964:. Menzies secured passage of the Communist Party Dissolution Bill through Parliament in June 1950. Although it had popular support, for many it went too far in such measures as allowing the disqualifying of declared Communists from public offices, or industries considered vital to defence. The Bill had the support of anti-Communist Labor Senators, and so passed through Parliament. Early in 1951 however, the High Court declared the Act invalid for unconstitutionally interfering with civil liberties and property rights. Following the 1951 election, Menzies held a referendum seeking power for the Federal Parliament to legislate "With respect to Communists or Communism as the Parliament considers to be necessary or expedient for the defence or security of the Commonwealth". Labor leader H V Evatt campaigned against the proposal and the referendum was narrowly defeated.
188:
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Court helped stabilise wages from 1953. From 1959 to 1960 Australia experienced something of a boom, spurred by overseas speculators and high domestic spending – resulting in recession by 1961, following a "horror" mini-budget designed to slow the economy. Unemployment reaching 2.1% (at that time considered "high") and
Menzies went on to win the 1961 election by just one seat. Following the election, Menzies and Treasurer Harold Holt introduced another mini-budget designed to spur growth and the economy was in recovery.
478:
485:
658:
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39:
1272:, under which students from Asian countries were admitted to study at Australian universities, then in 1957 non-Europeans with 15 years' residence in Australia were allowed to become citizens. In a watershed legal reform, a 1958 revision of the Migration Act introduced a simpler system for entry and abolished the "dictation test" which had permitted the exclusion of migrants on the basis of their ability to take down a dictation offered in
1493:
48:
1059:
nuclear weapons testing began in
Australia. The program was based at Maralinga, South Australia from 1954 until 1963 (and was later the subject of a Royal Commission investigation). National Service was reintroduced in 1964, in the form of the National Service Lottery, under which Marbles of birth dates were drawn from a lottery barrel. The Scheme remained in place until 1972 and saw 63,000 men conscripted.
748:
1126:
1296:(Menzies) "I don't want to see reproduced in Australia the kind of problem they have in South Africa or in America or increasingly in Great Britain. I think it's been a very good policy and it's been of great value to us and most of the criticism of it that I've ever heard doesn't come from these oriental countries it comes from wandering Australians.
1209:. National subsidies for residential aged care services commenced in 1963. In implementing these reforms the Menzies government promoted the role of private insurance funds and private health care providers (mainly charitable and religious based organisations), rather than adopting the model adopted in the United Kingdom with the introduction of the
711:"...hat we must look for, and it is a matter of desperate importance to our society, is a true revival of liberal thought which will work for social justice and security, for national power and national progress, and for the full development of the individual citizen, though not through the dull and deadening process of socialism.
1354:
as the national capital. Menzies introduced the
Commonwealth scholarship scheme in 1951, to cover fees and pay a generous means-tested allowance for bright students from lower socioeconomic groups. In 1956, a committee headed by Sir Keith Murray was established to inquire into the financial plight of
1007:
Australia signed the official Peace Treaty with Japan in San
Francisco in 1951, but by this point, the world had entered a new and tense period in international relations – the Cold War. With the memory of Japanese expansionism fresh in the Australian experience, and with the commencement of the Cold
911:
While for most
Australians the Menzies era was an era of prosperity, the nation experienced high inflation during the early years of Menzies' rule. The Korean War increased demand for commodities. Wool in particular boomed, leading to a rise in growers' incomes, but also to inflation. The Arbitration
869:
in the early 1960s with major implications for
Australian trade, which had previously enjoyed preferential treatment in the UK. McEwen was active in maintaining tariff protections for agriculture, mining and manufacturing, which he believed would sustain employment and contribute to national defence.
1112:
Menzies hinted to Nasser that
Britain and France might use force to resolve the crisis, but United States President Eisenhower openly opposed the use of force and Menzies left Egypt without success. Menzies voiced support for the subsequent Anglo-French military operation in Egypt, which resulted in
864:
and launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of
Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner. John McEwen, as minister for commerce and for trade, negotiated the Agreement on Commerce between
1419:
As the etymology of our name 'Liberal' indicates, we have stood for freedom. We have realised that men and women are not just ciphers in a calculation, but are individual human beings whose individual welfare and development must be the main concern of government.... We have learned that the right
1317:
Campaigns for
Aboriginal rights gathered pace in Australia during the Menzies era. When Menzies assumed office, Aboriginal people were still excluded from voting in Federal elections in Queensland and West Australia. In 1949, Parliament legislated to ensure that all Aboriginal ex-servicemen should
1109:
improving future for the Canal could be guaranteed" and called for a
Convention to recognise Egyptian sovereignty of the Canal, but for the establishment of an international body to run the canal. Nasser saw such measures as a "derogation from Egyptian sovereignty" and rejected Menzies' proposals.
