293:. This helped tobacco companies to target separate marketing messages by race. Tobacco companies supported civil rights organizations, and advertised their support heavily. Industry motives were, according to their public statements, to support civil rights causes; according to an independent review of internal tobacco industry documents, they were "to increase African American tobacco use, to use African Americans as a frontline force to defend industry policy positions, and to defuse tobacco control efforts". There had been internal resistance to tobacco sponsorship, and some organizations later began rejecting nicotine funding as a matter of policy.
496:(an advisory panel to the FDA) concluded that removing menthol cigarettes from the market would benefit public health in the United States, but stopped short of recommending that the FDA take any specific actions, like restricting or banning the additive. In response, the tobacco industry released a report to the FDA in an effort to change the focus of the subject by claiming menthol cigarettes are no riskier than regular cigarettes and should not be regulated differently.
180:
110:
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menthol-flavored brands like Kool, which seemed to be more soothing to the throat, and advertised these as being more healthy. A second trend was the
Federal ban on tobacco advertising on radio and television; as there was no ban on advertising in the print media, the industry responded with large scale advertising in Black newspapers, magazines as well as billboards in inner city neighborhoods. The third trend was the
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31:
239:
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In
November 2018 the FDA announced its intention to outlaw menthol cigarettes, later changing this position to advocate for restriction of flavored tobacco and e-cigarettes to a separate age-restricted room. The FDA stated that this change in position was due to their belief that they do not have the
300:
small (a few percent) racial differences in menthol cigarette preferences into large (tens of percent) ones. It has been proposed that menthol cigarettes, which are more addictive but no less harmful, should be banned, partially on grounds that race-specific marketing for a more addictive product is
147:
For over two decades, Kool was the only significant menthol cigarette brand in the United States, with a market share that never got much above 2%. Their advertisements focused on "throat comfort" and the "medicinal" properties of menthol, and some ads even suggested occasional use: "In between the
528:
In April 2021, the FDA announced that it planned to ban the sale, manufacturing, and importation of menthol cigarettes and mass-produced flavored cigars, citing menthol’s highly addictive qualities and the racial disparities among those most likely to smoke menthol cigarettes. Proposed regulations
57:
which imparts a “minty” flavor to the smoke. Menthol also decreases irritant sensations from nicotine by desensitizing receptors, making smoking feel less harsh compared to regular cigarettes. Some studies have suggested that they are more addictive. Menthol cigarettes are just as hard to quit and
198:
oil, or produced synthetically. While trace amounts of menthol may be added to non-mentholated cigarettes for flavor or other reasons, a menthol cigarette typically has at least 0.3% menthol content by weight. Lower-tar menthol cigarettes may have menthol levels up to 2%, in order to keep menthol
202:
A recent innovation has been to include a small capsule in or near the filter which can be broken to release additional menthol or other flavoring solutions. During the smoking of a cigarette the menthol delivery depletes noticeably, but this technology allows the smoker to increase the menthol
332:
research. Where these demographics overlap, menthol use is especially high: most female LGBT smokers use menthols, as do 80% of
African American youth smokers and 70% of LGBT youth smokers. Tobacco companies have targeted the LGBT community with advertising for menthol cigarettes, most notably
304:
Despite it being illegal at the time, tobacco marketers gave out free menthol cigarette samples to children in black neighborhoods in the U.S. Similar practices continue in Sub-Saharan Africa, where a 2016 study found over 12% of South
African students had been given free cigarettes by tobacco
267:
In the United States, menthols comprise about 30% of the total cigarette market. Menthol cigarettes are purchased disproportionately by
African-American smokers, with 80% of African-American smokers consuming menthol cigarettes primarily. In fact, menthol tobacco marketing is specifically
250:
Historian Keith Wailoo argues the cigarette industry targeted a new market in the black audience starting in the 1960s. It took advantage of several converging trends. First was the increased national attention on the dangers of lung cancer. Cigarette companies responded by developing
557:
have urged the FDA to reject a ban on mentholated cigarettes due to concerns that banning mentholated cigarettes could spur an illicit market for the outlawed products in minority communities. Many of these organizations have received funding from major tobacco companies, raising
672:
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brand. Less mentholated than Kool, Salem was positioned as an all-purpose cigarette, and captured 0.8% market share within its first year. Other tobacco producers, seeing the success of Salem, soon introduced their own mentholated filter cigarettes: Lorillard with
264:(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in addition to many churches and schools. The marketing initiative was a success as the rate of smoking in the black community grew, especially for menthols, while it declined among whites.
