653:
2993:
2983:
652:
169:
In the 260-day cycle 20 day names pairs with 13 day numbers, totaling a cycle of 260 days. This cycle was used for divination purposes to foretell lucky and unlucky days. The date of birth was also used to give names to both humans and gods in many
Mesoamerican cultures; some cultures used only the
490:
The 365-day and the 260-day calendars identified and named the days, but not the years. The combination of a solar year date and a 260-year date was enough to identify a specific date to most people's satisfaction, as such a combination did not occur again for another 52 years, above general life
132:
who developed it to its fullest extent during the
Classic period (ca. 200–900 CE). The Long Count provided the ability to uniquely identify days over a much longer period of time, by combining a sequence of day-counts or cycles of increasing length, calculated or set from a particular date in the
799:
Tedlock, Barbara, Time and the
Highland Maya Revised edition (1992 Page 1) "Scores of indigenous Guatemalan communities, principally those speaking the Mayan languages known as Ixil, Mam, Pokomchí, and Quiché, keep the 260-day cycle and (in many cases) the ancient solar cycle as well (chapter
81:
Among the various calendar systems in use, two were particularly central and widespread across
Mesoamerica. Common to all recorded Mesoamerican cultures, and the most important, was the 260-day calendar, a ritual calendar with no confirmed correlation to astronomical or agricultural cycles.
19:
72:
The importance of aboriginal calendars in ritual and other aspects of
Mesoamerican life was noted by many missionary priests, travelers, and colonial administrators, and later by ethnographers who described and recorded the cultures of contemporary Mesoamerican ethnic groups.
472:
101:". Because it was an approximation, over time the seasons and the true tropical year gradually "wandered" with respect to this calendar, owing to the accumulation of the differences in length. There is little hard evidence to suggest that the ancient Mesoamericans used any
194:, 600 - 500 BCE, giving the possible date 1 Earthquake), in both cases assumed to be used as names. However, the earliest evidence of the use of the 260-day cycle comes from astronomical alignments in the Olmec region and western Maya Lowlands, dating to about 1100 BCE.
386:
The term calendar wheel generally refers to
Colonial-period images that display cycles of time in a circular format. Central Mexican calendar wheels incorporate the eighteen annual festivals or the 52-year cycle. In the Maya area, calendar wheels depict a cycle of 13
414:. Some paired festivals share the same glyph, but they are represented in different sizes, the first being the “small feast” and the second the “great feast.” In the center, a 7 Rabbit date (1538) appears with text and images that refer to Tetzcocan town officers.
170:
calendar name whereas others combined it with a given name. As a result, the word for “day” also means “name” in some
Mesoamerican languages. Each day sign was presided over by a god and many had associations with specific natural phenomena..
337:
were seen as 'the useless days' or the days that were dedicated to no gods, and they had prognostic power for the coming year. Therefore, People tried to do as little as possible on these days, and a person who was born during the
287:
This 365-day calendar corresponded was divided into 18 'months' of 20 days each, plus 5 'nameless' days at the end of the year. The 365 day year had no leap year so it varied from the solar year by a quarter of a day each year.
481:
This is the second oldest Long Count date yet discovered. The numerals 7.16.6.16.18 translate to
September 1, 32 BCE (Gregorian). The glyphs surrounding the date are what is thought to be one of the few surviving examples of
410:, an early sixteenth-century calendar on native paper, depicts the Central Mexican cycle of eighteen festivals in clockwise rotation, with Arabic numerals used to total the number of days; virtually all the text is in
247:(used generally for observing the path of the Sun and in particular zenithal passages), were found at this and other sites. The sacred almanac may well have been set in motion on August 13, 1359, BCE, in Izapa.
105:
to bring their calendar back into alignment. However, there is evidence to show
Mesoamericans were aware of this gradual shifting, which they accounted for in other ways without amending the calendar itself.
325:
in Mexico. Most believe them to have come at the end of each year, but since we do not know when the year started, we cannot know for sure. We do know though, that in the Maya area these five days (called
809:
Miles, Susanna W, "An
Analysis of the Modern Middle American Calendars: A Study in Conservation." In Acculturation in the Americas. Edited by Sol Tax, p. 273. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.
1275:
Bricker, Harvey M. and Victoria R. Bricker. "Correlation of Calendars." In Davíd Carrasco (ed). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001.
