1991:
parameters that are both inherently and simultaneously negative, obviating the need to employ separate means. The proposed media possess other desirable features including very wide bandwidth over which the refractive index remains negative, the ability to guide 2-D TM waves, scalability from RF to millimeter-wave frequencies and low transmission losses, as well as the potential for tunability by inserting varactors and/or switches in the unit cell. The concept has been verified with circuit and full-wave simulations. A prototype focusing device has been tested experimentally. The experimental results demonstrated focusing of an incident cylindrical wave within an octave bandwidth and over an electrically short area; suggestive of near-field focusing.
2348:). At certain frequencies Δ < 0 and Ό < 0 and n < 0. Like the DPS, the NIM has intrinsic impedance that is equal to the outside, and, therefore, is also lossless. The direction of power flow (i.e., the Poynting vector) in the first slab should be the same as that in the second one, because the power of the incident wave enters the first slab (without any reflection at the first interface), traverses the first slab, exits the second interface, enters the second slab and traverses it, and finally leaves the second slab. However, as stated earlier, the direction of power is anti-parallel to the direction of phase velocity. Therefore, the wave vector k
2066:. As a nonmagnetic conducting unit, it comprises an array of units that yield an enhanced negative effective magnetic permeability, when the frequency of the incident electromagnetic field is close to the SRR resonance frequency. The resonant frequency of the SRR depends on its shape and physical design. In addition, resonance can occur at wavelengths much larger than its size. For the further shape optimization of the elements it is expedient to use genetic and other optimization algorithms. In multi-frequency designs one may apply fractal designs such as those of Sierpensky, Koch or other fractals instead of SRRs.
2007:
equipped with lumped elements, which permit them to be compact at frequencies where the SRR cannot be compact. The flexibility gained through the use of either discrete or printed elements enables planar metamaterials to be scalable from the megahertz to the tens of gigahertz range. In addition, by utilizing varactors instead of capacitors, the effective material properties can be dynamically tuned. Furthermore, the proposed media are planar and inherently support two-dimensional (2-D) wave propagation. Therefore, these new metamaterials are well suited for RF/microwave device and circuit applications.
1870:
range. With this in mind, high pass and cutoff, periodically loaded, two-dimensional LC transmission line networks were proposed. The LC networks can be designed to support backward waves, without bulky SRR/wire structure. This was the first such proposal which veered away from bulk media for a negative refractive effect. A notable property of this type of network is that there is no reliance on resonance, Instead the ability to support backward waves defines negative refraction.
2503:
28:
1484:
1469:
435:
2163:. The operation frequency of the antenna was 3.52 GHz, which was determined by considering the geometrical parameters of SRR. An 8.32 mm length of wire was placed above the ground plane, connected to the antenna, which was one quarter of the operation wavelength. The antenna worked with a feed wavelength of 3.28 mm and feed frequency of 7.8 GHz. The SRR's resonant frequency was smaller than the monopole operation frequency.
1982:
E-plane pattern at 15 GHz showed radiation towards the backfire direction in the far-field pattern, clearly indicating the excitation of a backward wave. Since the transverse dimension of the array is electrically short, the structure is backed by a long metallic trough. The trough acts as a waveguide below cut-off and recovers the back radiation, resulting in unidirectional far-field patterns.
2622:
2195:. According to the numerical results, the antenna showed significant improvement in directivity, compared to conventional patch antennae. This was cited in 2007 for an efficient design of directive patch antennas in mobile communications using metamaterials. This design was based on the left-handed material (LHM) transmission line model, with the circuit elements L and C of the LHM
1285:, which then affects the relative permittivity and permeability of the overall microstrip line. It is introduced so that the wave impedance in the metamaterial remains unchanged. The index of refraction in the medium compensates for the dispersion effects associated with the microstrip geometry itself; making the effective refractive index of the pair that of free space.
1965:) was shown to exhibit NRI properties over a broad frequency range. This network will be referred to as a dual TL structure since it is of a high-pass configuration, as opposed to the low-pass representation of a conventional TL structure. Dual TL structures have been used to experimentally demonstrate backward-wave radiation and focusing at microwave frequencies.
2341:) is the same as that of the outside region and responding to a normally incident planar wave. The wave travels through the medium without any reflection because the DPS impedance and the outside impedance are equal. However, the plane wave at the end of DPS slab is out of phase with the plane wave at the beginning of the material.
3366:
2493:
A magnetic dipole was placed on metamaterial (slab) ground plane. The metamaterials have either constituent parameters that are both negative, or negative permittivity or negative permeability. The dispersion and radiation properties of leaky waves supported by these metamaterial slabs, respectively,
1884:
Electromagnetic waves from a point source located inside a conventional DPS can be focused inside an LHM using a planar interface of the two media. These conditions can be modeled by exciting a single node inside the DPS and observing the magnitude and phase of the voltages to ground at all points in
1759:
are often examined. Lumped circuit elements are actually microscopic elements that effectively approximate their larger component counterparts. For example, circuit capacitance and inductance can be created with split rings, which are on the scale of nanometers at optical frequencies. The distributed
2586:
The lens also functions as an input device and consists of a number of periodic unit-cells disposed along the line. The lens consists of multiple lines of the same make up; a plurality of periodic unit-cells. The periodic unit-cells are constructed of a plurality of electrical components; capacitors
2142:
parameters were R = 3.6 mm, r = 2.5 mm, w = 0.2 mm, t = 0.9 mm. R and r are used in annular parameters, w is the spacing between the rings and t = the width of the outer ring. The material had a thickness of 1.6 mm. Permittivity was 3.85 at 4 GHz. The SRR was fabricated
2002:
According to some researchers SRR/wire-configured metamaterials are bulky 3-D constructions that are difficult to adapt for RF/microwave device and circuit applications. These structures can achieve a negative index of refraction only within a narrow bandwidth. When applied to wireless devices at RF
1869:
loaded with capacitive and inductive elements in a high-pass configuration support certain types of backward waves. In addition, planar transmission lines are a natural match for 2-D wave propagation. With lumped circuit elements they retain a compact configuration and can still support the lower RF
1296:
Combining left-handed segments with a conventional (right-handed) transmission line results in advantages over conventional designs. Left-handed transmission lines are essentially a high-pass filter with phase advance. Conversely, right-handed transmission lines are a low-pass filter with phase lag.
390:
system could be produced. By stacking slabs of this configuration, the phase compensation (beam translation effects) would occur throughout the entire system. Furthermore, by changing the index of any of the DPS-DNG pairs, the speed at which the beam enters the front face, and exits the back face of
2428:
The phase compensator described above can be used to conceptualize the possibility of designing a compact 1-D cavity resonator. The above two-layer structure is applied as two perfect reflectors, or in other words, two perfect conducting plates. Conceptually, what is constrained in the resonator is
1896:
A transmission line that has lumped circuit elements that synthesize a left-handed medium is referred to as a "dual transmission line" as compared to "conventional transmission line". The dual transmission line structure can be implemented in practice by loading a host transmission line with lumped
2325:
The real component values for negative permittivity and permeability results in real component values for negative refraction n. In a lossless medium, all that would exist are real values. This concept can be used to map out phase compensation when a conventional lossless material, DPS, is matched
1981:
used one-dimensional LC loaded transmission line network, which supports fast backward-wave propagation to demonstrate characteristics analogous to "reversed
Cherenkov radiation". Their proposed backward-wave radiating structure was inspired by negative refractive index LC materials. The simulated
2274:
At the interface between two media, the concept of the continuity of the tangential electric and magnetic field components can be applied. If either the permeability or permittivity of two media has opposite signs then the normal components of the tangential field, on both sides of the interface,
2045:
An antenna creates sufficiently strong electromagnetic fields at large distances. Reciprocally, it is sensitive to the electromagnetic fields impressed upon it externally. The actual coupling between a transmitting and receiving antenna is so small that amplifier circuits are required at both the
1892:
When transverse electromagnetic propagation occurs with a transmission line medium, the analogy for permittivity and permeability is Δ = L, and Ό = C. This analogy was developed with positive values for these parameters. The next logic step was realizing that negative values could be achieved. In
1261:
or microwave signals propagating along them would significantly decrease distortion. Therefore, components for attenuating distortion become less critical, and could lead to simplification of many systems. Metamaterials can eliminate dispersion along the microstrip by correcting for the frequency
2219:
This configuration uses a flat aperture constructed of zero-index metamaterial. This has advantages over ordinary (conventional) curved lenses, which results in a much improved directivity. These investigations have provided capabilities for the miniaturization of microwave source and non-source
2130:
and tunable operational frequency are produced with negative magnetic permeability. When combining a right-handed material (RHM) with a
Veselago-left-handed material (LHM) other novel properties are obtained. A single negative material resonator, obtained with an SRR, can produce an electrically
2105:
The reactive power indicates that the DNG shell acts as a natural matching network for the dipole. The DNG material matches the intrinsic reactance of this antenna system to free space, hence the impedance of DNG material matches free space. It provides a natural matching circuit to the antenna.
