experience more difficulties in accessing mental health services. Considering this cycle of needing care but not being able to receive care, inequality due to spatial location will likely remain and continue to limit access to mental health care without additional intervention to increase access to mental health services.
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from mental health disorder. One of the most common reasons why older citizens refrain from seeking mental health care is due to the past discrimination by medical professionals. In addition to the lack of knowledge, this group is marginalized due to the lack of funding as most of the funds go to campaigns for the younger LGBTQ+ population.
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mental health issues are provided. There are many ways mental health can effects an adolescents directly and indirectly. Lower grades, conflicts with parents and a lack of social relationship are few of the indirect ways a child can be effects. Whereas, changes in mood states, is one sign of a direct effect of mental health on adolescents.
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depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and psychological stress. Living with a mental health disorder can also contribute to disparities in receiving mental health care. Living with a mental health disorder could affect an individual's economic status, which can additionally lead into their mental health quality as well as life expectancy.
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427:+ population suffers from can be both external and internal. While parts of society today are not accepting of the LGBTQ+ community and make public statements to advertise their discontent, an identifying LGBTQ+ can also have low confidence and a lack of self-worth that furthers these negative mental health effects.
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Adult women are at a high risk of experiencing mental health disorders during their pregnancy, however, most physicians do not address this until the postpartum period. With anxiety and depression being the most common ones, these disorders can affect both the pregnant woman and the baby's life. The
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Minorities have an absence of mental health support within their communities as a result of stigmas and stereotypes applied to those pursuing mental health guidance. Another barrier to the shortage of mental health support is the lack of this type of healthcare available because of the rural settings
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Another socioeconomic factor that can lead to barriers and inequalities in accessing mental health care services include financial restraints. There has been a rise in cost for uninsured individuals in accessing mental health care services compared to individuals who have private or public insurance.
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Although mental health awareness has increased for the LGBTQ+ community, the aging citizens of this community are still struggling to have their voices heard. Research has shown that compared to heterosexuals and other groups in the LGBTQ+ community, older people have a higher incidence of suffering
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Disparities in education are the insufficiency of resources that are included but limited. These disparities usually targets socially excluded communities with low income. Statistics are used when measuring grades, GPA, test scores, and dropout rates to determine the success of students. By creating
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By facilitating easier access to interventions and resources that have been scientifically proven effective as well as by simplifying some steps in the diagnostic, monitoring, and health indicators, digital technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way that services for young people with
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The most notable predictor of mental health illnesses among the LGBTQ population is family acceptance. This was especially hard during Covid-19 because many LGBTQ+ members felt a tremendous amount of stress due to the isolation they felt from not disclosing their identity to their family. Those of
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When considering why
African Americans are so at-risk for mental health issues, it is important to consider how their race impacts their daily lives. Black individuals in this country still face discrimination, and this discrimination has a more negative impact on mental health than physical health
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Many minorities including
African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans inhabit these poverty filled neighborhoods due to factors being not in their favor in certain aspects of society. These neighborhoods lack resources such as offices with psychiatrists or health clinics with good doctors who
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An individual's immigration status also affects the quality of education received. While there are some immigrant groups which do well after immigrating to the United States, many do not have the same level of success. There are many barriers that prevent the academic success of immigrant children.
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can be defined as unjust or unfair differences in educational outcomes that can be a result of difference in treatment of certain minority groups in schools, varying socioeconomic statuses, and varying educational needs. These disparities in education can ultimately lead to issues of mental health.