1108:
and the "establishment of principles" for the future use of the Canal that would ensure that it would "continue to be an international waterway operated free of politics or national discrimination, and with financial structure so secure and an international confidence so high that an expanding and
1070:
had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes.
680:
Fourteen political parties had allied to form the United Australia Party, but disenchantment with the United Australia Party was now widespread. A group of New South Wales members had formed the new "Democratic Party". This new group looked to Robert Menzies to provide leadership. Menzies called a
1058:
In 1951, the first call ups were made under the National Service Act, which provided for compulsory military training of 18-year-old men, who were then to remain on the Army Reserve for five years. The Scheme trained 227,000 men between 1951 and 1960 (when it ended). In 1952, a program of British
1192:
In 1953 the government introduced a number of reforms to the existing provision of health services. These reforms were the basis for the future expansion in the provision of public health and aged care services. The first major health reform was the creation of a voluntary, contributory national
873:
In the Menzies government, McEwen pursued what became known as "McEwenism" – a policy of high tariff protection for the manufacturing industry, so that industry would not challenge the continuing high tariffs on imported raw materials, which benefited farmers but pushed up industry's costs. This
920:
The Menzies era saw immense regional changes, with post-war reconstruction and the withdrawal of European Powers and the British Empire from the Far East (including independence for India and Indonesia); the consolidation of Communist regimes in China, North Vietnam, North Korea and Communist
896:
Other than blocking the nationalisation of the Banking system by the Labor Party, Menzies privatised the Commonwealth Oil Refinery. The wool industry remained a mainstay of the economy through the 1950s, indeed it was said that the Australian economy "rode on the sheep's back". Nevertheless,
704:'s "fireside chats" of the 1930s, in which he spoke of the middle class as the "backbone of Australia" but as nevertheless having been "taken for granted" by political parties and of being effectively powerless because of lack of wealth on the one hand, and lack of organisation on the other.
865:
Australia and Japan which was signed in July 1957. The agreement carried political risk for the Menzies government, because memories of atrocities perpetrated on Australians by Japan in World War II were still strong in the community. Britain meanwhile was negotiating entry into the
1159:
The first tour by a reigning monarch saw her cover 10,000 miles by air and 2,000 miles by ground. On a later Royal Tour in 1963, Menzies famously and effusively praised Queen Elizabeth by quoting an Elizabethan era poem: "I did but see her passing by and yet I love her till I die".
1046:
Analysts voiced fear of the "domino theory", according to which South East Asia would fall to Communism state by state. In defence policy, Menzies moved Australia to a policy of "forward defence" and committed troops against Communists insurgencies in South East Asia – the
878:" which promoted high wages, industrial development, government intervention in industry (Australian governments traditionally owned banks and insurance companies and the railways and through policies designed to assist particular industries) and decentralisation.
1035:. The entry of Communist China into the war saw allied forces driven backwards down the peninsula. After fighting to a bitter standstill, the UN and North Korea signed a ceasefire agreement in July 1953. Australian forces had participated in such major battles as
1424:
Though often characterised as a "conservative" period in Australian history, the Menzies era was a period of sustained economic boom with rapid technological advance and Australia experienced the beginnings of sweeping social change – with the arrivals of
715:
Menzies wanted the new party to be independent of interest groups like big business and so sought to organise a structure under which the Party would only receive money from individuals in small amounts, rather than from trade groups or associations.
1406:
In 1962, an interstate coaxial cable linking the Eastern seaboard cities was completed. International direct dial was achieved with the opening of the Commonwealth Pacific Cable in 1963, in a scheme designed to link the Commonwealth by phone.
1101:. Western powers had built the trade canal, but Egypt was now seeking to exclude them from a role in its ownership or management. Menzies felt that Nasser's actions threatened Australia's interests as a trading nation and an ally of Britain.
1387:
From 1960 the Government allowed the United States to establish satellite tracking stations in the A.C.T. – resulting in the construction of Orroral Creek, Honeysuckle Creek and Tidbinbilla. The National Astronomical Observatory, a 64-metre
983:(DLP) whose preferences supported the Liberal and Country Party, in return for key concessions, like funding for Catholic schools. The new Party never won a House of Representatives seat, but often held the balance of power in the Senate.
598:
With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed United Australia Party won a landslide victory at 19 December 1931 Election, and the UAP commenced its first term in government in January 1932. The
1236:, the Menzies government introduced a uniform divorce law across Australia and recognised "no-fault" divorce by allowing a specified period of separation as sufficient grounds for a divorce. It was eventually replaced by the
618:. Forced to rely on the support of independents following the 1940 election, Menzies resigned in 1941, whereupon the UAP was unable to replace him with a suitable leader and allowed the leader of the junior coalition party,
1276:
European language. Immigration Minister, Sir Alexander Downer, announced that 'distinguished and highly qualified Asians' might immigrate. Restrictions continued to be relaxed through the 1960s in the lead up to the
1183:
which had privileged British migrants over all others since the time of Australian Federation in 1901 and abolished restrictions on voting rights for Aboriginal people, which had persisted in some jurisdictions.
