201:). The parasites on the west coast are generally much larger than on the east coast. For example, the pharynx as well as the body of the parasite are distinctly larger in Oregon than in North Carolina. The reverse pattern is observed on the east coast for uterine eggs, which are larger on the west coast. In snails, there is also a higher rate of infection in female snails than in males. Research on the life history traits of the parasites have been performed with hamsters and frogs as model species.
376:). These salamanders are found mainly in streams and small rivers, and rarely seen out of the water, which could explain why they are such a popular host for the free swimming cercariae. They are only located in a couple states on the eastern side of the country, so this could also explain why this pattern is not seen on the western side.
260:
are found in the intestines of these mammals. Through the parasite's eggs in the primary host's fecal matter transmission to another host is made easy. Prosobranch snails which are found in rivers and streams are then infected with miracidia from the fecal matter from the primary hosts. It is unknown
209:
In order to understand the life cycle, biologists have used hamsters as model species. Hamsters are infected with adult parasites that are able to lay eggs inside their intestines. While hamsters are not an ideal host, the parasite still infects them and deposits brown eggs in the intestines. For the
273:
As previously stated there are different adult morphologies of the parasite depending on the part of the United States they are in. This applies to the first intermediate host as well. Considering in different parts of the country there are different species, the parasites naturally have to adapt to
235:
are larval trematode worms that form from rediae. When the snail was infected in the wild there was no sign of immature rediae. This means there was no reproduction of the parasite. When looking at the snail in captivity though, there were signs of the immature rediae. Since the snails in captivity
190:
in 1931 by E. W. Price. The parasite has a large distribution, from Oregon to North
Carolina. Adult flukes vary in host range and morphology dependent on the geographical location. This results in different life cycles, as well as intermediate hosts, across the United States. On the west coast, the
219:
can start infecting its first intermediate host in less than a month. This was followed by an experiment that was testing if warm water and different solutions would create the miracidium. Testing this might answer if and when the miracidium would form and be able to infect in different geological
210:
studies, the eggs are taken out of the hamster's intestines and put into an incubator to resemble the intestines of the hamster giving the parasites an ideal environment to grow. It only takes 23 days of incubation for the egg to hatch into a moving, ciliated miracidium.
236:
were not being exposed to the parasite there was no reinfection occurring. In conclusion this experiment shows that rediae reproduced when they were not being continually exposed. When they were being continually exposed though, rediae were not being produced.
322:
can produce free-swimming cercariae that will soon become metacercariae if it infects the Rana genus of frogs. Studies have shown that it is possible for the cercariae to infect multiple different frogs, including red-legged frogs
214:
is the stage in which the larvae are free swimming and are able to move to its first intermediate host. After continual incubation of around 4 months there was no physiological change in the miracidium, which means
355:, another species of freshwater snail, is the first intermediate host the metacercariae can not become free-swimming and therefore do not gain a second intermediate host.
901:
821:
296:. Furthermore, studies have shown that the parasite can display life cycle variations also on a smaller scale, as for instance seen in different parts of Oregon.
927:
847:
888:
808:
996:
914:
834:
707:
370:
and immediately infect the larva of stream salamanders. One of the most common secondary intermediate hosts is the black-bellied salamander (
314:
are its first intermediate host. There are a couple different situations that can arise concerning the life cycle. It is possible that the
684:
Lang Ford, Bennie R., Bruce Zelner; Gleason, Narry Neil; Ford, Bennie R. (1968). "Morphological differences between population samples of
991:
986:
953:
708:"Checklist of Amphibian Species and Identification Guide." NPWRC :: Checklist of Amphibian Species and Identification Guide"
919:
839:
490:
Price, 1931 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from
California, Washington, Oregon, and Michigan and its development in hamsters".
274:
different hosts in order to survive. In the west it has been found that the first intermediate host are freshwater snails
372:
265:
to become infected, or if the miracidia are free-swimming. This is how our first intermediate host becomes infected.
932:
852:
367:
231:
are larvae which are produced within the sporocyst of trematodes that creates more rediae or can become cercariae.
228:
227:
in the wild compared to the parasite in captivity. For this experiment snails were used as the intermediate host.
331:
981:
763:
124:
715:
422:
Belden, Lisa K.; Peterman, William E.; Smith, Stephen A.; Brooks, Lauren R.; Benfield, E. F. (2012). "
958:
795:
187:
584:
538:
465:
341:
29:
734:
826:
940:
906:
592:
457:
945:
576:
530:
447:
439:
52:
286:. While in the eastern part of the United States another species of fresh water snails (
610:
252:
975:
646:
359:
315:
246:
220:
locations. All of the trials failed leaving biologist unable to give direct answers.
167:
162:
157:
88:
76:
469:
197:
176:
628:
879:
160:. This North American parasite is found primarily in the intestines of raccoons (
325:
786:
288:
211:
182:
363:
262:
232:
153:
64:
596:
461:
873:
780:
223:
Biologists began looking at the different life cycle stages involved in
893:
813:
688:
Price 1931 (trematoda, Heterophyidae) from Oregon and North
Carolina".
