173:
62:
2078:
2047:
42:
1149:
Robert K. Jansen, Zhengqiu Cai, Linda A. Raubeson, Henry
Daniell, Claude W. dePamphilis, James Leebens-Mack, Kai F. Müller, Mary Guisinger-Bellian, Rosemarie C. Haberle, Anne K. Hansen, Timothy W. Chumley, Seung-Bum Lee, Rhiannon Peery, Joel R. McNeal, Jennifer V. Kuehl, and Jeffrey L. Boore (2007).
802:
showed that some of the other possible positions of the monocots had more than 5% probability of being correct. The major weakness of these 2 studies was the small number of species whose DNA was being used in the phylogenetic analysis, 45 in one study and 64 in the other. This was unavoidable,
767:
Because the interval of this radiation (about 4 million years) is short in proportion to its age (about 145 million years), it had long appeared that the 5 groups of mesangiosperms had arisen simultaneously. The mesangiosperms were shown as an unresolved
829:, Kehan Harman, Sally Hinchcliffe, Bob Allkin, & Eimear Nic Lughadha (2008). "Towards Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation: a working list of all known plant species - progress and prospects".
656:
which is found in all mature mesangiosperms but which is not found in any of the basal angiosperms. Nevertheless, the mesangiosperms are recognizable in the earliest stage of embryonic development. The
201:, in contrast to the earlier-diverging species known as the basal angiosperms. Mesangiospermae includes about 350,000 species, while there are about 175 extant species of basal angiosperms.
1042:
William E. Friedman and
Kirsten C. Ryerson (2009). "Reconstructing the ancestral female gametophyte of angiosperms: Insights from Amborella and other ancient lineages of flowering plants".
919:
2130:
1366:
933:
Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III",
1414:
1184:
1335:
994:, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2007. Electronic Supplement: pages E1-E44. To: Cantino et alii. 2007. "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of
1150:"Analysis of 81 genes from 64 plastid genomes resolves relationships in angiosperms and identifies genome-scale evolutionary patterns"
1065:, K. Raunsgaard Pedersen, and Peter R. Crane (2006). "Cretaceous angiosperm flowers: Innovation and evolution in plant reproduction".
1220:
1359:
1320:
2176:
799:
61:
1393:
1419:
1409:
804:
682:
670:
2135:
1180:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"
2081:
1352:
1175:
594:
590:
572:
256:, ending in -ales are used here without reference to taxonomic rank because these groups contain only one order.
211:
794:. These studies agreed on the most likely phylogeny for the mesangiosperms. In this phylogeny, the monocots are
1404:
1253:"Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times"
197:(angiosperms) that contains about 99.95% of all angiosperm species. Mesangiosperms are therefore known as the
645:
178:
2098:
1339:
741:
638:
621:
172:
2143:
1257:
913:
603:
1129:(2007). "Using plastid genome-scale data to resolve enigmatic relationships among basal angiosperms".
2171:
1266:
709:
609:
583:
1251:
Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Qiang; Sun, Renran; Kong, Hongzhi; Zhang, Ning; Ma, Hong (24 September 2014).
798:
to the clade . However, this result is not strongly supported. The approximately unbiased topology
2065:
1399:
1098:
901:
242:
155:
56:
2148:
826:
2059:
1874:
1292:
1239:
1126:
1094:
1018:
987:
873:
773:
246:
725:
comparisons of DNA sequences indicate that the mesangiosperms originated between 140 and 150
2071:
1656:
1485:
1455:
1282:
1274:
1229:
1193:
1155:
1134:
1122:
1090:
1070:
1062:
1047:
1022:
991:
952:
942:
893:
877:
848:
615:
586:
365:
235:
1959:
1817:
1430:
1376:
757:
722:
716:
662:
456:
263:
250:
194:
141:
99:
1311:
851:(2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see
629:. The "clademark" slash indicates that the term is intended as phylogenetically defined.
1270:
1982:
1939:
1884:
1556:
1480:
1325:
1287:
1252:
1211:
983:
869:
678:
579:
253:
215:
86:
1344:
625:. It is sometimes written as /Mesangiospermae even though this is not required by the
2165:
1861:
1822:
1754:
1672:
1532:
1380:
1207:
1101:(2004). "Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms".