1888:
Negative refraction and focusing can be accomplished without employing resonances or directly synthesizing the permittivity and permeability. In addition, this media can be practically fabricated by appropriately loading a host transmission line medium. Furthermore, the resulting planar topology
2006:
The proposed structures go beyond the wire/SRR composites in that they do not rely on SRRs to synthesize the material parameters, thus leading to dramatically increased operating bandwidths. Moreover, their unit cells are connected through a transmission-line network and they may, therefore, be
2166:
The monopole-SRR antenna operated efficiently at (λ/10) using the SRR-wire configuration. It demonstrated good coupling efficiency and sufficient radiation efficiency. Its operation was comparable to a conventional antenna at λ/2, which is a conventional antenna size for efficient coupling and
2010:
In the long-wavelength regime, the permittivity and permeability of conventional materials can be artificially synthesized using periodic LC networks arranged in a low-pass configuration. In the dual (high-pass) configuration, these equivalent material parameters assume simultaneously negative
1784:
limit, narrowband and broadband phase-shifting lines, small antennas, low-profile antennas, antenna feed networks, novel power architectures, and high-directivity couplers. Loading a planar metamaterial network of TLs with series capacitors and shunt inductors produces higher performance. This
2041:
is created in the elements by applying a voltage at the antenna terminals, causing the elements to radiate an electromagnetic field. In reception, the reverse occurs: an electromagnetic field from another source induces an alternating current in the elements and a corresponding voltage at the
1990:
Planar media can be implemented with an effective negative refractive index. The underlying concept is based on appropriately loading a printed network of transmission lines periodically with inductors and capacitors. This technique results in effective permittivity and permeability material
2270:
interact as a result of opposing permittivity and / or permeability values that are either ordinary (positive) or extraordinary (negative), notable anomalous behaviors may occur. The pair would be a DNG metamaterial (layer), paired with a DPS, ENG or MNG layer. Wave propagation behavior and
2053:
Dipole antennas, short antennas, parabolic and other reflector antennas, horn antennas, periscope antennas, helical antennas, spiral antennas, surface-wave and leaky wave antennas. Leaky wave antennas include dielectric and dielectric loaded antennas, and the variety of microstrip antennas.
2612:
This structure was designed for use in waveguiding or scattering of waves. It employs two adjacent layers. The first layer is an epsilon-negative (ENG) material or a mu-negative (MNG) material. The second layer is either a double-positive (DPS) material or a double-negative (DNG) material.
182:
This configuration analytically and numerically appears to produce an order of magnitude increase in power. At the same time, the reactance appears to offer a corresponding decrease. Furthermore, the DNG shell becomes a natural impedance matching network for this system.
89:
reflect most of the signal back to the source. A metamaterial antenna behaves as if it were much larger than its actual size, because its novel structure stores and re-radiates energy. Established lithography techniques can be used to print metamaterial elements on a
2275:
will be discontinuous at the boundary. This implies a concentrated resonant phenomenon at the interface. This appears to be similar to the current and voltage distributions at the junction between an inductor and capacitor, at the resonance of an L-C circuit. This "
2594:
The metamaterial incorporates a conducting transmission element, a substrate comprising at least a first ground plane for grounding the transmission element, a plurality of unit-cell circuits composed periodically along the transmission element and at least one
178:
The earliest research in metamaterial antennas was an analytical study of a miniature dipole antenna surrounded with a metamaterial. This material is known variously as a negative index metamaterial (NIM) or double negative metamaterial (DNG) among other names.
158:, thus making better use of available space for space-constrained cases. In these instances, miniature antennas with high gain are significantly relevant because the radiating elements are combined into large antenna arrays. Furthermore, metamaterials' negative
2603:
to at least the first ground plane. It also includes a means for suspending this transmission element a predetermined distance from the substrate in a way such that the transmission element is located at a second predetermined distance from the ground plane.
1968:
As a negative refractive index medium, a dual TL structure is not simply a phase compensator. It can enhance the amplitude of evanescent waves, as well as correct the phase of propagating waves. Evanescent waves actually grow within the dual TL structure.
2049:
The required antenna for any given application is dependent on the bandwidth employed, and range (power) requirements. In the microwave to millimeter-wave range â wavelengths from a few meters to millimeters â the following antennas are usually employed:
2455:. Therefore, in principle, one can have a thin subwavelength cavity resonator for a given frequency, if at this frequency the second layer acts a metamaterial with negative permittivity and permeability and the ratio correlates to the correct values.
1569:
From the simplified schematics to the right it can be seen that total impedance, conductance, reactance (capacitance and inductance) and the transmission medium (transmission line) can be represented by single components that give the overall value.
1357:
is just above zero. The relevant parameter is often the contrast between the permittivities rather than the overall permittivity value at desired frequencies. This occurs because the equivalent (effective) permittivity has a behavior governed by a
2377:, then the total phase difference between the front and back faces is zero. This demonstrates how the NIM slab at chosen frequencies acts as a phase compensator. It is important to note that this phase compensation process is only on the ratio of
2170:
When the SRR is made part of this configuration, characteristics such as the antenna's radiation pattern are entirely changed in comparison to a conventional monopole antenna. With modifications to the SRR structure the antenna size could reach
236:
Besides antenna miniaturization, the novel configurations have potential applications ranging from radio frequency devices to optical devices. Other combinations, for other devices in metamaterial antenna subsystems are being researched. Either
5219:
With the increasing proliferation of wireless devices inside and out of the home and workplace there are concerns over how interference from the external electromagnetic environment can cause problems for the connectivity of devices in the
2635:
Metamaterials can reduce interference across multiple devices with smaller and simpler shielding. While conventional absorbers can be three inches thick, metamaterials can be in the millimeter range—2 mm (0.078 in) thick.
2583:(MMIC), among other benefits. A transmission line is created with photolithography. A metamaterial lens, consisting of a thin wire array focuses the transmitted or received signals between the line and the emitter / receiver elements.
1300:
The conventional Leaky Wave antenna has had limited commercial success because it lacks complete backfire-to-endfire frequency scanning capability. The CRLH allowed complete backfire-to-endfire frequency scanning, including broadside.
227:
range by using both the forward and backward waves in leaky wave antennas. Various metamaterial antenna systems can be employed to support surveillance sensors, communication links, navigation systems and command and control systems.
1861:
In 2002, rather than using SRR-wire configuration, or other 3-D media, researchers looked at planar configurations that supported backward wave propagation, thus demonstrating negative refractive index and focusing as a consequence.
2575:
transmission lines by suspending them above the ground plane at a predetermined distance. In other words, they are not in contact with a solid substrate. Dielectric signal loss is reduced significantly, reducing signal attenuation.