588:
542:
452:
362:
does not form in the first intermediate host, but rather free swimming
509:
Lang, Bruce Z.; Gleason, L. N.; Rachford, Fred W. (1970). "Effects of
443:
40:
757:
580:
534:
318:
will immediately form within the snail it has already infected, or
244:
In the western United States the primary host are mainly raccoons (
195:), while on the east coast the intermediate host is salamanders (
351:
310:
282:
276:
800:
761:
739:
Price, 1931, Transplanted from
Infected to Uninfected Snails"
486:
Lang, BZ; Dronen Jr., NO; Rachford, FW; Gleason, LN (1974). "
426:(Heterophyidae: Digenea) infection in pleurocerid snails and
358:
In the eastern part of the United States it is believed that
662:
660:
292:) has been found to be the first intermediate host for
521:(Say) (Gastropoda: Pleuroceridae) in North Carolina".
563:
Burns, W. M.; Pratt, Ivan (1953). "The Life Cycle of
430:
salamander larvae in
Southern Appalachian streams".
863:
770:
690:Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society
517:McMullen, 1936 (Trematoda: Lecithodendriidae) on
398:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
8:
513:Price, 1931 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) and
261:if a prosobranch snail needs to ingest the
758:
735:"Changes in the Redia and Metacercaria of
666:
20:
712:Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
451:
191:intermediate host is freshwater snails (
384:
679:
677:
675:
481:
479:
558:
556:
554:
552:
417:
415:
413:
411:
180:, and freshwater snails in the genus
7:
746:Journal of Helminthological Society
567:Price (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)".
396:, a New Trematode from a Raccoon".
14:
250:) with the possibility of minks (
733:Meade, T. G.; Pratt, I. (1966).
156:, or fluke worm, in the family
997:Invertebrates of North America
1:
308:in Oregon, freshwater snails
492:Journal of Northwest Science
428:Desmognathus quadramaculatus
373:Desmognathus quadramaculatus
1013:
772:Metagonimoides oregonensis
737:Metagonimoides oregonensis
686:Metagonimoides oregonensis
615:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
565:Metagonimoides oregonensis
511:Metagonimoides oregonensis
488:Metagonimoides oregonensis
424:Metagonimoides oregonensis
394:Metagonimoides oregonensis
320:Metagonimoides oregonensis
306:Metagonimoides oregonensis
294:Metagonimoides oregonensis
258:Metagonimoides oregonensis
225:Metagonimoides oregonensis
217:Metagonimoides oregonensis
149:Metagonimoides oregonensis
134:Metagonimoides oregonensis
992:Animals described in 1931
392:Price, Emmet W. (1931). "
349:). In another case where
130:
123:
30:Scientific classification
28:
23:
300:Second intermediate host
987:Parasites of carnivores
569:Journal of Parasitology
523:Journal of Parasitology
432:Journal of Parasitology
332:Lithobates catesbeianus
269:First intermediate host
667:Meade & Pratt 1966
339:), and leopard frogs (
174:), frogs in the genus
289:Pleurocera goniobasis
515:Mosesia chordeilesia
366:are formed from the
116:M. oregonensis
617:. Merriam-Webster.
519:Goniobasis proxima
342:Lithobates pipiens
969:
968:
941:Open Tree of Life
764:Taxon identifiers
444:10.1645/ge-2986.1
256:) as well. Adult
145:
144:
1004:
962:
961:
949:
948:
936:
935:
923:
922:
910:
909:
897:
896:
884:
883:
882:
856:
855:
843:
842:
830:
829:
817:
816:
804:
803:
791:
790:
789:
759:
753:
743:
720:
719:
714:. Archived from
704:
698:
697:
681:
670:
664:
655:
654:
643:
637:
636:
625:
619:
618:
607:
601:
600:
560:
547:
546:
506:
500:
499:
483:
474:
473:
455:
419:
406:
405:
389:
337:Rana catesbeiana
172:Neovision vision
136:
21:
16:Species of fluke
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
972:
971:
970:
965:
957:
952:
944:
939:
931:
926:
918:
913:
905:
900:
892:
887:
878:
877:
872:
859:
851:
846:
838:
833:
825:
820:
812:
807:
799:
794:
785:
784:
779:
766:
756:
741:
732:
728:
723:
706:
705:
701:
683:
682:
673:
665:
658:
651:Merriam-Webster
645:
644:
640:
633:Merriam-Webster
627:
626:
622:
609:
608:
604:
581:10.2307/3274061
562:
561:
550:
535:10.2307/3277734
508:
507:
503:
485:
484:
477:
421:
420:
409:
391:
390:
386:
382:
302:
283:Juga goniobasis
271:
242:
207:
186:. It was first
141:
138:
132:
119:
105:
91:
79:
67:
55:
53:Platyhelminthes
43:
24:Metagonimoides
17:
12:
11:
5:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
974:
973:
967:
966:
964:
963:
950:
937:
924:
911:
898:
885:
869:
867:
865:Metagonimoides
861:
860:
858:
857:
844:
831:
818:
805:
792:
776:
774:
768:
767:
762:
755:
754:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:
718:on 2009-05-13.
