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that participate in the regulation of the filtration rate by contracting or expanding: they contain actin and myosin filaments to accomplish this. Some mesangial cells are in physical contact with capillaries, whereas others are in physical contact with podocytes. There is two-way chemical cross talk
314:
Figure 2: (a) Diagram of the juxtaglomerular apparatus: it has specialized cells working as a unit which monitor the sodiujuxtaglomerular apparatus: it has three types of specm content of the fluid in the distal convoluted tubule (not labelled - it is the tubule on the left) and adjust the glomerular
1042:
Damage to the glomerulus by disease can allow passage through the glomerular filtration barrier of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blood proteins such as albumin and globulin. Underlying causes for glomerular injury can be inflammatory, toxic or metabolic. These can be seen in the
746:
on glomerular capillaries is one of the forces that resist filtration. Because large and negatively charged proteins have a low permeability, they cannot filtrate easily to Bowman's capsule. Therefore, the concentration of these proteins tends to increase as the glomerular capillaries filtrate
722:
of the basement membrane and the podocytic epithelium, as well as the effective pore size of the glomerular wall (8 nm). As a result, large and/or negatively charged molecules will pass through far less frequently than small and/or positively charged ones. For instance, small ions such as
1066:
Due to the connection between the glomerulus and the glomerular filtration rate, the glomerular filtration rate is of clinical significance when suspecting a kidney disease, or when following up a case with known kidney disease, or when risking a development of renal damage such as beginning
1145:
891:
1130:
1115:
422:, which are synthesized and secreted by both endothelial cells and podocytes. The glomerular basement membrane is 250–400 nm in thickness, which is thicker than basement membranes of other tissue. It is a barrier to blood proteins such as
552:, as is seen in the majority of capillary systems (Fig. 4). This provides tighter control over the blood flow through the glomerulus, since arterioles dilate and constrict more readily than venules, owing to their thick circular
343:. The gaps between these endothelial cells are called fenestrae. The walls have a unique structure: there are pores between the cells that allow water and soluble substances to exit and after passing through the
359:
765:
687:
of the tubule and is known as glomerular filtrate. Otherwise, it exits the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole and continues circulation as discussed below and as shown on the picture.
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but surrounded by capillaries. It is in the middle (meso) between the capillaries (angis). It is contained by the basement membrane, which surrounds both the capillaries and the mesangium.
652:) is much higher than in systemic capillaries because of the particular anatomical characteristics of the glomerulus. Unlike systemic capillaries, which receive blood from high-resistance
603:
The filtrate that has passed through the three-layered filtration unit enters Bowman's capsule. From there, it flows into the renal tubule—the nephron—which follows a U-shaped path to the
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290:, the basic filtration unit of the kidney. The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli, and thus the measure of the overall kidney function, is the
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240:. Each of the two kidneys contains about one million nephrons. The tuft is structurally supported by the mesangium (the space between the blood vessels), composed of
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in diameter. Unlike those of other capillaries with fenestrations, these fenestrations are not spanned by diaphragms. They allow for the filtration of fluid,
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within the kidney. Glomerular mesangial cells structurally support the tufts. Blood enters the capillaries of the glomerulus by a single arteriole called an
2033:
2028:
1160:
1083:
first described the glomeruli and demonstrated their continuity with the renal vasculature (281,282). About 175 years later, surgeon and anatomist
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elucidated in detail the capillary architecture of the glomerulus and the continuity between its surrounding capsule and the proximal tubule.
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Scanning electron microscope view of the inner surface of an opened (broken) capillary with fenestrae visible (100,000x magnification)
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534:. The resistance of the efferent arterioles causes sufficient hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus to provide the force for
275:. The resistance of the efferent arterioles causes sufficient hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus to provide the force for
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886:{\displaystyle \ GFR=K_{\mathrm {f} }((P_{\mathrm {gc} }-P_{\mathrm {bc} })-(\pi _{\mathrm {gc} }-\pi _{\mathrm {bc} }))}
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Scheme of filtration barrier (blood-urine) in the kidney. A. The endothelial cells of the glomerulus; 1. pore (fenestra).
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The mesangium is a space which is continuous with the smooth muscles of the arterioles. It is outside the capillary
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The rate of filtration from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule is determined (as in systemic capillaries) by the
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is filtered across the capillary walls of this tuft through the glomerular filtration barrier, which yields its
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among the mesangial cells, the capillaries, and the podocytes to fine-tune the glomerular filtration rate.
