185:, the term social pain is used to denote psychological pain caused by harm or threat to social connection; bereavement, embarrassment, shame and hurt feelings are subtypes of social pain. From an evolutionary perspective, psychological pain forces the assessment of actual or potential social problems that might reduce the individual's fitness for survival. The way people display their psychological pain socially (for example, crying, shouting, moaning) serves the purpose of indicating that they are in need.
58:
280:, and a range of other conditions. Although the excruciatingly painful inner experience of the borderline patient is both unique and perplexing, it is often linked to severe childhood trauma of abuse and neglect. In clinical populations, the rate of suicide of patients with borderline personality disorder is estimated to be 10%, a rate far greater than that in the general population and still considerably greater than for patients with
144:, but it may also be called mental pain, emotional pain, psychic pain, social pain, spiritual or soul pain, or suffering. While these clearly are not equivalent terms, one systematic comparison of theories and models of psychological pain, psychic pain, emotional pain, and suffering concluded that each describe the same profoundly unpleasant feeling. Psychological pain is widely believed to be an inescapable aspect of human existence.
221:. Some advocate that, because similar brain regions are involved in both physical pain and psychological pain, pain should be seen as a continuum that ranges from purely physical to purely psychological. Moreover, many sources mention the fact that many metaphors of physical pain are used to refer to psychologically painful experiences. Further connection between physical and psychological pain has been supported through proof that
2587:
2581:
225:, an analgesic, can suppress activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and the insular cortex when experiencing social exclusion, the same way that it suppresses activity when experiencing physical pain, and reduces the agitation of people with dementia. However, use of paracetamol for more general psychological pain remains disputed.
288:, though studies on suicidality in bipolar subjects have found that 4-19% of bipolar patients (mostly untreated) commit suicide. However, 60–70% of patients with borderline personality disorder make suicide attempts, so suicide attempts are far more frequent than completed suicides in patients with BPD.
307:
conditions. In a 1998 study entitled "The Pain of Being
Borderline: Dysphoric States Specific to Borderline Personality Disorder", 146 diagnosed borderline patients took a 50-item self-report measure test. The conclusions from this study suggest "that the subjective pain of borderline patients may be
156:
The adjective "psychological" is thought to encompass the functions of beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which may be seen as an indication for the many sources of psychological pain. One way of grouping these different sources of pain was offered by
Shneidman, who stated that psychological
147:
Other descriptions of psychological pain are "a wide range of subjective experiences characterized as an awareness of negative changes in the self and in its functions accompanied by negative feelings", "a diffuse subjective experience ... differentiated from physical pain which is often localized
248:
instead of sadness, shame and humiliation instead of mild embarrassment, rage instead of annoyance, and panic instead of nervousness. People with BPD are especially sensitive to feelings of rejection, isolation and perceived failure. Both clinicians and laymen alike have witnessed the desperate
165:
in 1938 as needs that motivate human behavior. Shneidman maintained that people rate the importance of each need differently, which explains why people's level of psychological pain differs when confronted with the same frustrated need. This needs perspective coincides with
136:, described it as "how much you hurt as a human being. It is mental suffering; mental torment." There are numerous ways psychological pain is referred to, using a different word usually reflects an emphasis on a particular aspect of mind life. Technical terms include
311:
Feelings of emptiness are a central problem for patients with personality disturbances. In an attempt to avoid this feeling, these patients employ defences to preserve their fragmentary selves. Feelings of emptiness may be so painful that suicide is considered.
249:
attempts to escape these subjective inner experiences of these patients. Borderline patients are severely impulsive and their attempts to alleviate the agony are often very destructive or self-destructive. Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, eating disorders (
239:
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has long been believed to be a disorder that produces the most intense emotional pain and distress in those who have this condition. Studies have shown that borderline patients experience chronic and significant emotional
173:
Unmet psychological needs in youth may cause an inability to meet human needs later in life. As a consequence of neglectful parenting, children with unmet psychological needs may be linked to psychotic disorders in childhood throughout life.
265:(cutting, overdosing, starvation, etc.), compulsive spending, gambling, sex addiction, violent and aggressive behavior, sexual promiscuity and deviant sexual behaviors, are desperate attempts to escape this pain.
1378:
Dewall CN, Macdonald G, Webster GD, Masten CL, Baumeister RF, Powell C, Combs D, Schurtz DR, Stillman TF, Tice DM, Eisenberger NI (July 2010). "Acetaminophen reduces social pain: behavioral and neural evidence".