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There is astounding disparity that exists between the prevalence of mental problems around the world and the resources available for mental health. Globally, only 2% of national budgets are devoted to mental health. Due to a lack of finances and the ability to adequately treat their patients, some
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are an underdeveloped field of study, there are gender specific aspects to life that cause disparities. Gender is often a determinant of the amount of power one has over factors in their life, such as socioeconomic status and social position, and the stressors that go along with these factors. The
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Race is often difficult to acknowledge in mental health. Even when access to mental health therapies exists for minorities, oftentimes both the therapist and the patient can be reluctant to factor their own racial positioning into treatment or find it difficult to believe that some of their mental
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Based on this reasoning, subjective social isolation could be one of the reasons why
African Americans are an at-risk group when it comes to mental health struggles, and it would definitely make sense for this subjective social isolation to be a result of racism that still exists today. It is also
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There is inequality in mental health care access for different races and ethnicities. In fact, compared to white populations, minority groups tend to have lower rates of access to quality care, but still have a greater amount of disabilities that pertain to mental health. Furthermore, studies have
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The burden of unmet mental health needs perpetuates a cycle of inequalities that impact a person’s overall health and wellbeing. Many developing countries lack policies that address the basic needs and rights of people suffering from mental illnesses. According to research, patients in developing
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Sex can also be a determinant of other aspects of mental health as well. The time of onset of symptoms can be different dependent on one's sex. Women are more likely to show signs of mental illnesses, such as depression, earlier and at a younger age than men. Many believe this to be a correlation
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Spatial disparities include, but are not limited to, where one lives, spends most of their time, where they receive most of their resources, and where they receive education. For example, minority races who live in higher poverty neighborhoods are at higher risk for additional stresses and mental
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for various reasons. In fact, in the 12 months leading up to 2010, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders were 15% in
African Americans and 16% for Hispanics, but 21% of non-Hispanic whites . Despite this, African Americans and Hispanics are more likely to be diagnosed with an affective disorder
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Mental health is as an ongoing issue for adolescents. Researchers claim that preventing mental health problems, which commonly start in adolescence, is both doable and necessary. Schools have emerged as an target for involvement due to the high number of young people who experience mental health
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in mental health, not only do we need to acknowledge the lack of access that minority groups have to the proper health care, but we also need to understand that being in a minority racial group puts individuals at a higher risk for developing psychiatric disorders in the first place. Then, it is
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The historical events that took place in the United States against African Americans have resulted in a distrust in the healthcare system. The stigma of mental healthcare in the African American community has caused an increased prevalence of these disorders as surveys have found that 12 million
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When looking at socioeconomic statuses, it is important to look into the discrepancies that homeless individuals face pertaining to mental health. Most, if not all, homeless individuals live in poverty, which as stated before, causes them to have less access to proper mental healthcare or health
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Lack of socioeconomic resources can lead to development of traumatic experiences that precipitate into mental health disorders. For example, not having employment or having limited access to resources can influence the course of developing some of the most common mental health disorders, such as
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Around 30% of people globally suffer from a mental disorder in any given year, and more than two thirds of those individuals do not receive the necessary care. The most common mental health disorders globally are depression, alcohol and substance abuse, and psychosis. The consequences of mental
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Sexuality plays a large role in the prediction of mental illnesses and overall mental health. Those who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or queer have a higher risk of having mental health issues, most likely as a result of the continued discrimination and victimization they
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During the early 2010's the Latino community experienced an increase in cases of mental health disorders. Studies have shown that Latinos are more likely to present early symptoms of mental health disorders than non Latino-whites. Among Latinos, those without a legal status in the United States
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The LGBTQ+ population, while still open to the same disparities as racial minority groups, is often confronted with the problem of being denied mental health treatment because of the gender they identify as or their sexual orientation. In a study conducted by The National Center for Transgender
376:"This theory postulates that Whites have a greater propensity to avoid living in poverty communities because they are more likely to enjoy social and economic advantages. Only seriously mentally ill Whites suffer from steep downward mobility and come to reside in high-poverty neighborhoods".
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Disparities in education, contributory to socioeconomic status, immigrant status, and ethnic/racial status can be another contributing factor to mental health inequality. Socioeconomic status plays a large role in the difference in access to educational resources. School districts are split
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Besides being the most vulnerable race to contract the Covid-19 virus, they also presented a higher incidence of mental health disorders. Research has shown that this community reacts better to treatment when it is offered by healthcare professionals as an alternative to other treatments.
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Because mental health inequality is largely due to disparities in health insurance, ways to improve mental health equity must come from changes in healthcare policies. Much of mental health disparity comes from a lack of access to healthcare in low socioeconomic communities and, often,
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crucial to consider some of the possible reasons for this and begin to ask how we could decrease the disparities in this country. All minority groups are especially at-risk for mental health issues, including racial minority groups, and this is linked to systemic racism.
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with the onset time of puberty. As a result of social stigmas and stereotypes within society, women are also more likely to be prescribed mood-altering medications, whereas men are more likely to be prescribed medications for addictions. Further research on the mental
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This plan is an indicator of the global importance of mental health and includes goals for global mental health improvement. This plan also addresses mental health inequalities by acknowledging the need for greater access in low and middle-income countries.
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After surveying individuals of different races, a study has shown that African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans gain less access to the same type of mental services that non-minority whites get access to. A possible reason that the author stated:
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health inequalities include unneeded suffering and premature death, increased stigma and marginalization, a lack of investment in mental health workforce and infrastructure and limited or no treatment for people suffering from these conditions.
397:", which he asserts is an artificial construction of anthropologists and psychologists) discussing the behavioral health industry's difficulties successfully analyzing and treating the needs of indigenous people in the United States and Canada.
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Payton, Otto D (1994). "Through the Patientʼs Eyes: Understanding and Promoting Patient-Centered Care. Gerteis M, Edgman-Levitan S, Daley J, Delbanco TL, eds, San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass Inc, Publishers, 1993, hardback, 317 pp, $ 33.95".
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There is major inequality in the mental health field on a global scale, especially in developing countries. The number of people with a mental health condition is substantial, while clinicians are under-appreciated and under resourced.