453:
There are only nine Lords of the Night, which means that they cannot always represent the same day, but the list of gods repeats itself again and again so each lord accompanies a new number each
506:
or September 6, 3114 BCE in the Julian Calendar (-3113 astronomical). The Long Count days were tallied in a modified base-20 scheme. Thus 0.0.0.1.5 is equal to 25, and 0.0.0.2.0 is equal to 40.
151:
Since the sixteenth century, most communities have lost both of these once universal calendars, but one—or, rarely, both—has survived in diverse linguistic groups through the twentieth century.
374:. While waiting for this to happen, all fire was extinguished, utensils were destroyed to symbolize new beginnings, people fasted and rituals were carried out. This was known as the
378:. When dawn broke on the first day of the new cycle, torches were lit in the temples and brought out to light new fires everywhere, and ceremonies of thanksgiving were performed.
291:
The years were given their name in much the same way as the days of the 260-day calendar, 20 names were paired with 18 numbers giving 360 different possibilities for year names
49:
These calendars have been dated to early as ca. 1100 BCE. By 500 BCE at the latest, the essentials were fully defined and functional. 260-day calendars are still used in the
197:
The exact origin of the 260-day count is not known, but there are several theories. One theory is that the calendar came from mathematical operations based on the numbers
2578:
1735:
700:. These calendars differed from the Maya version mainly in that they didn't use the long count to fix dates into a larger chronological frame than the 52-year cycle.
491:
expectancy. To measure dates over periods longer than 52 years, the Mesoamericans devised the Long Count calendar. This calendar system was probably developed by the
2225:
1593:
Milbrath, Susan. "Calendar Wheels." In Davíd Carrasco (ed). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001.
528:
The commonly established way of expressing the correlation between the Maya calendar and the western calendars is to provide number of days from the start of the
406:, also known as the Codex of 1576, shows the 52-year calendar in a rectangular format on a single page. Most other calendar wheels use a circular format. The
2843:
86:
used to depict them were culture-specific. However, it is clear that type of calendar functioned in essentially the same way across cultures, and across the
366:. According to their mythology, at the end of one of these 52-year cycles the world would be destroyed by the gods, as it had been, three times in the
279:, and the god who was its patron, ruled the following thirteen days. If the first day of a trecena was auspicious then so were the next twelve days.
1190:
576:
1666:
1632:
1505:
1418:
1384:
1350:
1316:
2370:
231:
A third theory comes from understanding of astronomy, geography and paleontology. The Mesoamerican calendar probably originated with the
1783:
1298:
539:" correlation (GMT correlation). The GMT correlation establishes that the creation date occurred on September 6 (Julian) or August 11 (
499:. The use of the long count is best attested among the classic Maya, it is not known to have been used by the central Mexican cultures.
2661:
82:
Apparently the earliest Mesoamerican calendar to be developed was known by a variety of local terms, and its named components and the
1602:
1598:
1455:
1451:
1280:
1162:
Refer ALMG (1988), as cited in Kettunen and Hemke (2005, p.5). This latter notes the general adoption on ALMG orthography among the
1142:
1138:
1031:
942:
938:
833:
2320:
1756:
863:
603:
520:
466:
363:
121:
117:. The completion and observance of this Calendar Round sequence was of ritual significance to a number of Mesoamerican cultures.
26:, provisionally dated to 500-400 BCE, showing what is thought to be one of the earliest calendric representations in Mesoamerica.
1441:
1129:
928:
824:
3017:
1304:
2666:
2604:
2397:
1658:
540:
503:
350:
Since both the 260-day and the 365-day calendar repeat, approximately every 52 years they reach a common end, and a new
2504:
1832:
1608:
1215:
457:. Some think that there are nine Lords of the Night because they are connected to the nine levels of the underworld.
398:
The earliest known Colonial-period calendar wheel is actually depicted in a square format, on pages 21 and 22 of the
1198:
2838:
2479:
1988:
1497:
148:. Therefore, the use of Mesoamerican calendars is specific to Mesoamerica and is not found outside its boundaries.
