Metabolic syndrome - Knowledge (XXG)

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instances drugs for their safe and effective pharmacotherapeutic management are lacking despite the attendant medical needs, collateral adverse physical and psychological effects, and enormous global market potential. The endocannabinoid signaling system plays a critical role in motivational homeostasis as a conduit for reward stimuli and a positive modulator of brain reward circuits. Endocannabinoid-system hyperactivity through CB1 receptor transmission is considered contributory to a range of appetitive disorders and, hence, is a major focus of contemporary pharmaceutical research.

1332:(BMI) is greater than 30 kg/m, central obesity can be assumed, and waist circumference does not need to be measured. However, this potentially excludes any subject without increased waist circumference if BMI is less than 30. Conversely, the NCEP definition indicates that metabolic syndrome can be diagnosed based on other criteria. Also, the IDF uses geography-specific cut points for waist circumference, while NCEP uses only one set of cut points for waist circumference regardless of geography. 803:

Persons with large neck circumferences have a more-than-double risk of metabolic syndrome. In adults with overweight/obesity, clinically significant weight loss may protect against COVID-19 and neck circumference has been associated with the risk of being mechanically ventilated in COVID-19 patients, with a 26% increased risk for each centimeter increase in neck circumference. Moreover, hospitalized COVID-19 patients with a "large neck phenotype" on admission had a more than double risk of death.

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hypertension, and dyslipidemia. As of 2015, metabolic syndrome affects approximately 25% of the global population, with rates significantly higher in urban areas due to increased consumption of high-calorie, low-nutrient diets and decreased physical activity. This condition is associated with a threefold increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, accounting for a substantial burden of non-communicable diseases globally (Saklayen, 2018).

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worldwide, with agreed-upon cut points for different ethnic groups and sexes. There are many people in the world of mixed ethnicity, and in those cases, pragmatic decisions will have to be made. Therefore, an international criterion of overweight may be more appropriate than ethnic specific criteria of abdominal obesity for an anthropometric component of this syndrome which results from an excess lipid storage in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver.

1001:, including increased adipose tissue (predominantly central); reduced HDL cholesterol; and a trend toward increased triglycerides, blood pressure, and glucose in the genetically susceptible. Compared with individuals who watched television or videos or used their computers for less than one hour daily, those who carried out these behaviors for greater than four hours daily have a twofold increased risk of metabolic syndrome. 3485:

recent research in animals and humans has provided new knowledge on the mechanisms of actions of the ECS in the regulation of eating behavior, energy balance, and metabolism. In this review, we discuss these recent advances and how they may allow targeting the ECS in a more specific and selective manner for the future development of therapies against obesity, metabolic syndrome, and eating disorders.

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steatohepatitis can be considered manifestations of metabolic syndrome, indicative of abnormal energy storage as fat in ectopic distribution. Reproductive disorders (such as polycystic ovary syndrome in women of reproductive age), and erectile dysfunction or decreased total testosterone (low testosterone-binding globulin) in men can be attributed to metabolic syndrome.

48: 3751:"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity" 1427:(such as walking 30 minutes every day), and a healthy, reduced calorie diet. Many studies support the value of a healthy lifestyle as above. However, one study stated these potentially beneficial measures are effective in only a minority of people, primarily because of a lack of compliance with lifestyle and diet changes. The 1964:

Di Bella, Stefano; Cesareo, Roberto; De Cristofaro, Paolo; Palermo, Andrea; Sanson, Gianfranco; Roman-Pognuz, Erik; Zerbato, Verena; Manfrini, Silvia; Giacomazzi, Donatella; Dal Bo, Eugenia; Sambataro, Gianluca; Macchini, Elisabetta; Quintavalle, Francesco; Campagna, Giuseppe; Masala, Renato (2021).

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In young children, there is no consensus on how to measure metabolic syndrome since age-specific cut points and reference values that would indicate "high risk" have not been well established. A continuous cardiometabolic risk summary score is often used for children instead of a dichotomous measure

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has been proposed as a model for the development of metabolic syndrome. The sucrose first elevated blood levels of triglycerides, which induced visceral fat and ultimately resulted in insulin resistance. The progression from visceral fat to increased TNF-α to insulin resistance has some parallels to

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Neck circumference has been used as a surrogate simple and reliable index to indicate upper-body subcutaneous fat accumulation. Neck circumference of more than 40.25 cm (15.85 in) for men and more than 35.75 cm (14.07 in) for women are considered high-risk for metabolic syndrome.

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The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is known to exert regulatory control on essentially every aspect related to the search for, and the intake, metabolism and storage of calories, and consequently it represents a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for obesity, diabetes and eating disorders. ...