3068:
1650:
Stiglmayr CE, Grathwol T, Linehan MM, Ihorst G, Fahrenberg J, Bohus M (May 2005). "Aversive tension in patients with borderline personality disorder: a computer-based controlled field study".
193:
Physical pain and psychological pain share common underlying neurological mechanisms. Brain regions that were consistently found to be implicated in both types of pain are the anterior
308:
both more pervasive and more multifaceted than previously recognised and that the overall "amplitude" of this pain may be a particularly good marker for the borderline diagnosis".
148:
and associated with noxious physical stimuli", and "a lasting, unsustainable, and unpleasant feeling resulting from negative appraisal of an inability or deficiency of the self."
499:
304:
602:
157:
pain is caused by frustrated psychological needs. For example, the need for love, autonomy, affiliation, and achievement, or the need to avoid harm, shame, and embarrassment.
1003:
1243:
Meerwijk EL, Ford JM, Weiss SJ (March 2013). "Brain regions associated with psychological pain: implications for a neural network and its relationship to physical pain".
201:(some subregions more than others), and may extend to other regions as well. Brain regions that were also found to be involved in psychological pain include the
1422:
Randles D, Heine SJ, Santos N (June 2013). "The common pain of surrealism and death: acetaminophen reduces compensatory affirmation following meaning threats".
414:
3169:
1875:
1783:, DeLuca CJ, Hennen J, Khera GS, Gunderson JG (1998). "The pain of being borderline: dysphoric states specific to borderline personality disorder".
1634:
1609:
1467:"Efficacy of treating pain to reduce behavioural disturbances in residents of nursing homes with dementia: cluster randomised clinical trial"
1135:
943:
268:
The intrapsychic pain experienced by those diagnosed with BPD has been studied and compared to normal healthy controls and to others with
2912:
2816:
1828:"The Experience of Emptiness in Narcissistic and Borderline States: II. The Struggle for a Sense of Self and the Potential for Suicide"
641:
3026:
1106:
375:
820:
Orbach I, Mikulincer M, Sirota P, Gilboa-Schechtman E (2003). "Mental pain: a multidimensional operationalization and definition".
295:
states which patients diagnosed with BPD endure on a regular basis distinguishes them from those with other personality disorders:
1532:
433:
Orbach I, Mikulincer M, Gilboa-Schechtman E, Sirota P (2003). "Mental pain and its relationship to suicidality and life meaning".
2828:
1514:
2900:
234:
2786:
391:
1200:
Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD (July 2004). "Why rejection hurts: a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain".
3116:
2761:
170:'s description of physical pain that says that physical pain indicates a need state much more than a sensory experience.
51:
Suffering, mental agony, mental pain, emotional pain, algopsychalia, psychic pain, social pain, spiritual pain, soul pain
3093:
1868:
3016:
549:
3046:
3126:
3021:
2823:
513:
Joffe WG, Sandler J (1967). "On the concept of pain, with special reference to depression and psychogenic pain".
296:
2979:
2944:
1985:
858:
Mee S, Bunney BG, Reist C, Potkin SG, Bunney WE (December 2006). "Psychological pain: a review of evidence".
3121:
3036:
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1861:
1091:
1515:"Reducing agitation through pain relief - Living with dementia magazine October 2011 - Alzheimer's Society"
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2701:
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1888:
743:
336:
273:
182:
1552:"Enhanced 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes' in borderline personality disorder compared to healthy controls"
3051:
2696:
2501:
1930:
702:
Rehnsfeldt A, Eriksson K (September 2004). "The progression of suffering implies alleviated suffering".
493:
254:
210:
71:
244:
and mental agony. Borderline patients may feel overwhelmed by negative emotions, experiencing intense
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1004:"Unmet need for professional mental health care among adolescents with high psychological distress"
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30:
This article is about non-physical pain. For physical pain caused by psychological factors, see
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1043:"Treatment Seeking and Unmet Need for Care Among Persons Reporting Psychosis-Like Experiences"
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258:
1550:
Fertuck EA, Jekal A, Song I, Wyman B, Morris MC, Wilson ST, et al. (December 2009).
1153:"The neural bases of social pain: evidence for shared representations with physical pain"
1041:
DeVylder, Jordan E.; Oh, Hans Y.; Corcoran, Cheryl M.; Lukens, Ellen P. (June 20, 2014).