2608:
1410:
1308:
606:
to record dates within periods longer than the 52 year calendar round. The post-Classic Maya used an abbreviated
1690:
2541:
2084:
2025:
1376:
1921:
1657:. George A. Everett, Jr. and Edward B. Sisson (trans. and eds.), with a foreword by Ferdinand Anders. Norman:
354:
begins. This 52-year cycle was the most important for most Mesoamericans, with the apparent exception of the
2489:
2358:
1776:
359:
125:
87:
1195:
Lenguas mayas de Guatemala: documento de referencia para la pronunciación de los nuevos alfabetos oficiales
1939:
1556:
1523:
407:
502:
The Long Count calendar identifies a date by counting the number of days from August 11, 3114 BCE in the
2954:
2949:
2716:
1729:
2942:
1655:
Tlacuilolli: style and contents of the Mexican pictorial manuscripts with a catalog of the Borgia Group
1619:
The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion
1290:
2823:
2706:
2531:
2439:
2057:
1951:
1867:
1548:
980:
669:
243:
N, the Sun passes through zenith twice a year, and there are 260 days between zenithal passages, and
191:
1561:
2905:
2676:
2638:
2474:
2424:
2274:
2252:
2247:
2193:
2123:
2091:
1220:
693:
536:
2412:
160:
2996:
2813:
2711:
2434:
2377:
2348:
2153:
2133:
1852:
1847:
1811:
1769:
1650:
1582:
1253:
1004:
971:
Pohl, Mary; Kevin O. Pope; Christopher von Nagy (2002). "Olmec Origins of Mesoamerican Writing".
681:
615:
521:
Mesoamerican Long Count calendar § Correlations between Western calendars and the Long Count
448:
1750:
1624:
1342:
2986:
2925:
2853:
2848:
2594:
2546:
2484:
2464:
2279:
2230:
2200:
2138:
2101:
2096:
2042:
2005:
1946:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1837:
1717:
1672:
1662:
1638:
1628:
1594:
1574:
1539:
1511:
1501:
1475:
1447:
1424:
1414:
1390:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1346:
1322:
1312:
1276:
1245:
1237:
1202:
1134:
1027:
996:
934:
829:
544:
496:
375:
355:
217:
179:
129:
18:
2833:
2573:
2563:
2459:
2264:
2259:
2188:
2148:
2128:
2118:
2074:
2000:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1934:
1862:
1842:
1707:
1699:
1566:
1229:
988:
483:
428:
399:
267:
in Spanish (no indigenous word for this period is known) were also important. The days of a
1341:. Ancient peoples and places series (4th edition (revised) ed.). London and New York:
42:, primarily a 260-day year, were used in religious observances and social rituals, such as
2863:
2858:
2789:
2653:
2618:
2568:
2526:
2444:
2429:
2365:
2353:
2343:
2289:
2220:
2210:
2143:
2106:
2047:
2010:
1963:
1958:
673:
471:
272:
187:
102:
93:
The second of the major calendars was one representing a 365-day period approximating the
2643:
2417:
1686:"Origin of Mesoamerican astronomy and calendar: Evidence from the Olmec and Maya regions"
1494:
Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations
1300:
Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 10: Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica, part I
1552:
984:
2828:
2686:
2551:
2536:
2494:
2469:
2407:
2402:
2325:
2310:
2284:
2237:
2215:
2205:
2111:
2079:
2064:
2032:
2015:
1983:
1857:
1816:
1806:
1712:
1462:
1436:
1334:
1294:
1124:
954:
923:
888:
819:
761:
689:
647:
591:
532:(Monday, January 1, 4713 BCE) to the start of creation on 13.0.0.0.0 4 Ajaw, 8 Kumk'u.
371:
351:
302:
258:
240:
205:, which were important numbers to the Maya. The numbers multiplied together equal 260.
141:
110:
23:
871:
3011:
2556:
2509:
2499:
2454:
2449:
2294:
2269:
2242:
2183:
2166:
2037:
2020:
1901:
1872:
1257:
766:
756:
711:
635:
619:
611:
607:
556:
529:
94:
35:
1586:
1008:
2893:
2868:
2743:
2671:
2161:
1617:
1489:
1286:
705:
677:
660:
The Central Mexican calendar system is best known in the form that was used by the
476:
436:
145:
525:
The correlation is based on historical, archaeological and astronomical evidence.
