38:
265:
296:
488:
352:, storing these eight times per second. Additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity and returns the AcoustID identifier along with MusicBrainz recording identifiers, if known.
347:
identification service, was started in
February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský. While AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a
323:
for TRM Recognizes Music) for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly. However, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when
223:
MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their recorded works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and the length of each track. These entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style
47:
232:, free-form annotation text and other metadata. As of August 2024, MusicBrainz contains information on roughly 2.4 million artists, 4.2 million releases, and 32.8 million recordings. End-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add
276:
and MusicBrainz started in 2012. Internet
Archive provides the bandwidth, storage and legal protection for hosting the images, while MusicBrainz stores metadata and provides public access through the Web and via an
286:
and some other online resources, but CAA is now preferred, because it gives the community more control and flexibility for managing the images. As of August 2024, over 5.4 million images exist in the archive.
281:
for third parties to use. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge of maintaining and reviewing the data. Until May 16, 2022, cover art was also provided for items on sale at
732:
537:
scrobbles in order to build listening history. As listens are released under an open license, ListenBrainz is useful for music research for industry and development purposes.
822:
686:
343:
Since the future of the free identification service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The
Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for
272:
MusicBrainz allows contributors to upload cover art images of releases to the database; these images are hosted by Cover Art
Archive (CAA), a joint project between
1542:
1028:
471:
with records in the database. Audio file metadata (or "tags") are a means for storing information about a recording in the file. When Picard identifies an
1557:
628:
37:
1267:
Yadav, Naina; Singh, Anil (December 2020). "Bi-directional
Encoder Representation of Transformer model for Sequential Music Recommender System".
976:
1567:
1002:
799:
1338:
1236:
373:
1286:
393:
278:
220:(this is information about the performers, artists, songwriters, etc.) storehouse to become a structured online database for music.
819:
603:
514:
project tied to MusicBrainz. It aims to re-implement Last.fm features that were lost following that platform's acquisition by CBS.
1562:
1527:
653:
842:
1552:
1532:
1434:
546:
1420:
1103:
912:
429:
On 28 July 2008, the beta of the new BBC Music site was launched, which publishes a page for each MusicBrainz artist.
1217:"Music Listening History Dataset Curation and Distributed Music Recommendation Engines Using Collaborative Filtering"
407:
group, by its creator Robert Kaye. On 20 January 2006, the first commercial venture to use MusicBrainz data was the
1547:
1024:
381:
46:
1051:
950:
1429:
1156:
365:
573:
264:
668:
625:
511:
400:
253:
201:
165:
78:
1451:
972:
295:
1537:
1522:
499:
468:
441:
438:
304:
229:
224:
guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the release date and country, the CD ID,
217:
998:
795:
673:
518:
385:
422:
announced that it had licensed MusicBrainz's live data feed to augment their music web pages. The
1392:
1374:
1318:
1292:
1242:
1216:
884:
1075:
328:), replacing TRM with MusicDNS. TRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008.
303:
Besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their
932:
1334:
1282:
1232:
320:
1384:
1326:
1274:
1224:
1190:
876:
678:
273:
1363:"Assessing the Impact of Music Recommendation Diversity on Listeners: A Longitudinal Study"
1055:
826:
632:
487:
360:
Since 2003, MusicBrainz's core data (artists, recordings, releases, and so on) are in the
123:
426:
would also join the MusicBrainz community to contribute their knowledge to the database.
1187:
Proceedings of the 18th
International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference
595:
475:, it can add new information to it, such as the recording artist, the album title, the
237:
864:
1516:
1396:
1296:
1268:
1246:
503:
449:
361:
216:
information on the
Internet. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a CD
838:
1071:
888:
649:
507:
476:
460:
213:
863:
Jang, Dalwon; Yoo, Chang D; Lee, Sunil; Kim, Sungwoong; Kalker, Ton (2011-01-18).