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603:"Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain"
162:
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365:
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833:
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1213:
895:"Psychogenic pain-what it means, why it does not exist, and how to diagnose it"
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2010:
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1303:
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218:
96:
89:
85:
1744:
Oldham JM (January 2006). "Borderline personality disorder and suicidality".
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17:
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2297:
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2249:
2132:
2075:
2025:
2005:
980:
657:
Spiritual pain: 60,000 Google results. Soul pain: 237,000 Google results.
206:
75:, where a man weeps due to the unpleasant feelings of psychological pain.
1604:(4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 1994.
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1980:
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1955:
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321:
1482:
3088:
2422:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2254:
2201:
2060:
1975:
1335:
Flaskerud JH (2011). "Heartbreak and physical pain linked in brain".
128:) of a psychological, non-physical origin. A pioneer in the field of
1465:
Husebo BS, Ballard C, Sandvik R, Nilsen OB, Aarsland D (July 2011).
2570:
2496:
2390:
2363:
2242:
2177:
2172:
2142:
2080:
1950:
1945:
1853:
667:
Morse JM (September 2001). "Toward a praxis theory of suffering".
245:
1627:
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder
1288:"Is there such a thing as psychological pain? And why it matters"
2373:
2334:
2317:
2220:
2147:
2127:
1935:
1857:
3069:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
2302:
1990:
1601:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
364:
Shneidman ES (1996). "Appendix A Psychological Pain Survey".
1693:
Dome, Peter; Rihmer, Zoltan; Gonda, Xenia (August 2019).
938:(70 ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
959:
Wall PD (1979). "On the relation of injury to pain".
1008:
The
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
744:"Toward a unifying definition of psychological pain"
2656:
2594:
1896:
95:
79:
47:
42:
1695:"Suicide Risk in Bipolar Disorder: A Brief Review"
1002:Sheppard, R.; Deane, F. P.; Ciarrochi, J. (2018).
550:"Why does "pain management" exclude psychic pain?"
498:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2464:
737:
735:
733:
596:
594:
359:
357:
1130:. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press.
2339:
1869:
1533:"Don't take paracetamol for painful emotions"
8:
2643:
2482:
2473:
2240:
1101:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
1099:Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
470:"Grounded theory analysis of emotional pain"
27:Unpleasant feeling of a psychological nature
3142:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
2206:
853:
851:
415:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis
1876:
1862:
1854:
394:. But see also psychalgia in the sense of
56:
39:
1720:
1710:
1575:
1490:
1311:
1176:
1066:
910:
1629:. New York: Guilford Press. p. 44.
783:"On the capacity to endure psychic pain"
370:. Oxford University Press. p. 173.
72:Sorrowing old man ('At Eternity's Gate')
1832:International Review of Psycho-Analysis
822:Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior
704:Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
435:Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior
353:
787:The Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review
491:
1124:"The Evolution of Psychological Pain"
7:
1128:Sociobiology and the Social Sciences
601:Macdonald G, Leary MR (March 2005).
392:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
1746:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1122:Thornhill R, Thornhill NW (1989).
25:
1097:. In Corr PJ, Matthews G (eds.).
515:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
2585:
2579:
1664:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00466.x
1292:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
912:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2000.00049.x
872:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.03.003
716:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2004.00281.x
681:10.1097/00012272-200109000-00007
3170:Borderline personality disorder
1337:Issues in Mental Health Nursing
1092:"Social Pain and Hurt Feelings"
860:Journal of Psychiatric Research
557:Issues in Mental Health Nursing
235:Borderline personality disorder
229:Borderline personality disorder
1652:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1126:. In Bell RW, Bell NJ (eds.).
1090:MacDonald G, Philip J (2009).
893:Covington EC (December 2000).
799:10.1080/01062301.2011.10592880
742:Meerwijk EL, Weiss SJ (2011).
205:, posterior cingulate cortex,
1:
410:"Bodily pain and mental pain"
390:Psychalgia: mental distress.
