Mercury Seven - Knowledge

2222: 1081:. Accepting only military test pilots would simplify the selection process, and would also satisfy security requirements, as the role would almost certainly involve the handling of classified information. The decision to restrict selection to military test pilots was taken by Glennan, Dryden and Gilruth in the last week of December 1958, but the irony of using military test pilots in a civilian program was not overlooked, and in view of the President's express preference for a space program outside the military, Glennan thought it best to run the decision past Eisenhower. A meeting was arranged with the President, who was convinced by the arguments. 1504:

that he "didn't think that any of us could really go on with something like this if we didn't have pretty good backing at home. My wife's attitude towards this has been the same as it has been all along through my flying. If it is what I want to do, she is behind it, and the kids are too, one hundred percent." Carpenter received even more applause when he noted that he was at sea when NASA had phoned to inform him that he had been chosen, and his wife Rene had accepted on his behalf. His selection had also tested the Navy's commitment to Project Mercury when the skipper of his ship, the

2149: 1896: 1776: 1127: 49: 2036: 145: 2180:, convinced Cole to turn this into an ongoing marketing campaign. Henceforth, astronauts were able to lease new Corvettes for a dollar a year. All of the Mercury Seven but Glenn took up the offer. Cooper, Grissom and Shepard were soon racing their Corvettes around Cape Canaveral, with the military and local police ignoring their exploits. From a marketing perspective, it was very successful, and helped the highly priced Corvette become established as a desirable brand. 1214:

this was more than expected, NASA decided not to bother with the remaining 41 candidates, as 32 candidates seemed a more than adequate number from which to select 12 astronauts as planned. The degree of interest also indicated that far fewer would drop out during training than anticipated, which would result in training astronauts who would not be required to fly Project Mercury missions. It was therefore decided to cut the number of astronauts selected to just six.

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always possible, but the Mercury spacecraft set a limit of 180 pounds (82 kg). Cooper was the lightest, at 150 pounds (68 kg), while Glenn was at the maximum weight of 180 pounds (82 kg), and Schirra was slightly overweight at 185 pounds (84 kg), and had to lose weight to be accepted. Both had to watch their weight carefully while they were in the space program. IQs ranged from 135 to 147.

1206:; the Minnesota Engineering Analogies Test to measure engineering aptitude; and the Doppelt Mathematical Reasoning Test to measure mathematical aptitude. Donlan, North and Gamble conducted interviews in which they asked technical questions, and queried candidates about their motivations for applying to the program. Candidates were evaluated by two USAF psychiatrists, George E. Ruff and Edwin Z. Levy. A USAF 1832: 1614: 1072:

position and attitude and other instrument readings, and will have the capability of operating the reaction controls, and of initiating the descent from orbit. He will contribute to the operation of the communications system. In addition, the astronaut will make research observations that cannot be made by instruments; these include physiological, astronomical and meteorological observations.

6052: 2285:, Gus Grissom's widow, in 1984 the Mercury astronauts founded the Mercury Seven Foundation, which raises money to provide college scholarships to science and engineering students. It was renamed the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation in 1995. Shepard was elected its first president and chairman, positions which he held until October 1997, when he was succeeded by Jim Lovell. 1376: 6080: 1391:, did so only in January 1958, and was not one of the finalists. Yet the Mercury Seven were similar beyond what was a simple result of the selection criteria. Four were their fathers' namesakes. All were the eldest or only sons in their families. All were born in the United States, and were raised in small towns. All were married with children, and all were 140: 1515:

wanted to project an image of its astronauts as loving family men, and that his story would not stand up to scrutiny, he drove down to San Diego to see Trudy at the first opportunity. Lured by the prospect of a great adventure for herself and her daughters, she agreed to go along with the charade and pretend that they were a happily married couple.

2059:, so he assumed responsibility for the spacecraft's communications and navigation systems. Grissom had a degree in mechanical engineering, so he became responsible for the attitude control systems. Glenn had experience flying many types of aircraft, so he oversaw the cockpit layout. Schirra drew responsibility for the life support systems and the 2241:, while astronauts from later groups had to compete for the remaining spaces allotted to astronauts. While Shepard prohibited junior astronauts from receiving gifts and consulting or teaching part-time, he remained vice president and part owner of the Baytown National Bank in Houston, and devoted much of his time to it. 6040: 1187:. Both pledged their support to the space program, and promised that the careers of volunteers would not be adversely affected. NASA officials then briefed the candidates on Project Mercury. The officials conceded that it would be a hazardous undertaking, but emphasized that it was of great national importance. 2230:

the first thirty astronauts were military personnel, the Astronaut Office had a military character, although few of the astronauts wore their uniforms even as much as once a year. There was a bi-weekly military-style pilots' meeting at which activities planned for the upcoming two weeks would be discussed. A "

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Although the entire satellite operation will be possible, in the early phases, without the presence of man, the astronaut will play an important role during the flight. He will contribute by monitoring the cabin environment and by making necessary adjustments. He will have continuous displays of his

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Test pilots accepted that their jobs were dangerous; during Glenn's three years serving as one for the Navy, 12 had died. When asked about how their families thought about their taking on such a dangerous job, most of the seven were surprised, as they had never considered this before. Glenn replied

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Training was always ungraded; the Mercury astronauts had nothing to gain and much to lose from being objectively compared to the newer classes, as it could threaten their privileged status, managerial control, and priority for flight assignments. The astronaut's attendance at their training events

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As additional groups of astronauts were selected in the 1960s, the Mercury Seven remained in control of management decisions. The Astronaut Office, which was headed by Shepard, was one of three divisions in the Directorate of Flight Crew Operations, which was headed by Slayton. Since twenty-six of

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Because they wore civilian clothes, the audience did not see them as military test pilots but "mature, middle-class Americans, average in height and visage, family men all." To the astronauts' surprise, the reporters asked questions about their personal lives instead of their war records or flight

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Their ages at the time of selection ranged from 32 (Cooper) to 37 (Glenn). Shepard was the tallest, at the maximum height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m); Grissom, the shortest at 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m). Weight was not a firm criterion like height, as losing weight was

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The candidates were given three briefings by NASA officials. The first was about NASA and Project Mercury; the second concerned the role of the pilot in the project; and the third was about the proposed astronaut training syllabus. In the afternoon candidates had short individual meetings with the

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The process was repeated with a second group of 34 candidates a week later. Of the 69, six were found to be over the height limit, 15 were eliminated for other reasons, and 16 declined. This left NASA with 32 candidates: 15 from the Navy, 15 from the Air Force and two from the Marine Corps. Since

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Cooper's wife Trudy had left him in January 1959 after he had an affair with another officer's wife, and had moved to San Diego. During the selection interviews, he had been asked about his domestic relationship, and had lied, saying that he and Trudy had a good, stable marriage. Aware that NASA

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magazine on behalf of the astronauts for $ 500,000 (equivalent to $ 5,200,000 in 2023) in exchange for exclusive access to their private lives, homes, and families. The money was used as life insurance. Between August, 1959, and May 15, 1963, they each received $ 71,428.71 (equivalent to $

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that test pilots used to cope with danger – but privately calculated that one of the seven would die during Project Mercury. The astronauts participated in the project's design and planning, dividing the work between them. Carpenter had training in airborne electronics and

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All of the Mercury Seven eventually flew in space. They piloted the six spaceflights of the Mercury program that had an astronaut on board from May 1961 to May 1963, and members of the group flew on all of the NASA human spaceflight programs of the 20th century – Mercury,

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that flocked around them. NASA actively sought to protect the astronauts and the agency from negative publicity and maintain an image of "clean-cut, all-American boy." The seven Mercury astronauts agreed to share equally any proceeds from interviews regardless of who flew first.

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then went through the records in January 1959, and identified 110 pilots – five Marines, 47 from the Navy, and 58 from the Air Force – who met the rest of the minimum standards. The 110 were then split into three groups, with the most promising in the first group.