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countries frequently leave hospitals without knowing their diagnosis or what medications they are taking, they wait too long for referrals, appointments, and treatment, and they are not respected or given adequate emotional support.
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refers to the differences in the quality, access, and health care different communities and populations receive for mental health services. Globally, the World Health Organization estimates that 350 million people are affected with
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are less likely to have access to mental health care and are more likely to have lesser quality care when they do find it. African Americans and other members of racial minorities are more likely to be uninsured or have
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Almeida, Osvaldo P. (April 2003). "Atlas: Mental Health Resources in the World 2001 . Edited by S. Saxena. (Pp. 55; available free from WHO, CH1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.) World Health Organization: Geneva. 2001".
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Primm, Annelle B.; Vasquez, Melba J. T.; Mays, Robert A.; Sammons-Posey, Doreleena; McKnight-Eily, Lela R.; Presley-Cantrell, Letitia R.; McGuire, Lisa C.; Chapman, Daniel P.; Perry, Geraldine S. (January 2010).
232:, that can influence an individual's susceptibility to developing mental disorders and illnesses include, but are not limited to, economic status, education level, demographics, geographic location and genetics.
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receive at the hands of others. In fact, a 2017 study found that states who had same-sex marriage laws that were supportive, had lower rates of suicide among adolescents that states that had unsupportive laws.
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Alegría M, Canino G, Ríos R, Vera M, Calderón J, Rusch D, Ortega AN (December 2002). "Inequalities in use of specialty mental health services among Latinos, African Americans, and non-Latino whites".
204:. Inequalities that can occur in mental healthcare may include mental health status, access to and quality of care, and mental health outcomes, which may differ across populations of different
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than white individuals. For example, schizophrenia is often over-diagnosed in African Americans, whereas mood disorders, depression, and anxiety are under-diagnosed.
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Prince, Martin; Patel, Vikram; Saxena, Shekhar; Maj, Mario; Maselko, Joanna; Phillips, Michael R; Rahman, Atif (September 2007). "No health without mental health".
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Problems can extend to the point of racial beliefs of health professionals and researchers influencing the diagnoses and treatments developed for some communities.
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Shim, Ruth S.; Kho, Christine E.; Murray-García, Jann (March 2018). "Inequities in Mental Health and Mental Health Care: A Review and Future Directions".
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Victor, Sarah E.; Trieu, Terry H.; Seymour, Nicole E. (3 July 2023). "Associations with LGBTQ+ mental health disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic".
1796:"Early pregnancy mood before and during COVID-19 community restrictions among women of low socioeconomic status in New York City: a preliminary study"
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among sex and gender is needed in order to gain a deeper knowledge of the predictors of mental health and the possible differences in treatments.
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Wells K, Klap R, Koike A, Sherbourne C (December 2001). "Ethnic disparities in unmet need for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health care".
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Jha S, Salve HR, Goswami K, Sagar R, Kant S (August 2018). "Burden of common mental disorders among pregnant women: A systematic review".
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Members of this population are confronted with derogatory and hateful comments, whether through face-to-face communication or through
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Wiggan G (September 2007). "Race, School Achievement, and Educational Inequality: Toward a Student-Based Inquiry Perspective".
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a system in which a person could never succeed can perpetuate inequalities, especially those suffering from mental health.
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Dashiff, Carol; DiMicco, Wendy; Myers, Beverly; Sheppard, Kathy (February 2009). "Poverty and Adolescent Mental Health".
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Lippert, Adam M.; Lee, Barrett A. (August 2015). "Stress, Coping, and Mental Health Differences among Homeless People".
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Alford BA (September 1991). "Integration of scientific criteria into the psychotherapy integration movement".
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Leary K (2012). "Race as an adaptive challenge: Working with diversity in the clinical consulting room".
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adopted a new action plan to address mental health over the following 8 years. This plan is called the
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Ndetei, D M; Ongetcha, F A; Mutiso, V; Kuria, M; Khasakhala, L A; Kokonya, D A (24 July 2007).
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When this happens, less privileged groups get looped into the cascading effects of inequality.
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Ngui, Emmanuel M.; Khasakhala, Lincoln; Ndetei, David; Roberts, Laura Weiss (June 2010).
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3250:
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2714:
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2110:
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1964:
1939:
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1199:
1000:
975:
864:
847:
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763:
600:
575:
252:
201:
1905:
1861:
1844:
828:
National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
4216:
4105:
3728:
3664:
3649:
3511:
3476:
3456:
3327:
3270:
3205:
2617:
2520:
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2176:
2001:
1533:
1516:
1421:
1404:
1104:
538:
533:
312:
197:
2070:
1921:
1878:
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1671:
3939:
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3654:
3621:
3601:
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3501:
3481:
3117:
3015:
3010:
2746:
2721:
2585:
2525:
2490:
2460:
420:
1687:"Innovative Approaches Address Aging and Mental Health Needs in LGBTQ Communities"
1624:
251:
In addition, mental illnesses are often under- and over-diagnosed among different
1955:
1356:"Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of mental health services in poverty areas"
1146:
1138:
734:
3841:
3801:
3769:
3636:
3596:
3436:
3349:
3300:
3275:
3175:
2868:
2607:
2590:
2545:
2465:
1845:"World Health Assembly adopts Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2020"
1302:
Bucay-Harari L, Page KR, Krawczyk N, Robles YP, Castillo-Salgado C (July 2020).
