351:
219:(in which there are multiple ways to classify an item); the structure of both top-down and bottom-up taxonomies may be either hierarchical, non-hierarchical, or a combination of both. Some researchers and applications have experimented with combining hierarchical and non-hierarchical tagging to aid in information retrieval. Others are combining top-down and bottom-up tagging, including in some large library catalogs (
53:
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any one person's photos with a particular tag. Soon thereafter, users started telling us that what was really interesting about tagging was not just how you've tagged your photos, but how the whole Flickr community has been tagging photos. So we started seeing a lot of requests from users to be able to see a global view of the tagscape.
2039:
Tags were not in the initial version of Flickr. Stewart
Butterfield wanted to add them. He liked the way they worked on del.icio.us, the social bookmarking application. We added very simple tagging functionality, so you could tag your photos, and then look at all your photos with a particular tag, or
472:
leading to an index page listing all of the posts associated with that tag. The blog may have a sidebar listing all the tags in use on that blog, with each tag leading to an index page. To reclassify a post, an author edits its list of tags. All connections between posts are automatically tracked and
1953:
EMACS is an M.I.T. display editor designed to be 'extensible, customizable, and self-documenting' Another interesting facility for program editing is the TAGS package. The separate program TAGS builds a TAGS table containing the file name and position in that file in which each application program
880:
methodologies for users to capture insights, expertise, attributes, dependencies, or relationships associated with a data resource. Different kinds of knowledge can be captured in knowledge tags, including factual knowledge (that found in books and data), conceptual knowledge (found in perspectives
648:
is a keyword adopted by events and conferences for participants to use in their web publications, such as blog entries, photos of the event, and presentation slides. Search engines can then index them to make relevant materials related to the event searchable in a uniform way. In this case, the tag
902:
of each tag, and a user can apply new tags to an item as easily as applying older tags. Hierarchical classification systems can be slow to change, and are rooted in the culture and era that created them; in contrast, the flexibility of tagging allows users to classify their collections of items in
942:
of tags when searching or browsing. Larger-scale folksonomies address some of the problems of tagging, in that users of tagging systems tend to notice the current use of "tag terms" within these systems, and thus use existing tags in order to easily form connections to related items. In this way,
885:
often exist outside the data itself and are derived from personal experience, insight, or expertise. Knowledge tags are considered an expansion of the information itself that adds additional value, context, and meaning to the information. Knowledge tags are valuable for preserving organizational
661:
A researcher may work with a large collection of items (e.g. press quotes, a bibliography, images) in digital form. If he/she wishes to associate each with a small number of themes (e.g. to chapters of a book, or to sub-themes of the overall subject), then a group of tags for these themes can be
1864:
Calling a function defined in one compilation unit from within another is analogous to cross references in large hypertext documents. By using tags tables, the Emacs environment enables the user to turn program source code into powerful hypertext
1433:
As with all the other options here, meta data can be added to individual files to help improve their find-ability, and uniquely the tag cloud field within Leap's interface allows you to quickly drill down to individually labelled files without
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allowed its users to add their own text tags to each of their pictures, constructing flexible and easy metadata that made the pictures highly searchable. The success of Flickr and the influence of
Delicious popularized the concept, and other
401:
provided a way for its users to add "tags" to their bookmarks (as a way to help find them later); Delicious also provided browseable aggregated views of the bookmarks of all users featuring a particular tag. Within a couple of years, the
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helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching. Tags are generally chosen informally and personally by the item's creator or by its viewer, depending on the system, although they may also be chosen from a
1532:
890:, for sharing knowledge stored in the minds of individuals that is typically isolated and unharnessed by the organization, and for connecting knowledge that is often lost or disconnected from an information resource.
601:
922:(multiple tags for the same concept), which may lead to inappropriate connections between items and inefficient searches for information about a subject. For example, the tag "orange" may refer to the
1909:
You can turn on smart tags for a field to make it easier to cross-reference data between the Access database and
Microsoft Outlook (or another personal information and e-mail program) and the Web.
1241:
182:, as do some desktop applications. On websites that aggregate the tags of all users, an individual user's tags can be useful both to them and to the larger community of the website's users.
460:) allow authors to add free-form tags to a post, along with (or instead of) placing the post into a predetermined category. For example, a post may display that it has been tagged with
178:
websites. These sites allow users to create and manage labels (or "tags") that categorize content using simple keywords. Websites that include tags often display collections of tags as
987:
video) in order to attract viewers. This abuse can be mitigated using human or statistical identification of spam items. The number of tags allowed may also be limited to reduce spam.