1570:
431:. These were gods (and goddesses) who each represented one of the 13 days in the
2873:
2799:
2768:
2763:
2681:
2519:
2171:
1402:
1261:
697:
623:
572:
563:
403:
202:
198:
164:
109:
These two 260- and 365-day calendars could also be synchronised to generate the
39:
271:
were usually numbered from 1 to 13. There were some exceptions, such as in the
2888:
2883:
2818:
2808:
2803:
2628:
2178:
1993:
1612:
1233:
771:
561:
The Maya version of the 260-day calendar is commonly known to scholars as the
43:
1241:
2966:
2930:
2898:
2794:
2773:
2753:
1877:
1676:
1642:
1515:
1428:
1394:
1360:
1206:
992:
740:
367:
225:
209:
134:
50:
1721:
1703:
1578:
1249:
1000:
818:
Harvey M. Bricker, and Victoria R. Bricker. "Correlation of Calendars." In
723:(moon), and the five unlucky days at the end of the solar year were called
392:
388:
228:
originally developed the calendar to predict babies' expected birth dates.
1527:
1326:
133:
mythical past. Most commonly, five such higher-order cycles in a modified
2961:
2937:
2758:
2514:
1792:
1685:
1163:
898:
631:
402:, an Aztec screenfold that divides the 52-year cycle into two parts. The
54:
31:
208:
Another theory is that the 260-day period came from the length of human
685:
589: ), to form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 Haabs, called the
435:
of the 260-day calendar. The same god always represented the same day.
411:
263:
236:
62:
892:
439:(The feathered serpent), for example, always accompanied the 9th day.
140:
The use of Mesoamerican calendrics is one of the cultural traits that
665:
244:
183:
66:
58:
1435:
John S. Justeson and Terrence Kaufman. "Mesoamerican Calendars". In
922:
John S. Justeson and Terrence Kaufman. "Mesoamerican Calendars". In
579:. The Tzolk'in is combined with the 365-day calendar (known as the
2748:
744:
661:
651:
535:
The most commonly accepted correlation is the "Goodman, Martinez,
492:
470:
232:
83:
17:
2878:
953:
Justeson, John S., and Terrence Kaufman. "Divinatory Cycle." In
736:
627:
581:
275:
area where they were counted from 2 to 14. The first day of the
114:
98:
1765:
1532:
1469:
128:
of several Mesoamerican cultures, most famously those of the
1761:
1684:
Ivan Šprajc, Takeshi Inomata, and Anthony F. Aveni. (2023).
595:. The Maya called the 5 unlucky days at the end of the year
144:
used in his original formulation to define Mesoamerica as a
239:, Mexico, before 1200 BCE. There, at a latitude of about 15
178:
Earliest written evidence for the 260 calendar include the
212:. This is close to the average number of days between the
1373:
The Book of the Year: Middle American Calendrical Systems
1153:
Handbook of middleamerican indians, book 10 (pp. 335-336)
1074:
Handbook of middleamerican indians, book 10 (pp. 339-340)
1216:"Zapotec Hieroglyphic Writing, by Javier Urcid Serrano "
1446:
Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001.
1407:
Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico
1133:
Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001.
933:
Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001.
828:. Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001
703:
The Aztecs referred to the 365 and 260-day cycles as
622:
which has information about the lunar cycle, such as
1289:(1971). "Calendrical Systems of Central Mexico". In
735:
Other calendar cycles were also recorded, such as a
186:, 650 BCE, giving the possible date 3 Ajaw) and the
2918:
2782:
2736:
2725:
2695:
2652:
2587:
2390:
2336:
2303:
1886:
1825:
1799:
1175:
Balkansky (2002); Miller and Taube (1992, pp.52–54)
1112:
The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
1616:
1065:Hanns J. Prem, Antigua cronología Mexicana (p. 70)
427:In the post-classic Aztec calendar, there were 13
235:, and a settlement existed at Izapa, in southeast
224:menstrual period and birth. It is postulated that
1197:. ALMG Documento 1 (in Spanish). Guatemala City:
313:, meaning moon, in Nahuatl, were also important.
1442:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
1130:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
1101:Broda de Casas, The Mexican Calendar (pp. 27-28)
1083:Broda de Casas, The Mexican Calendar (pp. 18-19)
959:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
929:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
825:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
634:cycle and length of the current lunation and an
610:. Many Maya Long Count inscriptions also have a
330:in Maya) were always the last days of the year.
395:wheel appears on a stone turtle from Mayapán.
1777:
1528:"Origin of the Mesoamerican 260-Day Calendar"
1191:ALMG (Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala)
113:, a period of 18980 days or approximately 52
8:
1734:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1751:Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy and calendars
1461:Kettunen, Harri; Christophe Helmke (2005).
