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175:. The Code used to be a non-statutory set of rules that was controlled by City institutions on a theoretically voluntary basis. However, as a breach of the Code brought such reputational damage and the possibility of exclusion from City services run by those institutions, it was regarded as binding. In 2006, the Code was put onto a statutory footing as part of the UK's compliance with the
324:. It is relevant how transparent a market is, because a more concentrated structure could mean firms can coordinate their behaviour more easily, whether firms can deploy deterrents and whether firms are safe from a reaction by their competitors and consumers. The entry of new firms to the market, and any barriers that they might encounter should be considered.
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The Code requires that all shareholders in a company should be treated equally, regulates when and what information companies must and cannot release publicly in relation to the bid, sets timetables for certain aspects of the bid, and sets minimum bid levels following a previous purchase of shares.
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wrote merger control is there "to avoid the establishment of market structures which may create or strengthen a dominant position and not need to control directly possible abuses of dominant positions". What amounts to a substantial lessening of, or significant impediment to competition is usually
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The Rules
Governing the Substantial Acquisition of Shares, which used to accompany the Code and which regulated the announcement of certain levels of shareholdings, have now been abolished, because it was viewed to be unnecessarily restrictive of shares between 15% and 29.9% of a company's voting
282:. The competence to deal with issues that only affect the UK market falls under the OFT and Competition Commission's jurisdiction. These two institutions are influential players in the development of European merger law. The term under EC law for merger is "concentration", which exists when a...
286:"change of control on a lasting basis results from (a) the merger of two or more previously independent undertakings... (b) the acquisition... if direct or indirect control of the whole or parts of one or more other undertakings." Art. 3(1), Regulation 139/2004, the
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of another. The reasons for oversight of economic concentrations by the state are the same as the reasons to restrict firms who abuse a position of dominance, only that regulation of mergers and acquisitions attempts to deal with the problem before it arises,
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is used to calculate the "density" of the market, or what concentration exists. Aside from the maths, it is important to consider the product in question and the rate of technical innovation in the market. A further problem of collective dominance, or
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answered through empirical study. The market shares of the merging companies can be assessed and added, although this kind of analysis only gives rise to presumptions, not conclusions. Something called the
33:
In company law, there are three main areas that regulate mergers and acquisitions (also, reconstructions or takeovers). There are three main areas of law, those to do with
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the level of the offer must not be less than any price paid by the bidder in the twelve months before the announcement of a firm intention to make an offer;
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refers to a body of law that covers companies, labour, and competition, which is engaged when firms restructure their affairs in the course of business.
91:, Parts 26 (ss.895–901) and Part 27 (special rules for public companies), on arrangements, reconstructions, mergers (or amalgamations) or divisions (
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158:, s.979 gives a takeover bidder who has already acquired 90% of a company's shares the right to compulsorily buy out the remaining shareholders (
150:, established in 1968, oversees Companies Act duties, including those laid down in the European Directive on Takeover Bids (2004/25/EC) for
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Takeovers refers to acquisitions of one company by another. In the City of London, the
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398:"New Rules for Company Takeovers: Be Careful What You Wish For"
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Transfer of
Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations
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Re
Alabama, New Orleans, Texas and Pacific Junction Railway Co.
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prevention of creating dominant firms. In the case of
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293:This usually means that one firm buys out the
17:Mergers and acquisitions in United Kingdom law
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37:overseen by a court, those for general
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288:European Community Merger Regulation
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552:, Oxford University Press, 2nd Ed.
129:Re Equitable Life Assurance Society
105:Re Hellenic & General Trust Ltd
566:, 5th Ed. Lexis Nexis Butterworths
514:, 8th Ed., Oxford University Press
512:Cases and Materials in Company law
365:City Code on Takeovers and Mergers
168:City Code on Takeovers and Mergers
76:Re Anglo-Continental Supply Co Ltd
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278:UK law on merger control follows
116:2 BCLC 675, per Jonathan Parker J
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72:(1877) 5 Ch D 894, per Jessel MR
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177:European Directive on Takeovers
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490:Mannesmann, Vallourec and Ilva
148:Panel on Takeovers and Mergers
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438:see, for instance para 17,
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400:. Transaction Advisors.