2471:
LC circuitry configurations. Using FSS in a cavity allows for miniaturization, decrease of the resonant frequency, lowers the cut-off frequency and smooth transition from a fast-wave to a slow-wave in a waveguide configuration.
1952:
allowed the material properties to be dynamically tuned. The proposed media are planar and inherently support two-dimensional (2-D) wave propagation, making them well-suited for RF/microwave device and circuit applications.
1816:< 1), which restores the decaying evanescent waves from the source. This results in a diffraction-limited resolution of λ/6, after some small losses. This compares with λ/2, the normal diffraction limit for conventional
1893:
order to synthesize a left-handed medium (Δ < 0 and Ό < 0) the series reactance and shunt susceptibility should become negative, because the material parameters are directly proportional to these circuit quantities.
1800:, this allows for a more efficient coupling to external radiation and enables a broader frequency band. For example, the superlens can be applied to the TLM architecture. In conventional lenses, imaging is limited by the
1939:
elements, which permit them to be compact at frequencies where an SRR cannot be compact. The flexibility gained through the use of either discrete or printed elements enables planar metamaterials to be scalable from the
2287:
The geometry consists of two parallel plates as perfect conductors (PEC), an idealized structure, filled by two stacked planar slabs of homogeneous and isotropic materials with their respective constitutive parameters
2042:
antenna's terminals. Some receiving antennas (such as parabolic and horn types) incorporate shaped reflective surfaces to collect EM waves from free space and direct or focus them onto the actual conductive elements.
151:, with efficient power and acceptable bandwidth. Antennas employing metamaterials offer the possibility of overcoming restrictive efficiency-bandwidth limitations for conventionally constructed, miniature antennas.
344:
Although some SRR inefficiencies were identified, they continued to be employed as of 2009 for research. SRRs have been involved in wide-ranging metamaterial research, including research on metamaterial antennas.
5115:
Baccarelli, Paolo; Burghignoli, P.; Frezza, F.; Galli, A.; Lampariello, P.; Lovat, G.; Paulotto, S. (2005-01-17). "Effects of Leaky-Wave
Propagation in Metamaterial Grounded Slabs Excited by a Dipole Source".
2416:
can be any value, as long as this ratio satisfies the above condition. Finally, even though this two-layer structure is present, the wave traversing this structure would not experience the phase difference.
2781:
Slyusar V. I. 60 Years of
Electrically Small Antennas Theory.//Proceedings of the 6-th International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 17â21 September 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine. - Pp. 116 - 118.
2312:. Choosing which combination of parameters to employ involves pairing DPS and DNG or ENG and MNG materials. As mentioned previously, this is one pair of oppositely-signed constitutive parameters, combined.
2458:
The cavity can conceptually be thin while still resonant, as long as the ratio of thicknesses is satisfied. This can, in principle, provide possibility for subwavelength, thin, compact cavity resonators.
1873:
The principles behind focusing are derived from
Veselago and Pendry. Combining a conventional, flat, (planar) DPS slab, M-1, with a left-handed medium, M-2, a propagating electromagnetic wave with a
144:, for instance, an antenna would need to be half a meter long. In contrast, experimental metamaterial antennas are as small as one-fiftieth of a wavelength, and could have further decreases in size.
2548:
applications. In general phased array systems work by coherently reassembling signals over the entire array by using circuit elements to compensate for relative phase differences and time delays.
1421:= 0.1 eV. Perhaps the most important result of the interaction of metal and the plasma frequency is that permittivity is negative below the plasma frequency, all the way to the minute value of
2356:. Furthermore, whatever phase difference is developed by traversing the first slab can be decreased and even cancelled by traversing the second slab. If the ratio of the two thicknesses is
3782:
Ziolkowski, Richard W. and; Ching-Ying Cheng (2004-01-07). "Tailoring double negative metamaterial responses to achieve anomalous propagation effects along microstrip transmission lines".
383:
through the second slab the phase difference is significantly decreased and even compensated for. Therefore, as the wave exits the second slab the total phase difference is equal to zero.
1841:
A metamaterial-loaded transmission line has significant advantages over conventional or standard delay transmission lines. It is more compact in size, it can achieve positive or negative
4765:
1853:, leading to shorter group delays. It can work in lower frequency because of high series distributed-capacitors and has smaller plane dimensions than its equivalent coplanar structure.
4208:
992:
2090:
antennas can be notably increased. This could be accomplished by surrounding an antenna with a shell of double negative (DNG) material. When the electric dipole is embedded in a
1406:, independent of the wave vector of the EM excitation (radiation) field. Furthermore, a minute-fractionally small amount of plasmon energy is absorbed into the system denoted as
1877:
k1 in M-1, results in a refracted wave with a wave vector k2 in M-2. Since, M-2 supports backward wave propagation k2 is refracted to the opposite side of the normal, while the
3784:
3728:
2762:
965:
3046:
1881:
of M-2 is anti-parallel with k2. Under such conditions, power is refracted through an effectively negative angle, which implies an effectively negative index of refraction.
3316:
Slyusar V.I. Metamaterials on antenna solutions.// 7th
International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques ICATTâ09, Lviv, Ukraine, October 6â9, 2009. - Pp. 19 - 24
1897:
series capacitors (C) and shunt inductors (L). In this periodic structure, the loading is strong such that the lumped elements dominate the propagation characteristics.
1366:. Methods that have been developed theoretically using dielectric photonic crystals applied in the microwave domain to realize a directive emitter using metallic grids.
977:
5235:
Ziolkowski, R. W.; Lin, Chia-Ching; Nielsen, Jean A.; Tanielian, Minas H.; Holloway, Christopher L. (AugustâSeptember 2009). "Design and
Experimental Verification of".
4264:
4495:
Hsu, Yi-Jang; Huang, Yen-Chun; Lih, Jiann-Shing; Chern, Jyh-Long (2004). "Electromagnetic resonance in deformed split ring resonators of left-handed meta-materials".
1736:
360:
due to their negative index of refraction. This is accomplished by combining a slab of conventional lossless DPS material with a slab of lossless DNG metamaterial.
2203:
to determine the L and C values of the LHM equivalent circuit model for desirable characteristics of directive patch antennas. Design examples derived from actual
5237:
4049:
3054:
3022:
2564:
are reduced in size. This equates to a reduction in radiated energy loss, and a relatively wider useful bandwidth. The system is an efficient, dynamically ranged
32:
1546:
technology and is used to convey microwave-frequency signals. It consists of a conducting strip separated from a ground plane by a dielectric layer known as the
3395:
2864:
2251:
equipment. The desired affect is accomplished by varying the pattern of activated metamaterial elements as needed. The technology is a practical application of
1710:
1684:
1658:
1632:
1606:
1253:
of the signals' wave components, as they propagate in the DNG medium. Hence, stacked DNG metamaterials could be useful for modifying signal propagation along a
4787:
4702:
WU, Q.; Pan, P.; Meng, F.-Y.; Li, L.-W.; Wu, J. (2007-01-31). "A novel flat lens horn antenna designed based on zero refraction principle of metamaterials".
113:
2279:" is essentially independent of the total thickness of the paired layers, because it occurs along the discontinuity between two such conjugate materials.
3187:
Proceedings of the 3rd
International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics, London, UK, August 30th-September 4th, 2009
1909:, as with wireless devices, requires the resonators to be scaled to larger dimensions. This worked against making the devices more compact. In contrast,
1228:
997:
1830:
Metamaterials were first used for antenna technology around 2005. This type of antenna used the established capability of SNGs to couple with external
1288:
Part of the design strategy is that the effective permittivity and permeability of such a metamaterial should be negative â requiring a DNG material.