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job specification for astronauts. The panel proposed that astronauts be in civil service grades 12 to 15, depending on qualifications and experience, with an annual salary of $ 8,330 to $ 12,770 (equivalent to $ 87,066 to $ 133,473 in 2023). It described the duties of an

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NASA introduced the astronauts in Washington, DC, on April 9, 1959. Although the agency viewed Project Mercury's purpose as an experiment to determine whether humans could survive space travel, the seven men immediately became national heroes and were compared by

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Although the panel considered that many people might possess the required skills – aircraft pilots, submariners, deep sea divers and mountain climbers were all considered likely prospects – it decided that they could be best met by military

994:(NASA), which would absorb NACA and be responsible for the overall direction of the American space program. In September 1958, the USAF agreed to transfer responsibility for MISS to NASA, which was established on October 1, 1958. On November 5, the 1118:, which could not accommodate someone taller. It was still uncertain as to whether piloting in the conventional sense would ever be possible in a spacecraft, but from the beginning the spacecraft design provided for some degree of manual control. 2097:(equivalent to $ 125 in 2023) for overnight trips, which did not cover the cost of hotels and restaurant meals. As a result, astronauts avoided spending money while traveling, as they were personally responsible for costs over their allotted 1600:

program, and sustained an injury to his left arm in a motorbike accident. Two surgical interventions in 1964 and 1967 failed to correct the condition, and he resigned from NASA in August 1967, and retired from the Navy in 1969, with the rank of

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boosters used by Project Mercury. The astronauts affected the design of the Mercury spacecraft in significant ways, insisting that a window be installed, and pressing for a greater degree of astronaut autonomy in flying the spacecraft.

2063:. Drawing on his experience as a Naval officer, Shepard looked after the tracking network and liaised with the Navy on recovery operations. Cooper and Slayton were Air Force officers with engineering backgrounds, so they dealt with the 1875:, the first crewed Apollo mission. Schirra was the first person to be launched into space three times, and the only one to fly Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo missions. He resigned from NASA and retired from the U.S. Navy with the rank of 1191:

NASA selection committee. It was emphasized that participation was entirely voluntary, that candidates were free to decline, and that there would be no career repercussions if they did so. Several candidates declined at this point.

971:, and requested $ 133 million in funding. MISS encountered technical challenges, which in turn caused funding difficulties. This generated conflict with the two agencies that should have been supporting it, NACA and the 653: 1441:

Glenn and Carpenter did not meet all of their schools' degree requirements; Glenn had not completed his senior year in residence or his final proficiency exam, and Carpenter had not finished his final course in

1736:, the first orbital Mercury flight, and became the first American to orbit the Earth. He retired from NASA in 1964, and from the Marine Corps with the rank of Colonel in 1965. From 1974 to 1999, he served as a 1050:", although Project Mercury's ambitions were far more limited. They thought that they had coined a new word, but the term had been used in science fiction since the 1920s. A three-man panel consisting of 1669:. His lax attitude toward training and his personal safety put him at odds with Slayton. After Shepard was given his potential Apollo command, Cooper retired from NASA and the Air Force with the rank of 636: 1042:

The STG had to decide on a name for the people who would fly into space. A brainstorming session was held on December 1, 1958. By analogy with "aeronaut" (air traveler), someone came up with the term "

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They were forbidden from being compensated for radio or television appearances, or endorsing commercial products, but were allowed to sell their personal stories. In August 1959, they hired an agent,

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All seven had attended post-secondary institutions in the 1940s. Of the five astronauts who had completed undergraduate degrees before being selected, two (Shepard and Schirra) were graduates of the

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pilot. He graduated from the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, with Class 56D (the same class as Gordon Cooper) in 1956. Grissom flew in space on

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experience, or details about Project Mercury. After Glenn responded by speaking eloquently "on God, country, and family," the others followed his example, and were applauded by the reporters.

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The astronauts traveled to frequent meetings around the country on commercial flights, which forced them to earn their flight pay on weekends. Grissom and Slayton regularly drove to

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Despite their rejection from the first group of astronauts, many of the 25 finalists who were passed over still had successful military careers. Three eventually became astronauts:

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in 1968, the first crewed Apollo mission, in Grissom's place, and became the only astronaut to fly Mercury, Gemini and Apollo missions. Cooper piloted the last Mercury spaceflight,

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in 1962. He later took leave of absence to join the U.S. Navy SEALAB project as an aquanaut, but in training suffered injuries that made him unavailable for further spaceflights.

1939:, a condition in which fluid pressure builds up in the inner ear, resulting in disorientation, dizziness, and nausea. He stayed with the space program, accepting the position of 2018:, then as Director of Flight Crew Operations. In July 1970, he was returned to flight status, and flew on the last Apollo spacecraft in July 1975 as docking module pilot on the 2225:

The four surviving Mercury 7 astronauts at a reception after Shepard's memorial service in 1998. Left to right: Glenn, Schirra, Cooper and Carpenter. All are since deceased.

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in 1949. Average flying hours were 3,500, of which 1,700 was in jets. Most were fighter pilots except Carpenter, who flew multi-engine patrol planes for most of his career.

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Shepard ran the Astronaut Office on a "rank has its privileges" basis. The Mercury and 1962 astronauts had their own allocated parking spaces outside Building 4 at

1863:, flying 90 combat missions, and downing two MiGs. He qualified as a test pilot with Class 20 at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in 1958. Schirra flew in space on 631: 3238: 5388: 1177: 991: 2298:, and became the oldest person to fly in space at the time, aged 77. He was the last living member of the Mercury Seven when he died in 2016 at the age of 95. 3536: 5393: 5102: 765: 1446:. Both were admitted on the basis of professional equivalency, and were ultimately awarded their bachelor's degrees after their 1962 space flights—Glenn in 2195:, you were looking at an astronaut." While busy with the intense training for their flights, they also drank and partied. Some had affairs with the female 2138: 957: 121: 1661:, the final Mercury mission. He was the first American to fly in space for more than a day, and the last to fly in space alone. He flew in space again on 4232: 4206: 3395: 1141:. All services agreed to cooperate fully, and handed over their records. There were 508 military test pilots in total, of whom 225 were Air Force, 225 5430: 624: 1210:, William S. Augerson, went over the candidates' medical records. Some were found to be over the height limit, and were eliminated at this juncture. 1165:

in Washington, DC, in two groups. The first group of 35 assembled there on February 2, 1959. The Navy and Marine Corps officers were welcomed by the

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to fly in space at the time. He was the oldest member of the Mercury Seven, and the last living member of the group when he died in 2016 at age 95.

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in 1951, and the USAF in 1952. He graduated from the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, with Class 55C, and served as a

5378: 1218: 658: 436: 2101:. An important component of their income was monthly flight pay, which ranged from $ 190 to $ 245 (equivalent to $ 1,986 to $ 2,561 in 2023). 1383:

All were male and white. Women were not yet accepted into the military test pilot schools, and the first African American to graduate from the

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was voluntary. The character of the Astronaut Office would only change after Mercury astronauts retired in the 1970s, and control passed to

844:. The Mercury Seven created a new profession in the United States, and established the image of the American astronaut for decades to come. 5117: 2113: 1358: 676: 4007: 6068: 5208: 2339: 2141:. Within weeks the astronauts were given priority access to USAF T-33s, F-102s and F-106s at Langley. In 1962, NASA acquired a fleet of 1138: 1063: 940:. The demonstration of American technological inferiority came as a profound shock to the American public. The Soviets followed up with 721: 696: 212: 3147: 1820: 1815:, the first crewed Gemini mission in 1965, becoming the first NASA astronaut to fly in space twice. He was designated as commander of 1392: 1347: 412: 1455: 1415: 1226: 972: 317: 302: 130: 1465:, which resulted in his grounding two months prior to what would have been his first space flight, and the second orbital mission. 4681: 5929: 3219: 1737: 1646: 1384: 711: 681: 267: 3201: 5924: 5881: 5814: 5110: 4736: 3069: 2221: 2072: 1222: 646: 619: 429: 277: 1943:, until an experimental corrective surgery cured him, and he was returned to flight status in May 1969. In 1971, he commanded 1927:, the first piloted Mercury flight, and became the first American in space. He was slated to command the last Mercury flight, 1194:

The rest reported to NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC, the following day for further screening. Voas gave them a series of

5201: 2169: 1923:, he qualified as a pilot in 1947, and as a test pilot at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in 1950. Shepard flew in space on 983: 591: 461: 4183: 3690: 2214:

710,871 in 2023). Their official spokesman from 1959 to 1963 was NASA's public affairs officer, USAF Lieutenant Colonel

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explode during launch on May 18, 1959, they publicly joked "I'm glad they got that out of the way" – typical

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The Mercury Seven wrote first-hand accounts of their selection and preparation for the Mercury missions in the 1962 book

6130: 6120: 4871: 1992: 1948: 1876: 1410:, in 1944 and 1945, respectively. Following a decade of intermittent studies, Cooper completed his bachelor's degree in 1285: 1273: 252: 3106:(Interview). Interviewed by John P. Richmond, Jr. Military Air Transport Service, United States Air Force. pp. 4–7 6001: 2275: 1947:, the third crewed lunar landing mission, and became the fifth and oldest man to walk on the Moon. He was promoted to 1403: 1340: 1297: 1293: 913: 596: 446: 389: 4158:"Nat Geo Hands Series Order To Adaptation Of Tom Wolfe's 'The Right Stuff' From Leonardo DiCaprio's Appian Way – TCA" 3246: 1725:. He qualified as a test pilot with Class 12 at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in 1954. In 1957, he made the first 1919:

Shepard graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1944. After service afloat during

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Schirra graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1945. After service afloat during

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Due to manufacturing constraints, Slayton and Glenn wore work boots spray-painted silver for the promotional photo.

