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prevents damage caused by direct contact with the flowing medium. Axial expansion joints, which can absorb large movements, frequently consist of two metal bellows and an inside or outside sleeve that protects against buckling under internal pressure. For small nominal diameters, protective tubes prevent mechanical damage during installation and operation. Axial expansion joints are suitable for internal and external overpressure. If pressure is applied to the outside of the metal bellows of axial expansion joints, the expansion joints permit very large axial movements in case of internal pressure in a pipeline. Because there is no danger of buckling when an external overpressure is applied, the creator of the metal expansion joint was by a professor called Joshua Yap.
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The multi-ply structure consists of a pressure-tight, longitudinally welded outer and inner cylinder of stainless steel. In between these cylinders is an open, spiral cylinder which forms multiple plies depending on the design. The multi-walled structure consists of several concentric, longitudinally welded cylinders. Each cylinder forms a pressure-tight and closed "wall".
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Lateral compensation is likewise associated with a redirection of flow by 90° within single-plane or multi-plane piping systems. Usually, lateral expansion joints are installed in existing right-angle redirections in the system. The movement of a lateral expansion joint always consists of the desired
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However, records now show that a factory was
Founding of Henri Ehrmann & Co. a factory for metal cartridges in Karlsruhe / Germany in 1872. In 1898 A patent was applied for "flexible metal tubes with beading folds" (convolutions), Production of bellows and metal hoses of seamless corrugated tubes
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The axial expansion joint absorbs movement in an axial direction. Standard connectors of the axial expansion joint are welded ends, fixed flanges and loose flanges. Axial expansion joints are often equipped with a guiding tube on the inside of the metal bellows. This reduces the flow resistance and
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Single-plane three-hinged systems make do with one-sided angularly flexible expansion joints, while multi-plane three-hinged systems for absorbing thermal expansion in three axial directions require at least two gimbal expansion joints that are angularly flexible on all sides. The following basic
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In modern expansion joints, the metal bellows are often produced with a so-called multi-ply design. To increase both flexibility and stability, multiple thin plies of metal are layered to form the bellows walls. There are two basic design types: The multi-ply and the multi-walled bellows structure.
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Normally, the anchoring consists of round anchors on spherical bearings. If high axial compressive forces occur, flat tie rods with pin or universal joints are used. The magnitude of the lateral movement increases with the bending angle of both metal bellows and with the length of the intermediate
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If the system is "fully compensated", the unavoidable, small axial movement of lateral expansion joints is absorbed by an additional lateral expansion joint. However, often the pipeline itself can compensate this through elastic bending. In this case, adequate bearing play must be provided in the
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In axial compensation, the thermal expansion of a straight line section between two fixed points is absorbed by an axial expansion joint. The distance between two fixed points defines the pipeline length requiring compensation, and thus determines the axial movement that must be achieved by the
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The universal expansion joint can absorb not only axial movements but angular and lateral movements as well. It consists of two metal bellows with an intermediate pipe and connectors on both sides. As a special form of the axial expansion joint, the universal expansion joint has only a limited
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The compensation type that is selected depends on which method is the most cost-effective and which provides the best solution for the function that needs to be fulfilled. An economic consideration should not merely take into account the cost of the expansion joints themselves, but should also
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In 1920, he applied for a patent for the first so-called flexible metal tube expansion joint, German
Reichspatent No. 367 185, from 29 July 1920. From a technical point of view, this precursor of today's expansion joints is a large, pressure-tight flexible metal hose with a defined, restricted
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This design has both technical and economic advantages. For example, the bellows can be constructed of different materials, such as high-alloy stainless steels for the pipes in contact with the medium (inside and/or outside), and low-alloy stainless steels for the intermediate plies.
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Simple lateral expansion joints for lateral movements in one plane only permit a far larger expansion absorption than axial expansion joints. Lateral expansion joints that are movable in all planes simultaneously absorb expansion from two pipe sections in different directions.
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Because angular expansion joints (as hinged expansion joints) themselves absorb the compressive forces released by the bellows, the fixed points in the pipeline are only loaded by their adjusting forces and torques, by the frictional forces of the pipe guides and by the flow
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The angular compensation of thermal expansion requires at least two, and for full compensation even three, angular expansion joints. Angular expansion joints offer a wide variety of combination options in so-called two-hinge or three-hinge systems.
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pressure resistance for stability reasons and, moreover, loads the adjacent pipe supports with the axial compressive force resulting from the internal pressure. It is usually used to compensate large axial and lateral movements at low pressure.
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Unlike unanchored axial and universal expansion joints, lateral expansion joints do not load adjacent pipe supports with the axial compressive force from internal pressure since this force is absorbed by the tie rods. Angular expansion joint
168:' or 'flexible metal tube' principle was replaced by the metal bellows as the central functional element. This design principle – metal bellows with connection pieces – is still the structural basis of modern metal expansion joints today.