976:"Access and cost barriers to mental health care, by insurance status, 1999-2010"
2159:
2134:
1811:
1319:
1267:
1176:
848:"Are the Brown and Harris "vulnerability factors" risk factors for depression?"
699:
4177:
4115:
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2600:
2535:
2384:
2062:
2033:
2016:
1764:
1655:
991:
807:
591:
576:"Uncovering the hidden impacts of inequality on mental health: a global study"
1576:
1215:
830:"National Transgender Discrimination Survey Report on health and health care"
659:
Public Health Classifications Project - Determinants of Health - Final Report
4016:
3964:
3681:
3280:
2410:
1639:
1471:
1096:
209:
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609:
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3315:
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245:
1940:"Mental disorders, health inequalities and ethics: A global perspective"
2485:
2389:
2369:
2342:
2317:
960:
632:
345:
women and 7 million men suffer from some kind of mental health illness.
2101:
1517:"Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults"
1403:
Hiott AE, Grzywacz JG, Davis SW, Quandt SA, Arcury TA (January 2008).
1047:"Study examines how district boundaries exacerbate school segregation"
808:"Disparities in Access to Mental Health Services by African Americans"
3441:
2470:
2374:
2352:
2347:
2297:
1498:
217:
2086:"Youth mental health: risks and opportunities in the digital world"
3451:
2302:
1515:
Ryan C, Russell ST, Huebner D, Diaz R, Sanchez J (November 2010).
513:
424:
72:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
2221:
913:
Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain, 2004
4063:
3892:
2225:
110:
56:
15:
2017:"The challenges of human resources in mental health in Kenya"
126:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1349:
1347:
1250:
Nguyen AW, Taylor RJ, Taylor HO, Chatters LM (March 2020).
445:
gender differences among those with mental health disorders
236:
Disparities in accessing and quality of mental health care
1308:
The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research
1405:"Migrant farmworker stress: mental health implications"
688:
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
464:
Current initiatives in achieving mental health equality
311:. These issues along with the psychological effects of
135:
80:
1638:
Yarns BC, Abrams JM, Meeks TW, Sewell DD (June 2016).
1559:
Mustanski BS, Garofalo R, Emerson EM (December 2010).
4166:
1304:"Mental Health Needs of an Emerging Latino Community"
1794:
Silverman ME, Medeiros C, Burgos L (December 2020).
1297:
1295:
3875:
3752:
3545:
3156:
2796:
2643:
2403:
2290:
2259:
2192:
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing
2135:"Tackling the mental-health crisis in young people"
1521:
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing
911:McGinnity Á, Meltzer H, Ford T, Goodman R (2005).
478:Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2020.
4027:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
1554:
1552:
974:Rowan K, McAlpine DD, Blewett LA (October 2013).
1685:Hoy-Ellis CP, Ator M, Kerr C, Milford J (2016).
3687:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
1158:
1156:
3169:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
1245:
1243:
83:to make improvements to the overall structure.
2237:
1724:
1722:
124:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1510:
1508:
336:Ethnic and racial disparities and predictors
224:, education level, and geographic location.
3385:List of people killed for being transgender
1034:. American Psychological Association. 2012.
665:. NSW Department of Health. December 2010.
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2244:
2230:
2222:
1843:Saxena S, Funk M, Chisholm D (June 2013).
2158:
2109:
2032:
1963:
1860:
1819:
1702:
1584:
1532:
1420:
1379:
1354:Chow JC, Jaffee K, Snowden L (May 2003).
1327:
1275:
1223:
1066:"Unequal Opportunity: Race and Education"
999:
863:
779:
631:
599:
439:Sex and gender disparities and predictors
323:Spatial disparities (geographic location)
180:Learn how and when to remove this message
162:Learn how and when to remove this message
99:Learn how and when to remove this message
2501:Social determinants of health in poverty
1640:"The Mental Health of Older LGBT Adults"
852:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
4173:
1064:Darling-Hammond, Linda (1 March 1998).
566:
274:Socioeconomic status and mental health
1990:Journal of Physical Therapy Education
1933:
1931:
1606:
1604:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1023:
1021:
1019:
942:
940:
7:
4151:
3191:Capital punishment for homosexuality
2506:Social determinants of mental health
1198:McGuire TG, Miranda J (March 2008).
915:. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillian.