723:, Menzies saw out another three years as opposition leader – opposing Labor's efforts to nationalise Australia's banks, criticising petrol rationing and speaking out against Communism in the early stages of the
545:
from 1949 to 1966. Menzies led the Liberal–Country Coalition to election victories in 1949, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1958, 1961 and 1963. Robert Menzies was Australia's longest serving prime minister. He had served a
892:
In 1951, the top marginal tax rate for incomes above £10,000 what is equivalent to $ 425,000 today, was 75 per cent under Menzies. from 1955 until the mid-1980s the top marginal tax rate was 67 per cent.
2146:
In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited by H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Online edition, edited by Lawrence Goldman, 2011. Accessed 2 October 2012.
1420:
answer is to set the individual free, to aim at equality of opportunity, to protect the individual against oppression, to create a society in which rights and duties are recognized and made effective."
1893:
849:
After winning office in 1949, Menzies fulfilled his promises to end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provide a 5 shilling endowment for first born children, as well as for others.
1469:. Menzies' second period as prime minister lasted a record sixteen years and seven consecutive election victories and ended in his voluntary retirement on 26 January 1966, aged 71.
1377:
1853:
645:. In the aftermath of this defeat, the UAP began to disintegrate, and Australian conservatives and anti-socialist liberals looked to form a new political movement to counter the
2265:
1093:
Robert Menzies' was despatched to Cairo by an 18 nation committee to act as chairman in negotiations with Egyptian President Nasser following his 1956 nationalisation of the
1032:
957:
2470:
696:
Menzies had been prime minister as leader of the United Australia Party from 1939 to 1941. From 1942 onward, Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of "
285:
2708:
1318:
have the right to vote. In 1961 a Parliamentary Committee was established to investigate and report to the Parliament on Aboriginal voting rights and in 1962, Menzies'
1012:
winning the Chinese Civil War in 1949 and Communist North Korea invading South Korea in 1950, Australia sought security outside its traditional allegiance to Britain.
509:
826:, again defeating Calwell, with the Coalition winning back its losses in the House of Representatives. Menzies went on to resign from parliament on 26 January 1966.
262:
257:
1252:, which gave the federal government exclusive jurisdiction over the formation of marriages. It remains in force although it has been amended on several occasions.
591:
against the Scullin Labor government and the UAP was formed from a coalition of citizens' groups and with the support of the Nationalist Party. In November 1931,
323:
603:
won three consecutive elections, pursuing a conservative fiscal policy of balanced budgets and debt reduction, while stewarding Australia out of the Depression.
1264:
decided to allow 800 non-European war refugees to remain in Australia, and Japanese war brides to be admitted to Australia. In 1950 External Affairs Minister
975:
and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra in 1954, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities and Menzies called a Royal Commission. The
2718:
2379:
2693:
2205:
1243:
897:
important developments in further industries occurred, such as the construction of Australia's first commercial oil field at Moonie in Queensland in 1961.
1179:
The Menzies government instigated a series of important reforms to immigration laws, which resulted in the erosion of the restrictions of the unofficial
626:
lasted just 40 days, before the independents crossed the floor bringing Labor's John Curtin to the prime ministership just prior to the outbreak of the
2713:
318:
980:
791:
972:
1876:
2463:
774:-controlled Senate refused to pass the Menzies' banking legislation. The Liberal-Country Coalition was returned with a reduced majority in the
889:
for providing economic aid to underdeveloped nations in Australia's region. Under the scheme, many future Asian leaders studied in Australia.
1826:
2703:
1393:
976:
502:
2317:
2698:
1163:
As decolonisation proceeded around the British Empire, the Menzies government followed Britain's lead and imposed economic sanctions on
775:
2558:
278:
2261:
97:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2495:
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dissidents chose to challenge the Scullin Labor government and align with the UAP to pass a 'no confidence' and the government fell.
2456:
1769:
587:
had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. In March 1931, though still a member of the ALP, Lyons supported a
1355:
Australia's universities, and Menzies' pumped funds into the sector under conditions which preserved the autonomy of universities.
979:
over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement, leading to the foundation of the breakaway
2341:
1617:
1478:
1373:
began broadcasting. In a significant step, Menzies opted for a hybrid system, licensing both commercial and public broadcasters.