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of metabolic syndrome. In people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose, presence of metabolic syndrome doubles the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. It is likely that prediabetes and metabolic syndrome denote the same disorder, defining it by the different sets of biological

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reduces blood glucose levels, contributes to weight loss, and reduces the use of several medications that may be prescribed for metabolic syndrome. Studies suggest that meal timing and frequency can significantly impact the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Research indicates that individuals

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has been developed and used as a marker to predict coronary vascular diseases in metabolic syndrome, and it was recently used as a predictor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (steatohepatitis) in correlation with serum markers that indicated lipid and glucose metabolism. Fatty liver disease and

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CMI can also be used for finding connections between cardiovascular disease and erectile dysfunction. When following an anti inflammatory diet (low-glycemic carbohydrates, fruits, vegetables, fish, less red meat and processed foods) the markers may drop resulting in a significant reduction in body

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Di Bella, Stefano; Zerbato, Verena; Sanson, Gianfranco; Roman-Pognuz, Erik; De Cristofaro, Paolo; Palermo, Andrea; Valentini, Michael; Gobbo, Ylenia; Jaracz, Anna Wladyslawa; Bozic Hrzica, Elizabeta; Bresani-Salvi, Cristiane Campello; Galindo, Alexandre Bezerra; Crovella, Sergio; Luzzati, Roberto

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Shyam, Sangeetha; García-Gavilán, Jesús Francisco; Paz-Graniel, Indira; Gaforio, José J.; Martínez-González, Miguel Ángel; Corella, Dolores; Martínez, J. Alfredo; Alonso-Gómez, Ángel M.; Wärnberg, Julia; Vioque, Jesús; Romaguera, Dora; López-Miranda, José; Estruch, Ramon; Tinahones, Francisco J.;

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Research shows that Western diet habits are a factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, with high consumption of food that is not biochemically suited to humans. Weight gain is associated with metabolic syndrome. Rather than total adiposity, the core clinical component of the syndrome is

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The etiology of many appetitive disorders is characterized by a pathogenic component of reward-supported craving, be it for substances of abuse (including alcohol and nicotine) or food. Such maladies affect large numbers of people as prevalent socioeconomic and healthcare burdens. Yet in most

1579:, and hypertension) associated not only with heart disease, but also with aging, obesity and other clinical states. He suggested there must be an underlying linking factor, the identification of which could lead to the prevention of cardiovascular disease; he hypothesized that this factor was 1320:

This definition recognizes that the risk associated with a particular waist measurement will differ in different populations. However, for international comparisons and to facilitate the etiology, the organizations agree that it is critical that a commonly agreed-upon set of criteria be used

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Recent studies have highlighted the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome, driven by the rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other major health organizations define metabolic syndrome with criteria that include central obesity, insulin resistance,

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when describing the additive effects of risk factors on atherosclerosis. The same year, Singer used the term for associations of obesity, gout, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension with hyperlipoproteinemia. In 1977 and 1978, Gerald B. Phillips developed the concept that risk factors for

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Metabolic syndrome affects 60% of the U.S. population older than age 50. With respect to that demographic, the percentage of women having the syndrome is higher than that of men. The age dependency of the syndrome's prevalence is seen in most populations around the world.

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Kogiso T, Moriyoshi Y, Shimizu S, Nagahara H, Shiratori K (2009). "High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a serum predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease based on the Akaike Information Criterion scoring system in the general Japanese population".

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human development of metabolic syndrome. The increase in adipose tissue also increases the number of immune cells, which play a role in inflammation. Chronic inflammation contributes to an increased risk of hypertension, atherosclerosis and diabetes.

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Mendrick, Donna L; Diehl, Anna Mae; Topor, Lisa S; Dietert, Rodney R; Will, Yvonne; La Merrill, Michele A; Bouret, Sebastien; Varma, Vijayalaskshmi; Hastings, Kenneth L; Schug, Thaddeus T; Emeigh Hart, Susan G; Burleson, Florence G (2018-03-01).

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The Cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a tool used to calculate risk of type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic issues. It is based on calculations from waist-to-height ratio and triglycerides-to-HDL cholesterol ratio.

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Approximately 20–25 percent of the world's adult population has the cluster of risk factors that is metabolic syndrome. In 2000, approximately 32% of U.S. adults had metabolic syndrome. In more recent years that figure has climbed to 34%.

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proposed insulin resistance as the underlying factor and named the constellation of abnormalities syndrome X. Reaven did not include abdominal obesity, which has also been hypothesized as the underlying factor, as part of the condition.