161:were originally described by
3094:Social emotional development
1785:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
1349:10.3109/01612840.2011.583714
1202:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1169:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182464dd1
973:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90047-2
760:10.1080/15325024.2011.572044
748:Journal of Loss & Trauma
527:10.1016/0022-3999(67)90058-X
486:10.1080/10503309912331332801
124:is an unpleasant feeling (a
2340:
936:Explorations in personality
834:10.1521/suli.33.3.219.23219
669:Advances in Nursing Science
622:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202
447:10.1521/suli.33.3.231.23213
3191:
1245:Brain Imaging and Behavior
1214:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.010
303:, and virtually all known
232:
29:
3137:
2577:
1797:10.3109/10673229809000330
1758:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.20
1568:10.1017/S003329170900600X
1304:10.1007/s11013-010-9190-y
1257:10.1007/s11682-012-9179-y
1059:10.1176/appi.ps.201300254
569:10.1080/01612840902844890
305:DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II
297:major depressive disorder
102:Antidepressant medication
64:
55:
3027:in virtual communication
1712:10.3390/medicina55080403
1436:10.1177/0956797612464786
1393:10.1177/0956797610374741
1286:Biro D (December 2010).
1020:10.1177/0004867417707818
548:Shattell MM (May 2009).
1151:Eisenberger NI (2012).
276:, schizophrenia, other
2644:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2241:
2207:
1556:Psychological Medicine
1157:Psychosomatic Medicine
610:Psychological Bulletin
488:(inactive 2024-09-12).
474:Psychotherapy Research
337:Psychosomatic medicine
274:substance use disorder
183:personality psychology
1424:Psychological Science
1381:Psychological Science
278:personality disorders
255:binge eating disorder
211:parahippocampal gyrus
3064:Group affective tone
1047:Psychiatric Services
332:Psychological trauma
272:, bipolar disorder,
106:Analgesic medication
3117:constructed emotion
2787:functional accounts
327:Psychological abuse
159:Psychological needs
3017:in decision-making
2258:(sense of purpose)
1625:Linehan M (1993).
934:Murray HA (2008).
468:Bolger EA (1999).
168:Patrick David Wall
134:Edwin S. Shneidman
114:Psychological pain
66:Vincent van Gogh's
43:Psychological pain
3147:
3146:
2734:Appeal to emotion
2512:Social connection
1826:Singer M (1977).
1699:Medicina (Kaunas)
1636:978-0-89862-183-9
1611:978-0-89-042061-4
1519:alzheimers.org.uk
1483:10.1136/bmj.d4065
1137:978-0-89672-161-6
945:978-0-19-530506-7
781:Wille RS (2011).
367:The Suicidal Mind
199:prefrontal cortex
179:social psychology
177:In the fields of
111:
110:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3182:
3122:discrete emotion
3022:in the workplace
2918:Empathy quotient
2649:
2589:
2583:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2345:
2246:
2212:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1845:
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1817:
1816:
1776:
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1769:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1714:
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1684:
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1647:
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1541:
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1504:
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1032:
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914:
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845:
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811:
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778:
772:
771:
739:
728:
727:
699:
693:
692:
664:
658:
655:
649:
648:
646:
640:. Archived from
607:
598:
589:
588:
554:
545:
539:
538:
510:
504:
503:
497:
489:
465:
459:
458:
430:
424:
423:
408:Weiss E (1934).
405:
399:
396:psychogenic pain
388:
382:
381:
361:
342:Sensory overload
301:bipolar disorder
286:bipolar disorder
270:major depression
251:anorexia nervosa
195:cingulate cortex
60:
40:
32:psychogenic pain
21:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3074:Jealousy in art
2817:in conversation
2739:Amygdala hijack
2652:
2590:
2584:
2575:
2564:sense of wonder
1892:
1882:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1743:
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1687:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1562:(12): 1979–88.
1549:
1548:
1544:
1531:
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1526:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1421:
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1416:
1377:
1376:
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1334:
1333:
1329:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1150:
1149:
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1138:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1001:
1000:
996:
958:
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953:
946:
933:
932:
928:
892:
891:
887:
857:
856:
849:
819:
818:
814:
780:
779:
775:
741:
740:
731:
701:
700:
696:
666:
665:
661:
656:
652:
644:
605:
600:
599:
592:
552:
547:
546:
542:
512:
511:
507:
490:
467:
466:
462:
432:
431:
427:
407:
406:
402:
389:
385:
378:
363:
362:
355:
350:
318:
259:bulimia nervosa
237:
231:
191:
189:Neuropsychology
154:
69:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3127:somatic marker
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3099:Stoic passions
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3047:social sharing
3044:
3039:
3037:self-conscious
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2980:thought method
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:lateralization
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2772:classification
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Sentimentality
2489:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:at first sight
2325:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Disappointment
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1818:
1781:Frankenburg FR
1771:
1736:
1685:
1642:
1635:
1617:
1610:
1591:
1542:
1524:
1506:
1457:
1414:
1370:
1343:(12): 789–91.