1007:
2671:
1451:
are focused into a narrow cone. Dimensions are small in comparison to the wavelength and thus the slab behaves as a homogeneous material with a low
1277:
creating a dispersion-compensating segment of transmission line. This could be accomplished by introducing a metamaterial with a specific localized
4746:
2580:
1563:
4612:
Wang, Rui; Yuan, Bo; Wang, Gaofeng; Yi, Fan (2007). "Efficient Design of
Directive Patch Antennas in Mobile Communications Using Metamaterials".
3921:
348:
A more recent view is that by using SRRs as building blocks, the electromagnetic response and associated flexibility is practical and desirable.
4773:
4369:"Experimental and theoretical verification of focusing in a large, periodically loaded transmission line negative refractive index metamaterial"
3598:"Experimental and theoretical verification of focusing in a large, periodically loaded transmission line negative refractive index metamaterial"
97:
These novel antennas aid applications such as portable interaction with satellites, wide angle beam steering, emergency communications devices,
5328:
832:
224:
4588:
4434:
4287:
4000:
3563:
3350:
3194:
2984:
2098:
without the interaction of the DNG material. In addition, the dipole-DNG shell combination increases the real power radiated by more than an
847:
469:
4239:
1994:
RF/microwave devices can be implemented based on these proposed media for applications in wireless communications, surveillance and radars.
2480:
As an LHM application four different cavities operating in the microwave regime were fabricated and experimentally observed and described.
1436:
3014:
2046:
transmitting and receiving stations. Antennas are usually created by modifying ordinary circuitry into transmission line configurations.
1823:
By combining right-handed (RHM) with left-handed materials (LHM) as a composite material (CRLH) construction, both a backward to forward
5290:
4826:
3182:
3657:
1402:
is a composite material. The effect of plasmons on any metal sample is to create properties in the metal such that it can behave as a
4960:"Guided Modes in a Waveguide Filled With a Pair of Single-Negative (SNG), Double-Negative (DNG), and/or Double-Positive (DPS) Layers"
1751:
Often, because of the goal that moves physical metamaterial inclusions (or cells) to smaller sizes, discussion and implementation of
727:
3128:
2102:
over a free space antenna. A notable decrease in the reactance of the dipole antenna corresponds to the increase in radiated power.
1504:
459:
3210:
1313:, found in metamaterial antenna systems, is used as an efficient coupler to external radiation, focusing radiation along or from a
1257:. At the same time, dispersion leads to distortion. However, if the dispersion could be compensated for along the microstrip line,
2167:
radiation. Therefore, the monopole-SRR antenna becomes an acceptable electrically small antenna at the SRR's resonance frequency.
3183:"Metamaterial-inspired electrically small radiators: it is time to draw preliminary conclusions and depict the future challenges"
4041:
642:
3831:
4301:
1221:
987:
464:
204:
70:
into free space. However, this class of antenna incorporates metamaterials, which are materials engineered with novel, often
1885:
the LHM. A focusing effect should manifest itself as a âspotâ distribution of voltage at a predictable location in the LHM.
4155:
1776:
Some noted metamaterial antennas employ negative-refractive-index transmission-line metamaterials (NRI-TLM). These include
4811:
2003:
frequencies the split ring-resonators have to be scaled to larger dimensions, which, in turn forces a larger device size.
1786:
1002:
707:
5203:
2676:
2651:
2075:
867:
857:
842:
607:
474:
238:
4656:
907:
597:
5012:
4959:
4899:
4847:
3848:
3723:
3154:
2588:
1512:
1160:
1035:
932:
4424:
3249:
3223:
1385:. The lattice constant or lattice parameter refers to the constant distance between unit cells in a crystal lattice.
827:
4795:
2026:
660:
59:
4900:"An Idea for Thin Subwavelength Cavity Resonators Using Metamaterials With Negative Permittivity and Permeability"
3403:
2556:
Patented in 2004, one phased array antenna system is useful in automotive radar applications. By using NIMs as a
2544:
Phased array systems and antennas for use in such systems are well known in areas such as telecommunications and
1921:
1761:
1756:
1214:
1175:
702:
692:
632:
627:
567:
321:
In 2002, a different class of negative refractive index (NRI) metamaterials was introduced that employs periodic
163:
3459:
Shelby, R. A.; Smith, D. R.; Schultz, S. (2001). "Experimental
Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction".
2802:
2613:
Alternatively, the second layer can be an ENG material when the first layer is an MNG material or the reverse.
1838:
allowed for a wavelength larger than the antenna. At microwave frequencies this allowed for a smaller antenna.
1578:
1145:
1025:
712:
2243:
and motors are replaced by arrays of metamaterials in a planar configuration. Also, with this new technology
3665:
3536:
2859:
2681:
1150:
1120:
552:
542:
537:
368:
257:, waveguides, scatters and antennas (radiators). Metamaterial antennas were commercially available by 2009.
1362:
in the microwave domain. This low optical index material then is a good candidate for extremely convergent
5333:
5254:
5186:; AlĂč, Andrea "Waveguides and scattering devices incorporating epsilon-negative and/or mu-negative slabs"
4467:
4326:
4021:
3884:
3476:
3272:
2757:
2686:
2646:
2030:
1661:
972:
742:
517:
140:. Standard antennas need to be at least half the size of the signal wavelength to operate efficiently. At
109:
5296:
4102:
1889:
permits LHM structures to be readily integrated with conventional planar microwave circuits and devices.
1585:
as closely as possible, because it is usually desirable that the load absorbs as much power as possible.
341:
interfaced with a positive index, parallel-plate waveguide. This was experimentally verified soon after.
3250:"Application of Double Negative Materials to Increase the Power Radiated by Electrically Small Antennas"
3042:
2721:
2716:
2701:
2696:
2666:
2252:
2208:
2135:
2091:
1929:
1609:
1543:
1448:
1282:
1070:
757:
747:
697:
687:
434:
284:
212:
91:
1428:
These facts ultimately result in the arrayed wire structure as being effectively a homogeneous medium.
5302:
3961:
1935:
Moreover, their unit cells are connected through a transmission-line network and may be equipped with
5246:
5125:
5071:
5024:
4971:
4911:
4859:
4711:
4668:
4621:
4543:
4504:
4459:
4380:
4341:
4223:
4170:
4117:
3937:
3793:
3737:
3674:
3614:
3468:
3264:
3063:
2928:
2873:
2818:
2706:
2626:
2115:
2034:
1765:
1752:
1508:
1473:
1432:
1195:
1095:
1060:
812:
677:
577:
562:
497:
322:
303:
299:
253:
slabs are employed in the subsystems. Antenna subsystems that are currently being researched include
5259:
4472:
4103:"Experimental verification of backward-wave radiation from a negative refractive index metamaterial"
3481:
3367:"NETGEAR Ships 'The Ultimate Networking Machine' for Gamers, Media Enthusiasts and Small Businesses"
3277:
2502:
1817:
602:
4530:
Aydin, Koray; Bulu, Irfan; Guven, Kaan; Kafesaki, Maria; Soukoulis, Costas M; Ozbay, Ekmel (2005).
2913:
2726:
2600:
2038:
1555:
1500:
1496:
1274:
1242:
1155:
1135:
1130:
937:
922:
807:
777:
672:
364:
334:
330:
75:
4571:
Fangming Zhu; Qingchun Lin; Jun Hu (2005). "A Directive Patch Antenna with a Metamaterial Cover".
2258:
Research and applications of metamaterial based antennas. Related components are also researched.
283:"), and that a periodic array of copper split ring resonators could produce an effective negative
5272:
5141:
5040:
4987:
4927:
4848:"Pairing an epsilon-negative slab with a mu-negative slab: Resonance, tunneling and transparency"
4727:
4684:
4637:
4594:
4293:
4066:
3809:
3753:
3569:
3502:
3079:
2954:
2731:
2565:
2267:
2196:
2188:
2123:
2099:
1917:
1805:
1551:
1030:
770:
572:
532:
4532:"Investigation of magnetic resonances for different split-ring resonator parameters and designs"
4450:
Pendry, J.B.; et al. (1999). "Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena".