823:
819:
807:
795:
787:
767:
759:
736:
720:
642:
555:
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449:
444:
439:
434:
424:
419:
414:
409:
143:
2623:
2346:
2322:
1959:
1511:
1024:
852:
Australia experienced a prolonged economic boom during the Menzies years. Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the
615:
495:
459:
429:
1449:
remained strong, Australia's cultural and political identity began a slow shift away from its traditional British allegiance.
1062:
The Menzies government entered the first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the
2430:
2425:
2402:
1964:
1774:
1221:
901:
614:. After a decade in office, the party had declined in popularity, and faced the demands of war in a shaky coalition with the
576:
2015:
This article was published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 15, (Melbourne University Press), 2000
2158:
1248:
333:
187:
1381:
961:
1415:
In his last address to the Liberal Party Federal Council in 1964, Menzies reflected on the "Liberal Creed" as follows:
2397:
866:
535:
122:
81:
1738:"Elections - Robert Menzies (26 April 1939 – 29 August 1941; 19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966) and Pattie Menzies"
1051:, and Indonesia's policy of Confrontation and, near the end of Menzies' prime ministership, the early stages of the
2046:
1466:
531:
118:
1392:
was opened in 1961. These facilities would prove crucial to the United States Lunar Program. Australia joined the
547:
1462:
905:
806:
as leader of the Country Party in March 1958 and the Menzies-McEwen Coalition was returned again at elections in
580:
929:
1531:
381:
2291:
2723:
2210:
2051:
1536:
1516:
1370:
1331:
1210:
1141:
1009:
686:
484:
386:
366:
356:
1797:
1710:"The Forgotten People - Speech by Robert Menzies on 22 May, 1942. Liberals.Net: Liberal Party of Australia"
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2633:
1546:
1541:
1526:
1521:
1323:
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with Menzies at an official function during her first visit to Australia in 1954. Popular support for the
771:
751:
682:
646:
551:
396:
391:
376:
371:
361:
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251:
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1737:
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between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister
2479:
2185:
1446:
1145:
1133:
1040:
875:
853:
701:
542:
538:
65:
2130:
2104:
1999:
571:
The United Australia Party had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector
477:
735:
of the Country Party as his deputy, Menzies led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to victory at the
1677:
1506:
1430:
1144:
as its successor. Menzies and Australians in general remained deeply loyal to the institution of the
1043:. 17,000 Australians had served and casualties amounted to more than 1,500, of whom 339 were killed.
857:
697:
588:
468:
290:
246:
2653:
2648:
2643:
1498:
1400:
1238:
657:
236:
132:
2628:
2613:
2598:
2593:
2573:
1339:
1149:
1105:
838:
763:
728:
161:
1651:
1308:(Menzies) "Well if I were not described as a racist I'd be the only public man who hasn't been."
1288:
This was despite in a discussion with radio 2UE's Stewart Lamb in 1955 he was a defender of the
1299:(Lamb) "For these years of course in the past Sir Robert you have been described as a racist."
526:
refers to the second period of federal executive government of Australia led by Prime Minister
2638:
2618:
2603:
2588:
2568:
2563:
2540:
2500:
2490:
1822:
1816:
1458:
1438:
1164:
1048:
1036:
779:
638:
623:
17:
2365:
2233:
1104:
Menzies' 7 September official communique to Nasser presented a case for compensation for the
2608:
2553:
2545:
1849:
1389:
1153:
1082:
690:
600:
584:
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from 1939 to 1941. Although he would retire in 1966, his party would remain in office until
2269:
1350:
The Menzies government extended Federal involvement in education and developed the city of
991:
38:
2583:
2530:
2505:
2327:
1474:
1434:
1426:
1278:
937:
834:
171:
2351:
1898:
1858:
1723:
1625:
1359:
1028:
941:
815:
661:
607:
527:
225:
220:
203:
90:
47:
1751:
1074:
In 1954, the Menzies government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (
822:, in the midst of a credit squeeze. Menzies stood for office for the last time in the
2687:
1457:
Menzies was Knighted in 1963, and was honoured in 1965 by being appointed to succeed
1363:
1265:
1067:
996:
945:
882:
830:
803:
783:
732:
669:
619:
328:
102:
1152:
and her consort, Prince Philip was greeted by wild enthusiasm across the continent.
558:, an unprecedented 23 years of government from nine consecutive election victories.
1269:
1129:
1114:
1063:
1000:
886:
747:
611:
572:
74:
956:
Menzies was firmly anti-Communist. In 1950 his government committed troops to the
794:
split the Australian Labor Party early in 1955 and Australia went to the polls in
1709:
1224:, which expanded the range of prescribed medicines subsidised by the government.
971:, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. Soviet diplomat
739:. He was now to become the longest serving prime minister in Australian history.