135:
acquired the patent in 1927, marketing them nationwide as "Spud
Menthol Cooled Cigarettes". Spud brand menthol cigarettes became the fifth most popular brand in the US by 1932, and it remained the only menthol cigarette on the market until the
573:
259:
invested heavily in the Civil Rights
Movement, winning the gratitude of many national and local leaders. Menthol flavored cigarette brands sponsored local events in the black community, and subsidized major black organizations including the
2072:
529:
were published for public comment in April 2022. The attempt was postponed indefinitely after negative public feedback, with particular controversy generated on both sides by the disproportionate use by
African-Americans.
2395:
602:
Menthol cigarettes are not healthier than other cigarettes. The risk of lung cancer is no different for menthol cigarettes compared to regular cigarettes. Some studies have suggested that they are more addictive.
272:; it is a subject of research and it has been a subject of litigation on discrimination grounds. The proportion of smokers who use menthols rose from 31% in 2004 to 33.7% in 2010, according to a 2010 study by the
1246:
749:
1047:"Affirming the Abuse Liability and Addiction Potential of Menthol: Differences in Subjective Appeal to Smoking Menthol Versus Non-Menthol Cigarettes Across African American and White Young Adult Smokers"
435:'s 2018 annual report, "The tobacco union requested a stay of the enforcement of the ingredient ban while the appeal is pending". The Brazilian government finally won the court case in February 2018.
591:, they claimed that their members made $ 23.7 billion in sales on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars and another $ 10.7 billion in non-tobacco sales among these smoking customers during 2022.
427:
interference resulting in a lengthy court battle. Philip Morris Brasil (PMB) had challenged the ban through its membership of The
National Industry Confederation, arguing that the ban was
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1612:
546:
273:
2059:
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2060:"Docket N. FDA-2021-N-1349 for Tobacco Product Standard for Menthol in Cigarettes and Docket No. FDA-2021-N-1309 for Tobacco Product Standard for Characterizing Flavors in Cigars"
2320:
2007:
1737:
1155:. National Cancer Institute tobacco control monograph series. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. p. 684.
1970:
1939:
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486:
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Ice Blast, in addition to being a normal mentholated cigarette, also contains a menthol capsule inside the filter that can be broken by the smoker at the desired moment.
1255:
766:
1369:
Chandora, Rachna; Song, Yang; Chaussard, Martine; Palipudi, Krishna Mohan; Lee, Kyung Ah; Ramanandraibe, Nivo; Asma, Samira; GYTS collaborative group (October 2016).
2796:
493:
630:
479:(FDA) in the United States of America, regulation of cigarettes was ruled to be outside their existing purview in 2000 by the Supreme Court in the 5–4 decision
269:
1060:
922:
791:
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1617:
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329:
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A 2020 US Surgeon
General Report, Smoking Cessation, concluded that there is not enough evidence to support banning menthol as a way to reduce smoking.
481:
1687:
230:
Menthol cigarette usage varies widely by country. They are most popular in the Philippines, where they account for over 60% of total cigarette sales.
2682:
1245:
Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) of the Center for Tobacco Products of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2011-07-21).
606:
Young people who use menthol cigarettes are also thought to be 80% more likely to become life-long smokers than those who use regular cigarettes.