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of the renal arterial circulation. Unlike most capillary beds, the glomerular capillaries exit into
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of the renal arterial circulation. Unlike most capillary beds, the glomerular capillaries exit into
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Diagram of the circulation related to a single glomerulus, associated tubule, and collecting system
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on glomerular capillaries, which is one of the forces that favor filtration to Bowman's capsule.
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B. Glomerular basement membrane: 1. lamina rara interna 2. lamina densa 3. lamina rara externa
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flows into Bowman's capsule. The space between adjacent podocyte foot processes is spanned by
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tubule to form urine. The rate at which the glomerulus produces filtrate from plasma (the
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Cortical nephrons near the corticomedullary junction (15% of all nephrons) are called
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The part of the podocyte in contact with the glomerular basement membrane is called a
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Pavenstädt H; Kriz W; Kretzler M (2003). "Cell biology of the glomerular podocyte".
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1047:) on microscopic and chemical (dipstick) examination. Glomerular diseases include
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C. Podocytes: 1. enzymatic and structural proteins 2. filtration slit 3. diaphragma
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If a substance has passed through the glomerular capillary endothelial cells,
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Deakin, Barbara Young ... ; drawings by Philip J.; et al. (2006).
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release. (b) Micrograph showing the glomerulus and surrounding structures.
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1381:"The spectrum of podocytopathies: a unifying view of glomerular diseases"
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plasma, increasing the oncotic pressure along the glomerular capillary.
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1520:(5th ed.). : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. Chapter 16.
444:(Fig. 3): there are gaps between the foot processes through which the
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to produce glomerular filtrate, which passes down the length of the
1421:"Glomerular Diseases: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment"
668:. This arrangement of two arterioles in series determines the high
383:
solutes and protein, at the same time preventing the filtration of
1487:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. p. Chapter 26.
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612:
583:, which are straight capillary branches that deliver blood to the
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490:. They are not part of the filtration barrier but are specialized
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587:. These vasa recta run adjacent to the descending and ascending
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460:. In addition, foot processes have a negatively charged coat (
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306:
Renal corpuscle showing glomerulus and glomerular capillaries
1325:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 771, 774.
560:). The blood exiting the efferent arteriole enters a renal
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of water and soluble substances to a cup-like sac known as
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101:
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1269:"The glomerular basement membrane as a barrier to albumin"
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1469:"lippicotts histology for pathologesits; satcey e. mills
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image of a glomerulus in a mouse (10,000x magnification)
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The walls of the afferent arteriole contain specialized
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is the filtration coefficient—a proportionality constant
1518:
Wheater's
Functional Histology: a text and colour atlas
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Looped capillaries of glomerulus between the arterioles
1023:
323:
The glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries located within
1139:
image of a glomerulus in a mouse (5000x magnification)
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image of a glomerulus in a mouse (1000x magnification)
718:). The factors that influence permselectivity are the
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sandwiched between the glomerular capillaries and the
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and participate in the maintenance of the medullary
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706:Table of permselectivity for different substances
640:The main function of the glomerulus is to filter
522:The glomerulus receives its blood supply from an
263:The glomerulus receives its blood supply from an
505:-like material secreted by the mesangial cells.
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1453:Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14th ed
710:The structures of the layers determine their
541:Blood exits the glomerular capillaries by an
335:. The capillaries consist of a tube lined by
8:
1540:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1507:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1354:. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. pp.
941:is the Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
731:pass freely, while larger proteins, such as
452:consisting of a mat of proteins, including
371:. These contain numerous pores—also called
367:Capillaries of the glomerulus are lined by
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1346:Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2006).
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1079:In 1666, Italian biologist and anatomist
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739:have practically no permeability at all.
1483:Hall, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. (2005).
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224:) is a network of small blood vessels (
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1443:Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan Derrickson
282:The glomerulus and its surrounding
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1321:Boron, WF.; Boulapep, EL. (2012).
1059:(hardening of the glomeruli), and
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315:filtration rate and the rate of
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564:, which in turn enters a renal
488:Intraglomerular mesangial cells
483:The mesangium contains mainly:
256:. The filtrate then enters the
242:intraglomerular mesangial cells
1923:Extraglomerular mesangial cell
1803:Intraglomerular mesangial cell
1485:Textbook of medical physiology
1350:Textbook of Medical Physiology
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877:
841:
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1783:Glomerular basement membrane
1152:Scanning electron microscope
1137:Scanning electron microscope
1122:Scanning electron microscope
952:is the glomerular capillary
927:is the glomerular capillary
677:glomerular basement membrane
656:and drain to low-resistance
400:glomerular basement membrane
345:glomerular basement membrane
1267:Suh, JH; Miner, JH (2013).