823:
821:
801:
799:
756:
754:
752:
549:Social determinants of mental health
230:social determinants of mental health
3311:Genital modification and mutilation
626:. World Health Organization. 2003.
262:National Gay and Lesbian Task Force
1944:International Review of Psychiatry
723:The American Journal of Psychiatry
14:
1800:Archives of Women's Mental Health
1565:American Journal of Public Health
1360:American Journal of Public Health
485:Global mental health inequalities
405:LGBTQ+ disparities and predictors
31:This article has multiple issues.
4200:
4188:
4176:
4150:
4141:
4140:
3790:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
3627:Law for Protection of the Nation
3527:White genocide conspiracy theory
2204:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00166.x
2002:10.1097/00001416-199407000-00030
1534:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x
1422:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2008.00134.x
268:Socioeconomic status disparities
115:
61:
20:
3632:MSM blood donation restrictions
3380:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
1045:Mezzacappa D (22 August 2016).
39:or discuss these issues on the
3645:(as religious or racial quota)
2133:Sohn, Emily (25 August 2022).
1734:WHO Regional Office for Europe
1085:Review of Educational Research
1:
4059:Second-generation gender bias
3775:Constitutional colorblindness
2496:Social determinants of health
2021:African Journal of Psychiatry
1906:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61238-0
1862:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61139-3
1625:10.1080/19419899.2023.2179938
226:Social determinants of health
1956:10.3109/09540261.2010.485273
1256:Clinical Social Work Journal
1139:10.3928/00485713-20180213-01
806:Barclay L (26 August 2009).
735:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2027
4228:Social problems in medicine
3970:Medical model of disability
3822:Hate speech laws by country
1753:Asian Journal of Psychiatry
1409:The Journal of Rural Health
846:Patten SB (December 1991).
138:, discuss the issue on the
4254:
4079:Social model of disability
2551:Discrimination against men
2160:10.1038/d41586-022-02206-9
1812:10.1007/s00737-020-01061-9
1730:"Gender and mental health"
1644:Current Psychiatry Reports
1613:Psychology & Sexuality
1320:10.1007/s11414-020-09688-3
1268:10.1007/s10615-019-00725-z
1177:10.1176/appi.ps.53.12.1547
768:Preventing Chronic Disease
700:10.1176/ps.2007.58.12.1533
624:Investing in mental health
408:
360:When we are talking about
271:
4136:
3432:Opposition to immigration
2353:Race / Ethnicity
2063:10.1017/s0033291703267659
2034:10.4314/ajpsy.v10i1.30231
1765:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.06.020
1656:10.1007/s11920-016-0697-y
1487:Psychoanalytic Psychology
992:10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0133
888:"Types of Mental Illness"
592:10.1038/s41398-018-0148-0
393:(the title referring to "
3427:Occupational segregation
3196:Compulsory sterilization
1577:10.2105/ajph.2009.178319
1216:10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.393
580:Translational Psychiatry
506:Adolescent mental health
228:, more specifically the
193:Mental health inequality
3955:Internalized oppression
3817:Fighting Discrimination
3807:Fat acceptance movement
3765:Anti-discrimination law
3405:Native American mascots
1097:10.3102/003465430303947
296:Educational disparities
4074:Social identity threat
4047:Reverse discrimination
4037:Racial color blindness
3517:Violence against women
3497:Sex-selective abortion
2084:Hollis, Chris (2022).
2051:Psychological Medicine
1446:Revenge of the Windigo
1051:Chalkbeat Philadelphia
921:10.1037/e557702010-001
519:
390:Revenge of the Windigo
222:socioeconomic statuses
4042:Religious intolerance
4002:Political correctness
3832:Intersex human rights
3780:Cultural assimilation
3462:Religious persecution
3226:Disability hate crime
3011:Jewish / Antisemitism
1454:10.3138/9781442683815
1372:10.2105/ajph.93.5.792
517:
474:World Health Assembly
385:James Burgess Waldram
291:Education disparities
3447:Political repression
2456:Anti-left handedness
2446:Anti-intellectualism
1165:Psychiatric Services
949:Sociological Inquiry
198:depressive disorders
144:create a new article
136:improve this article
3950:Historical eugenics
3487:Segregation academy
3467:Religious terrorism
3256:Enemy of the people
3164:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
2683:Jehovah's Witnesses
2576:Perpetual foreigner
2151:2022Natur.608S..39S
1855:(9882): 1970–1971.
81:editing the article
3862:Social integration
3857:Self-determination
3847:Racial integration
3795:Diversity training
3785:Cultural pluralism
3760:Affirmative action
3660:Racial segregation
3570:Crime of apartheid
3472:Religious violence
2975:Indigenous people
2380:Sexual orientation
1444:Waldram J (2004).