354:"A Description of the Equator and Some ØtherLands", collaborative hypercinema portal, produced by documenta X, 1997. User upload page associating user contributed media with the term
350:
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Despite the apparent lack of control, research has shown that a simple form of shared vocabulary emerges in social bookmarking systems. Collaborative tagging exhibits a form of
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1624:
Carcillo, Franco; Rosati, Luca (2007). "Tags for citizens: integrating top-down and bottom-up classification in the Turin municipality website". In
Schuler, Douglas (ed.).
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Online communities and social computing: second international conference, OCSC 2007, held as part of HCI International 2007, Beijing, China, July 22–27, 2007: proceedings
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and concepts), expectational knowledge (needed to make judgments and hypothesis), and methodological knowledge (derived from reasoning and strategies). These forms of
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dynamics). Thus, even if no central controlled vocabulary constrains the actions of individual users, the distribution of tags converges over time to stable
314:
and that function's definition. This use of the word "tag" did not refer to metadata tags, but was an early use of the word "tag" in software to refer to a
2716:
249:
Metadata tags as described in this article should not be confused with the use of the word "tag" in some software to refer to an automatically generated
983:
Tagging systems open to the public are also open to tag spam, in which people apply an excessive number of tags or unrelated tags to an item (such as a
549:(with editable names such as "Essential", "Hot", and "In Progress") to each file and folder. In later iterations of the Mac operating system ever since
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algorithms to learn tag semantics when users tag "verbosely"—when they annotate resources with a wealth of freely associated, descriptive keywords.
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information about the tag, making it easier or more meaningful for interpretation by a computer program. Triple tags comprise three parts: a
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Gerolimos, Michalis (January 2013). "Tagging for libraries: a review of the effectiveness of tagging systems for library catalogs".
1496:
1387:
1343:
1287:
869:). These tag profiles reference an information resource that resides in a distributed, and often heterogeneous, storage repository.
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may be tagged "Linux", "kernel", "Penguin", "software", or a variety of other terms. Users can also choose tags that are different
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205:) are created by all users. This definition of "top down" and "bottom up" should not be confused with the distinction between a
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745:; machine tags are also used for other purposes, such as identifying photos taken at a specific event or naming species using
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3518:
2922:
2263:
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Wu, Harris; Zubair, Mohammad; Maly, Kurt (2007). "Collaborative classification of growing collections with evolving facets".
866:
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147:. Tags may take the form of words, images, or other identifying marks. An analogous example of tags in the physical world is
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Proceedings of the
International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM), Boulder, Colorado, USA, March 26–28, 2007
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the ways that they find useful, but the personalized variety of terms can present challenges when searching and browsing.
287:, that permitted classification and sorting by multiple criteria were already in use prior to the twentieth century, and
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of words (such as singular and plural), which can contribute to navigation difficulties if the system does not include
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2323:
1757:"A cautious partnership: the growing acceptance of folksonomy as a complement to indexing digital images and catalogs"
324:
and early websites deployed keyword tags as a way for publishers to help users find content. In the early days of the
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Proceedings of the 19th
International Conference on World Wide Web, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, April 26–30, 2010
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1528:"Information architecture: Facetag: integrating bottom-up and top-down classification in a social tagging system"
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612:, without breaking their readability by applications that do not support XMP. XMP largely supersedes the earlier
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updated by the blog software; there is no need to relocate the page within a complex hierarchy of categories.
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Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web, Banff, Alberta, Canada, May 08–12, 2007
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Proceedings of the eighteenth conference on hypertext and hypermedia, Manchester, UK, September 10–12, 2007
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Panda, Mrutyunjaya; El-Bendary, Nashwa; Salama, Mostafa A.; Hassanien, Aboul Ella; Abraham, Ajith (2012).
2004:
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as an alternative name for the triple tag, adding some questions and answers on purpose, syntax, and use.
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Golder, Scott A.; Huberman, Bernardo A. (April 2006). "Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems".
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Bainbridge, Scott; Page, Geoff; Jaroensutasinee, Mullica; Jaroensutasinee, Krisanadej (September 2011).
1970:
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1015:. To enable the use of separators in the tags, a system may allow for higher-level separators (such as
515:, and photo tagging in various applications. Some of these applications display collections of tags as
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causes EMACS to select the appropriate file and go to the proper function definition within that file.
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The use of keywords as part of an identification and classification system long predates computers.
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In 1997, the collaborative portal "A Description of the
Equator and Some ØtherLands" produced by
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1023:. Systems can avoid the use of separators by allowing only one tag to be added to each input
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web syndication standard provided a "category" element for inserting subject categories into
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that form between different tags. In addition, research has suggested that it is easier for
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Körner, Christian; Benz, Dominik; Hotho, Andreas; Strohmaier, Markus; Stumme, Gerd (2010).