2121: 1146: 883:, in 1963, and in 1965 became the first astronaut to make a second orbital flight when he flew as command pilot of 324: 262: 31: 4820:. Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program. Washington, DC: NASA. 4317: 1936: 1137:

The first step in the selection process was to obtain the service records of test pilot school graduates from the

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Glenn joined the U.S. Navy in 1942, and transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps in 1943. He saw active service as a

1602: 1166: 726: 586: 384: 379: 160: 6115: 6110: 5478: 5416: 4768: 4620: 3574: 2411: 2325: 1435: 641: 551: 505: 287: 5039:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA History Office, Office of Policy and Plans. pp. 165–166. 952:. American intelligence analysts assessed that the Soviets planned to put a man into orbit, which caused the 5919: 5859: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 2343: 2293: 2165: 1762: 1729: 1670: 1431: 1181: 1170: 1126: 999: 953: 907: 424: 217: 3996:. American Journalism Historians Association Conference. Roanoke, Virginia: Northeast Louisiana University. 1313: 1301: 6105: 5934: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5143: 5074: 4426: 4396: 2267: 2262: 2105: 1895: 1842: 1650: 1419: 1333: 1265: 1257: 975:(ARPA). The core of the problem was the USAF's inability to articulate a clear military purpose for MISS. 741: 292: 107: 6086: 4130: 4099: 4968: 4585: 3541: 2354:

at the White House "for pioneering manned space flight in the United States". The Mercury 7 monument at

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Glenn became the first American in orbit in 1962. In 1998 (while a sitting U.S. senator) he flew on the

2047: 2011: 2000: 1411: 1388: 1269: 1199: 968: 706: 312: 272: 224: 197: 1859:, he qualified as a pilot in 1948, and saw service on exchange with the USAF as a fighter pilot in the 6011: 5231: 5226: 2238: 2120:, where a friend let him fly higher-performance F-104B jets. This came up when Cooper had lunch with 2056: 1906: 1740: 1577: 1481: 1451: 1309: 1098: 987: 964: 441: 417: 367: 1775: 1154: 5891: 5886: 5636: 5616: 4157: 2246: 2142: 2126: 2046:

The Mercury spacecraft was less finished than the astronauts' previous vehicles. After watching an

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From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners

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containing reports, photographs and a movie is buried beneath the monument, to be opened in 2464.

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but was killed in a fire during a launch pad rehearsal test. At the time of his death, he was a

1022:, the director of Space Flight Development at STG, that the human spaceflight project be called 2003:. Before Slayton could make his Mercury flight, he was diagnosed with an erratic heart rhythm ( 1026:. The name was publicly announced by Glennan on December 17, 1958, the 55th anniversary of the 6006: 5700: 5090: 5080: 5058: 5050: 5040: 5017: 5009: 4999: 4977: 4955: 4945: 4919: 4909: 4877: 4851: 4841: 4821: 4792: 4784: 4774: 4752: 4742: 4720: 4710: 4668: 4658: 4650: 4638: 4628: 4604: 4594: 4572: 4562: 4556: 4540: 4530: 4510: 4502: 4492: 4480: 4444: 4434: 4414: 4404: 4382: 4363: 4353: 3126: 2355: 2231: 2083:

The astronauts remained on active duty as military officers, and were paid according to their

2010:), and grounded by NASA and the Air Force. He resigned from the USAF in 1963 with the rank of 1984: 1970: 1786: 1624: 1563: 1423: 1379:(L to R) Cooper, Schirra (partially obscured), Shepard, Grissom, Glenn, Slayton, and Carpenter 1321: 1317: 1300:, and was Chief of Naval Operations. Three of the finalists later died in aircraft accidents: 1289: 1277: 1195: 1051: 1007: 1003: 701: 686: 307: 257: 48: 2183:

The Mercury astronauts established the style and appearance of astronauts. "I soon learned",

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were named in honor of the astronauts Carpenter, Grissom, Cooper, Glenn, and Shepherd.

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from January to March, under the direction of Albert H. Schwichtenberg, a retired USAF

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History of the USAF Experimental Test Pilot School 4 February 1951 – 12 October 1961

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Shepard became the first American to enter space in 1961, and walked on the Moon on

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Mercury Rising: John Glenn, John Kennedy, and the New Battleground of the Cold War

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Light This Candle: The Life & Times of Alan Shepard, America's First Spaceman

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Life Magazine and the Mercury Seven Astronauts: A Historic Case of Media Control

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Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond

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technological and ideological competition with the United States known as the

825: 716: 532: 527: 510: 78: 5094: 4959: 4825: 4756: 4724: 4689:. Edwards Air Force Base, California: United States Air Force. Archived from 4608: 4576: 4514: 4418: 5571: 5070: 5062: 5021: 4855: 4796: 4642: 4544: 4367: 4257: 2257: 2117: 1944: 1868: 1666: 1230: 1043: 941: 925: 864: 797: 540: 4881: 4812: 2130:, and was duly reported in the paper. Cooper then discussed the issue with 1375: 4981: 4433:. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer. 4403:. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer. 2611: 2609: 2572: 2570: 2557: 2555: 1034:, return him safely to the Earth, and evaluate his capabilities in space. 1030:' first flight. The objective of Project Mercury was to launch a man into 5853: 2089: 1880: 1872: 1816: 1812: 1662: 1589: 933: 884: 876: 875:

fire; the others all survived past retirement from service. Schirra flew

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Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966).

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Despite the extensive physical examinations, Slayton had an undiagnosed

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Then came a grueling series of physical and psychological tests at the

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NASA Astronaut Group 1, "The Mercury Seven", "The Original Seven" 1959

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Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America's First Astronauts

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in August 1965. In 1969, he served as commander of the backup crew of

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in 1942, and flew combat missions over Europe and the Pacific during

1887:'s co-anchor for the broadcasts of the Apollo Moon landing missions. 1811:, the second suborbital Mercury flight, and then as Command Pilot of 1799:

Grissom joined the USAF in 1950, and flew 100 combat missions in the

1752: 1722: 1597: 731: 192: 2738: 2736: 2734: 3226:. Spokane, Washington). Chicago Tribune. April 10, 1959. p. 2. 1747:. While a U.S. Senator in 1998, he was chosen to fly as a civilian 5408: 5013: 4814:

Volume VII Human Spaceflight: Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo

4701:

Gubert, Betty Kaplan; Sawyer, Miriam; Fannin, Caroline M. (2002).