974:
691:
423:
In March 2012, Brazil became the first country to outlaw flavored cigarettes including menthol cigarettes, but was unable to enact it due to the
510:
legal regulatory authority to unilaterally declare a ban, citing concerns that any such ban would result in litigation that the FDA would lose.
1989:
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1895:
1332:
858:
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and the National Troopers Coalition have urged the FDA to consider the impact a ban on menthol cigarettes would have on tobacco smuggling.
503:
203:
delivery at a chosen point to sustain or enhance the menthol 'feel'. The capsules can contain any flavorings, but are primarily menthol.
2994:
2946:
1816:
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1745:
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2025:
1575:
1347:
762:
151:
1051:
909:
2111:"Systematic review of the epidemiological evidence comparing lung cancer risk in smokers of menthol and regular cigarettes"
2874:
1913:
1024:
2422:
Le, Thuy TT, and David Mendez. "An estimation of the harm of menthol cigarettes in the United States from 1980 to 2018."
2889:
2823:
2486:
2366:
Anderson, Stacey J. "Marketing of menthol cigarettes and consumer perceptions: a review of tobacco industry documents."
757:
476:
308:
In addition to high use by African Americans, menthol cigarettes are used disproportionately by adolescents, women, and
132:
1132:
521:
to try to force it to introduce a ban on menthol cigarettes in order to reduce health inequalities, noting that 85% of
2879:
2400:
Hiscock, Rosemary, et al. "Tobacco industry tactics to circumvent and undermine the menthol cigarette ban in the UK."
538:
432:
194:, with menthol added at any of several stages during the manufacturing process. Menthol may be derived from distilled
1829:
874:
1025:"Harvard Researchers Gather More Evidence Implicating Menthol in Health Disparities Between White and Black Smokers"
808:
Giovino, G.A.; Sidney, S; Gfroerer, J.C.; O'Malley, P.M.; Allen, J.A.; Richter, P.A.; Cummings, KM (February 2004).
2884:
517:(African American Tobacco Control Leadership Council and Action on Smoking and Health) filed a lawsuit against the
444:
2378:
Cadham, Christopher J., et al. "The actual and anticipated effects of a menthol cigarette ban: a scoping review."
2999:
2851:
2712:
2473:
2451:
2371:
2257:"Not so Cool? Menthol's discovered actions on the nicotinic receptor and its implications for nicotine addiction"
1410:
Rose, Shyanika W; Jo, Catherine L; Binns, Steven; Buenger, Melissa; Emery, Sherry; Ribisl, Kurt M (2017-02-27).
3073:
2989:
2511:
2484:
Preliminary Scientific Evaluation of the Possible Public Health Effects of Menthol versus Nonmenthol Cigarettes
1588:
341:
2160:
Biswas, L.; Harrison, E.; Gong, Y.; Avusula, R.; Lee, J.; Zhang, M.; Rousselle, T.; Lage, J.; Liu, X. (2016).
2096:
1785:
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to ban menthol cigarettes (technically "dual flavour cigarettes"). In response, the former German chancellor
2926:
2921:
2405:
1056:
918:
577:
550:
451:(1918–2015) was reported to have hoarded 200 cartons of his preferred menthol cigarette brand in his house.
344:
report released September 21, 2012, said menthol cigarettes sales had gone from 27% in 2008 to 22% in 2010.
1000:
609:
Menthol decreases irritant sensations from nicotine by desensitizing receptors, making smoking less harsh.
587:
opposes the ban based on menthol cigarettes accounting for 4% of their sales. In a November 2023 letter to
3004:
2966:
2841:
2791:
2765:
2427:
723:
34:
1561:
1283:
284:
252:
168:
115:
901:
328:) Americans. Americans identifying as LGBT are twice as likely to use menthol cigarettes, according to
137:
2434:
Villanti, Andrea C., et al. "Menthol cigarettes and the public health standard: a systematic review."
2412:
Hoffman, Allison C. "The health effects of menthol cigarettes as compared to non-menthol cigarettes."