2673:
2669:
1580:"In office - James Scullin (22 October 1929 – 6 January 1932) and Sarah Scullin"
1470:
1362:
in Antarctica as Australia's first permanent base on the continent and in 1957,
1335:
1261:
1125:
1098:
1052:
1020:
1016:
799:
673:
634:
627:
107:
2162:
1140:
The Menzies era saw the sun set on the British Empire and the expansion of the
2665:
1488:
1442:
1094:
665:
592:
1696:"Screen Australia Digital Learning - Menzies' Forgotten People Speech (2008)"
1566:"Before office - Joseph Lyons (6 January 1932 – 7 April 1939) and Enid Lyons"
1168:
1113:
a humiliating withdrawal and the resignation of the British prime minister,
811:
70:
2448:
874:
policy was a part (some argue the foundation) of what became known as the "
681:
conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling
1351:
1171:
government had declared self-government to maintain white minority rule.
968:
933:
724:
707:
Outlining his vision for a new political movement in 1944, Menzies said:
2056:
1913:"Screen Australia Digital Learning - Riding on the Sheep's Back (1994)"
1624:. Liberal Party of Australia – Queensland Division. Archived from
1326:
should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections. In 1963,
944:, being escorted to a waiting plane by two armed KGB agents during the
689:
in December 1944. The formation of the party was formally announced at
583:, against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the
1399:
In 1960, money was set aside for the construction of the long-delayed
579:
as his deputy. The stance of Lyons and another former Labor minister,
1912:
1695:
1327:
1445:
emerged in the arts scene during the 1950s. Though support for the
1075:
1027:
request for military aid for South Korea and diverted forces from
990:
928:
861:
746:
656:
313:
999:
negotiated the ANZUS Treaty alliance with the United States and
949:
2452:
1804:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
1758:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
1684:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
1156:
then became the first British prime minister to visit in 1958.
2193:. European Observatory on Health Care Systems. pp. 14–15.
1403: – the original centre-piece of the design for Canberra.
1854:"John McEwen's postwar success has lessons for us post-Covid"
1607:
Brian Carroll; From Barton to Fraser; Cassell Australia; 1978
1242:. In 1961, the Menzies government used the powers granted by
1085:
agreeing a legal framework for the management of Antarctica.
2318:"Electoral Milestone: Timetable for Indigenous Australians"
1008:
War seeing the Soviet Union dominating Eastern Europe, the
829:
Menzies' 1949 Cabinet had the leader of the Country Party,
2159:"Robert Gordon Menzies and the Menzies Era (1949 to 1972)"
1023:. The Menzies government responded to a United States led
948:. Menzies intervened to prevent her forced removal to the
833:, as the treasurer and deputy prime minister and included
2676:(1967–1968), see their respective biographical articles.
2664:
For information about the caretaker governments led by
1877:"The way we were: quiet, maybe, but certainly not dull"
685:
which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944, and again in
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1378:
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
814:. The Coalition was narrowly returned against Labor's
782:. The Government was returned in the aftermath of the
575:
as its leader and John Latham, hitherto leader of the
2380:"We believe: the Liberal party and the liberal cause"
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1394:
International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium
1380:) was set up under the Atomic Energy Act in 1953 and
790:
and again after the formation of the anti-Communist
2266:
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs
668:(the first woman member of an Australian Cabinet),
167:
157:
149:
138:
128:
114:
96:
80:
64:
54:
34:
904:into the Commonwealth Banking Corporation and the
2292:"What Menzies really thought of the Commonwealth"
2206:"The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme: an overview"
676:(Menzies' successor) and an Airforceman in 1946.
298:
2135:The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library
1417:
709:
2262:"8. Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy"
2256:
2254:
1678:"Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (Bob) (1894–1978)"
1473:replaced the retiring Menzies in 1966 and the
1330:people petitioned Parliament, with the famous
881:In the early 1950s, external affairs minister
2464:
2085:
2083:
2029:"Conviction? Clever Kevin is no Pig Iron Bob"
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1871:
1869:
1618:"Formation of the Liberal Party of Australia"
1477:went on to win 82 seats to Labor's 41 in the
1376:The Australian Atomic Energy Commission (now
1334:, after the government excised land from the
1078:) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO.
719:After only modest gains against Labor at the
503:
8:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1220:, the Menzies government introduced the new
1003:for aid and development assistance for Asia.
610:assume the prime ministership on the eve of
2105:"The 1954 Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II"
1821:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
2471:
2457:
2449:
510:
496:
178:
1652:"The Origins of the Modern Liberal Party"
338:
2184:Hilless, Melissa; Healy, Judith (2001).