4056: 4054: 2956: 2954: 2220: 2147: 2034: 1374: 1242: 1125: 945: 4350:

The Real Stuff: A History of NASA's Astronaut Recruitment Program

1511:, refused to release him, and Burke had to personally intervene. 1084:

The panel also drew up selection criteria. Astronauts had to be:

5453: 5054: 4788: 4506: 3805: 3803: 2467: 2465: 1744: 902:

in 1975. The first American in orbit in 1962, Glenn flew on the

813: 155: 5412: 5197: 5106: 4527:

For Spacious Skies: The Uncommon Journey Of A Mercury Astronaut

4029: 4027: 4025: 4008:"The Original "Voice of the Astronauts" – John "Shorty" Powers" 2801: 2799: 1935:

flight, but he was grounded in 1963 after being diagnosed with

637:

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

3290: 3288: 1576:

Carpenter joined the U.S. Navy in 1949, and flew multi-engine

6062: 4705:

Distinguished African Americans in Aviation and Space Science

4431:

Faith 7: L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., and the Final Mercury Mission

2881: 2879: 2842: 2840: 5477: 3154:. New London, Connecticut. Associated Press. October 4, 1983 2187:

later recalled, "if you saw someone wearing a short-sleeved

2518: 2516: 2093:(equivalent to $ 94 in 2023) for day trips, and a $ 12 1203: 1010:

as its director. On November 26, 1958, NASA Administrator

2014:, but stayed with the space program, first as unofficial 960:(NACA) to strengthen their efforts to achieve that goal. 3794: 3622: 3432: 3381: 3208:. (Kansas). Associated Press. April 10, 1959. p. 1. 2945: 2615: 2576: 2561: 2546: 2534: 2495: 2483: 2444: 2432: 2112:

aircraft with colonels and generals. Cooper traveled to

1091:

Less than 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall;

4558:

A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts

2087:. To supplement their travel, they were provided a $ 9 1418:(AFIT) in 1956. Grissom earned a bachelor's degree in 6028: 3602:"Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew – Gus Grissom" 3570:"John Glenn, First American to Orbit the Earth, Dies" 2260:

published a less sanitized version of their story in

1237:, submerging their feet in ice water, three doses of 1176:, while the Air Force officers were addressed by the 1114:

The height limit was a function of the design of the

4941:

Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle

1430:, from the AFIT in 1956. Slayton graduated from the 1107:

With a minimum of 1,500 hours total flying time; and

5994: 5973: 5950: 5943: 5906: 5869: 5834: 5802: 5781: 5732: 5716: 5709: 5674: 5559: 5496: 5489: 5446: 5371: 5240: 1543: 1540: 1528: 1454:and Carpenter in aeronautical engineering from the 97: 89: 41: 5930:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 4702: 4484: 4233:"Thunderbirds are go: First pictures of TV remake" 4129: 4098: 3963: 3070:"14 New Astronauts Introduced at Press Conference" 2972: 2702: 2041:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 5925:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5 4976:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA. 4207:"John Glenn and the courage of the Mercury Seven" 4084: 3008: 1732:across the United States. Glenn flew in space on 1645:in Germany for four years. He graduated from the 1332:The seven original American astronauts were Navy 3950: 3948: 3330: 3188: 3176: 2960: 2790: 2766: 2742: 2651: 2639: 2600: 2588: 967:(MISS), for which it obtained approval from the 871:Gemini mission in 1965, but died in 1967 in the 30:"Mercury 7" redirects here. For other uses, see 3855: 3684: 3682: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2207:, and he negotiated an exclusive contract with 1069: 990:, decided to create a new civilian agency, the 963:The USAF launched a spaceflight project called 632:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 6019:(non-NASA project inspired by Project Mercury) 4352:. Praeger special studies. New York: Praeger. 4348:Atkinson, Joseph D.; Shafritz, Jay M. (1985). 4304: 4280:"Astronauts Have Their Day at the White House" 3939: 3915: 3903: 3823:"Military Hazardous Duty Pay Charts 1955–1967" 3782: 3456: 3279: 3267: 2805: 2778: 2507: 2471: 2456: 2234:" was held afterwards to adjudicate disputes. 5424: 5389:List of United States Marine Corps astronauts 5209: 5118: 4491:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. 3987:Carter, Ginger Rudeseal (October 6–8, 1994). 3100:"The MATS Flyer Interviews Major Gus Grissom" 1178:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force 992:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 773: 8: 5394:List of United States Space Force astronauts 4998:(1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. 4970:This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury 1426:in 1950, and a second bachelor's degree, in 4072: 4060: 4045: 2139:House Committee on Science and Astronautics 958:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 654:Department of State Office of Space Affairs 27:Group of American astronauts chosen in 1959 5947: 5713: 5493: 5431: 5417: 5409: 5216: 5202: 5194: 5125: 5111: 5103: 4876:. Washington, DC: NASA. pp. 143–166. 4033: 3809: 2266:. Wolfe's book was the basis for the 1983 2176:in 1960 and who was a Chevrolet dealer in 1931:, but it was canceled, and then the first 1647:USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School 1522: 780: 766: 615:Department of Energy national laboratories 143: 138: 116: 38: 3044: 3032: 1637:Cooper joined the USAF in 1949, and flew 1153:. Donlan, North, Gamble and psychologist 812:. Their names were publicly announced by 625:Office of Commercial Space Transportation 6136:1959 establishments in the United States 5079:. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 4908:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 4320:. Air Force Space Museum. Archived from 4268:. p. 22 – via Newspapers.com. 3927: 3148:"College says Glenn degree was deserved" 1592:, with Class 13 in 1954. Carpenter flew 6075: 6035: 5379:List of astronauts by year of selection 4262:"Cooper the Cool Handles a Hair-Raiser" 3879: 3867: 3770: 3731: 3719: 3673: 3634: 3522: 3444: 3420: 3394:Goldstein, Richard (October 10, 2013). 3366: 3354: 3318: 3202:"Future challenging for new astronauts" 3056: 3020: 2996: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2754: 2725: 2663: 2627: 2522: 2403: 2383: 2350:presented the astronaut group the 1962 1867:, the third orbital Mercury flight; on 1580:patrol aircraft. He graduated from the 1256:and Jim Lovell, who were selected with 1229:. The tests included spending hours on 659:Office of Science and Technology Policy 151: 128: 4741:. New York: Grand Central Publishing. 4487:We Seven: By the Astronauts Themselves 3795:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 3623:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 3433:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 3382:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 3342: 3294: 2984: 2946:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2616:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2577:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2562:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2547:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2535:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2496:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2484:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2445:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 2433:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 1657:, with Class 56D in 1956. Cooper flew 1161:Sixty-nine candidates were brought to 4709:. Westport, Connecticut: Oryx Press. 4131:"Cinema: Saga of a Magnificent Seven" 4100:"Books: Skywriting with Gus and Deke" 4097:Sheppard, R.Z. (September 24, 1979). 3891: 3843: 3653:The 40th Anniversary of the Mercury 7 3306: 7: 4182:. Astronaut Scholarship Foundation. 2114:McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base 1544: 1292:became an admiral. He commanded the 1268:in 1966. Others achieved high rank: 4231:Idato, Michael (January 18, 2015). 2340:Society of Experimental Test Pilots 2164:presented Shepard with a brand-new 1385:USAF Experimental Test Pilot School 1223:Wright Aerospace Medical Laboratory 1139:United States Department of Defense 804:. They are also referred to as the 4773:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 4205:Kaplan, Sarah (December 8, 2016). 4186:from the original on July 19, 2019 4156:White, Peter (February 10, 2019). 998:(STG) was established at the NASA 912:in 1998 to become, at age 77, the 437:Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska 413:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 25: 5029:Warren-Findley, Jannelle (1998). 4944:(1st ed.). New York: Forge. 4680:Eppley, Charles V. (March 1963). 3962:. August 24, 1959. Archived from 3695:40th Anniversary of the Mercury 7 3220:"Mercury project team introduced" 3125:DeFelice, David (April 3, 2015). 2137:. The matter was taken up by the 1456:University of Colorado at Boulder 1416:Air Force Institute of Technology 1130:The Mercury Seven in front of an 973:Advanced Research Projects Agency 6078: 6050: 6038: 3568:Potter, Ned (December 8, 2016). 2973:Gubert, Sawyer & Fannin 2002 2701:. April 20, 1959. Archived from 2172:, a race car driver who won the 1958: 1894: 1838:Walter Marty (Wally) Schirra Jr. 1830: 1774: 1751:on the October–November mission 1680: 1612: 1551: 1104:A graduate of test pilot school; 1094:In excellent physical condition; 47: 4866:(1975). "Men for the Moon". In 4378:Gus Grissom: The Lost Astronaut 3237:Deiss, Heather (June 5, 2013). 1620:Leroy Gordon (Gordo) Cooper Jr. 800:selected to fly spacecraft for 647:Space Weather Prediction Center 620:Federal Aviation Administration 430:Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport 5842:McDonnell Aircraft Corporation 4873:Apollo Expeditions to the Moon 3098:Grissom, Gus (February 1963). 2022:flight. He left NASA in 1982. 984:President of the United States 978:Meanwhile, in response to the 932:on October 4, 1957, started a 592:National Reconnaissance Office 1: 5384:Astronaut ranks and positions 4838:The Making of an Ex-Astronaut 4286:. October 11, 1963. p. 3 3750:40th Anniversary of Mercury 7 3502:40th Anniversary of Mercury 7 3475:40th Anniversary of Mercury 7 2016:Chief of the Astronaut Office 1941:Chief of the Astronaut Office 5033:. In Mack, Pamela E. (ed.). 4627:. New York: Harper Collins. 4587:Where No Man Has Gone Before 3331:Carpenter & Stoever 2003 3206:Lawrence Daily Journal-World 3189:Carpenter & Stoever 2003 3177:Carpenter & Stoever 2003 2961:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2791:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2767:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2743:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2652:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2640:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2601:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2589:Atkinson & Shafritz 1985 2338:The Mercury 7 group won the 2152:Plaque at Launch Complex 14 1993:Minnesota Air National Guard 1582:U.S. Naval Test Pilot School 1434:with a bachelor's degree in 1364:, Navy Lieutenant Commander 1264:, who was selected with the 247:Robotic spaceflight programs 6002:Manned Space Flight Network 4657:. New York: ipicturebooks. 4561:. New York: Penguin Books. 4294:– via Newspapers.com. 3856:Cooper & Henderson 2000 3127:"Biography – John H. Glenn" 1404:United States Naval Academy 1312:on July 24, 1963. Finalist 597:United States Space Command 447:Vandenberg Space Force Base 213:International Space Station 131:United States space program 6152: 5475: 4840:. London: Michael Joseph. 4584:Compton, W. David (1988). 4375:Boomhower, Ray E. (2004). 