2337:
has Δ < 0 and Ό < 0. Assume that the intrinsic impedance of the DPS dielectric material (d
398:
Furthermore, this phase compensation can lead to a set of applications, which are miniaturized,
375:
is radiated on this configuration. As this wave propagates through the first slab of material a
27:
3540:
3425:
3221:
Proceedings of the Virtual Institute for Artificial Electromagnetic Materials and Metamaterials
3026:
1439:
of an electromagnetic radiation source located inside the material in order to collect all the
5097:
4584:
4430:
4398:
4283:
3996:
3986:
3953:
3658:"Hybrid metamaterials enable fast electrical modulation of freely propagating terahertz waves"
3632:
3559:
3494:
3346:
3190:
2834:
2596:
2231:(M-SAT) is an invention that uses metamaterials to direct and maintain a consistent broadband
1866:
1801:
1797:
1739:
1559:
1492:
1476:
1393:
1310:
1246:
1090:
407:
392:
326:
148:
2271:
properties may occur that would otherwise not happen if only DNG layers are paired together.
1721:
5264:
5133:
5089:
5079:
5032:
4979:
4919:
4867:
4823:
4719:
4676:
4629:
4576:
4551:
4512:
4477:
4388:
4349:
4275:
4231:
4178:
4125:
4058:
3992:
3945:
3929:
3801:
3745:
3682:
3622:
3551:
3486:
3282:
3200:
3071:
2993:
2944:
2936:
2881:
2826:
2810:
2691:
2152:
2083:
1809:
1452:
1382:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1322:
1190:
1105:
1065:
1055:
942:
897:
880:
797:
732:
502:
426:
403:
380:
307:
159:
1483:
1468:
4830:
3835:
3690:
3597:
3227:
3214:
2232:
2119:
2079:
2020:
1906:
1878:
1374:
1370:
1317:
transmission line into transmitting and receiving components. Hence, it can be used as an
1258:
1125:
1050:
1045:
912:
787:
752:
647:
612:
512:
216:
196:
155:
136:
of an antenna. The newest metamaterial antennas radiate as much as 95 percent of an input
133:
79:
63:
51:
4327:"Planar negative refractive index media using periodically L-C loaded transmission lines"
4156:"Planar Negative Refractive Index Media Using Periodically LâC Loaded Transmission Lines"
3342:
3135:
1165:
5303:
Microwave transmission-line networks for backward-wave media and reduction of scattering
5250:
5129:
5075:
5028:
4975:
4915:
4863:
4715:
4672:
4625:
4547:
4508:
4463:
4384:
4345:
4227:
4174:
4121:
3941:
3797:
3741:
3678:
3618:
3472:
3268:
3207:
3129:"Analysis and Design of a Cylindrical EBG based directive antenna, Halim Boutayeb et al"
3067:
2932:
2877:
2822:
5312:
3605:
2557:
1936:
1846:
1713:
1695:
1669:
1643:
1617:
1591:
1444:
1085:
1080:
902:
792:
717:
667:
617:
590:
547:
522:
492:
485:
4272:
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37313)
5322:
5183:
4955:
4951:
4731:
4641:
4297:
4074:
3719:
3436:
2244:
2184:
2156:
1777:
1528:
1520:
1245:
as a transmission medium, it could be useful as a dispersion compensation device for
1200:
1185:
1170:
1110:
822:
737:
722:
637:
622:
527:
399:
376:
357:
55:
17:
5145:
5044:
4931:
4598:
4556:
4531:
4070:
3813:
3757:
3573:
3317:
2062:
The SRR was introduced by Pendry in 1999, and is one of the most common elements of
391:
the entire stack-system changes. In this manner, a volumetric, low loss, time delay
219:
efficiency and axial ratio performance of low-profile antennas located close to the
5276:
5170:
4688:
3849:"Emerging Metamaterials Antennas and their advantages over conventional approaches"
3827:
3506:
3083:
2958:
2661:
2248:
2063:
1925:
1910:
1378:
1318:
1278:
1266:
1180:
1075:
1040:
982:
917:
802:
682:
557:
276:
250:
246:
242:
220:
208:
192:
137:
40:
5315:
Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management. 2011.
4991:
2830:
2094:
DNG medium, the antenna acts inductively rather than capacitively, as it would in
1297:
This configuration is designated composite right/left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial.
837:
3336:
2862:(2003-10-14). "Periodically LTL With Effective NRI and Negative Group Velocity".
1845:
while occupying the same short physical length and it exhibits a linear, flatter
78:. Antenna designs incorporating metamaterials can step-up the antenna's radiated
5297:
The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of Δ and Ό
4788:"Kymeta spins out from Intellectual Ventures after closing $ 12 million funding"
3949:
3917:
3045:; Jin, Peng; Nielsen, J. A.; Tanielian, M. H.; Holloway, Christopher L. (2009).
2621:
2220:
devices, circuits, antennas and the improvement of electromagnetic performance.
2192:
2139:
2127:
1874:
1842:
1781:
1687:
1250:
1100:
952:
782:
444:
387:
337:(DPS) material with negative index material (DNG). It employed a small, planar,
71:
4824:
AFRL-Demonstrated Metamaterials Technology Transforms Antenna Radiation Pattern
4209:"Growing evanescent waves in negative-refractive-index transmission-line media"
3555:
43:, greatly boosting the radiated signal. The square is 30 millimeters on a side.
5268:
5188:
4800:
Company to commercialize IV's metamaterials-based satellite antenna technology
4723:
4633:
4580:
3075:
2783:
2572:
2506:
2175:). Coupling 2, 3, and 4 SRRs side by side slightly shifts radiation patterns.
2095:
1635:
1539:
1532:
1403:
1314:
1270:
1254:
817:
372:
86:
36:
5137:
5036:
4983:
4923:
4353:
4279:
4182:
4062:
3805:
3749:
3103:
2011:
values, and may therefore be used to synthesize a negative refractive index.
1957:
Growing evanescent waves in negative-refractive-index transmission-line media
1487:
Schematic representation of the elementary components of a transmission line.
1269:-loaded transmission line that can be introduced with the original length of
371:-matched to the outside region (e.g., free space). The desired monochromatic
275:
array of intersecting, thin wires could be used to create negative values of
4871:
4680:
3548:
2002 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (Cat. No.02CH37278)
3490:
3286:
2978:
Wu, B.-I.; W. Wang; J. Pacheco; X. Chen; T. Grzegorczyk; J. A. Kong (2005).
2885:
2711:
2529:) spiral inductor delay lines to 401. 404 are also connected to ground vias
2236:
2204:
2160:
1945:
1941:
1850:
1831:
1793:
1524:
1363:
1140:
1115:
927:
852:
449:
338:
315:
311:
272:
254:
200:
167:
141:
121:
5101:
4657:"Subwavelength, Compact, Resonant Patch Antennas Loaded With Metamaterials"
4402:
3957:
3888:
3859:
3636:
3498:
3158:
3146:
2940:
2838:
2801:
Enoch, Stefan; Tayeb, G; Sabouroux, P; Guérin, N; Vincent, P (2002-11-04).
5293:
Demonstrated metamaterials technology transforms antenna radiation pattern
3858:. Electromagnetic Theory Symposium 2007 (EMTS 2007): 01â03. Archived from
3220:
3038:
Some content is derived from Public Domain material on the NIST web site.
1573:
With transmission line media it is important to match the load impedance Z
5084:
5060:"Experimental observation of cavity formation in composite metamaterials"
5059:
4393:
4368:
4265:"A backward-wave antenna based on negative refractive index L-C networks"
3627:
2998:
2979:
2561:
2517:
represents unit-cell circuits composed periodically along the microstrip.