1327:
1278:
1235:
1208:(7): 294–300.
1192:
1143:
1136:
1114:
1107:
1082:
1053:(6): 774–780.
1033:
994:
951:
944:
926:
885:
847:
812:
773:
729:
694:
659:
650:
647:on 2014-03-01.
590:
540:
505:
460:
425:
400:
383:
376:
352:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
317:
314:
233:Main article:
230:
227:
203:insular cortex
190:
187:
153:
150:
122:emotional pain
109:
108:
99:
93:
92:
83:
77:
76:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3187:
3176:
3175:Limbic system
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:dysregulation
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:interpersonal
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:in psychology
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:consciousness
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:Schadenfreude
2472:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:Mono no aware
2338:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2194:Joie de vivre
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Gratification
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:Embarrassment
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Belongingness
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:Zanarini MC,
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1539:. 2013-04-22.
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:(6): 966–73.
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:(4): 658–67.
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:(2): 126–35.
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1108:9780521680516
1104:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
967:(3): 253–64.
966:
962:
955:
952:
947:
941:
937:
930:
927:
922:
918:
913:
908:
905:(4): 287–94.
904:
900:
899:Pain Medicine
896:
889:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:(8): 680–90.
865:
861:
854:
852:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:(3): 219–30.
827:
823:
816:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:(5): 402–12.
753:
749:
745:
738:
736:
734:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:(3): 264–72.
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
660:
654:
651:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:(2): 202–23.
615:
611:
604:
597:
595:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
544:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
509:
506:
501:
495:
487:
483:
480:(3): 342–62.
479:
475:
471:
464:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:(3): 231–41.
440:
436:
429:
426:
421:
417:
416:
411:
404:
401:
397:
393:
387:
384:
379:
377:9780195118018
373:
369:
368:
360:
358:
354:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
282:schizophrenia
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
236:
228:
226:
224:
223:acetaminophen
220:
216:
215:basal ganglia
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
188:
186:
184:
180:
175:
171:
169:
164:
160:
151:
149:
145:
143:
139:
138:algopsychalia
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
107:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
82:
78:
74:
73:
68:1890 painting
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
3139:
3079:Meta-emotion
2992:Emotionality
2965:responsivity
2913:and bullying
2908:intelligence
2718:Affectivity
2702:neuroscience
2672:in education
2255:
2216:Homesickness
2192:
2118:Enthrallment
2103:Emotion work
1966:Anticipation
1840:. Retrieved
1838:(4): 471–479
1835:
1831:
1821:
1791:(4): 201–7.
1788:
1784:
1774:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1658:(5): 372–9.
1655:
1651:
1645:
1626:
1620:
1600:
1594:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1387:(7): 931–7.
1384:
1380:
1373:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1127:
1117:
1098:
1085:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1014:(1): 59–67.
1011:
1007:
997:
964:
960:
954:
935:
929:
902:
898:
888:
863:
859:
825:
821:
815:
790:
786:
776:
751:
747:
707:
703:
697:
675:(1): 47–59.
672:
668:
662:
653:
642:the original
613:
609:
560:
556:
543:
521:(1): 69–75.
518:
514:
508:
494:cite journal
477:
473:
463:
438:
434:
428:
419:
413:
403:
386:
366:
310:
291:The intense
290:
267:
238:
192:
176:
172:
163:Henry Murray
155:
146:
141:
137:
121:
117:
113:
112:
70:
3007:and culture
2812:recognition
2797:homeostatic
2697:forecasting
2646:Weltschmerz
2619:Misanthropy
2396:grandiosity
2278:Inspiration
2268:Infatuation
2236:Humiliation
2158:Frustration
2031:Contentment
1842:25 February
1752:(1): 20–6.
1251:(1): 1–14.
130:suicidology
118:mental pain
48:Other names
18:Mental pain
3154:Categories
3084:Pathognomy
2985:well-being
2901:and gender
2896:expression
2891:exhaustion
2876:detachment
2861:competence
2842:Emotional
2824:regulation
2807:perception
2802:in animals
2752:and memory
2688:Affective
2596:Worldviews
2458:melancholy
2443:Resentment
2313:Loneliness
2288:Irritation
2273:Insecurity
2263:Indulgence
2138:Excitement
2123:Enthusiasm
2056:Depression
2016:Confidence
2011:Compassion
1986:Attraction
1911:Admiration
1906:Acceptance
1705:(8): 403.