204:
project that aims to create a collaborative music database that is similar to the
1330:
1317:
Schedl, Markus; Knees, Peter; McFee, Brian; Bogdanov, Dmitry (22 November 2021).
1228:
368:
contributed by users and its elaborations), is placed under the
Creative Commons
1461:
International
Conference on Information, Communication Technologies in Education
1460:
456:
369:
349:
173:
208:
project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the restrictions placed on the
1506:
880:
774:
472:
445:
404:
377:
283:
249:
188:
908:
1278:
1223:. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Vol. 605. pp. 623–632.
526:
423:
408:
332:
325:
225:
169:
1194:
307:. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, is used to do this.
17:
1362:
1080:
534:
464:
344:
682:
530:
522:
517:
ListenBrainz takes submissions from media players and services such as
364:, and additional content, including moderation data (essentially every
233:
1502:
1319:"Music Recommendation Systems: Techniques, Use Cases, and Challenges"
1182:
1048:
946:
710:
205:
1388:
565:
1379:
599:
294:
263:
1361:
Pocaro, Lorenzo; Gómez, Emilia; Castillo, Carlos (12 July 2023).
1215:
Singh, Param; Kamlesh, Dutta; Kaye, Robert; Garg, Suyash (2020).
1130:
399:
In
December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the
396:, which allows use of the code by proprietary software products.
1108:
241:
209:
184:
750:
736:
1494:
636:
419:
245:
212:(CDDB), a database for software applications to look up audio
626:
Keynote speech given at IEA Future Of Broadcasting Conference
733:"MusicBrainz and Internet Archive create cover art database"
1484:
1181:
Vigliensoni, Gabriel; Fujinaga, Ichiro (23 October 2017).
506:
listening data from digital music and release it under an
97:
798:(Press release). MusicBrainz community blog. 2006-03-12.
1104:"Tag your music files correctly with MusicBrainz Picard"
869:
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
1424:. Jess Hemerly. Master's project at UC Berkeley. 2011.
999:"The BBC partners with MusicBrainz for Music Metadata"
529:
in the form of listens. ListenBrainz can also import
180:
158:
150:
132:
122:
114:
106:
92:
84:
74:
66:
56:
639:Press Office, 2007-06-27. Retrieved on 2008-02-11.
1430:"Organizing in the Public Interest: MusicBrainz"
1157:"Organizing in the Public Interest: MusicBrainz"
1453:Using the MusicBrainz database in the classroom
796:"New fingerprinting technology available now!"
949:(Press release). MusicBrainz community blog.
865:"How does Chromaprint work? – Lukáš Lalinský"
8:
348:track, detecting the strength in each of 12
30:
1270:Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation
1066:
1064:
839:"Introducing Chromaprint – Lukáš Lalinský"
176:(not open); commercial licensing available
29:
1378:
672:
1421:Making Metadata: The Case of MusicBrainz
486:
380:. The server software is covered by the
331:In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by
324:MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP (now
1367:ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems
1183:"The Music Listening Histories Dataset"
557:
236:to their digital media files, such as
1543:Library cataloging and classification
947:"The MetaBrainz Foundation launches!"
731:Fabian Scherschel (10 October 2012).
654:"MusicBrainz: A semantic Web service"
374:relational database management system
7:
118:Optional (required for editing data)
915:from the original on April 13, 2003
415:in their "Linkara Música" service.
315:In 2000, MusicBrainz started using
128:Over 2 million registered accounts
25:
1558:Online music and lyrics databases
775:"Database Statistics – Cover Art"
394:GNU Lesser General Public License
1189:. Suzhou, China: ISMIR: 96–102.
1076:"MusicBrainz Picard at a Glance"
299:Screenshot of MusicBrainz Picard
45:
36:
1031:from the original on 2009-01-24
1023:Shorter, Matthew (2008-07-28).