1752:"Fadden, Sir Arthur William (1894–1973)"
1260:Beginning in 1949, Immigration Minister
1124:
1031:to begin Australia's involvement in the
967:In 1951, during the early stages of the
1557:
1203:Aged and Disabled Persons Care Act 1954
952:following the defection of her husband.
700:" radio talks, similar to US President
181:
27:Australian federal executive government
1433:and iconic Australian performers like
810:– their third victory against Labor's
727:. Menzies characterised the incumbent
31:
1645:
1643:
1346:Education, science and infrastructure
637:proved a big war time leader and the
307:Second term of government (1949–1966)
7:
2238:[Australian Review of Public Affairs
2234:"The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme"
2131:"Macmillan, Maurice Harold (Harold)"
1358:In 1954, the government established
279:First term of government (1939–1941)
2719:1966 disestablishments in Australia
2709:History of Australia (1945–present)
2103:Wishart, Alison (10 January 2018).
762:, the Menzies government secured a
550:as prime minister as leader of the
324:1951 Communist Party ban referendum
2004:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1815:Capling, A.; Galligan, B. (1992).
1802:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1756:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1682:Australian Dictionary of Biography
900:In 1960, the government split the
837:as the first woman to serve in an
60:19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966
25:
2187:Health Care Systems in Transition
2000:"Sir Robert Gordon (Bob) Menzies"
530:. It was made up of members of a
2714:1949 establishments in Australia
2342:"History of the Indigenous Vote"
2027:Uhlmann, Chris (30 April 2010).
1491:
1338:reserve, without consulting the
1305:(Lamb) "I have read this, yes."
1246:of the constitution to pass the
1136:was high during the Menzies era.
483:
476:
186:
46:
37:
2347:Australian Electoral Commission
2323:Australian Electoral Commission
2232:Harvey, Ken (2 November 2001).
1770:"Robert Menzies: During office"
1658:. National Library of Australia
1512:History of Australia since 1945
1218:National Health Act No. 72 1959
1025:United Nations Security Council
862:alliance with the United States
2694:Menzies government (1949–1966)
2431:National Archives of Australia
2403:National Archives of Australia
1965:National Archives of Australia
1798:"McEwen, Sir John (1900–1980)"
1775:National Archives of Australia
1222:Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
1081:In 1959, Australia signed the
902:Commonwealth Bank of Australia
606:Lyons death in April 1939 saw
577:Nationalist Party of Australia
524:Menzies government (1949–1966)
18:Menzies Government (1949–1966)
1:
2434:. Australia's Prime Ministers
2406:. Australia's Prime Ministers
2350:. August 2006. Archived from
1968:. Australia's Prime Ministers
1778:. Australia's Prime Ministers
1431:Melbourne hosted the Olympics
1429:and television in the 1950s.
1384:commenced operation in 1958.
1382:Lucas Heights Nuclear Reactor
1207:Home Nursing Subsidy Act 1956
334:Royal Commission on Espionage
962:Communist Party of Australia
2704:National Party of Australia
1818:Beyond the Protective State
1234:Matrimonial Causes Act 1959
1199:Aged Persons Homes Act 1954
1197:. This was followed by the
1148:and the 1954 Royal Tour by
867:European Economic Community
653:Foundation of Liberal Party
272:Prime Minister of Australia
2740:
2699:Liberal Party of Australia
1960:"Robert Menzies: Timeline"
1467:Warden of the Cinque Ports
1320:Commonwealth Electoral Act
1216:On 1 March 1960, with the
1193:health scheme through the
778:, but with control of the
641:won in a landslide in the
2662:
2486:
1881:The Sydney Morning Herald
1463:Constable of Dover Castle
1390:radio telescope at Parkes
960:and attempted to ban the
906:Reserve Bank of Australia
758:Following victory in the
59:
45:
2480:Governments of Australia
2426:"Harold Holt: elections"
1656:Harold White Fellowships
1532:Seventh Menzies Ministry
1195:National Health Act 1953
1015:In June 1950, Communist
921:insurgencies elsewhere.
885:helped to establish the
299:Liberal Party foundation
195:This article is part of
2211:Parliament of Australia
2129:Matthew, H.C.G (2011).
2093:; Cassell; London; 1958
2052:Australian War Memorial
1537:Eighth Menzies Ministry
1517:Fourth Menzies Ministry
1371:Television in Australia
1332:Yirrkala bark petitions
1211:National Health Service
1142:Commonwealth of Nations
1121:Commonwealth of Nations
1010:Chinese Communist Party
2398:"About Robert Menzies"
2204:Biggs, Amanda (2002).
1998:Martin, A. W. (2000).