3940:Logsdon & Launius 2008 3916:Logsdon & Launius 2008 3904:Logsdon & Launius 2008 3783:Logsdon & Launius 2008 3746:"Donald K. "Deke" Slayton" 3457:Slayton & Cassutt 1994 3280:Logsdon & Launius 2008 3268:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2806:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2779:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2508:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2472:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2457:Logsdon & Launius 2008 2276:TV series of the same name 1966:Donald Kent (Deke) Slayton 1721:, when he shot down three 1316:died in the May 16, 1965, 1018:, adopted a suggestion by 894:Slayton, grounded with an 867:in 1971. Grissom flew the 172:Human spaceflight programs 32:Mercury 7 (disambiguation) 29: 5193: 5150: 5142:NASA Astronaut Group 1 → 5140: 4932:Slayton, Donald K. "Deke" 4237:The Sydney Morning Herald 2825:. NASA. November 30, 2006 2695:"Rendezvous with Destiny" 2020:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project 1902:Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. 1782:Virgil Ivan (Gus) Grissom 1537: 1534: 1531: 1524:Mercury Seven astronauts 1308:on January 11, 1961; and 1167:Chief of Naval Operations 900:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project 898:, ultimately flew on the 727:Sierra Nevada Corporation 671:Commercial space industry 587:United States Space Force 105: 53:The Mercury Seven in 1960 46: 4884:. SP-350. Archived from 4738:The Astronaut Wives Club 4593:. Washington, DC: NASA. 4525:; Stoever, Kris (2003). 2823:Project Mercury Overview 1436:aeronautical engineering 1368:, and Air Force Captain 1320:of multiple aircraft at 1088:Less than 40 years old; 796:were the group of seven 642:Office of Space Commerce 318:Solar System Exploration 108:Astronaut Group 2 (1962) 5920:Wallops Flight Facility 5860:North American Aviation 5482:Mercury program capsule 4529:. New York: NAL Trade. 2344:Iven C. Kincheloe Award 1730:transcontinental flight 1688:John Herschel Glenn Jr. 1559:Malcolm Scott Carpenter 1432:University of Minnesota 1000:Langley Research Center 954:United States Air Force 581:National security space 425:Wallops Flight Facility 5935:Mercury Control Center 5483: 5144:NASA Astronaut Group 2 4473:Schirra, Walter M. Jr. 4085:Carpenter, et al. 2010 3697:. NASA. Archived from 3649:"Walter M. Schirra Jr" 3239:"Mercury – April 1959" 3009:Carpenter, et al. 2010 2414:. Smithsonian Magazine 2226: 2153: 2106:Langley Air Force Base 2043: 1843:Hackensack, New Jersey 1709:in the Pacific during 1651:Edwards Air Force Base 1420:mechanical engineering 1380: 1245:. Only one candidate, 1134: 1110:A qualified jet pilot. 1074: 742:United Launch Alliance 5983:(rival in space race) 5481: 5227:NASA Astronaut Groups 4655:The All-American Boys 4461:Cooper, L. Gordon Jr. 4260:(October 25, 1979a). 3691:"Alan B. Shepard, Jr" 3542:The Columbus Dispatch 3471:"L. Gordon Cooper Jr" 3297:, pp. 59, 70–71. 2819:"Astronaut Selection" 2435:, pp. 28–29, 37. 2412:"The Mercury 7 Caper" 2324:'s television series 2268:film of the same name 2224: 2151: 2038: 1412:aerospace engineering 1389:John L. Whitehead Jr. 1378: 1302:Halvor M. Ekeren, Jr. 1270:Lawrence Heyworth Jr. 1200:Miller Analogies Test 1129: 969:Joint Chiefs of Staff 462:Space launch vehicles 6126:NASA Astronaut Corps 6012:Astronaut Wives Club 5232:NASA Astronaut Corps 4888:on February 19, 2008 4477:Shepard, Alan B. Jr. 4160:. Deadline Hollywood 4010:. Marketing the Moon 2239:Johnson Space Center 2216:John "Shorty" Powers 2057:celestial navigation 1907:Derry, New Hampshire 1879:in 1969, and joined 1578:Lockheed P-2 Neptune 1359:Lieutenant Commander 1353:, Air Force Captain 1304:, on April 8, 1959; 988:Dwight D. Eisenhower 965:Man in Space Soonest 418:Kennedy Space Center 368:NASA Astronaut Corps 83:Scott Carpenter 6131:1959 in spaceflight 6121:American astronauts 5960:(successor program) 5862:(Little Joe rocket) 4457:Carpenter, M. Scott 4318:"Launch Complex 14" 4305:Warren-Findley 1998 4211:The Washington Post 4128:(October 3, 1983). 4063:, pp. 113–114. 4048:, pp. 168–169. 3968:on February 1, 2011 3846:, pp. 152–153. 3812:, pp. 442–443. 3797:, pp. 235–237. 3773:, pp. 343–350. 3722:, pp. 303–310. 3701:on November 3, 2004 3676:, pp. 329–336. 3637:, pp. 310–316. 3625:, pp. 365–370. 3549:on December 8, 2016 3525:, pp. 316–323. 3498:"John H. Glenn, Jr" 3435:, pp. 494–503. 3423:, pp. 336–343. 3384:, pp. 352–358. 3369:, pp. 323–329. 3333:, pp. 194–195. 3249:on January 17, 2021 3191:, pp. 238–240. 2975:, pp. 291–293. 2912:, pp. 152–153. 2900:, pp. 273–274. 2888:, pp. 110–117. 2873:, pp. 353–354. 2861:, pp. 284–285. 2849:, pp. 234–237. 2537:, pp. 131–132. 2346:in 1963. President 2127:The Washington Star 2008:atrial fibrillation 1983:Slayton joined the 1525: 1463:atrial fibrillation 1408:Annapolis, Maryland 1282:William P. Lawrence 896:atrial fibrillation 557:Space Launch System 5909:and Control Center 5733:In order of flight 5484: 4868:Cortright, Edgar M 4651:Cunningham, Walter 4481:Slayton, Donald K. 4469:Grissom, Virgil I. 4465:Glenn, John H. Jr. 4324:on August 18, 2019 3400:The New York Times 2227: 2193:aviator sunglasses 2178:Melbourne, Florida 2166:Chevrolet Corvette 2154: 2044: 2001:Flight Test Center 1925:Mercury-Redstone 3 1911:November 18, 1923 1821:Lieutenant Colonel 1809:Mercury-Redstone 4 1749:Payload Specialist 1586:NAS Patuxent River 1523: 1381: 1348:Lieutenant Colonel 1196:standardized tests 1135: 1116:Mercury spacecraft 1038:Selection criteria 924:The launch of the 816:on April 9, 1959: 325:Planetary Observer 303:Planetary Missions 18:Mercury astronauts 6026: 6025: 6007:Mercury spacesuit 5990: 5989: 5856:(Redstone rocket) 5798: 5797: 5670: 5669: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5086:978-0-553-27556-8 5046:978-0-16-049640-0 5005:978-0-609-61001-5 4951:978-0-312-85503-1 4915:978-1-324-00325-0 4847:978-0-7181-0849-6 4809:Launius, Roger D. 4780:978-0-7432-0079-0 4748:978-1-4555-0325-4 4716:978-0-313-09239-8 4664:978-1-87696-324-8 4634:978-0-06-019416-1 4600:978-1-306-35053-2 4568:978-0-14-311235-8 4536:978-0-451-21105-7 4498:978-1-4391-8103-4 4440:978-3-319-30562-2 4410:978-1-4419-8405-0 4388:978-0-87195-176-2 4359:978-0-03-005187-6 4126:Schickel, Richard 4036:, pp. 40–43. 3870:, pp. 42–43. 3858:, pp. 24–25. 3825:. Navy Cyberspace 3785:, pp. 25–26. 3734:, pp. 59–60. 3578:. United States: 3357:, pp. 23–24. 3345:, pp. 16–19. 3282:, pp. 18–19. 3270:, pp. 16–18. 3035:, pp. 55–57. 2936:, pp. 70–71. 2924:, pp. 96–97. 2793:, pp. 43–47. 2781:, pp. 14–15. 2757:, pp. 57–58. 2745:, pp. 40–42. 2728:, pp. 46–51. 2654:, pp. 36–39. 2603:, pp. 36–37. 2525:, pp. 29–30. 2510:, pp. 11–12. 2486:, pp. 91–93. 2447:, pp. 69–74. 2356:Launch Complex 14 2334:Awards and honors 2124:, a reporter for 2028: 2027: 1985:US Army Air Corps 1971:Sparta, Wisconsin 1937:Ménière's disease 1787:Mitchell, Indiana 1625:Shawnee, Oklahoma 1564:Boulder, Colorado 1469:NASA introduction 1452:Muskingum College 1424:Purdue University 1322:Bien Hoa Air Base 1290:Thomas B. Hayward 1278:Robert B. Baldwin 1227:brigadier general 1122:Selection process 1099:bachelor's degree 1052:Charles J. Donlan 1008:Robert R. Gilruth 1004:Hampton, Virginia 928:satellite by the 887:. Carpenter flew 810:Astronaut Group 1 790: 789: 702:Firefly Aerospace 687:Bigelow Aerospace 115: 114: 16:(Redirected from 6143: 6091: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6071: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6034: 5948: 5944:Related programs 5815:Mercury-Redstone 5714: 5494: 5459:Space Task Group 5433: 5426: 5419: 5410: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5195: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5104: 5098: 5066: 5025: 4985: 4975: 4963: 4936:Cassutt, Michael 4927: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4859: 4829: 4819: 4805:Logsdon, John M. 4800: 4760: 4728: 4708: 4697: 4695: 4688: 4676: 4646: 4621:Henderson, Bruce 4612: 4592: 4580: 4548: 4523:Carpenter, Scott 4518: 4490: 4452: 4422: 4392: 4371: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4133: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4102: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3967: 3952: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3686: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3545:. 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Archived from 3234: 3228: 3227: 3224:Spokesman-Review 3216: 3210: 3209: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2707:on June 18, 2007 2706: 2690: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2474:, pp. 9–10. 2469: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2408: 2391: 2388: 2291: 2174:Indianapolis 500 2071:, who built the 2065:Redstone Arsenal 1991:. He joined the 1980: 1962: 1929:Mercury-Atlas 10 1916: 1898: 1852: 1834: 1796: 1795:January 27, 1967 1778: 1760: 1702: 1701:December 8, 2016 1684: 1639:F-84 Thunderjets 1634: 1616: 1573: 1572:October 10, 2013 1555: 1546: 1526: 1132:F-106 Delta Dart 1046:", which meant " 1014:and his deputy, 1012:T. Keith Glennan 996:Space Task Group 950:Soviet space dog 944:, which carried 905: 782: 775: 768: 722:Northrop Grumman 288:Mars Exploration 161:U.S. Space Force 147: 142: 133: 117: 51: 39: 21: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6116:Project Mercury 6111:NASA astronauts 6096: 6095: 6094: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6070:sister projects 6069: 6067:at Knowledge's 6061: 6051: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6029: 6027: 6022: 5986: 5969: 5966:(lunar program) 5939: 5908: 5902: 5865: 5830: 5825:Mercury-Jupiter 5794: 5777: 5757:Scott Carpenter 5728: 5705: 5676:Flown non-human 5666: 5555: 5485: 5473: 5442: 5440:Project Mercury 5437: 5407: 5398: 5367: 5236: 5222: 5189: 5155:Scott Carpenter 5146: 5136: 5131: 5101: 5087: 5076:The Right Stuff 5069: 5065:. NASA SP-4219. 5047: 5028: 5006: 4988: 4984:. NASA SP-4201. 4973: 4966: 4952: 4930: 4916: 4900: 4891: 4889: 4864:Sherrod, Robert 4862: 4848: 4832: 4817: 4811:, eds. (2008). 4803: 4781: 4763: 4749: 4731: 4717: 4700: 4696:on May 1, 2019. 