1022:Price, T. Douglas; Gary M. Feinman (2005).
2982:
2733:
1894:
1784:
1770:
1762:
1026:(Fourth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1711:
1560:
739:calendar, as well as the cycles of other
664:, but similar calendars were used by the
220:which is 40 weeks (280 days) between the
120:A third major calendar form known as the
1056:Caso (1971, p.333), Edmonson (1988, p.5)
1123:Milbrath, Susan. "Calendar Wheels." In
961:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
783:
614:which can record which one of the nine
1727:
577:Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala
7:
1201:, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes.
656:Image of an ancient Mexican calendar
362:, who gave equal importance to the
216:menstrual period and birth, unlike
1110:Miller, Mary E., and Taube, Karl.
321:The five unlucky days were called
14:
1092:Miller and Taube (1992, pp.86–88)
543:), 3114 BC (-3113 astronomical),
2992:
2991:
2981:
1464:Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs
883:Paul Kirchhoff coined the term,
467:Mesoamerican Long Count calendar
261:the periods of 13 days called a
2844:English and British regnal year
479:, an Olmec archaeological site.
1199:Instituto Indigenista Nacional
715:(day count) respectively. The
391:. The only known pre-Hispanic
1:
853:Miller and Taube (1993, p.50)
844:Miller and Taube (1993, p.48)
1659:University of Oklahoma Press
1571:10.1126/science.181.4103.939
504:proleptic Gregorian calendar
602:The Classic Maya, used the
358:elite until the end of the
137:(base-20) count were used.
3034:
1498:Princeton University Press
1307:(General Editor). Austin:
1214:Balkansky, Andrew (2002).
743:objects, most importantly
645:
554:
518:
464:
446:
158:
97:, known sometimes as the "
2977:
1897:
1411:University of Texas Press
1309:University of Texas Press
1234:10.1017/S0003598X0009150X
864:"Mesoamerica: Our Region"
495:and later adopted by the
475:The back of Stela C from
1753:, James Q. Jacobs (1999)
1377:University of Utah Press
642:Central Mexican Calendar
342:was considered unlucky.
188:San Jose Mogote danzante
90:when it was maintained.
34:devised and used by the
1912:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)
993:10.1126/science.1078474
418:Religion and calendrics
370:and four times for the
155:Ritual 260-day calendar
3018:Mesoamerican calendars
2943:Dungeons & Dragons
2349:Ethiopian and Eritrean
1757:Mesoamerican calendars
1704:10.1126/sciadv.abq7675
1526:(September 17, 1973).
657:
487:
27:
22:Stelae 12 and 13 from
2955:The Lord of the Rings
2662:Hanke–Henry Permanent
1524:Malmström, Vincent H.
1297:(Volume eds.) (ed.).
655:
474:
317:The five unlucky days
88:chronological periods
21:
1311:. pp. 333–348.
1264:on December 23, 2012
1047:Šprajc et al. (2023)
626:and position of the
612:supplementary series
408:Boban calendar wheel
301:In the post-classic
257:In the post-classic
2667:International Fixed
2605:Proleptic Gregorian
2226:Slavic Native Faith
1651:Nowotny, Karl Anton
1625:Thames & Hudson
1553:1973Sci...181..939M
1472:online publication)
1343:Thames & Hudson
1166:research community.
985:2002Sci...298.1984P
979:(5600): 1984–1985.
364:long count calendar
305:the 20 days called
32:calendrical systems
2337:Christian variants
1375:. Salt Lake City:
1369:Edmonson, Munro S.
1024:Images of the Past
913:Caso (1971, p.333)
658:
616:Lords of the Night
488:
449:Lords of the Night
443:Lords of the Night
77:Types of calendars
28:
3005:
3004:
2987:List of calendars
2914:
2913:
2613:historiographical
2480:French Republican
2386:
2385:
2144:Manipuri (Meitei)
1668:978-0-8061-3653-0
1634:978-0-500-05068-2
1547:(4103): 939–941.