1005:from the original on 2007-06-30
979:from the original on 2008-09-07
953:from the original on 2011-05-19
845:from the original on 2018-10-10
802:from the original on 2008-08-07
692:from the original on 2015-04-03
606:from the original on 2015-04-02
576:from the original on 2015-05-08
1435:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1428:O'Brien, Danny (3 June 2021).
1161:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1155:O'Brien, Danny (3 June 2021).
1102:Lightner, Rob (11 June 2012).
820:AmpliFIND Music Services: News
547:List of online music databases
27:Online music metadata database
1:
1568:American online encyclopedias
1450:Mesnage, Cédric (July 2017).
1025:"BBC Music Artist Pages Beta"
973:"Introducing: Linkara Musica"
1331:10.1007/978-1-0716-2197-4_24
1323:Recommender Systems Handbook
1229:10.1007/978-3-030-30577-2_55
997:Kaye, Robert (2007-06-28).
971:Kaye, Robert (2006-01-20).
945:Kaye, Robert (2006-03-12).
479:, and the date of release.
1584:
1221:Proceedings of ICETIT 2019
841:. Oxygene.sk. 2010-07-24.
463:by comparing either their
382:GNU General Public License
881:10.1109/TIFS.2009.2034452
384:. The MusicBrainz client
268:Logo of Cover Art Archive
62:Online music encyclopedia
44:
35:
1084:. IDG Consumer & SMB
661:IEEE Intelligent Systems
437:MusicBrainz Picard is a
424:BBC online music editors
392:, is licensed under the
339:AcoustID and Chromaprint
1563:Tag editors that use Qt
1528:Acoustic fingerprinting
1279:10.1145/3441501.3441503
1049:MusicBrainz and the BBC
735:. The H. Archived from
1195:10.5281/zenodo.1417499
909:"MusicBrainz Licenses"
492:
300:
269:
138:; 24 years ago
1553:Multilingual websites
1533:Free-content websites
711:"Database Statistics"
512:MetaBrainz Foundation
502:project that aims to
490:
469:acoustic fingerprints
401:MetaBrainz Foundation
298:
267:
210:Compact Disc Database
166:Creative Commons Zero
79:MetaBrainz Foundation
1325:. pp. 927–971.
1131:"ListenBrainz Goals"
624:Highfield, Ashley. "
500:free and open source
491:Logo of ListenBrainz
442:software application
439:free and open-source
311:Proprietary services
305:acoustic fingerprint
230:acoustic fingerprint
51:MusicBrainz homepage
933:MusicBrainz License
739:on 7 December 2013.
683:10.1109/5254.988466
519:Music Player Daemon
151:Current status
32:
1273:. pp. 49–53.
1054:2018-02-20 at the
825:2013-09-21 at the
631:2008-04-22 at the
493:
455:Picard identifies
433:MusicBrainz Picard
372:-2.0 license. The
301:
270:
136:July 17, 2000
1548:Metadata registry
1495:Cover Art Archive
1463:. p. 338—344
1340:978-1-0716-2196-7
1238:978-3-030-30576-5
1112:. CBS Interactive
935:as of 13-11-2010.
751:"MetaBrainz Blog"
448:, and organising
444:for identifying,
418:On 28 June 2007,
321:recursive acronym
260:Cover Art Archive
195:
194:
67:Available in
16:(Redirected from
1575:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1382:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1074:(28 July 2011).
1068:
1059:
1058:as of 2013-03-16
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
942:
936:
930:
924:
923:
921:
920:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
860:
854:
853:
851:
850:
835:
829:
817:
811:
810:
808:
807:
792:
786:
785:
783:
782:
771:
765:
764:
762:
761:
747:
741:
740:
728:
722:
721:
719:
718:
707:
701:
700:
698:
697:
691:
676:
658:
646:
640:
622:
616:
615:
613:
611:
592:
586:
585:
583:
581:
562:
386:software library
366:original content
319:patented TRM (a
274:Internet Archive
146:
144:
139:
102:
99:
49:
40:
33:
21:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1513:
1512:
1499:– official site
1493:
1492:
1489:– official site
1483:
1482:
1479:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1416:
1414:Further reading
1411:
1401:
1399:
1389:10.1145/3608487
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1239:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1056:Wayback Machine
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1006:
1001:. MusicBrainz.