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Vancampfort D, Vansteelandt K, Correll CU, Mitchell AJ, De Herdt A, Sienaert P, Probst M, De Hert M (March 2013). "Metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of prevalence rates and moderators".

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Expert Panel On Detection, Evaluation (May 2001). "Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults".

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In 1921, Joslin first reported the association of diabetes with hypertension and hyperuricemia. In 1923, Kylin reported additional studies on the above triad. In 1947, Vague observed that upper body obesity appeared to predispose to

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published an interim joint statement to harmonize the definition of the metabolic syndrome in 2009. According to this statement, the criteria for clinical diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome are three or more of the following:

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Nakagawa T, Hu H, Zharikov S, Tuttle KR, Short RA, Glushakova O, Ouyang X, Feig DI, Block ER, Herrera-Acosta J, Patel JM, Johnson RJ (March 2006). "A causal role for uric acid in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome".

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Furthermore, metabolic syndrome is associated with a significantly increased risk of surgical complications across most types of surgery in a 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis of over 13 million individuals.

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Ali ES, Hua J, Wilson CH, Tallis GA, Zhou FH, Rychkov GY, Barritt GJ (September 2016). "The glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue exendin-4 reverses impaired intracellular Ca(2+) signalling in steatotic hepatocytes".

1376:(1999) requires that subjects have insulin resistance (defined for purposes of clinical practivality as the top 25% of the fasting insulin values among nondiabetic individuals) AND two or more of the following: 3566:

Turcotte C, Chouinard F, Lefebvre JS, Flamand N (June 2015). "Regulation of inflammation by cannabinoids, the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and arachidonoyl-ethanolamide, and their metabolites".

1442:(~568 mL) of milk or equivalent dairy products more than halved the risk of metabolic syndrome. Some subsequent studies support the authors' findings, while others dispute them. A systematic review of four 5051:

Avogaro P, Crepaldi G, Enzi G, Tiengo A (1967). "Associazione di iperlipemia, diabete mellito e obesita' di medio grado" [Association of hyperlipemia, diabetes mellitus and middle-degree obesity].

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may both result from and contribute to insulin resistance. However, despite the importance of obesity, affected people who are of normal weight may also be insulin-resistant and have the syndrome.

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There is debate regarding whether obesity or insulin resistance is the cause of the metabolic syndrome or if they are consequences of a more far-reaching metabolic derangement. Markers of systemic

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Brunner EJ, Hemingway H, Walker BR, Page M, Clarke P, Juneja M, Shipley MJ, Kumari M, Andrew R, Seckl JR, Papadopoulos A, Checkley S, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG (November 2002).

1179:(e.g., impaired delay discounting), in turn perpetuating unhealthy behaviors. The brain is crucial in development of metabolic syndrome, modulating peripheral carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. 909:

visceral and/or ectopic fat (i.e., fat in organs not designed for fat storage) whereas the principal metabolic abnormality is insulin resistance. The continuous provision of energy via dietary

858:/sleep, mood disorders/psychotropic medication use, and excessive alcohol use. The pathogenic role played in the syndrome by the excessive expansion of adipose tissue occurring under sustained 1907:"Association of adiposity and its changes over time with COVID-19 risk in older adults with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome: a longitudinal evaluation in the PREDIMED-Plus cohort" 3610:

Fukuchi S, Hamaguchi K, Seike M, Himeno K, Sakata T, Yoshimatsu H (June 2004). "Role of fatty acid composition in the development of metabolic disorders in sucrose-induced obese rats".

1328:(NCEP) are very similar, and they identify individuals with a given set of symptoms as having metabolic syndrome. There are two differences, however: the IDF definition states that if 758:

accumulation predominantly around the waist and trunk. Other signs of metabolic syndrome include high blood pressure, decreased fasting serum HDL cholesterol, elevated fasting serum

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He D, Xi B, Xue J, Huai P, Zhang M, Li J (June 2014). "Association between leisure time physical activity and metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies".

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Kamel M, Smith BT, Wahi G, Carsley S, Birken CS, Anderson LN (December 2018). "Continuous cardiometabolic risk score definitions in early childhood: a scoping review".

1344:(1999) requires the presence of any one of diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose or insulin resistance, AND two of the following: 3241:

Lara-Castro C, Fu Y, Chung BH, Garvey WT (June 2007). "Adiponectin and the metabolic syndrome: mechanisms mediating risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease".

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is very complex and has been only partially elucidated. Most people affected by the condition are older, obese, sedentary, and have a degree of insulin resistance.

3336:"Pathobiological mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome (MetS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): clinical significance and therapeutic strategies" 5405: 720:. In the U.S., about 25% of the adult population has metabolic syndrome, a proportion increasing with age, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. 3849:

Balkau B, Charles MA (May 1999). "Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR)".