1507:978-0-691-09474-8
1496:. Princeton, NJ:
1476:Leiden University
1420:978-0-292-73139-4
1386:978-0-87480-288-7
1352:978-0-500-27455-2
1318:978-0-292-70150-2
887:in 1943 from the
709:(year count) and
545:Julian day number
376:New Fire Ceremony
180:San Andres glyphs
130:Maya civilization
3025:
2995:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2849:Human (Holocene)
2834:Chinese Imperial
2734:
2654:Reform proposals
2609:Proleptic Julian
2371:Eastern Orthodox
2001:Germanic heathen
1979:Earthly Branches
1895:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1715:
1691:Science Advances
1680:
1646:
1622:
1590:
1564:
1536:
1519:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1432:
1398:
1364:
1330:
1291:Gordon F. Ekholm
1272:
1270:
1269:
1260:. Archived from
1228:(293): 904–905.
1210:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1019:
1013:
1012:
968:
962:
951:
945:
920:
914:
911:
905:
904:
896:or "center" and
880:
879:
870:. Archived from
860:
854:
851:
845:
842:
836:
816:
810:
807:
801:
797:
791:
788:
484:Epi-Olmec script
429:Lords of the Day
423:Lords of the day
400:Codex Borbonicus
283:365-day calendar
124:is found in the
103:intercalary days
3033:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2973:
2910:
2864:Nirayana system
2790:Ab urbe condita
2778:
2730:
2728:
2721:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2648:
2599:anthropological
2583:
2382:
2366:Liturgical year
2332:
2299:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1821:
1795:
1790:
1747:
1742:
1726:
1698:(1): eabq7675.
1683:
1669:
1649:
1635:
1607:
1562:10.1.1.693.2640
1530:
1522:
1508:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1467:
1460:
1421:
1401:
1387:
1367:
1353:
1335:Coe, Michael D.
1333:
1319:
1285:
1267:
1265:
1213:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1016:
970:
969:
965:
952:
948:
921:
917:
912:
908:
877:
875:
862:
861:
857:
852:
848:
843:
839:
817:
813:
808:
804:
798:
794:
789:
785:
780:
753:
733:
650:
644:
571:in the revised
559:
553:
523:
517:
512:
480:
469:
463:
451:
445:
425:
420:
384:
382:Calendar Wheels
348:
319:
309:in Spanish and
299:
285:
255:
176:
167:
157:
79:
12:
11:
5:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Chinese Minguo
2836:
2831:
2829:Before Present
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2326:Calendar round
2323:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Heavenly Stems
1981:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1745:External links
1743:
1741:
1740:
1681:
1667:
1647:
1633:
1605:
1591:
1520:
1506:
1486:
1458:
1437:Davíd Carrasco
1433:
1419:
1399:
1385:
1365:
1351:
1331:
1317:
1295:Ignacio Bernal
1283:
1273:
1211:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1155:
1146:
1125:Davíd Carrasco
1116:
1114:. London, 1993
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1032:
1014:
963:
955:David Carrasco
946:
924:David Carrasco
915:
906:
855:
846:
837:
820:David Carrasco
811:
802:
792:
782:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
762:Aztec calendar
759:
752:
749:
732:
729:
648:Aztec calendar
646:Main article:
643:
640:
592:Calendar Round
555:Main article:
552:
549:
547:(JDN) 584283.
519:Main article:
516:
513:
511:
508:
465:Main article:
462:
459:
447:Main article:
444:
441:
437:Quetzalcohuatl
424:
421:
419:
416:
383:
380:
352:Calendar Round
347:
346:Calendar Round
344:
318:
315:
303:Aztec calendar
298:
293:
284:
281:
259:Aztec calendar
254:
249:
218:Naegele's rule
175:
172:
156:
153:
142:Paul Kirchhoff
111:Calendar Round
78:
75:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3030:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Anno Martyrum
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:and numbering
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2644:'Pataphysical
2642:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Tōnalpōhualli
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Vikram Samvat
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Vikram Samvat
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1603:9780195188431
1600:
1599:9780195108156
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:Marcus, Joyce
1487:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1456:9780195108156
1453:
1452:9780195188431
1449:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:Caso, Alfonso
1284:
1282:
1281:9780195108156
1278:
1274:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:9780195188431
1140:
1139:9780195108156
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1033:0-07-286311-0
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