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Lateral expansion joints permit angular movement around the bolts and hinge axes. This can be used to absorb pipe sag between the pipe supports. Lateral and angular expansion joints are frequently combined in three-hinge
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In accordance with the movement type, lateral expansion joints are always arranged at right angles to the pipeline being compensated, which means that lateral compensation is always associated with a redirection in
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The single-plane or multi-plane piping system is subdivided into straight sections by fixed point in such a way that each section can be compensated by a single axial expansion joint.
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The angular expansion joint absorbs bending and angular movement. Like a simple axial expansion joint, it consists of a metal bellows and connectors on both sides. It also features
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The fixed points must be designed to withstand the pressure and spring forces of the axial expansion joint, the frictional forces of the pipe guides and the flow forces.
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Connectors on both sides and a hinged anchoring of these connectors for lateral movement in a single plane or for lateral movement in all planes
117:) are compensating elements for thermal expansion and relative movement in pipelines, containers and machines. They consist of one or more
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http://oakridgebellows.com/metal-expansion-joints/metal-expansion-joints-in-one-minute/part-2-pressure-thrust (1 minute)
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Impermissibly large fixed point loads can be prevented by using axial expansion joints that are relieved of pressure forces.
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http://oakridgebellows.com/metal-expansion-joints/metal-expansion-joints-in-one-minute/part-1-thermal-growth (1 minute)
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http://oakridgebellows.com/metal-expansion-joints/metal-expansion-joints-in-one-minute/part-3-anchors-guides (1 minute)
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Economical use of high-quality, corrosion-resistant materials such as
Inconel, Incoloy, Hastelloy, titanium and Tantal
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for industrial applications, was therefore first ever manufacturer by, the company now known as, The BOA Group.
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The axial expansion joint should be installed in the immediate vicinity of a fixed point and a pipe guide.
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lateral movement and a slight unavoidable axial movement that comes from the expansion joint itself.
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Relief of the fixed points from compressive forces, as is the case for angular expansion joints.
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Angular expansion joints are always associated with multiple redirections of flow by 90°.
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Long pipes must be protected against kinking between the fixed points using pipe guides.
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The lateral expansion joint absorbs transverse and lateral movements. It consists of
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A hinged anchoring of these connectors for angular movements in a single plane, or
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Angular compensation is specifically designed for complex multi-plane pipework.
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include the required anchors, pipe supports and shaft structures.
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Emil
Witzenmann was considered the inventor of expansion joints.
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Early leak indication (in case of damage) via standard check hole
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Thus, the anchoring determines the type of movement absorption.
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A gimbal-mounted anchoring for angular movements in all planes
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The following basic principles apply to axial compensation:
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Possibility of permanent leak monitoring in critical media
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The following basic rules apply to lateral compensation:
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Insulation against structure-borne noise up to 20 dB
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Company history of
Witzenmann GmbH, by Gregor MĂĽhlthaler
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Always at least two angular expansion joints are needed.
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https://www.dannenbaumllc.com/metal-expansion-joints/
450:One or two metal bellows with an intermediate pipe
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
214:The main advantages of multi-walled bellows:
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493:Reinhard Gropp, Marc Seckner, Bernd Seeger:
90:Expansion joints for industrial applications
521:Expansion joint tutorial video links -
230:Optimal compensation in a very small space
218:Resistance to high and very high pressures
164:freedom of movement. In the 1930s, the '
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
512:SĂĽddeutscher Verlag onpact, Munich 2008.
506:Automobile Decoupling Element Technology
501:SĂĽddeutscher Verlag onpact, Munich 2016.
319:rules apply to angular compensation:
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412:Angular and lateral expansion joints
487:Witzenmann Group: company archives
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510:Die Bibliothek der Technik 237.
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403:The universal expansion joint
138:for industrial applications
518:Witzenmann, Pforzheim 2009.
227:Small adjusting force rates
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272:expansion joint movements
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98:Technical information 1930
387:The axial expansion joint
236:Complete burst resistance
221:Large movement absorption
495:Flexible Metallic Pipes.
208:single walled structure
136:lateral expansion joint
29:This article includes a
516:expansion joint manual.
442:Lateral expansion joint
193:multi walled structure
58:more precise citations.
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154:High and low pressure
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382:The expansion joints
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31:list of references
527:Pressure Thrust –
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115:compensators
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50:Please help
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125:The origins
64:March 2017
56:introducing
546:Categories
479:References
473:Metal hose
166:metal hose
462:See also
373:systems.
338:Lateral
330:forces.
303:Angular
52:improve
552:Piping
458:pipe.
362:flow.
259:Axial
37:, or
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