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and changes in lifestyle (e.g., nutrition, physical activity, weight reduction, and, in some cases, drugs), the prevalence of the syndrome can be reduced.

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Sun K, Ren M, Liu D, Wang C, Yang C, Yan L (August 2014). "Alcohol consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective studies".

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may be used to treat hypertension. Various cholesterol medications may be useful if LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and/or HDL cholesterol is abnormal.

4455:"Systematic Review of Metabolic Syndrome Biomarkers: A Panel for Early Detection, Management, and Risk Stratification in the West Virginian Population" 1280: 1182:

Metabolic syndrome can be induced by overfeeding with sucrose or fructose, particularly concomitantly with high-fat diet. The resulting oversupply of

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Xi B, He D, Zhang M, Xue J, Zhou D (August 2014). "Short sleep duration predicts risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1967:"Neck circumference as reliable predictor of mechanical ventilation support in adult inpatients with COVID-19: A multicentric prospective evaluation" 2565:"Metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of prevalences and moderating variables" 1484:

who maintain regular meal timings and avoid eating late at night have a reduced risk of developing this condition (Alkhulaifi & Darkoh, 2022).

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Gohil BC, Rosenblum LA, Coplan JD, Kral JG (July 2001). "Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and the metabolic syndrome X of obesity".

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Renaldi O, Pramono B, Sinorita H, Purnomo LB, Asdie RH, Asdie AH (January 2009). "Hypoadiponectinemia: a risk factor for metabolic syndrome".

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Other conditions and specific microbiome diversity seems to be associated with metabolic syndrome, with certain-degree of gender-specificity.

3886:"Association of lipid accumulation product with type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3469: 3176: 1112: 1847:"Evaluating Neck Circumference as an Independent Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components Among Adults: A Population-Based Study" 1084: 4927:

Pietropaoli, Davide; Altamura, Serena; Ortu, Eleonora; Guerrini, Luca; Pizarro, Theresa T.; Ferri, Claudio; Del Pinto, Rita (2023-04-10).

1056:(CAD) is 50%, with a prevalence of 37% in people with premature coronary artery disease (age 45), particularly in women. With appropriate 3884:

Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh; Tavolinejad, Hamed; Aminorroaya, Arya; Rezaie, Yasaman; Ashraf, Haleh; Vasheghani-Farahani, Ali (2022-08-30).

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is thought to be caused by an underlying disorder of energy utilization and storage, but the cause of the syndrome is an area of ongoing

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Adult Treatment Panel III (2001) continues to be the most widely-used clinical definition. It requires at least three of the following:

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Central obesity is a key feature of the syndrome, as both a sign and a cause, in that the increasing adiposity often reflected in high

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are diet (particularly sugar-sweetened beverage consumption), genetics, aging, sedentary behavior or low physical activity, disrupted

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pattern improved three of five measurable components of the metabolic syndrome in participants with at least one of the components.

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Dyslipidemia: TG ≥ 2.0 mmol/L (177 mg/dL) and/or HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/L (38.61 mg/dL) or treated for dyslipidemia

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The report notes that previous definitions of the metabolic syndrome by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the revised

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A man with marked central obesity, a hallmark of metabolic syndrome. His weight is 182 kg (400 lbs), height 185 cm (6 ft 1 in), and

3817: 2082: 1629: 1542:, all of which improved when the affected people were put on a hypocaloric, low-carbohydrate diet. In 1977, Haller used the term 1431:

states that interventions on a sociopolitical level are required to reduce development of the metabolic syndrome in populations.

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Snijder MB, van der Heijden AA, van Dam RM, Stehouwer CD, Hiddink GJ, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Dekker JM (April 2007).

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The presence of metabolic syndrome is associated with a higher prevalence of CVD than found in people with type 2 diabetes or

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Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC (October 2009).

1435: 1223: 1057: 630: 4929:"Association between metabolic syndrome components and gingival bleeding is women-specific: a nested cross-sectional study" 1653:"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity-associated hypertension in the racial ethnic minorities of the United States" 1292: 1845:

Mohseni-Takalloo, Sahar; Mozaffari-Khosravi, Hassan; Mohseni, Hadis; Mirzaei, Masoud; Hosseinzadeh, Mahdieh (2023-06-13).

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James PT, Rigby N, Leach R (February 2004). "The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies".

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Feldeisen SE, Tucker KL (February 2007). "Nutritional strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome".