960:
956:
950:
947:
944:
943:9780195108156
940:
939:9780195188431
936:
932:
930:
925:
919:
916:
910:
907:
903:
901:
900:
895:
894:
890:
886:
874:on 2006-10-21
873:
869:
865:
859:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
835:
834:9780195108156
831:
827:
826:
821:
815:
812:
806:
803:
796:
793:
790:Marcus (1992)
787:
784:
777:
773:
770:
768:
767:Inca calendar
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:Maya calendar
755:
754:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
712:tonalpohualli
708:
707:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
654:
649:
641:
639:
637:
636:819-day count
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
558:
557:Maya calendar
551:Maya Calendar
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
530:Julian Period
526:
522:
514:
509:
507:
505:
500:
498:
494:
485:
478:
473:
468:
460:
458:
456:
450:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
422:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
341:
336:
331:
329:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
297:
294:
292:
289:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:
260:
253:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
173:
171:
166:
162:
161:Tōnalpōhualli
154:
152:
149:
147:
143:
138:
136:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
107:
104:
100:
96:
95:tropical year
91:
89:
85:
76:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
45:
41:
37:
36:pre-Columbian
33:
25:
20:
16:
2965:
2953:
2950:Middle-earth
2941:
2929:
2699:applications
2697:Displays and
2607: /
2588:By specialty
2557:
2418:Xiuhpōhualli
2316:Mesoamerican
2315:
2162:Nepal Sambat
1833:Astronomical
1730:cite journal
1695:
1689:
1654:
1618:
1609:Miller, Mary
1544:
1538:
1493:
1479:. Retrieved
1474:. Wayeb and
1463:
1440:
1406:
1403:Hassig, Ross
1372:
1338:
1299:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:the original
1225:
1219:
1194:
1171:
1158:
1149:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1023:
1017:
976:
972:
966:
958:
949:
927:
918:
909:
897:
891:
884:
882:
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741:astronomical
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731:Other cycles
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706:xiuhpohualli
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620:Lunar series
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510:Correlations
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477:Tres Zapotes
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126:inscriptions
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38:cultures of
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2800:Anno Domini
2769:Regnal year
2764:Regnal name
2737:Terminology
2727:Year naming
2682:Symmetry454
2532:Pentecontad
2455:Culāsakaraj
2440:Cappadocian
2172:Yele Sambat
2058:Zoroastrian
1952:Bangladeshi
1890:limited use
1868:Solar Hijri
1863:Lunar Hijri
1826:In wide use
1305:R. Wauchope
885:Mesoamerica
868:Mesoamerica
719:was called
698:Teotihuacan
682:Matlatzinca
624:lunar phase
608:short count
573:orthography
404:Codex Aubin
360:Classic Era
53:highlands,
40:Mesoamerica
24:Monte Albán
2906:Vietnamese
2819:Anno Mundi
2809:Anno Lucis
2804:Common Era
2707:Electronic
2677:Positivist
2639:Discordian
2629:Dreamspell
2564:Sexagenary
2505:Macedonian
2475:Florentine
2425:Babylonian
2391:Historical
2321:Long Count
2275:Vietnamese
2231:Macedonian
2194:Nanakshahi
2124:Lithuanian
1994:Solar term
1623:. London:
1613:Karl Taube
1535:Reprinted)
1481:2008-08-07
1409:. Austin:
1268:2006-10-20
1183:References
878:2006-12-19
772:Dreamspell
604:Long Count
515:Long count
461:Long Count
159:See also:
122:Long Count
99:vague year
51:Guatemalan
44:divination
2967:Star Trek
2931:Discworld
2926:Discworld
2919:Fictional
2795:Anka year
2774:Year zero
2754:Leap year
2712:Perpetual
2435:Byzantine
2154:Mongolian
2134:Malayalam
1878:Unix time
1853:Gregorian
1848:Ethiopian
1812:Lunisolar
1793:Calendars
1557:CiteSeerX
1258:160716251
1242:0003-598X
1221:Antiquity
725:nemontemi
694:Purépecha
674:Tlapanecs
630:in a six
618:rules, a
541:Gregorian
368:Popul Vuh
340:nemontemi
335:nemontemi
323:nemontemi
307:veintenas
296:Veintenas
210:pregnancy
135:vigesimal
3012:Category
2997:Category
2962:Stardate
2938:Greyhawk
2869:Seleucid
2854:Japanese
2824:Assyrian
2759:New Year
2595:Holocene
2547:Rapa Nui
2520:Tzolkʼin
2485:Germanic
2465:Egyptian
2201:Romanian
2179:Nisg̱a'a
2139:Mandaean
2129:Maithili
2102:Javanese
2097:Japanese
2052:medieval
2006:Georgian
1917:Assyrian
1907:Armenian
1838:Buddhist
1722:36608125
1677:56527102
1653:(2005).