1127:Psychiatric Annals
961:10.1111/soin.12080
520:
454:health disparities
387:wrote a 2004 text
362:racial disparities
214:sexual orientation
4233:Social inequality
4164:
4163:
4032:Racism by country
3960:Intersectionality
3945:Heteronormativity
3744:Voter suppression
3492:Sexual harassment
3291:Forced conversion
3211:Cultural genocide
2874:African Americans
2693:post–Cold War era
2678:Eastern Orthodoxy
2441:Anti-drug addicts
2436:Anti-homelessness
2363:Scientific racism
2145:(7924): S39–S41.
2102:10.1002/wps.20929
1900:(9590): 859–877.
1571:(12): 2426–2432.
1463:978-1-4426-8381-5
1171:(12): 1547–1555.
986:(10): 1723–1730.
930:978-1-4039-8637-5
729:(12): 2027–2032.
672:978-1-74187-461-7
643:978-92-4-156257-7
574:Yu S (May 2018).
544:Immigrant paradox
472:In May 2013, the
395:Wendigo psychosis
309:immigrant paradox
260:Equality and the
241:African Americans
190:
189:
182:
172:
171:
164:
146:, as appropriate.
109:
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101:
74:layout guidelines
54:
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4192:
4191:
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4180:
4172:
4154:
4153:
4144:
4143:
4084:Social privilege
4069:Social exclusion
3997:Police brutality
3918:Multiculturalism
3888:Amatonormativity
3719:Social exclusion
3555:Age of candidacy
3355:Homeless dumping
3261:Ethnic cleansing
2246:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2162:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2090:World Psychiatry
2081:
2075:
2074:
2045:
2039:
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2012:
2006:
2005:
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1742:
1741:
1740:on 14 June 2019.
1736:. Archived from
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1499:10.1037/a0027817
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683:
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647:
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620:
614:
613:
603:
571:
411:LGBTQ psychology
185:
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167:
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119:
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111:
104:
97:
93:
90:
84:
65:
64:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
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4213:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4175:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4132:
4007:Polyculturalism
3903:Civil liberties
3871:
3852:Reappropriation
3753:Countermeasures
3748:
3677:Racial steering
3643:Numerus clausus
3547:
3541:
3266:Ethnic conflict
3201:Corrective rape
3152:
2792:
2639:
2531:HIV/AIDS stigma
2399:
2348:Mental disorder
2286:
2255:
2250:
2220:
2219:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2083:
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2078:
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2014:
2013:
2009:
1986:
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1402:
1401:
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1345:
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1300:
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1123:
1112:
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1063:
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1044:
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1039:
1031:
1027:
1026:
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968:
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945:
938:
931:
910:
909:
905:
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886:
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881:
845:
844:
840:
832:
827:
826:
819:
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719:
715:
685:
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680:
673:
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622:
621:
617:
573:
572:
568:
563:
558:
554:Social medicine
529:
508:
487:
466:
441:
413:
407:
338:
325:
293:
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253:minority groups
238:
186:
175:
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133:
120:
116:
105:
94:
88:
85:
79:Please help by
78:
66:
62:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4251:
4249:
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4230:
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4209:
4197:
4185:
4162:
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4159:
4158:
4148:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4052:Reverse racism
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Prisoner abuse
4019:
4014:
4012:Power distance
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3930:Ethnic penalty
3927:
3926:
3925:
3923:Neurodiversity
3920:
3910:
3908:Dehumanization
3905:
3900:
3898:Cisnormativity
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3876:Related topics
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
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3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
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3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:State religion
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3670:Nuremberg Laws
3667:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3612:Ghetto benches
3609:
3607:Gerrymandering
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:Gender pay gap
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3546:Discriminatory
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
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3434:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Lavender scare
3372:
3370:Kill Haole Day
3367:
3365:Indian rolling
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
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3278:
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3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Eliminationism
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3186:Cancel culture
3183:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3158:
3157:Manifestations
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Middle Eastern
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2788:Zoroastrianism
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2715:Untouchability
2712:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Leprosy stigma
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:Discrimination
2251:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2182:
2125:
2076:
2057:(3): 563–568.
2040:
2007:
1979:
1950:(3): 235–244.
1927:
1884:
1835:
1806:(6): 779–782.
1786:
1743:
1718:
1677:
1630:
1619:(3): 495–512.
1600:
1548:
1527:(4): 205–213.
1504:
1493:(3): 279–291.
1477:
1462:
1436:
1395:
1366:(5): 792–797.
1343:
1314:(3): 388–398.
1291:
1239:
1210:(2): 393–403.
1204:Health Affairs
1190:
1152:
1133:(3): 138–142.
1110:
1091:(3): 310–333.
1075:
1056:
1037:
1015:
980:Health Affairs
966:
955:(3): 343–374.
936:
929:
903:
879:
858:(5): 267–271.
838:
817:
795:
748:
713:
694:(3): 211–216.
