257:
in an uprising in his hometown Hailar, attempting to establish local autonomy. Sources refer to this by a variety of names, including the "Hulunbuir
Uprising" and "Barga Rebellion". However, the Comintern repudiated Stepanov's statement, and the Mongolian and Soviet governments denied all association
358:
In the immediate aftermath of the
Hulunbuir Uprising, internal CPC documents gave a rather positive evaluation of Merse, describing him and the other members of the IMPRP's left-wing faction as having gained widespread popular support through their mass work. However, later PRC historiography of
331:, to try to obtain material support from the Japanese to organise a Mongolian autonomous army in eastern Inner Mongolia as a ruse, and once done head west to support the anti-Japanese movement. Another account states that he went to Ulaanbaatar in 1932 to try to obtain support for his plans.
319:, fearing that Merse would be used to convince other Mongols to support the Japanese, had him assassinated. Later authors, though agreeing with the possibility that Zhang held such views, dismiss the assassination claims; they instead state that Merse went to the Soviet consulate in
172:
Merse studied at the Mongol-Manchu School (滿蒙學校) in Hailar. In 1910 he entered the
Heilongjiang First Provincial Middle School (黑龍江省立第一中學), graduating four years later. In 1915, he enrolled in the Russian Language Institute (俄文專修館) of the
181:. After completing his course there in 1917, he returned to his hometown Hailar, where in 1918 he established a private school. In 1920 the local government converted it into a banner-supported public school; he continued as principal.
277:. He also worked as Zhang's personal secretary. He repudiated the Soviet Union in published articles. He also stepped back from his promotion of Inner Mongolian independence, instead seeking greater autonomy under the
359:
Inner
Mongolia up to the late 1990s portrayed Merse as a villain, a "splittist", and even a rightist like Serengdongrub. However, Daur in the PRC increasingly viewed him as a hero beginning in the 1980s. The 1986
363:
described him positively. The following year, the Daur
History and Language Working Group issued a reprint of his 1929 lectures on "the Mongolian problem". A bust of him stands in a public square in the
244:
would later try to frame this purely as a split between KMT and CCP supporters). Merse and other left-wing elements within the party took steps towards more radical action: organising an armed uprising.
368:. His position on the question of the Daur's status as an ethnic group separate from the Mongols remained an open question, with some suggesting he intended for the Daurs to be completely "Mongolised".
240:
The KMT-CCP split of 1927 reflected itself into the IMPRP's own internal situation. The party split into two factions under the pro-China
Serengdongrub and the pro-Ulaanbaatar/Moscow Merse (though
346:, charged with spying for Inner Mongolia and attempting to escape imprisonment, and sentenced to death. His sentence was reduced to 10 years' imprisonment in October 1934, and he was sent to the
861:
258:
with the uprisings, and arrested Merse's associates who had gone to
Ulaanbaatar during and after the uprising. No outside support would be forthcoming. The Chinese authorities arrested
821:
The
Mongolia-Tibet interface: opening new research terrains in Inner Asia — Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003
174:
31:
270:
in
September 1929. The Barga, for their part, fled to independent Mongolia, where they would become the target of political repressions in the next decade.
281:. His views on religion also seemed to have softened from his earlier communist-influenced hard line against feudalism and Buddhism; during the visit of
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282:
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to Mukden, he began to realise the value of religious figures in drawing support for the nationalist movement. He would go on to accompany
410:
278:
365:
856:
209:). In October 1925, he became the secretary-general of the newly founded Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party at Kalgan (
776:
Reins of liberation: an entangled history of
Mongolian independence, Chinese territoriality, and great power hegemony, 1911-1950
871:
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in a visit to the Panchen Lama at Beijing, a meeting which resulted in their offer to build monasteries in Jerim League and
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in connection with the uprising in August 1928. Merse was thus forced to end his uprising and make peace with
273:
In the aftermath, Merse himself became a teacher at the Northeast Normal School for the Mongolian Banners at
339:
226:
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agent Ivan P. Stepanov promised them arms and funding. Thus, in 1928, Merse and his Daur compatriot
206:
342:. According to those records, Merse was arrested due to his nationalistic tendencies, taken to the
328:
230:
334:
There was no news of him after that for more than half a century. However, his name appeared in
418:
324:
72:; to emphasise this, some sources write "Mersé". Others write Mersee, a transcription from the
824:
819:
Uradyn Erden Bulag (2007), "From Empire to Nation: the Demise of Buddhism in Inner Mongolia",
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213:. Even the name of the party itself represented Merse's careful balancing act between the
744:, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: 达斡尔历史语言文学会 — Daur History and Language Association,
189:
Early in his political life, Merse established close ties with the independent state of
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27:
233:: the Mongolian name echoed the MPRP's Mongolian name, while the Chinese name echoed "
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Socialist revolutions in Asia: the social history of Mongolia in the 20th century
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550:"Says revolt by Mongols is crushed: government of Manchuria issues statement"
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The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity
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293:. Finally, during these years he also worked on a translation of the
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323:. Another source reports that he indeed instructed two associates,
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spelling Мэрсээ. It is an abbreviation of the Daur name Mersentei (
347:
760:, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies monograph series, Routledge,
335:
121:
221:, and the various political parties in China, at a time of
459:"Монгол голомтоо гэсэн Баргын ард түмний тэмцэл, хувь зая"
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Imperial Japan and national identities in Asia, 1895-1945
350:, but the records do not record his eventual fate.