4693: 4686: 4679: 4665: 4649: 4635: 4615: 4601: 4590: 4583: 4569: 4553:Chaikin, Andrew 4551: 4537: 4521: 4499: 4455: 4441: 4425: 4411: 4395: 4389: 4374: 4360: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4284:Chicago Tribune 4278: 4277: 4273: 4266:Chicago Tribune 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4087:, pp. 5–6. 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4034:Cunningham 2009 4032: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3956:"The Big Story" 3954: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3810:Cunningham 2009 3808: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3157: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2693: 2691: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2568: 2560: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2368: 2348:John F. Kennedy 2336: 2289: 2274:, and the 2020 2263:The Right Stuff 2145:for their use. 2135:James G. Fulton 2033: 1978: 1974: 1914: 1910: 1885:Walter Cronkite 1865:Mercury-Atlas 8 1850: 1847:March 12, 1923 1846: 1794: 1790: 1756: 1734:Mercury-Atlas 6 1700: 1696: 1693:Cambridge, Ohio 1659:Mercury-Atlas 9 1633:October 4, 2004 1632: 1628: 1594:Mercury-Atlas 7 1571: 1567: 1521: 1494:Wright brothers 1471: 1337:Scott Carpenter 1330: 1310:Hal R. Crandall 1219:Lovelace Clinic 1185:Thomas D. White 1124: 1060:Allen O. Gamble 1056:Warren J. North 1040: 1028:Wright Brothers 1024:Project Mercury 1020:Abe Silverstein 956:(USAF) and the 922: 903: 889:Mercury-Atlas 7 881:Mercury-Atlas 9 818:Scott Carpenter 802:Project Mercury 786: 757: 756: 747:Virgin Galactic 707:Lockheed Martin 672: 664: 663: 610: 602: 601: 582: 574: 573: 464: 454: 453: 403: 395: 394: 370: 360: 359: 278:Lunar Precursor 268:Large Strategic 248: 240: 239: 218:Commercial Crew 173: 165: 129: 111: 98:Number selected 85: 68: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6149: 6147: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6047: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5952: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5916:Wallops Island 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5850:(Atlas rocket) 5845: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5743: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5513:Liberty Bell 7 5509: 5500: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5100: 5099: 5085: 5067: 5045: 5026: 5004: 4990:Thompson, Neal 4986: 4964: 4950: 4928: 4914: 4898: 4860: 4846: 4834:O'Leary, Brian 4830: 4801: 4779: 4761: 4747: 4729: 4715: 4698: 4677: 4663: 4647: 4633: 4617:Cooper, Gordon 4613: 4599: 4581: 4567: 4549: 4535: 4519: 4497: 4453: 4439: 4427:Burgess, Colin 4423: 4409: 4397:Burgess, Colin 4393: 4387: 4372: 4358: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4309: 4307:, p. 165. 4297: 4271: 4249: 4223: 4197: 4171: 4148: 4117: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4050: 4038: 4021: 3999: 3979: 3944: 3932: 3930:, p. 336. 3920: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3814: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3678: 3666: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3592: 3560: 3535:Hallett, Joe. 3527: 3515: 3488: 3461: 3459:, p. 236. 3449: 3447:, p. 247. 3437: 3425: 3413: 3386: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3321:, p. 280. 3311: 3309:, p. 115. 3299: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3229: 3211: 3193: 3181: 3169: 3139: 3117: 3104:The MATS Flyer 3090: 3061: 3059:, p. 345. 3049: 3045:Boomhower 2004 3037: 3033:Boomhower 2004 3025: 3023:, p. 337. 3013: 3001: 2999:, p. 152. 2989: 2977: 2965: 2963:, p. 100. 2950: 2948:, p. 164. 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2836: 2810: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2730: 2718: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2618:, p. 131. 2605: 2593: 2581: 2579:, p. 130. 2566: 2564:, p. 129. 2551: 2549:, p. 134. 2539: 2527: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2352:Collier Trophy 2335: 2332: 2322:Gerry Anderson 2281:Together with 2272:Philip Kaufman 2232:captain's mast 2205:C. Leo DeOrsey 2158:General Motors 2061:pressure suits 2032: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2023: 1981: 1976: 1975:March 1, 1924 1968: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1933:Project Gemini 1917: 1912: 1904: 1899: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1853: 1848: 1840: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1797: 1792: 1791:April 3, 1926 1784: 1779: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1703: 1698: 1697:July 18, 1921 1690: 1685: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1673:in July 1970. 1635: 1630: 1629:March 6, 1927 1622: 1617: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1574: 1569: 1561: 1556: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1520: 1517: 1470: 1467: 1329: 1326: 1314:Robert G. Bell 1258:the next group 1208:flight surgeon 1155:Robert B. Voas 1123: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101:or equivalent; 1095: 1092: 1089: 1039: 1036: 980:Sputnik crisis 921: 918: 806:Original Seven 788: 787: 785: 784: 777: 770: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 682:Ball Aerospace 679: 673: 670: 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 656: 651: 650: 649: 644: 639: 629: 628: 627: 617: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603: 600: 599: 594: 589: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 569:Vulcan Centaur 566: 559: 554: 549: 544: 537: 536: 535: 530: 525: 520: 513: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 465: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 450: 449: 439: 434: 433: 432: 422: 421: 420: 415: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 387: 382: 377: 371: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 321: 320: 315: 310: 300: 295: 293:New Millennium 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 221: 220: 210: 209: 208: 195: 190: 185: 180: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 164: 163: 158: 152: 149: 148: 135: 134: 126: 125: 113: 112: 106: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6148: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106:Mercury Seven 6104: 6103: 6101: 6089: 6088: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6065:Mercury Seven 6058: 6048: 6046: 6036: 6032: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5887:Blue Scout II 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5820:Mercury-Scout 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5810:Mercury-Atlas 5808: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5771:Did not fly: 5770: 5768: 5767:Gordon Cooper 5765: 5763: 5762:Wally Schirra 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750:Earth orbit: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5724:Mercury Seven 5722: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699:Earth orbit: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5518:Earth orbit: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175:Wally Schirra 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5160:Gordon Cooper 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4625:Leap of Faith 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4589: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4298: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4224: 4216:September 29, 4212: 4208: 4201: 4198: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4159: 4152: 4149: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4106: 4101: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4075:, p. 83. 4074: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3980: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3942:, p. 20. 3941: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3928:Thompson 2004 3924: 3921: 3918:, p. 35. 3917: 3912: 3909: 3906:, p. 22. 3905: 3900: 3897: 3894:, p. 14. 3893: 3888: 3885: 3882:, p. 36. 3881: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3667: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3616: 3603: 3600:White, Mary. 3596: 3593: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3402:. p. B16 3401: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3179:, p. 97. 3178: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3050: 3047:, p. 71. 3046: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2987:, p. 23. 2986: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2808:, p. 16. 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2769:, p. 42. 2768: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2666:, p. 38. 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2642:, p. 38. 2641: 2636: 2633: 2630:, p. 35. 2629: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2591:, p. 34. 2590: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2501: 2498:, p. 82. 2497: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2459:, p. 11. 2458: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2397: 2387: 2384: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2290:Space Shuttle 2286: 2284: 2283:Betty Grissom 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2122:William Hines 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2052:gallows humor 2049: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979:June 13, 1993 1977: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1915:July 21, 1998 1913: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1871:in 1965; and 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1823:in the USAF. 