699:
671:
656:
638:
620:
602:
548:
529:(5): 836–838.
501:
475:
438:(4): 760–767.
407:
383:
381:
378:
329:), bullfrogs (
301:
298:
270:
267:
253:Neovison vison
241:
238:
206:
203:
168:American minks
143:
142:
139:
128:
127:
121:
120:
113:
111:
107:
106:
102:Metagonimoides
99:
97:
93:
92:
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:Plagiorchiida
75:
73:
69:
68:
63:
61:
57:
56:
51:
49:
45:
44:
39:
37:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1009:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:Heterophyidae
980:
979:
977:
960:
955:
951:
947:
942:
938:
934:
929:
925:
921:
916:
912:
908:
903:
899:
895:
890:
886:
881:
875:
871:
870:
868:
866:
862:
854:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:
815:
810:
806:
802:
797:
793:
788:
782:
778:
777:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
751:
747:
740:
738:
731:
730:
725:
717:
713:
709:
703:
700:
695:
691:
687:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
652:
648:
642:
639:
634:
630:
624:
621:
616:
612:
606:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
557:
555:
553:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
502:
498:(2): 125–131.
497:
493:
489:
482:
480:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
418:
416:
414:
412:
408:
403:
399:
395:
388:
385:
379:
377:
375:
374:
369:
365:
361:
360:metacercariae
356:
354:
353:
348:
344:
343:
338:
334:
333:
328:
327:
321:
317:
316:metacercariae
313:
312:
311:Juga silicula
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
290:
285:
284:
279:
278:
277:Juga oxytrema
268:
266:
264:
259:
255:
254:
249:
248:
247:Procyon lotor
239:
237:
234:
230:
226:
221:
218:
213:
204:
202:
200:
199:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
178:
173:
169:
165:
164:
163:Procyon lotor
159:
158:Heterophyidae
155:
151:
150:
137:
135:
129:
126:
125:Binomial name
122:
118:
117:
112:
109:
108:
104:
103:
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:Heterophyidae
86:
83:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
35:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
864:
771:
749:
745:
736:
716:the original
711:
702:
693:
689:
685:
650:
641:
632:
623:
614:
611:"Miracidium"
605:
575:(1): 60–69.
572:
568:
564:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
495:
491:
487:
435:
431:
427:
423:
401:
397:
393:
387:
371:
357:
352:Juga nigrina
350:
347:Rana pipiens
346:
340:
336:
330:
324:
319:
309:
305:
303:
293:
287:
281:
275:
272:
257:
251:
245:
243:
240:Primary host
224:
222:
216:
208:
198:Desmognathus
196:
192:
181:
175:
171:
161:
148:
147:
146:
133:
131:
115:
114:
101:
100:
18:
752:(1): 35–37.
453:10919/49057
345:, formerly
335:, formerly
326:Rana aurora
304:Looking at
140:Price, 1931
976:Categories
647:"Cercaria"
404:: 405–407.
380:References
212:Miracidium
205:Life cycle
193:Goniobasis
183:Goniobasis
880:Q41002915
364:cercariae
263:miracidia
233:Cercariae
188:described
154:trematode
110:Species:
65:Trematoda
36:Kingdom:
874:Wikidata
827:10972739
787:Q3374675
781:Wikidata
597:13035585
462:22394058
84:Family:
48:Phylum:
41:Animalia
933:1183861
907:1016925
894:8130066
853:1183862
814:2505537
726:Sources
629:"Redia"
589:3274061
543:3277734
470:1000470
96:Genus:
72:Order:
60:Class:
959:725682
946:723462
801:474828
595:
587:
541:
468:
460:
368:rediae
229:Rediae
954:WoRMS
920:57148
902:IRMNG
840:57149
822:IRMNG
742:(PDF)
585:JSTOR
539:JSTOR
466:S2CID
152:is a
928:NCBI
915:ITIS
889:GBIF
848:NCBI
835:ITIS
809:GBIF
696:(2).
593:PMID
458:PMID
177:Rana
796:EoL
577:doi
531:doi
448:hdl
440:doi
280:or
166:),
978::
956::
943::
930::
917::
904::
891::
876::
850::
837::
824::
811::
798::
783::
750:33
748:.
744:.
710:.
694:84
692:.
674:^
659:^
649:.
631:.
613:.
591:.
583:.
573:39
571:.
551:^
537:.
527:56
525:.
496:48
494:.
478:^
464:.
456:.
446:.
436:98
434:.
410:^
402:21
400:.
669:.
653:.
635:.
599:.
579::
545:.
533::
472:.
450::
442::
323:(
170:(
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