996:
995:
991:
982:
980:
975:. MusicBrainz.
970:
969:
965:
956:
954:
944:
943:
939:
931:
927:
918:
916:
907:
906:
902:
893:
891:
875:(4): 995–1004.
862:
861:
857:
848:
846:
837:
836:
832:
827:Wayback Machine
818:
814:
805:
803:
794:
793:
789:
780:
778:
773:
772:
768:
759:
757:
755:MetaBrainz Blog
749:
748:
744:
730:
729:
725:
716:
714:
709:
708:
704:
695:
693:
689:
674:10.1.1.380.9338
656:
648:
647:
643:
633:Wayback Machine
623:
619:
609:
607:
594:
593:
589:
579:
577:
564:
563:
559:
555:
543:
485:
435:
358:
341:
313:
293:
262:
181:Written in
161:
160:Content license
142:
140:
137:
96:
85:Created by
59:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1478:
1477:External links
1475:
1474:
1473:
1447:
1425:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1353:
1339:
1309:
1287:
1259:
1237:
1207:
1173:
1147:
1122:
1094:
1060:
1041:
1015:
989:
963:
937:
925:
900:
855:
830:
812:
787:
766:
742:
723:
702:
641:
617:
596:"WHOIS Lookup"
587:
572:. MetaBrainz.
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
542:
539:
484:
481:
434:
431:
411:, Spain-based
390:libmusicbrainz
357:
354:
340:
337:
312:
309:
292:
291:Fingerprinting
289:
261:
258:
193:
192:
182:
178:
177:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
134:
130:
129:
126:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1580:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1288:9781450389785
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
978:
974:
967:
964:
952:
948:
941:
938:
934:
929:
926:
914:
910:
904:
901:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
856:
844:
840:
834:
831:
828:
824:
821:
816:
813:
801:
797:
791:
788:
777:. MusicBrainz
776:
770:
767:
756:
752:
746:
743:
738:
734:
727:
724:
713:. MusicBrainz
712:
706:
703:
688:
684:
680:
675:
670:
666:
662:
655:
651:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
621:
618:
605:
601:
597:
591:
588:
575:
571:
567:
561:
558:
552:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:compact discs
458:
453:
451:
450:digital audio
447:
443:
440:
432:
430:
427:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:public domain
355:
353:
351:
350:pitch classes
346:
338:
336:
334:
329:
327:
322:
318:
310:
308:
306:
297:
290:
288:
285:
280:
275:
266:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:metadata tags
231:
227:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
157:
153:
149:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:
48:
43:
39:
34:
19:
1505:info at the
1465:. Retrieved
1452:
1439:. Retrieved
1433:
1419:
1400:. Retrieved
1370:
1366:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1322:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1269:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1220:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1186:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1135:ListenBrainz
1134:
1125:
1114:. Retrieved
1107:
1097:
1086:. Retrieved
1079:
1072:Staff writer
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
992:
981:. Retrieved
966:
955:. Retrieved
940:
928:
917:. Retrieved
903:
892:. Retrieved
872:
868:
858:
847:. Retrieved
833:
815:
804:. Retrieved
790:
779:. Retrieved
769:
758:. Retrieved
754:
745:
737:the original
726:
715:. Retrieved
705:
694:. Retrieved
664:
660:
644:
620:
608:. Retrieved
590:
578:. Retrieved
569:
560:
516:
508:open license
496:ListenBrainz
495:
494:
483:ListenBrainz
477:record label
454:
452:recordings.