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bookmarks, and gained wider acceptance after its adoption by Mappr and GeoBloggers to map
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is an open-source cross-platform application for tagging files; it inserts tags into the
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that captures knowledge in the form of descriptions, categorizations, classifications,
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795:. The hash is used to distinguish tag text, as distinct, from other text in the post.
4011:
3987:
3977:
3972:
3931:
3904:
3846:
3799:
3750:
3677:
3475:
3351:
3306:
2959:"Singular vs. plural tags in a tag-based categorization system (such as del.icio.us)"
2868:
Wiig, Karl M. (March 1997). "Knowledge management: an introduction and perspective".
2457:. In Traczyk, Tomasz; Ogryczak, Włodzimierz; Pałka, Piotr; Śliwiński, Tomasz (eds.).
2300:
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allows the author to manage what would otherwise be unwieldy amounts of information.
403:
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92:
3047:
2629:
2054:"Folksonomies: cooperative classification and communication through shared metadata"
1948:
1859:
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Collaborative creation of communal hierarchical taxonomies in social tagging systems
1004:
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for embedding metadata into popular image, video and document file formats, such as
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3692:
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3513:
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function is defined. This table is loaded into EMACS; specifying the command Meta,
1142:
931:
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In a typical tagging system, there is no explicit information about the meaning or
573:
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for its co-authors and guest authors on its Upload page. In "The
Equator" the term
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332:
115:
and is an important feature of many Web 2.0 services. It is now also part of other
35:
2898:
2361:
343:
what the web page was about, but these keywords were only visible in a web page's
3063:"Stop thinking, start tagging: tag semantics emerge from collaborative verbosity"
2200:
Hinton, Mark
Justice; Obermeier, Barbara; Sahlin, Doug (2010). "Tagging photos".
2100:
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1723:
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The triple tag format was first devised for geolicious in
November 2004, to map
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344:
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1756:
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attached to each of the items in the larger collection. In this way, freeform
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367:
202:
152:
84:
76:
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1904:
1741:
1682:
1655:
1397:
1353:
1297:
1249:
1204:
application that features a clickable tag cloud of macOS tags. TaggTool is a
1052:) to indicate that the linked-to page acts as a tag for the current context.
717:
coordinate whose value is 50.123456. This triple structure is similar to the
3941:
3924:
3760:
3735:
3697:
3546:
3508:
3503:
3449:
3419:
3336:
3083:
3021:
2693:
2331:
2273:
2251:
1851:
1671:"OPAC 2.0: next generation online library catalogues ride the Web 2.0 wave!"
1592:
1379:
1185:
1137:
960:
943:
folksonomies may collectively develop a partial set of tagging conventions.
899:
882:
858:
854:
792:
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702:
629:
550:
539:
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363:
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are created by an authorized group of designers (sometimes in the form of a
179:
57:
17:
3124:
3069:
2645:"Towards a services based architecture for real time marine observing data"
2621:
2595:
829:
that describes or defines some aspect of a piece of information (such as a
1939:
1922:
1227:
Some users, however, see tags not as metadata but as "just more content":
784:
3919:
3836:
3770:
3702:
3523:
3490:
3480:
3429:
3414:
3326:
3256:
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2245:
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at a time, although this makes adding multiple tags more time-consuming.
1000:
996:
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850:
842:
830:
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photos. In January 2007, Aaron Straup Cope at Flickr introduced the term
698:
633:
562:
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527:
There are various systems for applying tags to the files in a computer's
469:
436:
432:
224:
96:
2649:
OCEANS '11 MTS/IEEE Kona, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA, 19–22 22 September 2011
52:
3909:
3707:
3439:
3366:
3321:
3281:
2600:
1533:
Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
1205:
1181:
984:
919:
915:
776:
758:
504:
424:
416:
112:
108:
61:
42:
2613:
767:, sometimes known as a "hash" symbol. This form of tagging is used on
3914:
3623:
3551:
3541:
1715:
729:
694:
512:
508:
407:
148:
2822:
Computational social networks: tools, perspectives, and applications
2815:"Computational social networks: tools, perspectives, and challenges"
553:
was released in 2013, users could assign multiple arbitrary tags as
306:
that could automatically build a table of cross-references called a
3316:
3174:
3153:
2461:. Studies in computational intelligence. Vol. 700. New York:
2420:"Adobe Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) becomes an ISO standard"
1526:
Quintarelli, Emanuele; Resmini, Andrea; Rosati, Luca (June 2007).