1547:Tenth Menzies Ministry
1542:Ninth Menzies Ministry
1527:Sixth Menzies Ministry
1522:Fifth Menzies Ministry
1422:
1324:Indigenous Australians
1310:
1290:White Australia Policy
1181:White Australia Policy
1137:
1004:
981:Democratic Labor Party
953:
824:November 1963 election
820:December 1961 election
792:Democratic Labor Party
772:Australian Labor Party
755:
752:Fifth Menzies Ministry
713:
683:Australian Labor Party
677:
647:Australian Labor Party
567:United Australia Party
552:United Australia Party
339:Entry into Vietnam War
252:United Australia Party
1453:Retirement of Menzies
1447:monarchy in Australia
1294:
1146:Monarchy in Australia
1134:Monarchy in Australia
1128:
994:
932:
876:Australian settlement
750:
731:as "socialist". With
702:Franklin D. Roosevelt
660:
543:Australian Parliament
2354:on 17 February 2011.
2109:State Library of NSW
2047:"Korean War 1950–53"
1852:(16 December 2020).
1507:History of Australia
1302:(Menzies) "Have I?"
1228:Marriage and divorce
987:Treaties and defence
858:British Commonwealth
622:to take office. The
589:no confidence motion
469:The Forgotten People
291:Advisory War Council
247:1938 Dalfram dispute
2272:on 1 September 2006
1499:conservatism portal
1427:rock and roll music
1401:Lake Burley Griffin
1283:Migration Act, 1966
1239:Family Law Act 1975
1175:Society and welfare
693:on 31 August 1945.
319:Communist Party ban
153:Menzies' retirement
2386:. 26 October 2009.
2330:on 6 January 2008.
1340:traditional owners
1322:provided that all
1313:Aboriginal affairs
1150:Queen Elizabeth II
1138:
1130:Queen Elizabeth II
1106:Suez Canal Company
1005:
954:
860:but formalised an
839:Australian Cabinet
764:double dissolution
756:
729:Chifley government
678:
662:Sir Robert Menzies
460:1964 (Half-Senate)
430:1953 (Half-Senate)
162:Chifley government
35:Menzies government
2681:
2680:
2091:Speech is of Time
2059:on 7 January 2012
1850:McKenzie, Bridget
1828:978-0-521-42629-9
1459:Winston Churchill
1366:was constructed.
1249:Marriage Act 1961
1165:Southern Rhodesia
1049:Malayan Emergency
977:Labor Party split
845:Economy and trade
670:Sir Eric Harrison
639:Curtin government
624:Fadden government
520:
519:
241:
213:
212:
177:
176:
16:(Redirected from
2731:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2326:. Archived from
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2268:. Archived from
2264:. Fact Sheet 8.
2258:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2161:. Archived from
2155:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2055:. Archived from
2043:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1956:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1883:. 26 April 2011.
1873:
1864:
1863:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1628:on 26 April 2007
1614:
1608:
1605:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1154:Harold Macmillan
1083:Antarctic Treaty
698:Forgotten People
691:Sydney Town Hall
601:Lyons government
585:Great Depression
512:
505:
498:
487:
480:
233:
209:
208:
206:
199:
198:
190:
183:
182:
179:
85:
50:
41:
32:
21:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2658:
2482:
2477:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2165:on 8 April 2012
2157:
2156:
2152:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2089:R. G. Menzies;
2088:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1957:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1892:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1726:. 12 June 2013.
1722:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1475:Holt government
1455:
1435:Barry Humphries
1413:
1348:
1315:
1279:Holt government
1268:instigated the
1258:
1244:section 51(xxi)
1230:
1190:
1177:
1123:
1091:
989:
973:Vladimir Petrov
938:Evdokia Petrova
927:
918:
916:Foreign affairs
847:
835:Dame Enid Lyons
745:
743:Terms in office
655:
569:
564:
516:
481:
474:
464:
401:
343:
303:
295:
275:
269:
230:
204:
202:
201:
200:
196:
194:
193:
172:Holt government
121:
106:
83:
73:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2724:Robert Menzies
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2417:
2389:
2384:The Australian
2371:
2357:
2333:
2309:
2298:. 21 July 2017
2283:
2250:
2224:
2196:
2176:
2150:
2121:
2095:
2079:
2070:
2038:
2019:
1979:
1918:
1904:
1902:(Subscription)
1899:The Australian
1886:
1865:
1859:The Australian
1841:
1827:
1807:
1789:
1761:
1743:
1729:
1715:
1701:
1687:
1669:
1639:
1609:
1585:
1571:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1486:
1483:
1454:
1451:
1439:Johnny O'Keefe
1412:
1409:
1360:Mawson Station
1347:
1344:
1314:
1311:
1257:
1254:
1229:
1226:
1213:in the 1940s.