1086:
1026:
947:
745:
412:
294:
268:
131:
1929:
1784:
1764:
1714:
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1614:
1609:
1562:
807:
795:
781:
729:(million years ago) near the beginning of the Cretaceous period. This was about 25
653:
649:
321:
239:
227:
1074:
1997:
1992:
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1837:
1759:
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41:
17:
2007:
1987:
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1934:
1651:
1512:
1443:
1159:
1138:
730:
686:
626:
206:
1296:
1243:
297:
position of the
Mesangiospermae within the angiosperms, as of APG IV (2016)
880:, and Michael J. Donoghue (2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of
764:. The radiation into 5 groups probably occurred in about 4 million years.
2115:
2002:
1911:
1906:
1894:
1842:
1812:
1736:
1633:
1599:
1574:
1517:
769:
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734:
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273:
146:
136:
1051:
905:
1969:
1949:
1799:
1789:
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1661:
1278:
957:
791:
1198:
1179:
2012:
1746:
1724:
1604:
1544:
897:
702:
226:
Besides the mesangiosperms, the other groups of flowering plants are
2092:
658:
214:. While such a clade with a similar circumscription exists in the
190:
171:
73:
1216:"Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms"
2096:
1348:
733:(million years) after the origin of the angiosperms in the mid-
787:
among these 5 groups by comparing large portions of their
1315:
705:
of flowering plants are fossil mesangiosperms from the
2105:
1968:
1920:
1893:
1859:
1798:
1745:
1723:
1699:
1670:
1631:
1590:
1531:
1498:
1465:
1428:
982:Philip D. Cantino, James A. Doyle, Sean W. Graham,
868:Philip D. Cantino, James A. Doyle, Sean W. Graham,
1067:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1152:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1131:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1103:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
259:Mesangiospermae includes the following clades:
1360:
863:
861:
571:The mesangiosperms are usually recognized in
8:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1085:T. Jonathan Davies, Timothy G. Barraclough,
918:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
204:It is a name created under the rules of the
2093:
1899:
1867:
1729:
1707:
1678:
1639:
1537:
1495:
1473:
1436:
1367:
1353:
1345:
1031:Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms
40:
31:
1286:
1233:
1197:
956:
946:
644:, the mesangiosperms are always strongly
1321:Electronic Supplement to Cantino et alii
1185:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
935:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
844:
842:
818:
970:
911:
27:One of two clades of flowering plants
7:
1328:T. Jonathan Davies et alii. (2004).
776:. In 2007, two studies attempted to
1121:Michael J. Moore, Charles D. Bell,
449:
427:
390:
380:
358:
336:
314:
304:
740:By 135Mya, the mesangiosperms had
25:
810:are known for only a few plants.
2077:
2076:
2045:
1221:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
948:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
582:. The name Mesangiospermae is a
60:
825:Alan J. Paton, Neil Brummitt,
1:
654:distinguishing characteristic
578:that do not assign groups to
1075:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.006
673:in structure and contains 8
805:complete chloroplast genome
299:
218:, it was not given a name.
50:Diversity of Mesangiosperms
2193:
1044:American Journal of Botany
2054:
2043:
1902:
1870:
1732:
1710:
1681:
1642:
1540:
1494:
1476:
1439:
1388:
1316:Missouri Botanical Garden
1235:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.015
1033:. Sinauer: Sunderland, MA
591:phylogenetic nomenclature
469:
454:
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432:
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395:
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356:
341:
334:
319:
312:
212:phylogenetic nomenclature
161:
154:
123:
118:
57:Scientific classification
55:
48:
39:
34:
1025:, Peter K. Endress, and
1336:chloroplast genome list
1160:10.1073/pnas.0709121104
1139:10.1073/pnas.0708072104
986:, Richard G. Olmstead,
872:, Richard G. Olmstead,
179:Liriodendron tulipifera
639:molecular phylogenetic
622:Austrobaileya scandens
597:as the most inclusive
183:
2177:Plant unranked clades
2144:Paleobiology Database
1258:Nature Communications
1133:104(49):19363-19368.