667:
572:
The proposed menthol ban also saw opposition from organized labor. In December 2010, workers from the
3042:
3009:
2813:
2654:
2561:
1786:"F.D.A. Seeks Restrictions on Teens' Access to Flavored E-Cigarettes and a Ban on Menthol Cigarettes"
1146:
Davis, Ronald M.; Gilpin, Elizabeth A.; Loken, Barbara; Viswanath, K.; Wakefield, Melanie A. (2008).
559:
537:
Several black advocacy groups have voiced opposition to a proposed ban on menthol in cigarettes. The
183:
128:
94:
3037:
3027:
2730:
2546:
2504:
243:
160:
1951:
1885:
1719:
660:
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metabolization, leading to increased systemic nicotine exposure and increased nicotine addiction.
2846:
2735:
2541:
2345:
1918:
1761:"Why These Black Doctors Are Pushing President Obama to Ban Menthol Cigarettes, Tobacco Products"
1114:
1072:
966:
934:
635:
211:
2315:
670:, Hughs, Lloyd F, "Process of Treating Cigarette Tobacco", issued September 29, 1925
124:
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imposed a nationwide ban on menthol cigarettes that took effect on 1 October 2017. But several
179:
30:
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958:
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942:
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831:
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297:
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155:
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2222:
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2132:
2122:
1498:
1482:
1441:
1423:
1382:
1187:
1179:
1096:
1064:
926:
821:
792:"Menthol Capsules in Cigarette Filters - Increasing the Attractiveness of a Harmful Product"
640:
625:
522:
424:
289:
219:
141:
1248:
Menthol Cigarettes and Public Health: Review of the Scientific Evidence and Recommendations
2941:
2781:
2740:
2702:
2669:
2448:
Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the Untold Story of the Menthol Cigarette
2008:"National Troopers Coalition Applauds FDA Consideration of New Black Market Tobacco Study"
1632:
797:. Tobacco Prevention and Tobacco Control. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg. 2012.
2478:
1701:
109:
2818:
2677:
2649:
2634:
2291:
2256:
2227:
2210:
2186:
2161:
2137:
2110:
1503:
1470:
1446:
1412:"Perceptions of Menthol Cigarettes Among Twitter Users: Content and Sentiment Analysis"
1411:
1192:
1167:
1101:
1046:
459:
455:
448:
377:
373:
215:
82:
70:
2468:
1662:
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2720:
2603:
1682:
1118:
1042:
897:
412:
199:
delivery constant despite the filtration and ventilation designs used to reduce tar.
98:
86:
2349:
970:
697:
334:
1861:
576:
protested outside a meeting between FDA officials and industry representatives in
238:
17:
1912:
Jewett, Christina; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Fahrenthold, David A (6 December 2023).
1486:
930:
826:
809:
2857:
1471:"Menthol Cigarette Smoking among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults"
1387:
1370:
404:
321:
256:
1940:
Biden administration abandons plan to ban menthol cigarettes, citing 'feedback'
1862:"More than a million smokers likely to quit after U.S. bans menthol cigarettes"
1135:. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. November 18, 2011.
2581:
2491:
2177:
2041:"Tobacco industry brushes off call for FDA restrictions on menthol cigarettes"
90:
2282:
2273:
1841:
1797:
1494:
1437:
1084:
1076:
946:
938:
574:
Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union
475:
Although the use of menthol in ointments and cough drops is regulated by the
2527:
2333:
2127:
1657:
588:
499:
A progress report on panel findings was expected from the FDA in July 2011.
207:
195:
191:
50:
2341:
2300:
2236:
2195:
2146:
1512:
1455:
1396:
1201:
1110:
962:
902:"The African Americanization of menthol cigarette use in the United States"
835:
210:
for non-mentholated cigarettes, a menthol cigarette will tend to have more
1068:
1221:
613:
361:
317:
66:
1183:
2644:
2629:
2598:
2211:"How Menthol Alters Tobacco-Smoking Behavior: A Biological Perspective"
750:"Characterization of Menthol: History and Design of Menthol Cigarettes"
489:, which also outright banned flavors in cigarettes other than menthol.