1949:
1835:
892:
887:
507:
2266:
When the interface between a pair of materials that function as optical
2126:
over a comparable free space antenna. Electrically small antennas, high
35:
is smaller than a standard antenna with comparable properties. Its high
5093:
4042:"Characteristics of the Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Lines"
2949:
2914:"Radiation properties of a split ring resonator and monopole composite"
2629:
2200:
2159:, ground plane and radiating components. The ground plane material was
1389:
862:
5307:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5155:
4655:
Alu, Andrea; Bilotti, Filiberto; Engheta, Nader; Vegni, Lucio (2007).
4516:
4481:
4235:
4129:
3686:
2980:"A Study of Using Metamaterials as Antenna Substrate to Enhance Gain"
2656:
2538:
2420:
Following this, the next step is the subwavelength cavity resonator.
2240:
2148:
2087:
1913:
configurations could be scaled to both microwave and RF frequencies.
1440:
947:
454:
265:
132:
Antenna designs incorporating metamaterials can step-up the radiated
98:
67:
4154:
Eleftheriades, George V.; Iyer, A.K.; Kremer, P.C. (December 2002).
3596:
Iyer, Ashwin K.; Kremer, Peter; Eleftheriades, George (2003-04-07).
2255:
theory. The antenna is approximately the size of a laptop computer.
4766:"Intellectual Ventures Invents Beam-Steering Metamaterials Antenna"
3447:
LG Chocolate BL40 is first cellphone to use a metamaterials antenna
2211:
were performed, which illustrates the efficiency of this approach.
2138:
rings with relative opposite gaps in the inner and outer ring. Its
2131:
small antenna when operating at microwave frequencies, as follows:
66:. Their purpose, as with any electromagnetic antenna, is to launch
2620:
2545:
2144:
1824:
1482:
1467:
1334:
102:
26:
154:
Metamaterials permit smaller antenna elements that cover a wider
39:
is derived from the "Z element" inside the square that acts as a
1516:
1346:
1338:
367:, while the DNG has a negative refractive index. Both slabs are
2424:
Compact subwavelength 1-D cavity resonators using metamaterials
5058:
Caglayan, Humeyra; Bulu, I; Loncar, M; Ozbay, E (2008-07-21).
4747:"Bill Gates Invests In Intellectual Ventures' Spin-Out Kymeta"
3541:"Negative refractive index metamaterials supporting 2-D waves"
3370:(...eight ultra-sensitive, internal, metamaterial antennas...)
2467:
Frequency selective surface (FSS) based metamaterials utilize
117:
3922:"Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostructures"
2333:
has Δ > 0 and Ό > 0. Conversely, the NIM of thickness d
4325:
Eleftheriades, G.V.; Iyer, A.K.; Kremer, P.C. (2002-12-16).
3047:"Experimental Verification of Z Antennas at UHF Frequencies"
1932:
resulted in a substantial increase in operating bandwidths.
1857:
Negative refractive index metamaterials supporting 2-D waves
1542:
is a type of transmission line that can be fabricated using
3591:
3589:
3015:"Engineered Metamaterials Enable Remarkably Small Antennas"
1973:
Backward wave antenna using an NRI loaded transmission line
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
2033:. Physically, an antenna is an arrangement of one or more
85:
Conventional antennas that are very small compared to the
4367:
Iyer, Ashwin; Peter Kremer; George Eleftheriades (2003).
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3248:
Ziolkowski, Richard Wly; Allison D. Kipple (2003-10-14).
2579:
This system was designed to boost the performance of the
379:
emerges between the exit and entrance faces. As the wave
147:
Metamaterials are a basis for further miniaturization of
5204:"Metamaterials to revolutionize wireless infrastructure"
2134:
The configuration of an SRR assessed was two concentric
1760:
LC model is related to the lumped LC model, however the
1353:
can be positive and less than one. This means that the
5013:"A Metamaterial Surface for Compact Cavity Resonators"
4614:
International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
4263:
Grbic, Anthony; George V. Eleftheriades (2002-08-07).
4207:
Grbic, Anthony; George V. Eleftheriades (2003-03-24).
4101:
Grbic, Anthony; George V. Eleftheriades (2002-11-15).
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2571:
In addition, signal amplitude is increased across the
195:
surrounding antennas offer improved isolation between
3724:"A Positive Future for Double-Negative Metamaterials"
2489:
Leaky mode propagation with metamaterial ground plane
1724:
1698:
1672:
1646:
1620:
1594:
1325:, as well as correct the phase of propagating waves.
302:(SRR), with thin wire conducting posts and produce a
5118:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
4964:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
4452:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
4334:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
4163:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
3785:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
3729:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
1901:
Left-handed behavior in LC loaded transmission lines
1772:
Metamaterial-loaded transmission-line configurations
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4429:. New Delhi: New Age International. pp. 1, 2.
4040:Sanada, Atsushi; Caloz, C.; Itoh, T. (2004-02-26).
3714:
3712:
3710:
3338:
Metamaterials: physics and engineering explorations
3335:Engheta, Nader; Richard W. Ziolkowski (June 2006).
3097:
3095:
2763:
Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations
2525:
are T-junctions between capacitors, which connect (
1986:
Planar NIMs with periodic loaded transmission lines
4573:2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings
2513:) for a phased array metamaterial antenna system.
1920:enabled a new class of metamaterials to produce a
1730:
1704:
1678:
1652:
1626:
1600:
1377:structure can be analyzed as an array of aerials (
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3396:"RAYSPAN Ships 20 Millionth Metamaterial Antenna"
2239:whether the platform is in motion or stationary.
4202:
4200:
4198:
4096:
4094:
2912:Kamil, Boratay Alici; Ekmel Ăzbay (2007-03-22).
223:. Metamaterials have also been used to increase
108:Some applications for metamaterial antennas are
3155:"Invisibility Becomes More than Just a Fantasy"
3104:"Metamaterial-Based Electrically Small Antenna"
3102:Bukva, Erica (August 20 â September 19, 2007).
1924:. Relying on LC networks to emulate electrical
1865:It has long been known that transmission lines
1447:. By using a slab of a metamaterial, diverging
1321:. In addition, it can enhance the amplitude of
5238:IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
5017:IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
5011:Caiazzo, Marco; Maci, S.; Engheta, N. (2004).
4904:IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
4050:IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3055:IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
3023:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2344:The plane wave then enters the lossless NIM (d
1961:The periodic 2-D LC loaded transmission-line (
1948:range. In addition, replacing capacitors with
241:slabs are used exclusively or combinations of
33:National Institute of Standards and Technology
4852:IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
4841:
4839:
4833:. U.S. Air Force research.Accessed 2011-03-12
4814:. University of Arizona. Accessed 2011-03-12.
4661:IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
3912:
3910:
3908:
3257:IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
3147:"'Metafilms' Can Shrink Radio, Radar Devices"
2865:IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
2608:ENG and MNG waveguides and scattering devices
2329:In phase compensation, the DPS of thickness d
1222:
352:Phase compensation due to negative refraction
8:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
1503:from one place to another for directing the
1431:This metamaterial allows for control of the
1249:. The dispersion produces a variance of the
3988:Electrons in solids: an introductory survey
1764:is more accurate but more complex than the
298:were the first to successfully combine the
294:In May 2000, a group of researchers, Smith
5171:"Phased array metamaterial antenna system"
3656:Chen, Hou-Tong; et al. (2008-09-04).
2151:substrate. The SRR was excited by using a
2110:Single negative SRR and monopole composite
1262:dependence of the effective permittivity.
1229:
1215:
433:
417:
124:, space vehicle navigation and airplanes.