1482:
1208:
application that permits tagging files and displaying a tag cloud.
1201:
1012:
496:
349:
295:
258:
51:
739:
Specialized metadata for geographical identification is known as
212:(in which there is one correct way to classify each item) versus
3841:
3730:
3633:
3613:
3346:
3229:
2899:"Knowledge management systems: issues, challenges, and benefits"
2652:
1132:
1031:
617:
605:
299:
163:
made the use of such keywords a rapid way of exploring records.
3178:
1231:"Tags are not metadata, but 'just more content'—to some people"
185:
Tagging systems have sometimes been classified into two kinds:
3533:
865:, or references that are collected in tag profiles (a kind of
609:
2504:"Tag, you're it! How to manage files on Linux with TagSpaces"
1978:
1322:
Breslin, John G.; Passant, Alexandre; Decker, Stefan (2009).
845:). Knowledge tags are more than traditional non-hierarchical
561:
OpenMeta standard provided similar tagging functionality for
495:
feature their own tagging systems, such as email tagging in
963:
distributions. Once such stable distributions form, simple
2137:"A Uniform Resource Name (URN) namespace for tag metadata"
1376:
Understanding digital literacies: a practical introduction
1242:
International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence
230:
When tags or other taxonomies have further properties (or
2083:
Gupta, Manish; Li, Rui; Yin, Zhijun; Han, Jiawei (2011).
763:
A hashtag is a kind of metadata tag marked by the prefix
2991:
Halpin, Harry; Robu, Valentin; Shepherd, Hana (2007).
1818:
Auditory user interfaces: toward the speaking computer
302:
systems, offered a companion software program called
2897:
Alavi, Maryam; Leidner, Dorothy E. (February 1999).
2798:
Includes the required use of a taxonomy machine tag.
2289:"OS X 10.9 Mavericks: The Ars Technica Review: Tags"
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
3950:
3855:
3790:
3783:
3651:
3606:
3560:
3532:
3489:
3458:
3407:
3386:
3379:
3243:
2820:. In Abraham, Ajith; Hassanien, Aboul-Ella (eds.).
2808:
2806:
2804:
1714:. The expert's voice in Web development. Berkeley:
1712:
Pro Web 2.0 mashups: remixing data and Web services
1275:
Tagging: people-powered metadata for the social web
2238:
1971:"A Description of the Equator and Some ØtherLands"
1921:Meyrowitz, Norman; Dam, Andries (September 1982).
159:and objects long before computers. Computer based
2596:"Strategies for coping with information overload"
2565:"Tagging files—or how to keep research organized"
2385:"Tag your files for easier searches in Windows 7"
1365:
1363:
1196:
1194:
918:(the same tags used with different meanings) and
620:is a standard that specifies the image and audio
382:to aid the user. However, users defined singular
2085:"An overview of social tagging and applications"
1413:"The pro designer's guide to photo organization"
557:to any file or folder, and before that time the
2993:"The complex dynamics of collaborative tagging"
1370:Jones, Rodney H.; Hafner, Christoph A. (2012).
967:vocabularies can be extracted by examining the
166:Tagging gained popularity due to the growth of
79:assigned to a piece of information (such as an
2428:International Organization for Standardization
2418:Gasiorowski-Denis, Elizabeth (22 March 2012).
2167:"Firefox tip: find bookmarks faster with tags"
906:When users can freely choose tags (creating a
545:, released in 1991, users could assign one of
3190:
2774:"The Encyclopedia of Life Flickr group rules"
2330:. Academic workflows on a Mac. Archived from
1879:Teach yourself visually Microsoft Access 2010
1481:Heymann, Paul; Garcia-Molina, Hector (2006).
1007:must be used. Two popular separators are the
8:
2986:
2984:
2455:"Metadata in long-term digital preservation"
1229:Berendt, Bettina; Hanser, Christoph (2007).
291:has been used by libraries since the 1930s.
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
590:documents and some kinds of picture files.
3787:
3655:
3383:
3249:
3197:
3183:
3175:
2354:"Extended attributes and tag file systems"
2023:"An Interview with Flickr's Eric Costello"
1448:"TaggTool: organize your files by keyword"
572:that implement tags are available for the
151:object tagging. People were using textual
3011:
2686:"geo.lici.us: geotagging hosted services"
1938:
1582:
1545:
1378:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York:
2502:Devcic, Ivana Isadora (9 October 2015).