1537:www.nhs.uk
563:(5): 344.
348:References
219:cerebellum
142:psychalgia
97:Medication
90:psychology
86:Psychiatry
3165:Suffering
3112:appraisal
3052:sociology
3003:Emotions
2975:symbiosis
2960:reasoning
2930:isolation
2871:contagion
2856:blackmail
2782:expressed
2777:evolution
2767:and sleep
2757:and music
2692:computing
2639:Reclusion
2634:Pessimism
2609:Defeatism
2539:Suffering
2485:Sehnsucht
2428:Rejection
2379:self-pity
2354:Nostalgia
2323:limerence
2293:Isolation
2231:Hostility
2188:Happiness
2168:Gratitude
2113:Emptiness
2096:vicarious
2046:Curiosity
2021:Confusion
1961:Annoyance
1941:Amusement
1931:Agitation
1926:Affection
1921:Aesthetic
1916:Adoration
1477:: d4065.
807:144997538
793:: 23–30.
768:144462525
293:dysphoric
263:self-harm
242:suffering
126:suffering
81:Specialty
2970:security
2950:literacy
2935:lability
2925:intimacy
2866:conflict
2846:aperture
2743:Emotion
2727:negative
2722:positive
2712:spectrum
2677:measures
2629:Optimism
2624:Nihilism
2614:Fatalism
2604:Cynicism
2549:Sympathy
2544:Surprise
2386:Pleasure
2308:Kindness
2298:Jealousy
2283:Interest
2250:Hysteria
2133:Euphoria
2076:Distrust
2026:Contempt
2006:Calmness
1898:Emotions
1885:Emotions
1813:10093822
1805:10370445
1766:16390884
1731:31344941
1680:30951552
1672:15819731
1586:19460187
1501:21765198
1444:23579320
1409:13800603
1401:20548058
1365:12451262
1357:22077752
1322:20835887
1265:22660945
1230:15893740
1222:15242688
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1077:24534875
1028:28486819
921:15101873
880:16725157
842:14582833
724:15355520
689:11554533
638:10540325
630:15740417
585:29799238
577:19437255
455:14582834
316:See also
207:thalamus
3160:Emotion
3140:Italics
3103:Theory
3059:Feeling
3012:history
2997:bounded
2955:prosody
2762:and sex
2747:and art
2707:science
2663:Affect
2657:Related
2532:chronic
2507:Shyness
2467:Saudade
2453:Sadness
2448:Revenge
2438:Remorse
2369:Passion
2359:Outrage
2349:Neglect
2209:Hiraeth
2108:Empathy
2086:Ecstasy
2071:Disgust
2041:Cruelty
2036:Courage
2001:Boredom
1981:Arousal
1971:Anxiety
1956:Anguish
1722:6723289
1577:3427787
1492:3137923
1452:2890442
1313:2952112
1273:8755398
1178:3273616
1068:6483726
989:6412475
535:6049033
422:: 1–13.
322:Emotion
3107:affect
3089:Pathos
3042:social
2886:eating
2559:Wonder
2527:Stress
2517:Sorrow
2433:Relief
2423:Regret
2411:vanity
2406:insult
2401:hubris
2256:Ikigai
2226:Horror
2202:Hatred
2061:Desire
2051:Defeat
1976:Apathy
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152:Causes
3032:moral
2940:labor
2792:group
2571:Worry
2554:Trust
2522:Spite
2502:Shock
2497:Shame
2391:Pride
2364:Panic
2243:Hygge
2183:Guilt
2178:Grief
2173:Greed
2143:Faith
2081:Doubt
1951:Angst
1946:Anger
1936:Agony
1809:S2CID
1676:S2CID
1448:S2CID
1405:S2CID
1361:S2CID
1269:S2CID
1226:S2CID
1095:(PDF)
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764:S2CID
645:(PDF)
634:S2CID
606:(PDF)
581:S2CID
553:(PDF)
246:grief
120:, or
2851:bias
2836:work
2418:Rage
2374:Pity
2335:Lust
2318:Love
2221:Hope
2153:Flow
2148:Fear
2128:Envy
1889:list
1844:2021
1801:PMID
1762:PMID
1727:PMID
1668:PMID
1631:ISBN
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