678:
671:
649:
642:
615:
565:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
530:
528:
525:
507:
504:
486:
483:
465:
462:
440:
437:
406:
403:
337:
334:
324:
321:
292:
289:
272:Main article:
269:
266:
237:
234:
202:mental illness
188:
187:
170:
169:
130:of the subject
128:worldwide view
123:
121:
114:
107:
106:
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4250:
4239:
4238:Health equity
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Mental health
4221:
4220:
4218:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4157:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:Social stigma
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:State atheism
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Jim Crow laws
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:One-drop rule
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Blood quantum
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Victimisation
3510:
3508:
3507:Trans bashing
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Religious war
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Racialization
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Glass ceiling
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Ethnic hatred
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Counter-jihad
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:United States
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2852:United States
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Protestantism
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:LDS or Mormon
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Transmisogyny
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Gerontophobia
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Anti-intersex
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Anti-albinism
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Institutional
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
941:
937:
932:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
904:
893:
889:
883:
880:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
839:
831:
824:
822:
818:
813:
809:
802:
800:
796:
791:
787:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
679:
674:
668:
661:
660:
653:
650:
645:
639:
634:
629:
625:
619:
616:
611:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
570:
567:
560:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Health equity
537:
535:
534:Acculturation
532:
531:
526:
524:
516:
512:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
484:
482:
479:
475:
470:
463:
461:
457:
455:
449:
446:
438:
436:
432:
428:
426:
422:
417:
412:
404:
402:
398:
396:
392:
391:
386:
381:
377:
374:
370:
366:
363:
358:
354:
350:
347:
342:
335:
333:
329:
322:
320:
316:
314:
313:acculturation
310:
304:
300:
297:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
267:
265:
263:
257:
254:
249:
247:
242:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
184:
181:
166:
163:
155:
145:
141:
137:
131:
129:
122:
113:
112:
103:
100:
92:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
3940:Gender-blind
3827:Human rights
3655:Racial quota
3642:
3622:Jewish quota
3602:Gerontocracy
3597:Gender roles
3575:Disabilities
3560:Blood purity
3532:Wife selling
3522:White flight
3502:Slut-shaming
3482:Scapegoating
3400:Murder music
3073:Palestinians
3016:Anti-Zionism
2884:South Africa
2869:Black people
2847:South Africa
2668:Christianity
2658:Baháʼí Faith
2586:Sectarianism
2526:Heterosexism
2491:Ephebiphobia
2461:Anti-Masonry
2328:Hair texture
2198:(1): 23–32.
2195:
2191:
2185:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2096:(1): 81–82.
2093:
2089:
2079:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2024:
2020:
2010:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1947:
1943:
1897:
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1848:
1838:
1803:
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1789:
1756:
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1738:the original
1733:
1697:(2): 56–62.
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1612:
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1415:(1): 32–39.
1412:
1408:
1398:
1363:
1359:
1311:
1307:
1262:(1): 87–98.
1259:
1255:
1207:
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1168:
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1130:
1126:
1088:
1084:
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1069:
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1040:
983:
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912:
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421:social media
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125:
95:
86:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
3842:Nonviolence
3837:LGBT rights
3802:Empowerment
3770:Anti-racism
3692:Segregation
3637:No kid zone
3437:Persecution
3350:Hate speech
3301:Gay bashing
3276:Ethnic joke
3231:Dog whistle
3176:Blood libel
2864:Azerbaijani
2768:Neopaganism
2761:Persecution
2727:Persecution
2710:Persecution
2673:Catholicism
2608:Transphobia
2591:Supremacism
2546:Lesbophobia
2466:Aporophobia
2431:Anti-autism
2282:Taste-based
2277:Statistical
1691:Generations
633:10665/42823
4217:Categories
4207:Psychology
4116:Stereotype
4111:Speciesism
3992:Oppression
3987:Oikophobia
3883:Allophilia
3867:Toleration
3724:Sodomy law
3617:Internment
3537:Witch-hunt
3415:Blackhawks
3345:Hate group
3333:Hate crime
3306:Gendercide
3296:Freak show
3286:Excellence
3246:Employment
3216:Defamation
3148:Vietnamese
3143:Venezuelan
3033:Lithuanian
2700:Falun Gong
2635:Xenophobia
2630:Vegaphobia
2613:Non-binary
2571:Pedophobia
2536:Homophobia
2358:Skin color
2318:Disability
2291:Attributes
2272:Structural
1894:The Lancet
1147:2011652359
897:2018-10-14
774:(1): A20.
561:References
518:Smartphone
409:See also:
36:improve it
4089:Christian
4017:Prejudice
3965:Masculism
3913:Diversity
3707:religious
3682:Redlining
3281:Ethnocide
3241:Education
3133:Ukrainian
3068:Pakistani
3058:Mongolian
2979:Australia
2961:Hungarian
2916:Colombian
2896:Bulgarian
2778:Rastafari
2732:Ahmadiyya
2645:Religious
2623:Trans men
2581:Pregnancy
2516:Gayphobia
2511:Fatphobia
2416:Acephobia
2411:Arophobia
2395:Viewpoint
2177:251809847
1996:(2): 88.