2459:Digital preservation: putting it to work
1708:"Understanding tagging and folksonomies"
930:, and items related to a version of the
427:—also implemented tagging. In 2005, the
201:), whereas bottom-up taxonomies (called
2863:
2861:
2005:Screenshot of a tag page on del.icio.us
1220:
1176:
1174:
1170:
910:, as opposed to selecting terms from a
886:intelligence that is often lost due to
310:that Emacs could use to jump between a
2742:Straup Cope, Aaron (24 January 2007).
2021:Garrett, Jesse James (4 August 2005).
1923:"Interactive Editing Systems: Part II"
1701:
1699:
995:Some tagging systems provide a single
914:), the resulting metadata can include
7:
1628:. Vol. 4564. Berlin; New York:
1411:Hampton-Smith, Sam (12 April 2013).
3076:Association for Computing Machinery
3004:Association for Computing Machinery
2535:"Hashtag techniques for businesses"
1575:Association for Computing Machinery
378:for user-input was described as an
294:In the late 1970s and early 1980s,
2957:Devens, Keith (24 December 2004).
2287:Siracusa, John (22 October 2013).
2202:Editing digital photos for dummies
2007:, also in 2004, both published by
614:IPTC Information Interchange Model
468:. Each of those tags is usually a
347:and were not modifiable by users.
25:
2717:"Advanced Tagging and TripleTags"
2001:Screenshot of tags on del.icio.us
586:allows users to set tags only on
4028:Information retrieval techniques
2684:Maron, Mikel (5 November 2004).
2594:Smith, Richard (December 2010).
2177:. 26 August 2013. Archived from
999:to enter tags, so to be able to
857:, comments, notes, annotations,
628:, including some metadata tags.
2871:Journal of Knowledge Management
2383:Schultz, Greg (23 March 2011).
2087:. In Aggarwal, Charu C. (ed.).
596:file tagging standards include
27:Keyword assigned to information
3154:"Microformats wiki: rel='tag'"
2923:Journal of Information Science
2563:Parry, David (11 March 2007).
2052:Mathes, Adam (December 2004).
719:Resource Description Framework
713:is a tag for the geographical
1:
2715:Catt, Dan (11 January 2006).
2569:academhack.outsidethetext.com
2453:Płoszajski, Grzegorz (2017).
2360:. 2 July 2015. Archived from
2322:Cherp, Aleh (17 March 2011).
2089:Social network data analytics
1681:(10): 406–413. Archived from
1446:Henry, Alan (28 April 2010).
1118:Management information system
872:Knowledge tags are part of a
547:seven editable colored labels
253:; examples of the latter are
2101:10.1007/978-1-4419-8462-3_16
1795:10.1080/19386389.2013.778730
1638:10.1007/978-3-540-73257-0_29
1547:10.1002/bult.2007.1720330506
894:Advantages and disadvantages
709:, and a value. For example,
598:Extensible Metadata Platform
456:Many systems (and other web
3568:Inter-process communication
2834:10.1007/978-1-4471-4048-1_1
2533:Finch, Curt (26 May 2011).
2510:. MakeUseOf. Archived from
2471:10.1007/978-3-319-51801-5_2
1783:Journal of Library Metadata
1724:10.1007/978-1-4302-0286-8_3
1372:"Networks and organization"
477:Within application software
380:abstract literal or keyword
107:Tagging was popularized by
4064:
3235:Web syndication technology
1822:Kluwer Academic Publishers
1148:Social network aggregation
1098:Human–computer interaction
1083:Enterprise social software
876:discipline that leverages
802:
773:social networking services
756:
678:
523:Assigned to computer files
480:
458:content management systems
40:
29:
3721:
3658:
3252:
3212:
2903:Communications of the AIS
2884:10.1108/13673279710800682
1834:10.1007/978-1-4615-6225-2
1336:10.1007/978-3-642-01172-6
214:multiple non-hierarchical
4033:Knowledge representation
2936:10.1177/0165551506062337
1933:(3): 353–415 (366–367).
1326:. Heidelberg; New York:
1048:with value "tag" (i.e.,
1030:A syntax for use within
813:Knowledge representation
555:extended file attributes
41:Not to be confused with
30:Not to be confused with
4018:Collective intelligence
3084:10.1145/1772690.1772744
3022:10.1145/1242572.1242602
1877:Wempen, Faithe (2010).
1761:Library Student Journal
1593:10.1145/1286240.1286289
1324:The social semantic web
1200:For example: Leap is a
1188:can display tag clouds.
1068:Collective intelligence
947:Complex system dynamics
817:Personal knowledge base
721:model for information.
139:, mark ownership, note
135:People use tags to aid
1669:Wilson, Katie (2007).
1495:Heymann, Paul (2006).