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via several pathways. Anandamide and 2-AG can also be hydrolized into arachidonic acid, potentially leading to increased

5395: 5178:"Relationship between serum sex hormones and glucose, insulin and lipid abnormalities in men with myocardial infarction" 2852:"Blood lipids, lipoproteins, apoproteins, and uric acid in men fed diets containing fructose or high-amylose cornstarch" 2563:

Vancampfort D, Correll CU, Wampers M, Sienaert P, Mitchell AJ, De Herdt A, Probst M, Scheewe TW, De Hert M (July 2014).

1443: 420: 3060:"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke" 1044:

has been shown to increase insulin resistance and is considered to be a risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome.

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Chen, Lei; Shi, Guang-rui; Huang, Dan-dan; Li, Yang; Ma, Chen-chao; Shi, Min; Su, Bin-xiao; Shi, Guang-jiang (2019).

3508:"Pharmacotherapeutic targeting of the endocannabinoid signaling system: drugs for obesity and the metabolic syndrome" 4201:

Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE (February 2007). "Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome".

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Central obesity: waist circumference ≥ 102 cm or 40 inches (male), ≥ 88 cm or 35 inches(female)

1211: 1037: 738:. Researchers debate whether a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome implies differential treatment or increases risk of 659: 133: 4504:"Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base" 1354:: triglycerides (TG) ≥ 1.695 mmol/L and HDL cholesterol ≤ 0.9 mmol/L (male), ≤ 1.0 mmol/L (female) 4365:"Is higher dairy consumption associated with lower body weight and fewer metabolic disturbances? The Hoorn Study" 1341: 1087:) forms of lipodystrophy may give rise to severe insulin resistance and many of metabolic syndrome's components. 922: 238: 2108:"Metabolic syndrome and surgical complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 million individuals" 2106:

Norris, Philip; Gow, Jeff; Arthur, Thomas; Conway, Aaron; Fleming, Fergal J; Ralph, Nicholas (2 November 2023).

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Various strategies have been proposed to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome. These include increased

5322: 1156: 1023: 763: 717: 706: 635: 957:, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, with direct effects on the bone, causing "low turnover" 1053: 1029: 910: 595: 502: 190: 159: 4689:"Persistent increase of prevalence of metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults: NHANES III to NHANES 1999–2006" 1380:

Central obesity: waist circumference ≥ 94 cm or 37 inches (male), ≥ 80 cm or 31.5 inches (female)

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The metabolic syndrome quintuples the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes is considered a

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Reduced HDL-C (≤40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) in males, ≤50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in females)

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Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, Bernstein RK, Fine EJ, Westman EC, et al. (January 2015).

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in the development of metabolic syndrome is indisputable. Endocannabinoid overproduction may induce

326: 5300: 4316:"Milk and dairy consumption, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: the Caerphilly prospective study" 4059:"Beneficial Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Modulating Gut Microbiota and Controlling Obesity" 1564: 1528: 1183: 1100: 998: 982: 625: 536: 437: 401: 301: 248: 5069: 4909: 4761: 4625: 4296: 4142: 3931: 3690: 3635: 3592: 3414: 3266: 3138: 3089: 3001: 2832: 2592: 2510: 2467: 2329: 2280: 2231: 1778: 1601: 1411: 954: 918: 882: 867: 723: 462: 93: 76: 5235:

Reaven GM (December 1988). "Banting lecture 1989. Role of insulin resistance in human disease".

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Generally, the individual disorders that compose the metabolic syndrome are treated separately.

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Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, Wilmore JH, Skinner JS, Rao DC, Rankinen T, Bouchard C (October 2003).

2159:"Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis" 1534:

In 1967, Avogadro, Crepaldi and coworkers described six moderately obese people with diabetes,

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Central obesity: waist:hip ratio > 0.90 (male); > 0.85 (female), or BMI > 30 kg/m

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Vidal-Puig A (2013). "Adipose tissue expandability, lipotoxicity and the metabolic syndrome".

2663: 2628: 2584: 2545: 2502: 2459: 2415: 2356: 2321: 2272: 2251:"Genetic versus environmental aetiology of the metabolic syndrome among male and female twins" 2223: 2188: 2139: 2064: 2046: 2004: 1986: 1946: 1928: 1886: 1868: 1827: 1796:

Mendrick DL, Diehl AM, Topor LS, Dietert RR, Will Y, La Merrill MA, et al. (March 2018).

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Vague J (1947). "La diffférenciacion sexuelle, facteur déterminant des formes de l'obésité".

1363:: urinary albumin excretion ratio ≥ 20 μg/min or albumin:creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g 953:

levels, which in turn cause insulin-mediated effects on adipose tissue, ultimately promoting

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Edwardson CL, Gorely T, Davies MJ, Gray LJ, Khunti K, Wilmot EG, Yates T, Biddle SJ (2012).