604:Platanus occidentalis
238:. These constitute a
175:
1312:Angiosperm Phylogeny
1154:104(49):19369-19374
610:Amborella trichopoda
1271:2014NatCo...5.4956Z
1052:10.3732/ajb.0800311
665:, also known as an
652:group. There is no
1279:10.1038/ncomms5956
1099:Vincent Savolainen
1069:232(2-4):251-293.
1005:(3):822-846. (see
774:phylogenetic trees
184:
2159:
2158:
2099:Taxon identifiers
2090:
2089:
2060:Basal angiosperms
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
1875:Berberidopsidales
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1340:Montreal genomics
1332:101(7):1904-1909.
1326:Divergence Times
1212:Soltis, Douglas E
1199:10.1111/boj.12385
1127:Douglas E. Soltis
1105:101(7):1904-1909.
1095:Douglas E. Soltis
1019:Douglas E. Soltis
988:Douglas E. Soltis
874:Douglas E. Soltis
701:The oldest known
564:
563:
560:
559:
551:basal angiosperms
545:
544:
536:
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491:
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481:
247:basal angiosperms
182:, a Mesangiosperm
170:
169:
16:(Redirected from
2184:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2094:
2080:
2079:
2049:
1900:
1868:
1730:
1708:
1679:
1640:
1538:
1496:
1474:
1456:Austrobaileyales
1437:
1415:Acrogymnospermae
1377:flowering plants
1369:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1300:
1290:
1247:
1237:
1208:Soltis, Pamela S
1203:
1201:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1123:Pamela S. Soltis
1119:
1106:
1091:Pamela S. Soltis
1083:
1077:
1063:Else Marie Friis
1060:
1054:
1040:
1034:
1023:Pamela S. Soltis
1016:
1010:
992:Pamela S. Soltis
980:
974:
968:
962:
961:
960:
950:
930:
924:
923:
917:
909:
898:10.2307/25065865
878:Pamela S. Soltis
865:
856:
849:Peter F. Stevens
846:
837:
823:
616:Nymphaea odorata
554:core angiosperms
450:
428:
391:
381:
366:Austrobaileyales
359:
337:
315:
305:
300:
289:
288:
236:Austrobaileyales
199:core angiosperms
195:flowering plants
164:Core angiosperms
65:
64:
44:
35:Mesangiospermae
32:
21:
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2114:
2101:
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2050:
2017:
1964:
1916:
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1864:
1847:
1818:Crossosomatales
1794:
1741:
1719:
1704:
1695:
1675:
1666:
1657:Trochodendrales
1636:
1619:
1586:
1527:
1490:
1486:Ceratophyllales
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1461:
1433:
1424:
1405:Marchantiophyta
1384:
1373:
1308:
1303:
1250:
1206:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1148:
1144:
1120:
1109:
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1080:
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1057:
1046:96(1):129-143.
1041:
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910:
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827:Rafaël Govaerts
824:
820:
816:
758:Ceratophyllales
744:into 5 groups:
723:Molecular clock
699:
679:antipodal cells
663:megagametophyte
635:
584:branch-modified
569:
556:
555:
552:
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457:Ceratophyllales
385:Mesangiospermae
293:Cladogram: The
264:Ceratophyllales
224:
187:Mesangiospermae
142:Ceratophyllales
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1007:External links
984:Walter S. Judd
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870:Walter S. Judd
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853:External links
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1677:
1674:
1673:Core eudicots
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
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1598:
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1579:
1576:
1573:
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1564:
1561:
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1557:Petrosaviales
1555:
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1546:
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1536:
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1503:
1501:
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1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:Chloranthales
1479:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
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1457:
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1128:
1124:
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1108:
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1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:Mark W. Chase
1082:
1079:
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1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:Mark W. Chase
1024:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
979:
976:
972:
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936:
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832:
828:
822:
819:
813:
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797:
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786:
785:relationships
783:
779:
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771:
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763:
759:
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751:
747:
746:Chloranthales
743:
738:
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732:
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724:
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413:Chloranthales
408:
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269:Chloranthales
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132:Chloranthales
130:
128:
125:
124:
122:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
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87:Tracheophytes
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2106:
1930:Aquifoliales
1823:Picramniales
1785:Cucurbitales
1765:Malpighiales
1715:Saxifragales
1647:Ranunculales
1615:Zingiberales
1610:Commelinales
1563:Dioscoreales
1467:
1444:Amborellales
1420:Angiospermae
1329:
1262:
1256:
1225:
1219:
1189:
1183:
1168:Bibliography
1151:
1145:
1130:
1102:
1081:
1066:
1058:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1014:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:Tracheophyta
995:
978:
966:
938:
934:
928:
914:cite journal
889:
885:
882:Tracheophyta
881:
852:
836:(2):602-611.