1078:Enterprise bookmarking
809:Knowledge organization
503:, bookmark tagging in
359:
298:, the text editor for
289:faceted classification
64:
60:with terms related to
3074:. WWW '10. New York:
3002:. WWW '07. New York:
2250:. San Mateo, Calif.:
2206:John Wiley & Sons
1940:10.1145/356887.356890
1927:ACM Computing Surveys
1883:John Wiley & Sons
1816:Raman, T. V. (1997).
1755:Willey, Eric (2011).
1706:Yee, Raymond (2008).
1128:Organizational memory
912:controlled vocabulary
849:; they are a type of
747:binomial nomenclature
651:controlled vocabulary
570:semantic file systems
366:X, Germany, used the
353:
242:, they constitute an
199:controlled vocabulary
102:controlled vocabulary
55:
3968:Glossary of blogging
3932:Social communication
3078:. pp. 521–530.
3006:. pp. 211–220.
2782:Encyclopedia of Life
2655:. pp. 740–745.
2095:. pp. 447–497.
1632:. pp. 256–264.
1577:. pp. 167–170.
1573:. HT '07. New York:
1501:infolab.stanford.edu
1487:(Technical report).
1272:Smith, Gene (2008).
874:knowledge management
489:desktop applications
386:, and did not share
157:classify information
121:desktop applications
3133:Stanford University
2788:on 10 February 2017
2514:on 28 December 2016
2237:Poole, Lon (1991).
2135:(1 February 2007).
1489:Stanford University
1153:Subject (documents)
1103:Information ecology
507:, audio tagging in
501:Mozilla Thunderbird
207:single hierarchical
69:information systems
3993:Uses of podcasting
3731:Collaborative blog
3726:Anonymous blogging
3619:RSS Advisory Board
3287:Electronic journal
2828:. pp. 3–23 .
2723:on 11 October 2007
2651:. Piscataway, NJ:
2465:. pp. 15–61.
2358:lesbonscomptes.com
2181:on 12 October 2016
2175:Mozilla Foundation
2147:on 5 November 2016
2029:on 18 October 2017
1999:See, for example:
1718:. pp. 61–75.
1382:. pp. 23–28.
1240:. Menlo Park, CA:
1108:Knowledge transfer
1093:Explicit knowledge
711:geo:long=50.123456
395:social bookmarking
360:
341:web search engines
285:edge-notched cards
281:Paper data storage
168:social bookmarking
65:
47:Mention (blogging)
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3792:Alternative media
3779:
3778:
3741:Instant messaging
3647:
3646:
3375:
3374:
3160:. 10 January 2005
2614:10.1136/bmj.c7126
2399:on 29 August 2016
2364:on 11 August 2016
2303:on 9 January 2017
2248:guide to system 7
1981:on 18 August 2001
1896:978-0-470-57765-3
1843:978-0-7923-9984-1
1733:978-1-59059-858-0
1647:978-3-540-73256-3
1602:978-1-59593-820-6
1497:"Tag hierarchies"
1021:escape characters
847:keywords or terms
584:Microsoft Windows
439:proposed a "tag"
415:websites—such as
283:devices, notably
176:social networking
161:search algorithms
125:operating systems
81:Internet bookmark
16:(Redirected from
4055:
3788:
3668:Enhanced podcast
3656:
3384:
3250:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3158:microformats.org
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
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3120:
3114:
3113:
3067:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3015:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2965:. Archived from
2954:
2948:
2947:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2819:
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2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2784:. Archived from
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2754:on 20 April 2016
2750:. Archived from
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2719:. Archived from
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2696:on 28 April 2007
2692:. Archived from
2681:
2675:
2674:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2575:on 2 August 2016
2571:. Archived from
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
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2493:
2492:
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2443:
2441:
2439:
2434:on 10 March 2017
2430:. Archived from
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2395:. Archived from
2389:techrepublic.com
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2334:on 30 April 2016
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2299:. Archived from
2284:
2278:
2277:
2242:
2240:"Labeling items"
2234:
2228:
2227:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2171:blog.mozilla.org
2163:
2157:
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2143:. Archived from
2129:
2123:
2122:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2060:. Archived from
2049:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2025:. Archived from
2018:
2012:
2011:on July 9, 2007.