304:Gencor Ltd v. Commission
120:Re Hawk Insurance Co Ltd
101:1 CH 213, per Lindley LJ
1431:Principle of typicality
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531:(2005) Hart Publishing
425:13 January 2009 at the
371:10 October 2008 at the
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562:Whish, Richard (2003)
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247:. You can help by
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891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
865:Financial law
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
824:Corporate law
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
764:
760:
754:
751:
749:
748:Statutory law
746:
744:
741:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
705:
702:
700:
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695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
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672:
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667:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
632:
630:Core subjects
628:
624:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
597:
594:
588:
584:
582:
578:
575:
574:
570:
569:
565:
561:
559:
558:0-19-926997-1
555:
551:
547:
544:
540:
538:
537:1-84113-362-0
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
504:
503:
499:
491:
486:
483:
479:
473:
470:
466:
461:
458:
454:
448:
445:
441:
435:
432:
428:
424:
421:
415:
412:
407:
403:
399:
392:
389:
385:
380:
377:
374:
370:
367:
366:
359:
356:
349:
345:
342:
340:
339:UK labour law
337:
335:
332:
331:
327:
325:
323:
319:
314:
309:
305:
301:
296:
290:
289:
283:
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275:
267:
259:
250:
246:
243:This section
241:
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228:
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214:
212:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:concert party
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163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
143:
135:
130:
127:
125:
121:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
86:
82:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
42:
40:
36:
30:
22:
20:
18:
1808:
1801:
1787:
1773:
1546:Jurisdiction
1514:Legal remedy
1469:Adjudication
1369:Legal theory
1207:Ratification
1202:Promulgation
1173:Proclamation
1153:Codification
1086:Human rights
1074:Divine right
1064:Constitution
1032:Women in law
950:Military law
945:Marriage law
940:Maritime law
839:Election law
779:Aviation law
769:Abortion law
721:Property law
657:Criminal law
563:
549:
542:
528:
521:
511:
489:
485:
477:
472:
464:
460:
452:
447:
439:
434:
414:
391:
386:(2004/25/EC)
379:
364:
362:Text of the
358:
303:
299:
292:
285:
277:
253:
249:adding to it
244:
226:
224:
209:
185:
181:
176:
172:
166:
164:
154:. Under the
145:
128:
119:
113:
104:
98:
75:
69:
63:
32:
16:
15:
1718:Legislature
1649:Bureaucracy
1446:Rule of man
1441:Rule of law
1416:Libertarian
1279:Chinese law
1180:Legislation
1130:Regulations
1118:Law reports
1096:Natural law
992:Reparations
987:Refugee law
910:Jurimetrics
851:(Media law)
789:Banking law
784:Amnesty law
762:Disciplines
699:Private law
587:56 ICLQ 267
467:ECR ii-1403
160:squeeze out
124:Chadwick LJ
109:Templeman J
23:Company law
1826:Categories
1711:Law school
1591:Prosecutor
1529:Magistrate
1316:Jewish law
1274:Common law
1195:Rulemaking
1190:Regulation
1140:Law making
1079:Divine law
1055:Legal code
1002:Sports law
925:Law of war
875:Health law
860:Family law
844:Energy law
794:Bankruptcy
731:Punishment
726:Public law
543:Labour Law
500:References
272:See also:
215:Labour law
140:See also:
114:Re BTR plc
27:See also:
1689:Judiciary
1684:Executive
1659:The bench
1596:Solicitor
1571:Barrister
1451:Sociology
1436:Pseudolaw
1376:Anarchist
1333:Roman law
1321:Parsi law
1306:Hindu law
1294:Canon law
1269:Civil law
1222:Concordat
1113:Precedent
1022:Trust law
997:Space law
834:Drugs law
704:Procedure
642:Civil law
577:PL Davies
518:PL Davies
476:T-342/99
420:statement
406:2329-9134
322:collusion
318:oligopoly
256:June 2008
173:Blue Book
142:Takeovers
136:Takeovers
1796:Category
1738:Tribunal
1723:Military
1566:Attorney
1536:Judgment
1396:Feminist
1311:Jain law
1108:Case law
829:Cyberlaw
736:Corporal
714:Criminal
684:Evidence
674:Doctrine
652:Contract
571:Articles
451:C-68/94
423:Archived
369:Archived
328:See also
211:rights.
93:demerger
66:1 Ch 743
1810:Outline
1747:History
1654:The bar
1628:Verdict
1576:Counsel
1556:Justice
1411:History
1234:Statute
1050:Charter
1012:Tax law
960:Probate
520:(2008)
429:in 2006
300:ex ante
131:BCC 319
1728:Police
1699:Agency
1581:Lawyer
1326:Sharia
1217:Treaty
1212:Repeal
1158:Decree
1069:Custom
965:Estate
915:Labour
679:Equity
556:
535:
404:
295:shares
1803:Index
1669:Court
1613:Trial
1519:Judge
1360:Yassa
1163:Edict
709:Civil
662:Crime
505:Books
350:Notes
1551:Jury
1499:Fiqh
1355:Xeer
753:Tort
669:Deed
554:ISBN
533:ISBN
402:ISSN
225:The
623:Law
251:.
57:or
1828::
1057:/
179:.
615:e
608:t
601:v
408:.
258:)
254:(
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