5258:
5083:
4555:
4471:
4392:
4149:
4147:
4145:
3626:
3480:
3276:
2997:
2948:
2304:. Each slab has thickness = d, slab 1 = d
2155:. The monopole antenna was composed of a
1723:
1697:
1671:
1645:
1619:
1593:
1499:or structure that forms all or part of a
1349:. This material's permittivity above the
1333:In this instance an SRR uses layers of a
414:Transmission line dispersion compensation
406:, and waveguides with applications below
58:to increase performance of miniaturized (
3110:. Navy Office of Small Business Programs
2672:Metamaterials surface antenna technology
2587:and inductors as components of multiple
2501:
2463:Miniature cavity resonator utilizing FSS
2229:Metamaterials surface antenna technology
2224:Metamaterials surface antenna technology
1789:while the refractive index is negative.
5202:Matthew, Finnegan (December 10, 2010).
3828:Backfire to Endfire Leaky wave antenna.
2803:"A Metamaterial for Directive Emission"
2774:
2581:Monolithic microwave integrated circuit
978:Electromagnetism and special relativity
425:
3885:"URSI Commission B EMT-Symposium 2007"
3722:; Richard W. Ziolkowski (April 2005).
1804:. With superlenses the details of the
1265:The strategy is to design a length of
395:could be realized for a given system.
386:With this system a phase-compensated,
2985:Progress in Electromagnetics Research
2476:Composite metamaterial based cavities
2283:Parallel-plate waveguiding structures
2262:Subwavelength cavities and waveguides
1515:. Types of transmission line include
1443:in a small angular domain around the
998:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
306:that had negative values of Δ, Ό and
7:
3856:URSI Commission B "Fields and Waves"
3426:"Metamaterials Arrive in Cellphones"
2316:Thin subwavelength cavity resonators
2143:with an etching technique onto a 30
105:to search for geophysical features.
3887:. URSI Commission B. Archived from
2560:to focus microwaves, the antenna's
1812:are supported in the metamaterial (
1381:). As a lattice structure it has a
3883:URSI Commission B website (2007).
3181:Bilotti, Filiberto; Vegni, Lucio.
1664:of the dielectric per unit length,
25:
4274:. Vol. 4. pp. 340â343.
2352:is in the opposite direction of k
1566:can be formed from a microstrip.
4812:Metamaterial-Engineered Antennas
4764:Katie M. Palmer (January 2012).
3920:; AJ Holden; WJ Stewart (1996).
3424:Das, Saswato R. (October 2009).
2858:Omar F., Siddiqui; Mo Mojahedi;
2599:for electrically connecting the
2027:classical electromagnetic theory
363:DPS has a conventional positive
74:, structures to produce unusual
4745:Eric Savitz (August 21, 2012).
3019:Description of research results
3013:Ost, Laura (January 26, 2010).
1550:. Microwave components such as
1464:Conventional transmission lines
1392:created the view that metal at
1273:line to make the paired system
271:were able to show that a three-
4794:. Aug 21, 2012. Archived from
4423:Chatterjee, Rajeswari (1996).
2058:Radiation properties with SRRs
2037:, usually called elements. An
205:multiple-input multiple-output
191:Metamaterials employed in the
1:
5329:Radio frequency antenna types
5192:publication date May 15, 2007
4846:Alu, A.; Engheta, N. (2003).
3847:Caloz, C. (26â28 July 2007).
3550:. Vol. 2. p. 1067.
2831:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.213902
2390:rather than the thickness of
2076:double negative metamaterials
2070:Double negative metamaterials
1808:images are not lost. Growing
1785:results in a large operating
1003:Relativistic electromagnetism
31:This Z antenna tested at the
2677:Negative index metamaterials
2652:Chirality (electromagnetism)
2589:distributed-element circuits
2199:model. This study developed
1255:microstrip transmission line
239:double negative metamaterial
5308:Radiating power through air
5291:U.S. Air Force Research Lab
4426:Antenna theory and practice
3950:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4773
3394:Hurst, Brian (2009-09-28).
2326:with a lossless NIM (DNG).
2191:was proposed that enhanced
2074:Through the application of
2025:Antenna theory is based on
1513:electric power transmission
213:high-impedance groundplanes
5350:
4575:. Vol. 3. p. 1.
4497:Journal of Applied Physics
4110:Journal of Applied Physics
3556:10.1109/MWSYM.2002.1011823
2018:
728:LiĂ©nardâWiechert potential
333:. This configuration used
5269:10.1109/LAWP.2009.2029708
4724:10.1007/s00339-006-3820-9
4634:10.1007/s10762-007-9249-1
4581:10.1109/APMC.2005.1606717
4557:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/168
3985:Bube, Richard H. (1992).
3429:(Online magazine article)
3189:. METAMORPHOSE VI AISBL.
3076:10.1109/LAWP.2009.2038180
2484:Metamaterial ground plane
2247:are not required as with
1998:Larger transmission lines
1922:negative refractive index
1762:distributed-element model
1388:The earlier discovery of
1343:three directions of space
1281:and a specific localized
993:Mathematical descriptions
703:Electromagnetic radiation
693:Electromagnetic induction
633:Magnetic vector potential
628:Magnetic scalar potential
187:Ground plane applications
164:electromagnetic radiation
103:ground-penetrating radars
5138:10.1109/TMTT.2004.839346
5037:10.1109/LAWP.2004.836576
4984:10.1109/TMTT.2003.821274
4924:10.1109/LAWP.2002.802576
4354:10.1109/TMTT.2002.805197
4280:10.1109/APS.2002.1016992
4183:10.1109/TMTT.2002.805197
4063:10.1109/LMWC.2003.822563
3806:10.1109/TMTT.2003.819193
3750:10.1109/TMTT.2005.845188
1827:capability is obtained.
1579:characteristic impedance
1479:for a transmission line.
1459:Transmission line models
1371:arrayed wires in a cubic
1247:time-domain applications
339:negative-refractive-lens
170:versus being dispersed.
4898:Engheta, Nader (2002).
4872:10.1109/TAP.2003.817553
4681:10.1109/TAP.2006.888401
4216:Applied Physics Letters
3834:April 12, 2010, at the
3666:Applied Physics Letters
3537:George V. Eleftheriades
3491:10.1126/science.1058847
3287:10.1109/TAP.2003.817561
2921:Physica Status Solidi B
2886:10.1109/TAP.2003.817556
2860:George V. Eleftheriades
2682:Nonlinear metamaterials
1757:distributed LC networks
1747:Lumped circuit elements
1731:{\displaystyle \omega }
543:Electrostatic induction
538:Electrostatic discharge
310:for frequencies in the
4536:New Journal of Physics
4022:Federal Standard 1037C
3043:Ziolkowski, Richard W.
2992:: 295â328 (34 pages).
2941:10.1002/pssb.200674505
2758:Metamaterials Handbook
2687:Photonic metamaterials
2647:Acoustic metamaterials
2632:
2537:Multiple systems have
2534:
2215:Flat lens horn antenna
1780:that can overcome the
1732:
1706:
1680:
1654:
1628:
1602:
1488:
1480:
973:Electromagnetic tensor
247:epsilon-negative (ENG)
110:wireless communication
44:
5189:U.S. patent 7,218,190
3995:. pp. 155, 156.
2722:Transformation optics
2717:Tunable metamaterials
2702:Seismic metamaterials
2697:Quantum metamaterials
2667:Metamaterial cloaking
2624:
2617:Reducing interference
2505:
2253:metamaterial cloaking
2209:mobile communications
1930:magnetic permeability
1733:
1707:
1681:
1655:
1629:
1603:
1544:printed circuit board
1509:electromagnetic waves
1486:
1471:
1449:electromagnetic waves
1283:magnetic permeability
966:Covariant formulation
758:Synchrotron radiation
698:Electromagnetic pulse
688:Electromagnetic field
285:magnetic permeability
243:double positive (DPS)
92:printed circuit board
48:Metamaterial antennas
30:
18:Metamaterial antennas
5085:10.1364/OE.16.011132
4776:on December 3, 2011.
4394:10.1364/OE.11.000696
3673:(9): 091117 (2008).