2009:Joshua Schachter
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1977:. Archived from
1967:
1961:
1960:
1942:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1881:. Indianapolis:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1813:
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1503:. Archived from
1492:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:. Archived from
1443:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1423:on 16 April 2013
1419:. Archived from
1417:creativebloq.com
1408:
1402:
1401:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1319:
1302:
1301:
1280:New Riders Press
1269:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1225:
1209:
1198:
1189:
1178:
1158:Subject indexing
1113:Knowledge worker
1051:
973:machine learning
827:meta-information
766:
712:
697:to define extra
588:Microsoft Office
493:web applications
467:
463:
331:
322:Online databases
269:Microsoft Office
117:database systems
111:associated with
95:). This kind of
21:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4023:Computer jargon
4008:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3983:Slashdot effect
3946:
3937:Social software
3851:
3775:
3756:Mobile blogging
3717:
3643:
3602:
3598:Streaming media
3556:
3528:
3485:
3481:Synchronization
3454:
3403:
3399:Feed URI scheme
3371:
3267:Classical music
3239:
3208:
3206:Web syndication
3203:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3123:Heymann, Paul.
3122:
3121:
3117:
3094:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3032:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2963:keithdevens.com
2956:
2955:
2951:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2844:
2826:Springer-Verlag
2817:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2791:
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2767:
2757:
2755:
2741:
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2557:
2547:
2545:
2532:
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2515:
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2500:
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2481:
2463:Springer-Verlag
2452:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
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2381:
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2365:
2352:
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2347:
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2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2293:arstechnica.com
2286:
2285:
2281:
2266:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2216:
2204:. Hoboken, NJ:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
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2093:Springer-Verlag
2082:
2081:
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2065:
2064:on 9 March 2017
2051:
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2015:
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1675:Online Currents
1668:
1667:
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1630:Springer-Verlag
1623:
1622:
1618:
1603:
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1563:
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1524:
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1508:
1507:on 25 June 2016
1494:
1493:Summarized in:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1462:on 11 July 2015
1445:
1444:
1440:
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1328:Springer-Verlag
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1041:which uses the
1017:quotation marks
1009:space character
993:
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957:self-organizing
953:complex systems
949:
896:
819:
801:
764:
761:
755:
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693:uses a special
683:
677:
672:
659:
642:
626:digital cameras
525:
485:
479:
465:
461:
454:
449:
413:social software
390:at that point.
329:
277:
251:cross-reference
145:online identity
143:, and indicate
133:
77:keyword or term
50:
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32:Markup language
28:
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3963:Escribitionist
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3954:
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3875:
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3859:
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3850:
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3834:
3832:Search engines
3829:
3824:
3823:
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3807:
3802:
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3794:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3777:
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3768:
3766:Video blogging
3763:
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3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:World Wide Web
3626:
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3030:
3013:10.1.1.78.5341
2980:
2969:on 10 May 2012
2949:
2930:(2): 198–208.
2912:
2889:
2857:
2842:
2800:
2765:
2744:"Machine tags"
2734:
2707:
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2661:
2635:
2586:
2555:
2525:
2494:
2479:
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2075:
2058:adammathes.com
2044:
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1123:Meta-knowledge
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1003:the string, a
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878:Enterprise 2.0
839:database table
805:Knowledge base
800:
799:Knowledge tags
797:
757:Main article:
754:
751:
676:
673:
671:
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664:classification
658:
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594:Cross-platform
524:
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435:, and in 2007
326:World Wide Web
276:
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210:tree structure
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3978:Posting style
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3973:Pay per click
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3847:Web directory
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3693:Slidecasting
3593:RSS tracking
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3262:Bloggernacle
3162:. Retrieved
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3129:stanford.edu
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1278:. Berkeley:
1274:
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1143:Semantic Web
1043:
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969:correlations
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932:Linux kernel
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602:ISO standard
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574:Linux kernel
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333:meta element
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203:folksonomies
190:
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184:
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66:
36:HTML element
18:Metadata tag
3958:Blogosphere
3863:Aggregation
3683:Peercasting
3583:Referencing
3277:Dream diary
2878:(1): 6–14.
2254:. pp.
1456:PC Magazine
1073:Concept map
1039:microformat
965:folksonomic
936:inflections
734:machine tag
691:machine tag
681:Microformat
675:Triple tags
657:In research
559:open-source
529:file system
368:folksonomic
345:source code
255:tags tables
193:. Top-down
87:, database
4012:Categories
3856:Micromedia
3810:Journalism
3713:Web series
3688:Screencast
3673:Mobilecast
3588:RSS editor
3471:Geotagging
3435:Reblogging
3394:BitTorrent
3380:Technology
3225:Podcasting
3125:"Tag spam"
2778:flickr.com
2748:flickr.com
2265:1878058169
1975:aporee.org
1885:. p.
1865:documents.
1824:. p.