1759:: 46–53.
1650:(6): 60.
1105:145720455
1070:Brookings
586:(1): 98.
210:ethnicity
140:talk page
42:talk page
4195:Medicine
4146:Category
4128:The talk
4064:Snobbery
3982:Net bias
3812:Feminism
3739:Ugly law
3580:Catholic
3548:policies
3395:Mortgage
3390:Lynching
3321:examples
3316:Genocide
3236:Economic
3221:Democide
3181:Bullying
3098:Romanian
3063:Nigerian
3006:Japanese
2941:Georgian
2926:Filipino
2859:Assyrian
2832:Armenian
2822:American
2817:Albanian
2799:National
2783:Yazidism
2705:Hinduism
2663:Buddhism
2566:Nepotism
2561:Misogyny
2556:Misandry
2481:Clannism
2476:Biphobia
2421:Adultism
2338:Language
2212:19200289
2169:36002499
2120:35015352
2071:73021665
1974:20528652
1922:32695269
1914:17804063
1879:44710599
1871:23746771
1830:32844329
1781:49648838
1773:29966886
1713:28366982
1672:26314082
1664:27142205
1595:20966378
1543:21073595
1472:53396855
1431:18257868
1390:12721146
1338:32002728
1286:35418715
1234:18332495
1185:12461214
1143:ProQuest
1010:24101061
812:Medscape
790:20040235
743:11729020
610:29777100
527:See also
246:Medicaid
152:May 2017
134:You may
89:May 2017
4183:Society
4169:Portals
4156:Commons
3935:Figleaf
3360:Housing
3128:Turkish
3078:Pashtun
3048:Mexican
3028:Kurdish
3001:Italian
2951:Haitian
2936:Finnish
2911:Chinese
2906:Chechen
2901:Catalan
2891:Bengali
2812:African
2797:Ethnic/
2756:Judaism
2747:Sunnism
2737:Shi'ism
2653:Atheism
2486:Elitism
2385:Species
2323:Genetic
2313:Dialect
2147:Bibcode
2111:8751553
1965:2935265
1821:7447087
1704:5375170
1586:2978194
1381:1447841
1329:7324412
1277:9004793
1225:3928067
1001:4236908
874:1797101
865:1188364
781:2811515
708:1804855
601:5959880
216:, sex,
4121:threat
3975:autism
3712:sexual
3702:racial
3585:Jewish
3442:Pogrom
3420:Chiefs
3410:Braves
3138:Uyghur
3113:Somali
3108:Slavic
3093:Romani
3088:Quebec
3083:Polish
3023:Korean
2984:Canada
2971:Indian
2956:Hazara
2931:Fulani
2842:France
2807:Afghan
2742:Sufism
2471:Audism
2404:Social
2333:Height
2210:
2175:
2167:
2139:Nature
2118:
2108:
2069:
1972:
1962:
1920:
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1849:Lancet
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218:gender
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3452:Purge
3118:Tatar
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3038:Malay
2996:Irish
2946:Greek
2921:Croat
2879:China
2837:Asian
2722:Islam
2596:White
2343:Looks
2308:Class
2303:Caste
2260:Forms
2173:S2CID
2067:S2CID
2027:(1).
1918:S2CID
1875:S2CID
1777:S2CID
1668:S2CID
1101:S2CID
1032:(PDF)
892:WebMD
833:(PDF)
663:(PDF)
425:LGBTQ
142:, or
4094:male
3893:Bias
3338:LGBT
3123:Thai
3103:Serb
2966:Igbo
2827:Arab
2601:Male
2390:Size
2370:Rank
2208:PMID
2165:PMID
2116:PMID
1970:PMID
1910:PMID
1867:PMID
1826:PMID
1769:PMID
1709:PMID
1660:PMID
1591:PMID
1539:PMID
1468:OCLC
1458:ISBN
1427:PMID
1386:PMID
1334:PMID
1282:PMID
1230:PMID
1181:PMID
1006:PMID
925:ISBN
870:PMID
786:PMID
739:PMID
704:PMID
667:ISBN
638:ISBN
606:PMID
206:race
3697:age
2375:Sex
2298:Age
2200:doi
2155:doi
2143:608
2106:PMC
2098:doi
2059:doi
2029:doi
1998:doi
1960:PMC
1952:doi
1902:doi
1898:370
1857:doi
1853:381
1816:PMC
1808:doi
1761:doi
1699:PMC
1652:doi
1621:doi
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1529:doi
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1450:doi
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1376:PMC
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1324:PMC
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1220:PMC
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1135:doi
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