833:
830:
821:
782:phylogenetic
766:
739:
721:
700:
650:monophyletic
636:
620:
614:
608:
602:
570:
470:
455:
433:
411:
396:
384:
364:
342:
322:Amborellales
320:
295:phylogenetic
292:
258:
240:paraphyletic
228:Amborellales
225:
205:
203:
198:
186:
185:
177:
112:
106:
93:
80:
49:
29:
2172:Angiosperms
1998:Gentianales
1993:Boraginales
1922:Campanulids
1838:Brassicales
1760:Celastrales
1702:Superrosids
1691:Dilleniales
1592:Commelinids
1581:Asparagales
1551:Alismatales
1523:Magnoliales
1450:Nymphaeales
1431:Angiosperms
1392:Supergroup
1228:: 159–165.
1192:(1): 1–20.
971:APG IV 2016
958:10654/18083
789:chloroplast
707:Hauterivian
675:cell nuclei
661:contains a
633:Description
601:containing
599:crown clade
344:Nymphaeales
309:angiosperms
279:magnoliidae
232:Nymphaeales
100:Angiosperms
2166:Categories
2066:Alismatids
1978:Icacinales
1955:Dipsacales
1880:Santalales
1833:Huerteales
1828:Sapindales
1808:Geraniales
1770:Oxalidales
1686:Gunnerales
1569:Pandanales
1508:Canellales
1500:Magnoliids
1375:Orders of
814:References
750:Magnoliids
714:Cretaceous
685:, and the
683:persistent
669:, that is
667:embryo sac
607:, but not
587:node-based
398:magnoliids
210:system of
176:Flower of
127:Magnoliids
2013:Vahliales
2008:Solanales
1988:Garryales
1945:Bruniales
1935:Asterales
1652:Proteales
1513:Piperales
1400:Bryophyta
808:sequences
770:pentatomy
687:endosperm
646:supported
627:PhyloCode
222:Phylogeny
207:PhyloCode
70:Kingdom:
2122:Q2710933
2116:Wikidata
2082:Category
2072:Lilioids
2003:Lamiales
1912:Ericales
1907:Cornales
1895:Asterids
1843:Malvales
1813:Myrtales
1634:Eudicots
1600:Arecales
1575:Liliales
1545:Acorales
1533:Monocots
1518:Laurales
1297:25249442
1244:27064530
1178:(2016).
1029:(2005).
906:25065865
803:because
762:Eudicots
754:Monocots
742:radiated
735:Jurassic
691:triploid
593:. It is
589:name in
472:eudicots
435:monocots
284:monocots
274:eudicots
156:Synonyms
147:Eudicots
137:Monocots
2136:1437183
1970:Lamiids
1950:Apiales
1800:Malvids
1790:Fagales
1780:Rosales
1775:Fabales
1737:Vitales
1662:Buxales
1288:4200517
1267:Bibcode
1009:below).
855:below).
792:genomes
778:resolve
712:of the
703:fossils
697:History
671:bipolar
642:studies
595:defined
576:systems
245:called
119:Groups
74:Plantae
2149:466258
1747:Fabids
1725:Rosids
1605:Poales
1381:APG IV
1295:
1285:
1242:
1176:APG IV
1125:, and
1097:, and
904:
796:sister
760:, and
717:period
677:. The
249:. The
234:, and
1394:Plant
1000:Taxon
902:JSTOR
886:Taxon
831:Taxon
710:stage
659:ovule
648:as a
619:, or
254:names
251:order
243:grade
191:clade
189:is a
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
2131:NCBI
1338:In:
1330:PNAS
1293:PMID
1240:PMID
920:link
800:test
780:the
681:are
567:Name
1314:at
1283:PMC
1275:doi
1230:doi
1194:doi
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1071:doi
1048:doi
998:".
953:hdl
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894:doi
884:".
772:in
727:Mya
689:is
637:In
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