408:
400:
369:
309:
74:
54:
1952:"Much heated puffing among minority groups over menthol cigarette ban"
1428:
565:
Groups representing law enforcement officers also oppose the ban. The
2687:
2556:
2483:
2162:"Enhancing effect of menthol on nicotine self-administration in rats"
1830:"F.D.A. Announces Plan to Ban Menthol Cigarettes and Flavored Cigars"
396:
388:
365:
357:
353:
164:
78:
62:
1589:"Ottawa finalizes ban on menthol cigarettes, other tobacco products"
61:
Menthol cigarettes have been banned in several countries, including
1817:
The Time is Now for the FDA to Ban Menthol in Commercial Cigarettes
154:
launched the first menthol filter-tip cigarettes in 1956 under the
2571:
2390:
Giovino, Gary A., et al. "Epidemiology of menthol cigarette use."
1678:"Europe's Menthol Ban Has Tobacco Firms Thinking Outside the Pack"
395:
had already banned it before at the provincial level, for example
261:
237:
178:
108:
38:
29:
1557:"Reynolds to offer more menthol versions of Pall Mall cigarettes"
1371:"Youth access to cigarettes in six sub-Saharan African countries"
1217:"Why Big Tobacco Targeted Blacks With Ads for Menthol Cigarettes"
1041:
Cohn, Amy M.; Alexander, Adam C.; Ehlke, Sarah J. (August 2021).
580:, arguing that a menthol ban would cost many workers their jobs.
2808:
1720:"Advisory Panel Urges F.D.A to Re-examine Menthol in Cigarettes"
1469:
Fallin, Amanda; Goodin, Amie J.; King, Brian A. (January 2015).
1092:
954:
325:
2500:
1576:
Menthol Cigarettes: Tobacco Industry Interests and Interference
1001:"Exclusion of menthol cigarettes in ban worries health experts"
2474:
Menthol vs. Nonmenthol Cigarettes: Effects on Smoking Behavior
1890:
1254:. US Food and Drug Administration. p. 252. Archived from
518:
514:
313:
2496:
1914:"White House Delays a Decision on Banning Menthol Cigarettes"
1284:"Black Health Experts Renew Fight Against Menthol Cigarettes"
2580:
2316:"Mentholated Cigarette Smoking Inhibits Nicotine Metabolism"
1168:"African American leadership groups: smoking with the enemy"
131:, in 1924, though the idea did not become popular until the
1149:
The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use
458:
countries. Despite having left the EU in January 2020, the
1990:"Banning menthol cigarettes will create contraband market"
287:
led to the rise of African-American publications, such as
2479:
Menthol Cigarette Smoking in African Americans and whites
692:"Mint that Kills: The Curious Life of Menthol Cigarettes"
547:
National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives
485:
This power was explicitly granted to the FDA by the 2009
352:
Several places have banned menthol cigarettes, including
274:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
171:
in 1959; and Brown & Williamson with Belair in 1960.
2972:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
2314:
Benowitz, Neal; Herrera, Brenda; Jacob, Peyton (2004).
1702:"FDA V. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. (98-1152)"
1971:"FDA weighs ban on Newports, other menthol cigarettes"
454:
On 20 May 2020, menthol cigarettes were banned in all
2321:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1337:: A Bittersweet Victory Against the Tobacco Industry"
1036:
1034:
1308:"Cigarette Suit Says Maker Gave Samples To Children"
2982:
2912:
2867:
2832:
2774:
2711:
2668:
2622:
2591:
2534:
1027:. Harvard School of Public Health. August 18, 2005.