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Brand JS, van der Tweel I, Grobbee DE, Emmelot-Vonk MH, van der Schouw YT (February 2011).

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fuels, unmatched by physical activity/energy demand, creates a backlog of the products of

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The mechanisms of the complex pathways of metabolic syndrome are under investigation. The

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Chiarelli F, Mohn A (October 2017). "Early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in children".

3194:"Targeting the consequences of the metabolic syndrome in the Diabetes Prevention Program" 2438:"Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study" 2206:

Pollex RL, Hegele RA (September 2006). "Genetic determinants of the metabolic syndrome".

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followed 2,375 male subjects over 20 years and suggested the daily intake of an Imperial

897: (TNF-α), and others. Some have pointed to a variety of causes, including increased 754:, also known as visceral, male-pattern or apple-shaped adiposity. It is characterized by 5193: 4963: 4928: 3824: 3670: 2391: 2134: 2107: 1941: 1906: 1881: 1846: 961:. HPA-axis dysfunction may explain the reported risk indication of abdominal obesity to 4849: 4713: 4688: 4571: 4544: 4479: 4454: 4430: 4405: 4340: 4315: 4284: 4093: 4058: 3985: 3950: 3918: 3885: 3532: 3507: 3360: 3335: 3218: 3193: 3125: 3108: 2917: 2892: 2742: 2717: 2454: 2437: 2410: 2375: 2183: 2158: 2059: 2024: 1999: 1966: 1822: 1797: 1726: 1701: 1677: 1652: 1203: 934: 824: 755: 640: 467: 377: 316: 233: 5305: 5212: 5177: 4792: 3818:"Definition, Diagnosis, and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications" 3769: 3036: 2694: 5389: 5154: 4999: 4913: 4612: 3935: 3862: 3596: 3401: 3384: 3351: 3076: 3059: 2596: 2564: 1702:"Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult U.S. population, 1999–2010" 1551: 1468: 1195: 1172: 1068: 890: 855: 767: 698: 600: 521: 452: 205: 101: 69: 5073: 4873: 4765: 4300: 3655:"Formation and inactivation of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide in central neurons" 3639: 3418: 3270: 3093: 3005: 2836: 2471: 2284: 2235: 811:

Metabolic syndrome can lead to several serious and chronic complications, including

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in general are associated with metabolic syndrome. Both genetic (e.g.,