436:
428:
417:
412:
398:
389:
359:
342:
330:
316:
314:
302:
271:
222:
197:
196:
115:Registration
58:Type of site
1538:Library 2.0
1523:MusicBrainz
1503:MusicBrainz
1485:MusicBrainz
1467:10 December
1402:17 February
1302:13 February
1252:13 February
1200:17 February
1140:13 February
570:MusicBrainz
504:crowdsource
457:audio files
370:CC BY-NC-SA
317:Relatable's
198:MusicBrainz
174:CC BY-NC-SA
172:) and part
98:musicbrainz
88:Robert Kaye
31:MusicBrainz
1517:Categories
1441:8 December
1380:2212.00592
1346:9 December
1166:9 December
1116:2015-09-14
1088:2015-09-14
1035:2009-02-12
1009:2007-07-10
983:2006-08-12
957:2006-08-03
919:2015-10-23
894:2018-04-10
849:2018-04-10
806:2006-08-03
781:2023-10-10
760:2022-08-04
717:2023-10-10
696:2015-08-28
650:Swartz, A.
553:References
510:. It is a
473:audio file
405:non-profit
378:PostgreSQL
284:Amazon.com
250:Ogg Vorbis
202:MetaBrainz
189:PostgreSQL
143:2000-07-17
107:Commercial
18:MetaBrainz
1507:BBC Music
1397:254125611
1297:231628582
1247:204103568
669:CiteSeerX
667:: 76–77.
527:Rhythmbox
467:or their
409:Barcelona
356:Licensing
333:AmpliFIND
326:AmpliFIND
226:cover art
170:open data
1373:: 1–47.
1081:PC World
1052:Archived
1029:Archived
1003:Archived
977:Archived
951:Archived
913:Archived
843:Archived
823:Archived
800:Archived
687:Archived
652:(2002).
629:Archived
610:23 March
604:Archived
574:Archived
541:See also
535:Libre.fm
465:metadata
345:AcoustID
218:metadata
191:database
133:Launched
1027:. BBC.
889:1502596
566:"About"
531:Last.fm
523:Spotify
446:tagging
413:Linkara
141: (
70:English
1395:
1337:
1295:
1285:
1245:
1235:
887:
671:
525:, and
206:freedb
154:Online
1457:(PDF)
1393:S2CID
1375:arXiv
1293:S2CID
1243:S2CID
885:S2CID
690:(PDF)
657:(PDF)
600:ICANN
580:4 May
498:is a
200:is a
187:with
164:Part
124:Users
75:Owner
1509:site
1469:2023
1443:2023
1404:2024
1348:2023
1335:ISBN
1304:2021
1283:ISBN
1254:2021
1233:ISBN
1202:2024
1168:2023
1142:2021
1109:CNET
612:2015
582:2015
533:and
459:and
403:, a
242:FLAC
238:ALAC
185:Perl
100:.org
1385:doi
1327:doi
1275:doi
1225:doi
1191:doi
877:doi
679:doi
637:BBC
635:",
420:BBC
376:is
279:API
254:AAC
252:or
246:MP3
93:URL
1519::
1459:.
1432:.
1391:.
1383:.
1369:.
1365:.
1333:.
1321:.
1291:.
1281:.
1241:.
1231:.
1219:.
1185:.
1159:.
1133:.
1106:.
1078:.
1063:^
911:.
883:.
871:.
867:.
753:.
685:.
677:.
665:17
663:.
659:.
602:.
598:.
568:.
521:,
388:,
335:.
256:.
248:,
244:,
240:,
228:,
214:CD
110:No
1471:.
1445:.
1406:.
1387::
1377::
1371:2
1350:.
1329::
1306:.
1277::
1256:.
1227::
1204:.
1193::
1170:.
1144:.
1119:.
1091:.
1038:.
1012:.
986:.
960:.
922:.
897:.
879::
873:4
852:.
809:.
784:.
763:.
720:.
699:.
681::
614:.
584:.
168:(
145:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.