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1758:Space Shuttle 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707:fighter pilot 1704: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1527: 1519:Group members 1518: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480:magazine to " 1479: 1478: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:heat transfer 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428:aeromechanics 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362:Wally Schirra 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1344:Gordon Cooper 1342: 1338: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:Pacific Fleet 1295: 1294:Seventh Fleet 1291: 1287: 1286:vice admirals 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Edward Givens 1260:in 1962; and 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174:Arleigh Burke 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1128: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1064:civil service 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:star traveler 1045: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 919: 917: 915: 914:oldest person 911: 910: 904:Space Shuttle 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 859: 858:Space Shuttle 855: 851: 845: 843: 839: 835: 834:Wally Schirra 831: 827: 823: 822:Gordon Cooper 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:Mercury Seven 783: 778: 776: 771: 769: 764: 763: 761: 760: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 674: 668: 667: 660: 657: 655: 652: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 633: 630: 626: 623: 622: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 606: 605: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 578: 577: 570: 567: 565: 564: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 542: 538: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 518: 514: 512: 509: 508: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 471: 467: 466: 463: 458: 457: 448: 445: 444: 443: 442:Western Range 440: 438: 435: 431: 428: 427: 426: 423: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 409: 408:Eastern Range 406: 405: 399: 398: 391: 390:Space Shuttle 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 369: 364: 363: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 319: 316: 314: 313:New Frontiers 311: 309: 306: 305: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 273:Lunar Orbiter 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 244: 243: 236: 235:Lunar Gateway 233: 231: 228: 226: 225:Constellation 223: 219: 216: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 201: 200: 199: 198:Space Shuttle 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 169: 168: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 150: 146: 141: 137: 136: 132: 127: 123: 119: 118: 110: → 109: 104: 100: 96: 92: 90:Year selected 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 71:Wally Schirra 66: 65:Gordon Cooper 62: 58: 50: 45: 42:Mercury Seven 40: 37: 33: 19: 6090:from Commons 6085: 6064: 5907:Launch sites 5844:(spacecraft) 5791:(space suit) 5789:Navy Mark IV 5773:Deke Slayton 5741:Alan Shepard 5723: 5607:Little Joe 5 5567:Little Joe 1 5550:Freedom 7 II 5549: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5521:Friendship 7 5520: 5512: 5505: 5469:Space flight 5247: 5185:Deke Slayton 5180:Alan Shepard 5133: 5075: 5035: 4994: 4969: 4940: 4905: 4902:Shesol, Jeff 4892:February 10, 4890:. 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SP-4214. 4449:1026785988 4258:Wolfe, Tom 3892:Kranz 2000 3844:Wolfe 1979 3756:October 6, 3307:Wolfe 1979 2398:References 2372:Mercury 13 2318:Alan Tracy 2256:. In 1979 2191:shirt and 2185:Gene Kranz 2160:executive 2005:idiopathic 1997:test pilot 1861:Korean War 1805:F-86 Sabre 1801:Korean War 1738:Democratic 1727:supersonic 1719:Korean War 1655:California 1492:, and the 1351:John Glenn 1334:Lieutenant 1247:Jim Lovell 1239:castor oil 1231:treadmills 1067:astronaut: 1062:drew up a 938:Space Race 920:Background 856:, and the 826:John Glenn 798:astronauts 717:Rocket Lab 402:Spaceports 79:John Glenn 6045:Biography 5782:Equipment 5572:Big Joe 1 5506:Freedom 7 5095:849889526 4960:937566894 4826:931719123 4757:816563627 4725:651897906 4653:(2009) . 4609:868270614 4577:958200469 4515:429024791 4483:(2010) . 4419:747105631 4328:April 27, 3829:April 11, 3508:April 24, 3253:March 28, 3132:April 28, 2295:Discovery 2258:Tom Wolfe 2118:Tennessee 2031:Influence 1945:Apollo 14 1869:Gemini 6A 1764:Discovery 1667:Apollo 10 1603:Commander 1506:USS 1346:, Marine 1318:explosion 1272:became a 1044:astronaut 942:Sputnik 2 926:Sputnik 1 909:Discovery 865:Apollo 14 541:New Glenn 308:Discovery 258:Explorers 5882:Redstone 5854:Chrysler 5689:Miss Sam 5560:Uncrewed 5528:Aurora 7 5490:Missions 5073:(1979). 5063:37451762 5055:97027899 5022:52631310 4992:(2004). 4938:(1994). 4904:(2021). 4856:16189960 4836:(1971). 4797:43590801 4789:00027720 4767:(2000). 4735:(2013). 4643:59538671 4623:(2000). 4555:(2007). 4545:52821294 4507:62019074 4429:(2016). 4399:(2011). 4368:12052375 4242:April 9, 4190:June 25, 4184:Archived 3659:July 12, 3575:ABC News 3481:July 10, 3110:June 28, 3083:June 20, 2366:See also 2254:We Seven 2197:groupies 2099:per diem 2095:per diem 2090:per diem 2073:Redstone 1881:CBS News 1873:Apollo 7 1817:Apollo 1 1813:Gemini 3 1663:Gemini 5 1590:Maryland 1486:Magellan 1482:Columbus 1296:and the 1221:and the 934:Cold War 885:Gemini 5 877:Apollo 7 873:Apollo 1 712:Raytheon 563:Starship 506:Minotaur 491:Falcon 9 486:Electron 340:Vanguard 335:Surveyor 203:Shuttle– 122:a series 120:Part of 6031:Portals 5995:Related 5897:Jupiter 5870:Rockets 5848:Convair 5717:General 5542:Faith 7 5535:Sigma 7 5447:General 5372:Related 4882:1623434 4870:(ed.). 3152:The Day 2189:Ban-Lon 2162:Ed Cole 2069:Convair 1999:at the 1877:Captain 1755:of the 1723:MiG-15s 1671:Colonel 1541:Career 1414:at the 1357:, Navy 1341:Captain 1284:became 1182:General 1171:Admiral 1149:and 35 1097:With a 1006:, with 552:Pegasus 481:Atlas V 476:Antares 375:Mercury 350:Voyager 298:Pioneer 283:Mariner 230:Artemis 178:Mercury 69:Front: 5981:Vostok 5974:Soviet 5964:Apollo 5958:Gemini 5497:Crewed 5241:Groups 5093: 5083: 5061: 5053: 5043: 5020: 5012: 5002: 4982:569889 4980: 4958: 4948: 4922: 4912: 4880: 4854: 4844: 4824: 4795: 4787: 4777: 4755: 4745: 4723: 4713: 4671: 4661: 4641: 4631: 4607: 4597: 4575: 4565: 4543: 4533: 4513: 4505: 4495: 4447: 4437: 4417: 4407: 4385: 4366: 4356: 3752:. 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NASA 2316:, and 2310:Gordon 2306:Virgil 2156:After 1803:as an 1753:STS-95 1598:SEALAB 1529:Image 1508:Hornet 1288:, and 1243:enemas 1198:: the 982:, the 854:Apollo 850:Gemini 840:, and 732:SpaceX 697:Boeing 385:Apollo 380:Gemini 345:Viking 330:Ranger 193:Skylab 188:Apollo 183:Gemini 124:on the 55:Back: 6087:Media 5877:Atlas 5647:LJ-5B 5637:MR-BD 5632:LJ-5A 5617:MR-1A 5592:LJ-1B 5582:LJ-1A 4974:(PDF) 4818:(PDF) 4694:(PDF) 4687:(PDF) 4591:(PDF) 3994:(PDF) 3073:(PDF) 2378:Notes 2320:from 2302:Scott 2292: 2143:T-38s 2077:Atlas 2012:Major 1761: 1743:from 1715:China 1713:, in 1538:Died 1535:Born 1532:Name 1450:from 1422:from 1145:, 23 946:Laika 906: 677:Astra 470:Alpha 5701:Enos 5662:MA-5 5657:MS-1 5652:MA-4 5642:MA-3 5627:MA-2 5622:MR-2 5612:MR-1 5602:MA-1 5587:LJ-2 5577:LJ-6 5454:NASA 5091:OCLC 5081:ISBN 5059:OCLC 5051:LCCN 5041:ISBN 5018:OCLC 5010:LCCN 5000:ISBN 4978:OCLC 4956:OCLC 4946:ISBN 4920:OCLC 4910:ISBN 4894:2019 4878:OCLC 4852:OCLC 4842:ISBN 4822:OCLC 4793:OCLC 4785:LCCN 4775:ISBN 4753:OCLC 4743:ISBN 4721:OCLC 4711:ISBN 4669:OCLC 4659:ISBN 4639:OCLC 4629:ISBN 4605:OCLC 4595:ISBN 4573:OCLC 4563:ISBN 4541:OCLC 4531:ISBN 4511:OCLC 4503:LCCN 4493:ISBN 4445:OCLC 4435:ISBN 4415:OCLC 4405:ISBN 4383:ISBN 4364:OCLC 4354:ISBN 4330:2019 4292:2019 4244:2024 4218:2021 4192:2019 4166:2019 4143:2019 4136:Time 4112:2019 4105:Time 4016:2019 3974:2019 3960:Time 3831:2019 3758:2016 3707:2006 3661:2015 3610:2017 3587:2016 3555:2016 3510:2015 3483:2015 3408:2019 3255:2019 3243:NASA 3160:2019 3134:2022 3112:2020 3085:2020 2831:2015 2713:2019 2699:Time 2420:2023 2314:John 2210:Life 2110:T-33 2085:rank 2075:and 2067:and 1745:Ohio 1641:and 1545:Ref. 1477:Time 1280:and 1233:and 1151:Army 1143:Navy 1058:and 948:, a 814:NASA 808:and 792:The 355:X-37 156:NASA 93:1959 5695:Ham 5684:Sam 3580:ABC 2116:in 1883:as 1649:at 1584:at 1406:at 1002:in 737:SSL 517:III 263:GLS 253:CRS 205:Mir 6102:: 5951:US 5918:/ 5363:24 5358:23 5353:22 5348:21 5343:20 5338:19 5333:18 5328:17 5323:16 5318:15 5313:14 5308:13 5303:12 5298:11 5293:10 5089:. 5057:. 5049:. 5016:. 5008:. 4954:. 4934:; 4918:. 4850:. 4807:; 4791:. 4783:. 4751:. 4719:. 4667:. 4637:. 4619:; 4603:. 4571:. 4539:. 4509:. 4501:. 4479:; 4475:; 4471:; 4467:; 4463:; 4459:; 4443:. 4413:. 4362:. 4282:. 4264:. 4235:. 4209:. 4134:. 4103:. 4053:^ 4024:^ 3958:. 3947:^ 3802:^ 3748:. 3693:. 3681:^ 3651:. 3572:. 3539:. 3500:. 3473:. 3398:. 3374:^ 3287:^ 3241:. 3222:. 3204:. 3150:. 3102:. 3075:. 2953:^ 2878:^ 2839:^ 2821:. 2798:^ 2733:^ 2697:. 2692:" 2671:^ 2608:^ 2569:^ 2554:^ 2515:^ 2464:^ 2342:' 2312:, 2308:, 2304:, 2278:. 2249:. 2168:, 1653:, 1605:. 1588:, 1488:, 1484:, 1458:. 1395:. 1387:, 1372:. 1276:, 1204:IQ 1180:, 1169:, 1054:, 986:, 860:. 852:, 836:, 832:, 828:, 824:, 820:, 523:IV 81:, 77:, 73:, 63:, 59:, 6073:: 6033:: 5432:e 5425:t 5418:v 5288:9 5283:8 5278:7 5273:6 5268:5 5263:4 5258:3 5253:2 5248:1 5217:e 5210:t 5203:v 5126:e 5119:t 5112:v 5097:. 5024:. 4962:. 4926:. 4896:. 4858:. 4828:. 4799:. 4759:. 4727:. 4675:. 4645:. 4579:. 4547:. 4517:. 4451:. 4421:. 4391:. 4370:. 4332:. 4246:. 4220:. 4194:. 4168:. 4145:. 4114:. 4018:. 3976:. 3833:. 3760:. 3709:. 3663:. 3612:. 3589:. 3557:. 3512:. 3485:. 3410:. 3257:. 3166:. 3136:. 3114:. 3087:. 2833:. 2715:. 2422:. 1973:, 1909:, 1845:, 1789:, 1695:, 1627:, 1566:, 781:e 774:t 767:v 533:C 528:V 511:I 101:7 67:; 34:. 20:)

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