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(2018). 1503:of metabolic syndrome. 1448:paleolithic nutritional 1167:The involvement of the 1054:coronary artery disease 923:mitochondrial oxidation 817:cardiovascular diseases 596:Fat acceptance movement 503:Anti-obesity medication 191:Gestational weight gain 41:Dysmetabolic syndrome X 5416:Syndromes with obesity 5203:10.1073/pnas.74.4.1729 4821:Toxicological Sciences 3968:10.3390/ijerph19020624 3502:Vemuri VK, Janero DR, 2909:10.1542/peds.2011-2912 2569:Psychological Medicine 2530:Sleep Medicine Reviews 2298:Groop L (March 2000). 1802:Toxicological Sciences 1289:World Heart Federation 1208:2-arachidonoylglycerol 1177:executive dysfunctions 1175:dysfunction and cause 1169:endocannabinoid system 1079:) and acquired (e.g., 1058:cardiac rehabilitation 1048:Coronary heart disease 1040:without the syndrome. 963:cardiovascular disease 740:cardiovascular disease 714:cardiovascular disease 89:Differential diagnosis 4833:10.1093/toxsci/kfx233 4382:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.989 4069:(19). MDPI AG: 3985. 2869:10.1093/ajcn/49.5.832 2268:10.1007/s001250051659 2220:10.1038/ncpcardio0638 1814:10.1093/toxsci/kfx233 1561:myocardial infarction 1394:Cardiometabolic index 1246:As of 2023, the U.S. 621:Obesity and sexuality 496:Management of obesity 372:Binge eating disorder 332:Waist-to-height ratio 5013:Kylin E (1923). "". 2310:(Suppl 1): S39–S48. 1864:10.7759/cureus.40379 1779:"Metabolic Syndrome" 1754:"Metabolic Syndrome" 1630:"Metabolic syndrome" 1577:hypertriglyceridemia 1573:hypercholesterolemia 1548:hyperlipoproteinemia 1540:hypertriglyceridemia 1536:hypercholesterolemia 862:, and its resulting 792:acanthosis nigricans 788:erectile dysfunction 606:Health at Every Size 558:Weight loss coaching 292:Body adiposity index 122:acanthosis nigricans 118:erectile dysfunction 5396:Metabolic disorders 5194:1977PNAS...74.1729P 4600:Journal of Diabetes 3961:(2). MDPI AG: 624. 3671:1994Natur.372..686D 2392:2012PLoSO...734916E 2355:(Suppl 1): S52–59. 2042:10.3390/idr13040096 1565:glucose intolerance 1184:omega-6 fatty acids 1101:psoriatic arthritis 1042:Hypoadiponectinemia 999:sedentary lifestyle 989:Sedentary lifestyle 983:waist circumference 695:high blood pressure 626:Sedentary lifestyle 438:Fatty liver disease 402:Starvation response 302:Body fat percentage 249:Genetics of obesity 18:Metabolic syndromes 5401:Endocrine diseases 5374:Metabolic syndrome 5349:External resources 5066:10.1007/BF01544100 4562:10.3390/nu14091719 4471:10.7150/ijms.13800 4179:10.1093/ije/dyq158 4076:10.3390/nu14193985 2984:(7): 581–86, 589. 2689:(Suppl 1): 39–43. 2648:Clinical Nutrition 1785:. 15 January 2019. 1602:Metabolic disorder 1583:. In 1988, in his 1544:metabolic syndrome 1127:, after which the 1091:Rheumatic diseases 955:visceral adiposity 883:C-reactive protein 798:Neck circumference 746:Signs and symptoms 724:Insulin resistance 687:Metabolic syndrome 463:Obesity and cancer 344:Related conditions 254:Metabolic syndrome 94:Insulin resistance 33:Metabolic syndrome 5383: 5382: 5015:Zentralbl Inn Med 4750:10.1111/obr.12748 4705:10.2337/dc10-0879 3830:on 21 August 2014 3471:978-3-319-20824-4 3178:978-0-07-147692-8 2175:10.2337/dc10-1079 1983:10.1002/dmrr.3354 1758:BMJ Best Practice 1556:hepatic steatosis 1425:physical activity 1020:Diabetes mellitus 778:) progressing to 691:abdominal obesity 684: 683: 513:Bariatric surgery 322:Relative Fat Mass 211:Childhood obesity 201:Weight management 142:Human body weight 127: 126: 27:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5423: 5268: 5261: 5260: 5243:(12): 1595–607. 5232: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5205: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4966: 4948: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4852: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4716: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4615: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4574: 4564: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4523: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4482: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4433: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4343: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4181: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4096: 4078: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4029: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3988: 3970: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3921: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3755: 3746: 3735: 3734: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3679:10.1038/372686a0 3665:(6507): 686–91. 3650: 3644: 3643: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3563: 3550: 3549: 3535: 3499: 3488: 3487: 3454:Endocannabinoids 3449: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3404: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3363: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3164: 3147: 3146: 3128: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3079: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2920: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2871: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2822: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2745: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2457: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2403: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2319: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2270: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2186: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2137: 2127: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2062: 2044: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2002: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1944: 1926: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1884: 1866: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1825: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1626: 1589:Gerald M. Reaven 1569:hyperinsulinemia 1361:Microalbuminuria 1220:arachidonic acid 1188:arachidonic acid 866:was reviewed by 736:medical research 705:, and low serum 699:high blood sugar 676: 669: 662: 553:Weight loss camp 548:Obesity medicine 428:Arteriosclerosis 312:Corpulence index 307:Body Shape Index 274:Set point theory 244:Exercise paradox 228:Medical concepts 196:Diet (nutrition) 150:General concepts 129: 50: 30: 21: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5344: 5343: 5279: 5265: 5264: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4744:(12): 1688–99. 4738:Obesity Reviews 4735: 4734: 4730: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4658:(10): 2444–49. 4645: 4644: 4637: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4250:10.1139/h06-101 4235: 4234: 4230: 4215:10.1139/h06-113 4200: 4199: 4195: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3785: 3764:(16): 1640–45. 