504:
African American Tobacco Control Leadership Council
279:Racial marketing strategies changed among American
2097:Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General
2026:"NC Union Says FDA Menthol Ban Would Hurt Workers"
1886:"The FDA is proposing a ban on menthol cigarettes"
690:
487:Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
443:On 21 June 2013, EU health ministers agreed on a
276:. Much of the increase comes from young people.
853:. Chicago London: University of Chicago Press.
612:Menthol cigarettes have been shown to inhibit
494:Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee
2512:
1240:
1238:
743:
741:
739:
631:Tobacco marketing targeting African Americans
8:
1277:
1275:
1061:Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
923:Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
58:are just as harmful as regular cigarettes.
27:Cigarette flavored with the compound menthol
2962:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
1784:Kaplan, Sheila; Hoffman, Jan (2018-11-16).
1618:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
1531:"Flavored Disease and Death for Minorities"
1166:Yerger, V. B.; Malone, R. E. (2002-12-01).
482:FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.
123:Menthol cigarettes were first developed by
2864:
2519:
2505:
2497:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2068:National Association of Convenience Stores
1653:"Ex-Chancellor 'hoards 38,000 cigarettes'"
684:
682:
585:National Association of Convenience Stores
2290:
2272:
2226:
2185:
2136:
2126:
1524:
1522:
1502:
1445:
1427:
1386:
1191:
1100:
877:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
825:
2683:Cigarette smoking among college students
1133:"National Survey on Drug Use and Health"
2492:UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection
1475:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
810:"Epidemiology of Menthol Cigarette Use"
661:"Process of Treating Cigarette Tobacco"
652:
192:similarly to non-mentholated cigarettes
1713:
1711:
896:Gardiner, Phillip S. (February 2004).
875:"Lorillard, Inc 2012 Form 10-K, p. 40"
148:others, rest your throat with Kools".
2078:from the original on 10 November 2023
1907:
1905:
1633:"EU agrees ban on menthol cigarettes"
717:
715:
7:
3033:
2028:. Associated Press. 8 December 2010.
1738:"Tobacco Makers Fight Menthol Rules"
1529:Moodie-Mills, Aisha (May 12, 2011).
1416:Journal of Medical Internet Research
2947:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement
724:"The Growth of Menthols: 1933–1977"
567:Law Enforcement Alliance of America
190:Menthol cigarettes are constructed
2952:Tobacco packaging warning messages
748:Ogden, Michael W (July 15, 2010).
543:National Black Chamber of Commerce
525:smokers smoke menthol cigarettes.
25:
2726:Cigarette smoking for weight loss
1282:Tavernise, Sabrina (2016-09-13).
555:National Black Police Association
471:Proposed ban in the United States
439:European Union and United Kingdom
113:Spud cigarettes advertisement in
3032:
3023:
3022:
3000:Countries by tobacco consumption
2937:Smoking bans in private vehicles
2058:Kantor, Doug (8 November 2023).
1898:from the original on 2023-04-18.
1344:Tobacco Control Legal Consortium
1215:Edwards, Jim (January 5, 2011).
729:Truth Tobacco Industry Documents
2693:Smoking in association football
2392:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
2039:Zajac, Andrew (18 March 2011).
1744:. 18 March 2011. Archived from
1676:Gretler, Corinne (2020-02-05).
1052:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
980:from the original on 1 May 2021
910:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
814:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
689:McNichol, Tom (25 March 2011).
2370:20.Suppl 2 (2011): ii20-ii28.
2255:Kabbani, Nadine (2013-07-23).
1759:Kenney, Tanasia (2016-09-19).
1718:Wilson, Duff (18 March 2011).
1704:. United States Supreme Court.
1613:"Brazil bans flavored tobacco"
1555:Craver, Richard (2012-09-25).
1348:Mitchell Hamline School of Law
1314:. Associated Press. 2004-06-27
663:. United States Patent Office.
506:continued to support the ban.
152:R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
1:
2464:FTC Cigarette Report for 2002
1988:Lee, Jessie (24 March 2011).