862:Republic of China politicians from Inner Mongolia
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142:) as a Chinese-style surname. He also used the
311:in 1931, Merse disappeared from public view.
193:and the Soviet Union. In 1922, he attended a
120:(道甫) as a given name and the first character
8:
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32:Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
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30:politician, best known as a founder of the
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338:files released in May 1989 when he was
283:Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama
50:"Merse" is transcribed into Chinese as
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215:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
7:
756:Li, Narangoa; Cribb, R. B. (2003),
742:— Lectures on the Mongolian Problem
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68:. The final "e" is pronounced, not
14:
792:Morozova, Irina Yurievna (2009),
366:Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner
852:Chinese people imprisoned abroad
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124:of his Daur clan name Gobulo (
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90:
81:
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38:from a noble family native to
1:
778:, Stanford University Press,
296:Secret History of the Mongols
229:(CCP) cooperation during the
417:, 2007-06-11, archived from
253:(福明泰 or 敖民泰) led a group of
810:Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002),
175:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
74:Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet
888:
168:Education and early career
823:, Brill, pp. 19–58,
737:郭道甫 — Guo Daofu (1987) ,
151:
129:
103:
814:, Rowman and Littlefield
201:at Verkhneudinsk (today
197:conference organised by
857:Foreign Gulag detainees
227:Chinese Communist Party
872:Soviet rehabilitations
796:, Taylor and Francis,
774:Liu, Xiaoyuan (2006),
554:The Border Cities Star
867:People from Hulunbuir
260:China Eastern Railway
207:Republic of Buryatia
94:). He also used the
70:silent as in English
658:Li & Cribb 2003
594:Li & Cribb 2003
482:Li & Cribb 2003
388:Li & Cribb 2003
262:assistant director
116:), formed with his
361:Brief Daur History
231:First United Front
34:(IMPRP). He was a
16:Chinese politician
830:978-90-04-15521-3
803:978-0-7103-1351-5
785:978-0-8047-5426-2
767:978-0-7007-1482-7
279:Republic of China
264:Mikhail Lashevich
205:, capital of the
26:, 1894–?) was an
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411:"呼伦贝尔近代历史人物郭道甫"
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309:Mukden Incident
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217:in independent
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28:Inner Mongolian
22:(also known as
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12:
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5:
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415:Hulunbuir News
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317:Zhang Xueliang
313:Owen Lattimore
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287:Demchugdongrub
268:Zhang Xueliang
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443:Morozova 2009
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340:rehabilitated
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329:Buyanmandukhu
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318:
315:claimed that
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303:Disappearance
302:
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731:Bibliography
717:
683:
668:
653:
638:
604:
558:, retrieved
556:, 1928-08-20
553:
507:
492:
477:
467:, retrieved
465:, 2011-03-25
462:
453:
423:, retrieved
419:the original
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344:Soviet Union
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159:
146:Chun Hwang (
137:
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98:Kuo Tao-fu (
96:Chinese name
89:
63:
49:
23:
19:
18:
847:1894 births
463:Mongol News
211:Zhangjiakou
185:In politics
91:Mò'ěrsēntài
841:Categories
708:, p.
690:, p.
675:, p.
660:, p.
645:, p.
629:, p.
611:, p.
596:, p.
578:, p.
560:2011-08-05
532:, p.
514:, p.
499:, p.
484:, p.
469:2011-08-05
445:, p.
425:2011-08-04
390:, p.
372:References
307:After the
235:Kuomintang
223:Kuomintang
325:Khafengga
321:Manzhouli
247:Comintern
161:Jùn Huáng
113:Guō Dàofu
40:Hulunbuir
24:Guo Daofu
750:31403502
722:Guo 1929
688:Liu 2006
673:Liu 2006
609:Liu 2006
576:Liu 2006
512:Liu 2006
251:Fumintai
219:Mongolia
203:Ulan-Ude
191:Mongolia
144:art-name
740:蒙古问题讲演录
179:Beijing
148:Chinese
139:Guōbólē
126:Chinese
100:Chinese
78:Chinese
65:Mò'ěrsè
52:Chinese
827:
800:
782:
764:
748:
354:Legacy
275:Mukden
242:Ulanhu
199:Buryat
158::
156:pinyin
150::
136::
134:pinyin
128::
110::
108:pinyin
102::
88::
86:pinyin
80::
62::
60:pinyin
54::
348:Gulag
46:Names
20:Merse
825:ISBN
798:ISBN
780:ISBN
762:ISBN
746:OCLC
712:–170
327:and
82:墨爾森泰
36:Daur
710:167
662:100
647:151
613:131
534:144
501:146
336:KGB
237:".
177:in
164:).
130:郭博勒
122:Guo
104:郭道甫
56:墨爾色
843::
698:^
692:73
677:75
633:–1
631:40
619:^
598:99
586:^
580:72
568:^
552:,
541:^
536:–5
522:^
516:71
486:98
461:,
447:57
433:^
413:,
398:^
392:97
380:^
299:.
154:;
152:浚黃
132:;
106:;
84:;
58:;
42:.
225:-
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