1820:. Boston:
1689:2017-03-11
1216:References
1063:Annotation
908:folksonomy
863:hyperlinks
803:See also:
742:geotagging
687:triple tag
679:See also:
600:(XMP), an
578:Tagsistant
517:tag clouds
483:Tag editor
481:See also:
421:Technorati
316:word index
308:tags table
264:smart tags
240:attributes
234:) such as
223:) such as
195:taxonomies
180:tag clouds
141:boundaries
85:multimedia
4043:Reference
3942:Web Slice
3800:Carnivals
3761:Spam blog
3751:Microblog
3736:Columnist
3698:Videocast
3509:Photofeed
3504:Data feed
3499:Atom feed
3459:Mechanism
3450:Trackback
3420:Permalink
3347:Political
3337:Photoblog
3272:Corporate
3102:671101543
3040:173331796
3008:CiteSeerX
2909:(2es): 1.
2852:798568503
2671:777270556
2608:: c7126.
2489:969844731
2324:"Tagging"
2252:IDG Books
2224:606841528
2141:tbray.org
2133:Bray, Tim
2119:709712928
1905:495271168
1742:148910044
1656:184906067
1579:CiteSeerX
1452:pcmag.com
1398:711041611
1380:Routledge
1354:506401195
1298:154806677
1250:799635928
1186:WordPress
1138:Semantics
1050:rel="tag"
1046:attribute
1005:separator
961:power law
900:semantics
883:knowledge
859:hyperdata
855:semantics
793:Instagram
726:Delicious
715:longitude
707:predicate
703:namespace
630:TagSpaces
551:OS X 10.9
433:web feeds
399:Delicious
364:documenta
232:semantics
191:bottom-up
58:tag cloud
4038:Metadata
3842:Software
3837:Sideblog
3820:Database
3703:Webcomic
3607:Standard
3573:Livemark
3524:Web feed
3519:RDF feed
3491:Memetics
3445:Rollback
3430:Pingback
3415:Linkback
3408:Features
3230:Vlogging
3220:Blogging
3164:10 March
3138:10 March
3048:13935265
2973:10 March
2792:10 March
2758:10 March
2727:10 March
2700:10 March
2630:31128922
2622:21159764
2579:10 March
2548:10 March
2518:10 March
2438:10 March
2403:10 March
2368:10 March
2338:10 March
2307:10 March
2274:29876799
2246:Macworld
2185:10 March
2151:10 March
2068:10 March
1985:10 March
1949:16977965
1860:34186988
1852:37109286
1803:62681953
1766:10 March
1611:18805677
1556:56905311
1511:10 March
1466:10 March
1427:10 March
1056:See also
1011:and the
1001:tokenize
997:text box
979:Spamming
940:stemming
920:synonyms
916:homonyms
888:turnover
867:ontology
851:metadata
843:web page
831:document
781:Facebook
775:such as
753:Hashtags
699:semantic
634:filename
624:used by
568:Several
563:Mac OS X
543:System 7
470:web link
462:baseball
447:Examples
437:Tim Bray
406:website
397:website
339:to tell
330:keywords
244:ontology
225:WorldCat
187:top-down
153:keywords
131:Overview
109:websites
97:metadata
4048:Web 2.0
3951:Related
3910:Hashtag
3900:AtomPub
3815:Citizen
3805:Fiction
3708:Webtoon
3440:Refback
3387:General
3367:Warblog
3357:Reverse
3352:Project
3322:Lifelog
3302:Fashion
3282:Edublog
3216:History
3110:3580366
2944:1946917
2601:The BMJ
2539:inc.com
2424:iso.org
1206:Windows
1182:Blogger
1036:rel-tag
985:YouTube
926:or the
785:Google+
777:Twitter
759:Hashtag
505:Firefox
466:tickets
425:Last.fm
417:YouTube
275:History
113:Web 2.0
62:Web 2.0
43:Hashtag
3915:NewsML
3883:Search
3878:Review
3624:Usenet
3578:Mashup
3561:Social
3552:RSS TV
3542:GeoRSS
3466:Thread
3362:Travel
3342:Police
3312:Health
3297:Family
3108:
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2256:97–100
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991:Syntax
815:, and
730:Flickr
695:syntax
513:Winamp
509:iTunes
423:, and
408:Flickr
328:, the
174:, and
149:museum
123:, and
89:record
3888:Video
3784:Media
3245:Types
3106:S2CID
3066:(PDF)
3044:S2CID
2996:(PDF)
2940:S2CID
2818:(PDF)
2626:S2CID
1945:S2CID
1856:S2CID
1799:S2CID
1607:S2CID
1552:S2CID
1434:fuss.
1234:(PDF)
1202:macOS
1165:Notes
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