1969:Rubin, Rita (14 March 2011).
1828:Kaplan, Sheila (2021-04-29).
1661:. 9 July 2013. Archived from
270:targeted to African Americans
2824:Nicotine replacement therapy
2487:Food and Drug Administration
1535:Center for American Progress
1487:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.044
931:10.1080/14622200310001649478
849:Wailoo, Keith (2021-11-02).
827:10.1080/14622203710001649696
758:Food and Drug Administration
477:Food and Drug Administration
163:in 1957 and Spring in 1959;
140:Tobacco Company created the
3069:Products introduced in 1924
2995:Cigarette smoke carcinogens
2394:6.Suppl_1 (2004): S67-S81.
1388:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.018
722:Market Science Associates.
539:Congress of Racial Equality
433:Philip Morris International
3095:
999:Rubin, Rita (2009-09-27).
533:Opposition to proposed ban
296:Race-specific advertising
53:infused with the compound
3018:
2927:Plain cigarette packaging
2751:Schizophrenia and smoking
2578:
2404:29.e1 (2020): e138-e142.
2261:Frontiers in Pharmacology
2178:10.1007/s00213-016-4391-x
305:company representatives.
3079:African-American culture
2942:Tobacco control movement
2414:Tobacco induced diseases
2274:10.3389/fphar.2013.00095
342:Federal Trade Commission
133:Axton-Fisher Tobacco Co.
85:, and some areas of the
2852:Disinformation playbook
2334:10.1124/jpet.104.066902
2209:Wickham, R. J. (2015).
2128:10.1186/1471-2466-11-18
1057:Oxford University Press
919:Oxford University Press
761:(Slide presentation.).
578:Raleigh, North Carolina
551:National Action Network
492:On March 18, 2011, the
2842:Cultivation of tobacco
2792:Heated tobacco product
2766:Tobacco harm reduction
2585:
2426:31.4 (2022): 564-568.
2115:BMC Pulmonary Medicine
2109:Lee, PN (April 2011).
462:also enacted the ban.
283:during the 1950s. The
247:
187:
175:Design and manufacture
138:Brown & Williamson
120:
42:
35:Marlboro Black Menthol
3048:Electronic cigarettes
2584:
1994:Indianapolis Recorder
1562:Winston-Salem Journal
513:In June 2020, two US
285:civil rights movement
253:Civil rights movement
241:
182:
116:The American Magazine
112:
33:
2814:Electronic cigarette
560:conflict of interest
301:a social injustice.
129:Mingo Junction, Ohio
95:District of Columbia
2922:Cigarette smuggling
2847:Tobacco advertising
2731:Nicotine dependence
2014:. 18 November 2010.
1375:Preventive Medicine
1184:10.1136/tc.11.4.336
1069:10.1093/ntr/ntab137
820:(Suppl 1): S67–81.
502:The doctors' group
125:Lloyd "Spud" Hughes
105:Origins and history
2736:Nicotine poisoning
2586:
2166:Psychopharmacology
1958:. 18 October 2010.
1919:The New York Times
1834:The New York Times
1790:The New York Times
1765:Atlanta Black Star
1724:The New York Times
1335:Evans v. Lorillard
1312:The New York Times
1288:The New York Times
636:Nicotine marketing
583:Additionally, the
248:
246:Menthol cigarettes
226:Use and popularity
188:
121:
43:
18:Menthol cigarettes
3056:
3055:
2932:Legal smoking age
2908:
2907:
2761:Smoking cessation
2698:Smoking fetishism
2438:17 (2017): 1-13.
2436:BMC public health
2382:20 (2020): 1-17.
2380:BMC Public Health
2215:Yale J. Biol. Med
2172:(18): 3417–3427.
2045:Los Angeles Times
1956:Los Angeles Times
1748:on 27 April 2012.