1189:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1122:
1119:
1090:
1087:
1029:occupied Japan
988:
985:
942:Sydney Airport
926:
923:
917:
914:
846:
843:
816:Arthur Calwell
744:
741:
654:
651:
608:Robert Menzies
568:
565:
563:
560:
528:Robert Menzies
518:
517:
515:
514:
507:
500:
492:
489:
488:
473:
472:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
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417:
412:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
302:
301:
294:
293:
288:
286:Entry into WW2
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
249:
243:
242:
229:
228:
226:State politics
223:
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:Robert Menzies
197:a series about
191:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
116:
112:
111:
100:
94:
93:
91:Robert Menzies
88:
78:
77:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2736:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
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2689:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
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2627:
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2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
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2590:
2587:
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2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2549:
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2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2455:
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2451:
2433:
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2427:
2421:
2418:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2177:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:Opinion piece
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1724:"Our History"
1719:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1657:
1653:
1650:Ian Hancock.
1646:
1644:
1640:
1627:
1623:
1622:Party History
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1479:1966 Election
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1364:Davis Station
1361:
1356:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1281:'s watershed
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:Percy Spender
1263:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1068:Percy Spender
1065:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1002:
998:
997:Percy Spender
993:
986:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
951:
947:
946:Petrov Affair
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
922:
915:
913:
909:
907:
903:
898:
894:
890:
888:
884:
883:Percy Spender
879:
877:
871:
868:
863:
859:
855:
850:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
831:Arthur Fadden
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:November 1958
805:
804:Arthur Fadden
801:
797:
796:December 1955
793:
789:
788:1954 election
785:
784:Petrov affair
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:28 April 1951
766:election for
765:
761:
760:1949 election
753:
749:
742:
740:
738:
737:1949 election
734:
733:Arthur Fadden
730:
726:
722:
721:1946 election
717:
712:
708:
705:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
650:
648:
644:
643:1943 election
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
620:Arthur Fadden
617:
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2438:20 February
2410:20 February
2366:"Continuum"
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2243:20 February
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2140:20 February
2114:20 February
2009:20 February
1972:20 February
1834:20 February
1782:20 February
1471:Harold Holt
1411:Menzies era
1336:Arnhem Land
1262:Harold Holt
1256:Immigration
1099:Suez Crisis
1097:during the
1089:Suez Crisis
1053:Vietnam War
1041:Maryang San
1021:South Korea
1017:North Korea
800:John McEwen
776:Lower House
674:Harold Holt
635:John Curtin
628:Pacific War
239:(1934–1966)
235:Member for
158:Predecessor
110:(1958–1966)
108:John McEwen
105:(1949–1958)
2688:Categories
2666:Earle Page
2579:Menzies II
2536:Fisher III
2521:Deakin III
1553:References
1443:Slim Dusty
1095:Suez Canal
1033:Korean War
958:Korean War
936:politics:
666:Enid Lyons
593:Lang Labor
562:Background
346:Ministries
221:Early life
2559:Menzies I
2526:Fisher II
2511:Deakin II
2276:5 January
1396:in 1964.
1369:In 1956,
1169:Ian Smith
1167:when the
812:H V Evatt
802:replaced
539:coalition
404:Elections
168:Successor
71:George VI
55:In office
2668:(1939),
2654:Albanese
2649:Morrison
2644:Turnbull
2516:Fisher I
2496:Deakin I
2296:SBS News
2169:28 March
2063:29 April
2033:ABC News
1662:11 April
1632:11 April
1485:See also
1352:Canberra
1205:and the
1019:invaded
969:Cold War
934:Cold War
925:Cold War
854:monarchy
754:in 1951.
725:Cold War
633:Labor's
133:Majority
86:Minister
2634:Rudd II
2629:Gillard
2614:Keating
2599:Whitlam
2594:McMahon
2574:Chifley
2550:Scullin
1037:Kapyong
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786:in the
664:, Dame
541:in the
532:Liberal
382:Seventh
254:spills
237:Kooyong
123:Country
119:Liberal
66:Monarch
2639:Abbott
2624:Rudd I
2619:Howard
2604:Fraser
2589:Gorton
2569:Curtin
2564:Fadden
2541:Hughes
2501:Watson
2491:Barton
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1201:, the
1188:Health
780:Senate
687:Albury
387:Eighth
367:Fourth
357:Second
150:Demise
139:Origin
129:Status
98:Deputy
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2554:Lyons
2546:Bruce
2191:(PDF)
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397:Tenth
392:Ninth
377:Sixth
372:Fifth
362:Third
352:First
314:ANZUS
115:Party
82:Prime
2584:Holt
2531:Cook
2506:Reid
2440:2022
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2304:2022
2278:2010
2245:2022
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2171:2012
2142:2022
2116:2022
2077:aspx
2065:2011
2011:2022
1974:2022
1836:2022
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1664:2007
1634:2007
1465:and
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950:USSR
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