3753: 3748: 3747: 3738: 3717:(19): 2486–97. 3707: 3706: 3702: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3565: 3564: 3553: 3518:(4–5): 671–86. 3501: 3500: 3491: 3472: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3430: 3426: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3166: 3165: 3150: 3119:(21): 2659–65. 3106: 3105: 3101: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3018: 3017: 3013: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2575:(10): 2017–28. 2562: 2561: 2557: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2448:(10): 1703–09. 2435: 2434: 2427: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2169:(11): 2477–83. 2156: 2155: 2151: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2091: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2021: 2020: 2016: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1615: 1598: 1585:Banting lecture 1521:atherosclerosis 1512: 1496: 1490: 1477: 1461: 1456: 1421: 1409: 1396: 1370: 1338: 1330:body mass index 1273: 1244: 1239: 1186:, particularly 1121: 1119:Pathophysiology 1109: 1093: 1066: 1050: 1026: 1018:Main articles: 1016: 1007: 991: 979: 931: 844:pathophysiology 840: 813:type-2 diabetes 809: 800: 752:central obesity 748: 718:type 2 diabetes 680: 651: 650: 576: 568: 567: 528:Caloric deficit 498: 488: 487: 483:Type 2 diabetes 433:Atherosclerosis 423: 413: 412: 383:Hyperthyroidism 360:Eating disorder 345: 337: 336: 327:Waist–hip ratio 297:Body mass index 287: 279: 278: 269:Obesity paradox 229: 221: 220: 151: 57:body mass index 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5429: 5427: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5388: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5365: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5330: 5319: 5308: 5293: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271:Classification 5263: 5262: 5227: 5188:(4): 1729–33. 5168: 5133: 5106: 5079: 5056:(in Italian). 5043: 5024: 5005: 4978: 4919: 4864: 4806: 4771: 4728: 4679: 4635: 4586: 4555:(1719): 1719. 4535: 4494: 4445: 4396: 4355: 4306: 4263: 4228: 4193: 4172:(1): 189–207. 4152: 4108: 4049: 4000: 3941: 3876: 3841: 3808: 3805:on 2012-09-16. 3783: 3736: 3700: 3645: 3602: 3575:(6): 1049–70. 3551: 3506:(March 2008). 3489: 3470: 3441: 3424: 3375: 3340:Pharmacol Ther 3326: 3303: 3276: 3233: 3204:(9): 2077–90. 3184: 3177: 3148: 3099: 3050: 3011: 2968: 2949:(9): 2135–46. 2932: 2883: 2842: 2813:(9): 2652–60. 2793: 2774:(3): F625–31. 2757: 2708: 2673: 2654:(4): 596–602. 2638: 2602: 2555: 2520: 2477: 2425: 2366: 2339: 2290: 2241: 2198: 2149: 2098: 2074: 2035:(4): 1053–60. 2023:(2021-12-10). 2014: 1956: 1896: 1837: 1788: 1783:Diabetes.co.uk 1770: 1741: 1712:(8): 697–703. 1692: 1643: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1511: 1508: 1492:Main article: 1489: 1486: 1476: 1473: 1469:ACE inhibitors 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1420: 1417: 1408: 1405: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1337: 1334: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1204:diacylglycerol 1157:TNF-α receptor 1120: 1117: 1108: 1105: 1092: 1089: 1065: 1062: 1049: 1046: 1015: 1012: 1006: 1003: 990: 987: 978: 975: 935:chronic stress 930: 927: 839: 836: 825:kidney disease 808: 805: 799: 796: 756:adipose tissue 747: 744: 682: 681: 679: 678: 671: 664: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 643: 641:Weight cutting 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 583: 577: 575:Social aspects 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 530: 525: 515: 510: 505: 499: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 480: 475: 470: 468:Osteoarthritis 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 424: 419: 418: 415: 414: 411: 410: 405: 395: 390: 385: 380: 378:Food addiction 375: 357: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 317:Lean body mass 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 288: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 251: 246: 241: 236: 234:Adipose tissue 230: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 138: 137: 125: 124: 91: 85: 84: 79: 73: 72: 67: 61: 60: 52: 51: 43: 42: 39: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5428: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5122:(9): 129–33. 5121: 5117: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5095:(8): 124–28. 5094: 5090: 5083: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5060:(4): 572–90. 5059: 5055: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5025: 5020: 5017:(in German). 5016: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4699:(1): 216–19. 4698: 4694: 4693:Diabetes Care 4690: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4652:Diabetes Care 4649: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4606:(3): 180–93. 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4416:(4): 922–32. 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4375:(4): 989–95. 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4326:(8): 695–98. 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4125:(4): 313–21. 4124: 4120: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3857:(5): 442–43. 3856: 3852: 3845: 3842: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3618:(6): 486–93. 3617: 3613: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504:Makriyannis A 3498: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3439:: Belmont, CA 3438: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3395:(6): 621–25. 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3249:(3): 263–70. 3248: 3244: 3237: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3070:(2): 188–97. 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3031:(4): 865–71. 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978:CNS Spectrums 2972: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2903:(3): 557–70. 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2862:(5): 832–39. 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807:FASEB Journal 2804: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619:(3): 265–74. 2618: 2614: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536:(4): 293–97. 2535: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493:(2): 231–40. 2492: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386:(4): e34916. 2385: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2261:(5): 537–43. 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214:(9): 482–89. 2213: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163:Diabetes Care 2160: 2153: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2118:(1): 541–53. 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2099: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1943: 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