1429:10.2196/jmir.5694
1059:on behalf of the
921:on behalf of the
860:978-0-226-79413-6
281:tobacco companies
47:menthol cigarette
16:(Redirected from
3086:
3036:
3035:
3026:
3025:
2990:Cigarette brands
2957:Tobacco politics
2865:
2834:Tobacco industry
2787:Herbal cigarette
2775:Related products
2756:Sidestream smoke
2746:Third-hand smoke
2521:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2354:
2353:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2276:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1742:Associated Press
1734:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1686:. Archived from
1673:
1667:
1666:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1431:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1341:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1104:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
979:
906:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
871:
865:
864:
846:
840:
839:
829:
805:
799:
798:
796:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
771:
765:. Archived from
754:
745:
734:
733:
719:
710:
709:
707:
705:
694:
686:
677:
676:
675:
671:
664:
657:
641:Tobacco politics
626:Flavored tobacco
523:African American
429:unconstitutional
425:tobacco industry
220:oriental tobacco
119:(February, 1932)
21:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3074:Cigarette types
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3014:
2978:
2914:
2904:
2863:
2828:
2782:Candy cigarette
2770:
2741:Passive smoking
2707:
2703:Tobacco smoking
2664:
2660:Vending machine
2618:
2587:
2576:
2530:
2525:
2460:
2446:Wailoo, Keith.
2424:Tobacco Control
2416:9 (2011): 1-9.
2402:Tobacco Control
2368:Tobacco control
2363:
2361:Further reading
2358:
2357:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2254:
2253:
2244:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1641:. 21 June 2013.
1631:
1630:
1626:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1172:Tobacco Control
1165:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1055:. ntab137 (1).
1040:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
977:
904:
895:
894:
890:
880:
878:
873:
872:
868:
861:
848:
847:
843:
807:
806:
802:
794:
790:
789:
785:
775:
773:
772:on May 16, 2012
769:
752:
747:
746:
737:
721:
720:
713:
703:
701:
688:
687:
680:
673:
666:
665:
659:
658:
654:
649:
622:
600:
535:
473:
468:
441:
431:. According to
421:
386:
350:
255:of the 1960s.
242:A soft pack of
236:
228:
177:
144:brand in 1933.
107:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3005:Rolling papers
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2819:Nicotine pouch
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Cigarette card
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:FDA Milestones
2466:
2459:
2458:External links
2456:
2455:
2454:
2443:
2442:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2374:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2328:(3): 1208–15.
2306:
2242:
2221:(3): 279–287.
2201:
2152:
2101:
2089:
2050:
2031:
2017:
1999:
1980:
1961:
1943:
1932:
1901:
1877:
1853:
1820:
1809:
1776:
1751:
1729:
1707:
1693:
1690:on 2020-03-20.
1668:
1665:on 2013-07-11.
1644:
1624:
1604:
1580:
1568:
1547:
1518:
1461:
1402:
1361:
1324:
1299:
1271:
1234:
1207:
1178:(4): 336–345.
1158:
1138:
1124:
1043:Munafò, Marcus
1030:
1016:
991:
898:Munafò, Marcus
888:
866:
859:
841:
800:
783:
735:
711:
678:
651:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
621:
618:
599:
596:
534:
531:
472:
469:
467:
464:
460:United Kingdom
456:European Union
449:Helmut Schmidt
440:
437:
420:
417:
385:
382:
378:United Kingdom
374:European Union
349:
346:
235:
232:
227:
224:
216:burley tobacco
208:tobacco blends
176:
173:
106:
103:
83:United Kingdom
71:European Union
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3091:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
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2973:
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2948:
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2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2901:
2900:United States
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2859:
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2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
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2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
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2777:
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2759:
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2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Chain smoking
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2713:Health issues
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Rolling paper
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1843:
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1831:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1799:
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1712:
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1703:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1683:Bloomberg.com
1679:
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1413:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1350:. August 2016
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1261:on 2017-05-17
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1103:
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736:
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693:
685:
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679:
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