2125:
1821:Proximal convoluted tubule
1273:Nature Reviews. Nephrology
1199:10.1152/physrev.00020.2002
904:glomerular filtration rate
703:
650:glomerular filtration rate
292:glomerular filtration rate
27:Functional unit of nephron
2016:Internal urethral orifice
1993:Median umbilical ligament
1900:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
987:play a major role in the
971:Blood pressure regulation
607:, finally exiting into a
194:
37:
1848:Distal convoluted tubule
989:renin–angiotensin system
406:. It consists mainly of
1724:Peritubular capillaries
1285:10.1038/nrneph.2013.109
1067:medications with known
1049:diabetic kidney disease
991:, which helps regulate
593:countercurrent exchange
577:juxtamedullary nephrons
349:podocyte foot processes
347:and between digitating
1949:Ureteropelvic junction
1853:Collecting duct system
1636:medullary interstitium
979:cells that synthesize
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196:Anatomical terminology
1913:Juxtaglomerular cells
1398:10.1038/sj.ki.5002222
1187:Physiological Reviews
1003:Clinical significance
985:juxtaglomerular cells
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683:, then it enters the
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398:The glomerulus has a
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1385:Kidney International
1379:Wiggins, RC (2007).
929:hydrostatic pressure
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670:hydrostatic pressure
134:Metanephric blastema
2076:Lacunae of Morgagni
2021:Urethral sphincters
1102:Blood–brain barrier
528:efferent arterioles
269:efferent arterioles
1449:2019-12-17 at the
1323:Medical Physiology
1057:glomerulosclerosis
1053:glomerulonephritis
1022:. You can help by
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666:efferent arteriole
662:afferent arteriole
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568:and then into the
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333:efferent arteriole
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165:glomerulus renalis
44:Glomerulus (red),
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1858:Connecting tubule
1494:978-0-7216-0240-0
1459:978-1-118-34500-9
1391:(12): 1205–1214.
1365:978-0-7216-0240-0
1108:Additional images
1081:Marcello Malpighi
1055:(inflammation),
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771:
757:Starling equation
751:Starling equation
599:Filtrate drainage
566:interlobular vein
503:basement membrane
389:white blood cells
369:endothelial cells
337:endothelial cells
331:and leaves by an
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16:(Redirected from
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1970:Vesical arteries
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597:
511:
508:
507:
506:
496:
473:
470:
356:
353:
299:
296:
208:
207:
198:
192:
191:
186:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
162:
156:
155:
151:
150:
141:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2121:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:pre-prostatic
2049:
2048:
2047:Male urethra
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Vesical veins
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Renal papilla
1873:
1871:
1870:Tubular fluid
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:Loop of Henle
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Medullary ray
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1018:This section
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:smooth muscle
970:
961:
957:
955:
947:
943:
936:
932:
930:
922:
918:
911:
907:
905:
900:
896:
895:
863:
859:
845:
838:
821:
817:
803:
785:
781:
778:
775:
772:
762:
761:
760:
758:
750:
748:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
713:
707:
702:
697:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
630:
623:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
594:
590:
589:loop of Henle
586:
585:renal medulla
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:smooth muscle
551:
548:instead of a
547:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
516:
509:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
486:
485:
484:
481:
479:
471:
469:
467:
466:serum albumin
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
361:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
312:
304:
297:
295:
293:
289:
286:constitute a
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:) known as a
227:
223:
215:
203:
197:
193:
190:
187:
185:
181:
178:
175:
173:
169:
166:
163:
161:
157:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
130:
126:
121:
65:
63:Pronunciation
61:
56:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2061:intermediate
1966:Circulation
1908:Macula densa
1890:Renal pelvis
1813:Renal tubule
1772:
1704:interlobular
1684:Renal artery
1517:
1484:
1465:
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1349:
1341:
1322:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1255:Wheater 2006
1238:Wheater 2006
1223:Wheater 2006
1190:
1186:
1180:
1078:
1065:
1041:
1028:
1024:adding to it
1019:
993:blood volume
974:
959:
945:
934:
920:
909:
898:
754:
741:
715:
712:permeability
709:
701:
698:Permeability
674:
639:
602:
574:
558:tunica media
540:
530:rather than
521:
510:Blood supply
498:
482:
475:
441:
437:foot process
434:
432:
397:
381:blood plasma
366:
322:
281:
271:rather than
262:
258:renal tubule
229:
221:
213:
211:
164:
1885:Major calyx
1880:Minor calyx
1673:Circulation
609:renal calyx
226:capillaries
154:Identifiers
48:(blue) and
1831:Descending
1773:Glomerulus
1739:interlobar
1729:Vasa recta
1719:Renal vein
1694:interlobar
1430:2022-07-27
1172:References
1097:Glomerulus
1045:urinalysis
1031:April 2015
733:hemoglobin
704:See also:
664:, and the
654:arterioles
624:Filtration
581:vasa recta
570:renal vein
462:glycocalyx
410:, type IV
214:glomerulus
33:Glomerulus
2056:prostatic
2025:External
1918:Mesangium
1798:Mesangium
1689:segmental
1680:Arteries
1536:cite book
1503:cite book
864:π
860:−
846:π
839:−
818:−
729:potassium
681:podocytes
546:arteriole
492:pericytes
472:Mesangium
435:podocyte
404:podocytes
393:platelets
373:fenestrae
298:Structure
222:glomeruli
129:Precursor
18:Mesangium
2103:Category
2041:Internal
1982:(female)
1788:Podocyte
1744:efferent
1709:afferent
1631:pyramids
1447:Archived
1407:17410103
1303:23774818
1207:12506131
1091:See also
997:pressure
983:. These
619:Function
595:system.
543:efferent
446:filtrate
428:globulin
412:collagen
408:laminins
250:filtrate
140:Location
2008:Urethra
1998:Trigone
1959:Bladder
1941:Ureters
1756:Nephron
1734:arcuate
1699:arcuate
1663:Nephron
1626:Medulla
1609:Capsule
1589:Kidneys
1477:Sources
1294:3839671
1075:History
1043:urine (
902:is the
737:albumin
658:venules
646:nephron
556:layer (
532:venules
458:nephrin
454:podocin
442:pedicle
424:albumin
420:nidogen
273:venules
236:in the
234:nephron
177:D007678
144:Nephron
58:Details
52:(green)
2066:spongy
2034:female
1715:Veins
1619:column
1614:Cortex
1604:Fascia
1597:Layers
1524:
1491:
1457:
1405:
1362:
1358:–317.
1329:
1301:
1291:
1205:
770:
725:sodium
679:, and
642:plasma
562:venule
550:venule
418:, and
391:, and
355:Lining
244:. The
238:kidney
148:kidney
1643:Sinus
981:renin
685:lumen
613:urine
478:lumen
416:agrin
341:lumen
317:renin
246:blood
200:[
189:15624
160:Latin
2029:male
1648:Lobe
1542:link
1522:ISBN
1509:link
1489:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1403:PMID
1360:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1299:PMID
1203:PMID
995:and
742:The
735:and
727:and
456:and
426:and
230:tuft
212:The
172:MeSH
1393:doi
1356:316
1289:PMC
1281:doi
1195:doi
1026:.
899:GFR
611:as
440:or
218:pl.
184:FMA
146:of
2105::
1538:}}
1534:{{
1505:}}
1501:{{
1423:.
1401:.
1389:71
1387:.
1383:.
1311:^
1297:.
1287:.
1275:.
1271:.
1245:^
1230:^
1215:^
1201:.
1191:83
1189:.
1071:.
1063:.
1051:,
999:.
963:bc
949:gc
938:bc
924:gc
759::
615:.
572:.
538:.
468:.
430:.
414:,
395:.
387:,
377:nm
294:.
279:.
220::
120:-/
117:oʊ
99:əl
87:ɛr
1572:e
1565:t
1558:v
1544:)
1530:.
1511:)
1497:.
1433:.
1409:.
1395::
1368:.
1335:.
1305:.
1283::
1277:9
1209:.
1197::
1033:)
1029:(
960:π
946:π
935:P
921:P
913:f
910:K
881:)
878:)
872:c
869:b
854:c
851:g
842:(
836:)
830:c
827:b
822:P
812:c
809:g
804:P
800:(
797:(
791:f
786:K
782:=
779:R
776:F
773:G
216:(
204:]
114:l
111:ɡ
108:,
105:s
102:ə
96:)
93:j
90:(
84:m
81:ˈ
78:ə
75:l
72:ɡ
69:/
20:)
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