1643:27667317
1615:(1993).
1587:41562003
1579:17835843
1516:25549355
1492:(1992).
1429:44167649
1405:(2001).
1395:17650412
1371:(1988).
1361:15895415
1339:The Maya
1337:(1987).
1207:20330408
1193:(1988).
1164:Mayanist
1009:19494498
1001:12471256
751:See also
717:veintena
690:Huastecs
670:Zapotecs
632:lunation
569:Tzolk'in
537:Thompson
433:trecenas
273:Tlapanec
252:Trecenas
226:midwives
199:thirteen
165:Tzolkʼin
55:Veracruz
2894:Dvapara
2874:Spanish
2783:Systems
2633:New Age
2623:Martian
2579:Turkmen
2574:Swedish
2460:Coligny
2398:Arabian
2359:Revised
2265:Tripuri
2260:Tibetan
2216:Sesotho
2189:Punjabi
2149:Melanau
2119:Kurdish
2085:Tabular
2075:Islamic
2043:Iranian
1974:Chinese
1969:Burmese
1947:Bengali
1935:Pawukon
1888:In more
1843:Chinese
1800:Systems
1713:9821873
1549:Bibcode
1540:Science
1250:1481624
981:Bibcode
973:Science
899:America
721:metztli
696:and at
686:Totonac
666:Mixtecs
575:of the
564:Tzolkin
455:trecena
412:Nahuatl
393:K'atuns
389:K'atuns
277:trecena
269:trecena
264:trecena
245:gnomons
237:Chiapas
192:Zapotec
174:History
63:Chiapas
2859:Korean
2619:Darian
2569:Soviet
2542:Qumran
2527:Muisca
2445:Celtic
2430:Bulgar
2378:Saints
2354:Julian
2344:Coptic
2290:Yoruba
2221:Slavic
2211:Somali
2158:Nepal
2107:Korean
2069:Gaelic
2048:Jalali
2011:Hebrew
1989:Minguo
1964:Borana
1959:Berber
1922:Baháʼí
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1137:
1127:(ed).
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1007:
999:
957:(ed).
937:
926:(ed).
832:
822:(ed).
662:Aztecs
493:Olmecs
372:Aztecs
311:meztli
233:Olmecs
203:twenty
84:glyphs
67:Mexico
59:Oaxaca
2889:Treta
2884:Satya
2879:Yugas
2749:Epoch
2687:World
2552:Roman
2537:Pisan
2515:Haabʼ
2495:Hindu
2490:Greek
2470:Enoch
2408:Aztec
2403:Attic
2311:Runic
2304:Types
2285:Xhosa
2280:Wicca
2253:solar
2248:lunar
2238:Tamil
2206:Shona
2112:Juche
2080:Fasli
2065:Irish
2033:Hmong
2016:Hindu
1931:Bali
1926:Badí‘
1858:Hindu
1817:Solar
1807:Lunar
1583:S2CID
1254:S2CID
1038:p.321
1005:S2CID
893:mesos
889:Greek
778:Notes
745:Venus
737:lunar
678:Otomi
597:Wayeb
587:Haab'
585:, or
567:, or
328:wayeb
184:Olmec
115:years
2899:Kali
2717:Wall
2558:Rumi
2510:Maya
2500:Inca
2450:Cham
2295:Zulu
2270:Tulu
2243:Thai
2184:Odia
2092:Jain
2038:Igbo
2026:Saka
1940:Saka
1902:Akan
1736:link
1718:PMID
1673:OCLC
1663:ISBN
1639:OCLC
1629:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1575:PMID
1512:OCLC
1502:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1425:OCLC
1415:ISBN
1391:OCLC
1381:ISBN
1357:OCLC
1347:ISBN
1323:OCLC
1313:ISBN
1293:and
1277:ISBN
1246:OCLC
1238:ISSN
1203:OCLC
1135:ISBN
1028:ISBN
997:PMID
935:ISBN
830:ISBN
800:4)."
628:Moon
582:Haab
497:Maya
356:Maya
333:The
222:last
201:and
163:and
61:and
30:The
2744:Era
2672:Pax
1873:ISO
1708:PMC
1700:doi
1567:doi
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