3628:10.1364/OE.11.000696
3433:Metamterial antennas
2999:10.2528/PIER04070701
2707:Split-ring resonator
2627:keyless entry system
2601:transmission element
2552:Phased array antenna
2235:beam locked on to a
2116:SRR-DNG metamaterial
1766:lumped-element model
1722:
1696:
1670:
1644:
1618:
1592:
1533:electric power lines
1523:, dielectric slabs,
1341:â with wires in the
1008:Stressâenergy tensor
933:Reluctance (complex)
678:Displacement current
304:left-handed material
300:split-ring resonator
232:Novel configurations
221:ground plane surface
114:space communications
5299:Victor G. Veselago.
5251:2009IAWPL...8..989Z
5130:2005ITMTT..53...32B
5076:2008OExpr..1611132C
5029:2004IAWPL...3..261C
4976:2004ITMTT..52..199A
4916:2002IAWPL...1...10E
4864:2003ITAP...51.2558A
4716:2007ApPhA..87..151W
4673:2007ITAP...55...13A
4626:2007IJIMW..28..639W
4548:2005NJPh....7..168A
4509:2004JAP....96.1979H
4464:1999ITMTT..47.2075P
4385:2003OExpr..11..696I
4346:2002ITMTT..50.2702E
4228:2003ApPhL..82.1815G
4175:2002ITMTT..50.2702E
4122:2002JAP....92.5930G
3942:1996PhRvL..76.4773P
3894:on November 4, 2008
3865:on October 13, 2008
3798:2003ITMTT..51.2306C
3742:2005ITMTT..53.1535E
3679:2008ApPhL..93i1117C
3619:2003OExpr..11..696I
3473:2001Sci...292...77S
3406:on November 1, 2009
3269:2003ITAP...51.2626Z
3208:Metamaterials '2009
3203:on August 25, 2011.
3068:2009IAWPL...8.1329Z
2933:2007PSSBR.244.1192A
2878:2003ITAP...51.2619S
2823:2002PhRvL..89u3902E
2727:Acoustic dispersion
2521:series capacitors.
2494:were investigated.
2277:interface resonance
2114:The addition of an
2039:alternating current
2031:Maxwell's equations
1507:of energy, such as
1329:Directing radiation
923:Magnetomotive force
808:Electromotive force
778:Alternating current
713:Jefimenko equations
673:Cyclotron radiation
365:index of refraction
245:with DNG slabs, or
76:physical properties
5229:General references
5210:. JAM IT Media Ltd
4829:2011-06-05 at the
4792:The Sacramento Bee
3720:Engheta, Nader and
3374:The New York Times
3345:. pp. 43â85.
3226:2010-12-31 at the
3213:2011-06-26 at the
3029:on January 4, 2011
2732:Coplanar waveguide
2633:
2566:phased array radar
2535:
2321:Phase compensation
2268:transmission media
2197:equivalent circuit
2189:metamaterial cover
2124:order of magnitude
2100:order of magnitude
1918:transmission lines
1753:lumped LC circuits
1728:
1702:
1676:
1650:
1624:
1598:
1489:
1481:
1472:Variations on the
1369:In this instance,
771:Electrical network
608:Gauss magnetic law
573:Static electricity
533:Electric potential
408:diffraction limits
358:phase compensation
149:microwave antennas
60:electrically small
45:
4590:978-0-7803-9433-9
4517:10.1063/1.1767290
4482:10.1109/22.798002
4436:978-0-470-20957-8
4340:(12): 2702â2712.
4289:978-0-7803-7330-3
4236:10.1063/1.1561167
4130:10.1063/1.1513194
4002:978-0-12-138553-8
3991:. San Diego, CA:
3936:(25): 4773â4776.
3826:UCLA Technology.
3687:10.1063/1.2978071
3565:978-0-7803-7239-9
3535:Iyer, Ashwin K.;
3352:978-0-471-76102-0
3196:978-0-9551179-6-1
2872:(10): 2619â2625.
1946:tens of gigahertz
1802:diffraction limit
1798:diffraction limit
1796:can overcome the
1740:angular frequency
1705:{\displaystyle j}
1679:{\displaystyle C}
1653:{\displaystyle G}
1627:{\displaystyle L}
1601:{\displaystyle R}
1493:transmission line
1477:electronic symbol
1394:plasmon frequency
1311:metamaterial lens
1243:dispersive nature
1241:Because of DNG's
1239:
1238:
938:Reluctance (real)
908:Gyratorâcapacitor
853:Resonant cavities
743:Maxwell equations
404:cavity resonators
393:transmission line
327:transmission line
255:cavity resonators
251:mu-negative (MNG)
215:can also improve
16:(Redirected from
5341:
5280:
5262:
5223:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5150:
5149:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5087:
5070:(15): 11132â40.
5055:
5049:
5048:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4958:(January 2004).
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4895:
4876:
4875:
4843:
4834:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4772:. Archived from
4761:
4755:
4754:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4475:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4420:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4331:
4322:
4309:
4308:
4307:on July 6, 2011.
4306:
4300:. Archived from
4269:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:on July 20, 2011
4244:
4238:. Archived from
4213:
4204:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4160:
4151:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4107:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4073:. Archived from
4046:
4037:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
3993:Elsevier Science
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3960:. Archived from
3930:Phys. Rev. Lett.
3926:
3914:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3853:
3844:
3838:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3779:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3716:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3689:. Archived from
3662:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3630:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3545:
3532:
3511:
3510:
3484:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3402:. Archived from
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3343:Wiley & Sons
3332:
3319:
3314:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3280:
3254:
3245:
3232:
3204:
3199:. Archived from
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3157:. Archived from
3150:
3142:
3141:on July 6, 2011.
3140:
3134:. Archived from
3133:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3108:Navy SBIR / STTR
3099:
3090:
3087:
3051:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3025:. Archived from
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2952:
2927:(4): 1192â1196.
2918:
2909:
2890:
2889:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2811:Phys. Rev. Lett.
2807:
2798:
2785:
2779:
2692:Photonic crystal
2498:Patented systems
2308:, and slab 2 = d
2153:monopole antenna
2122:by more than an
2029:as described by
1810:evanescent waves
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1690:per unit length,
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1638:per unit length,
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1612:per unit length,
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1535:and waveguides.
1495:is the material
1453:plasma frequency
1410:. For aluminium
1383:lattice constant
1360:plasma frequency
1355:refractive index
1351:plasma frequency
1323:evanescent waves
1231:
1224:
1217:
898:Electric machine
881:Magnetic circuit
843:Parallel circuit
833:Network analysis
798:Electric current
733:London equations
578:Triboelectricity
568:Potential energy
437:
427:Electromagnetism
418:
377:phase difference
356:DNG can provide
323:reactive loading
308:refractive index
211:. Metamaterial,
160:refractive index
128:Antennas designs
21:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5319:
5318:
5287:
5260:10.1.1.205.4814
5234:
5231:
5226:
5213:
5211:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5169:
5168:
5153:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4996:
4994:
4952:AlĂč, Andrea and
4950:
4949:
4945:
4936:
4934:
4897:
4896:
4879:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4831:Wayback Machine
4822:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4798:on 2012-09-01.
4786:
4785:
4781:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4591:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4473:10.1.1.564.7060
4449:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4422:
4421:
4410:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4312:
4304:
4290:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4185:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4027:
4020:
4016:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3836:Wayback Machine
3825:
3821:
3792:(12): 203â206.
3781:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3760:
3718:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3566:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3514:
3482:10.1.1.119.1617
3467:(5514): 77â79.
3458:
3457:
3453:
3441:
3439:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3409:
3407:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3334:
3333:
3322:
3315:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3278:10.1.1.205.5571
3252:
3247:
3246:
3235:
3228:Wayback Machine
3215:Wayback Machine
3197:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3049:
3041:
3032:
3030:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2893:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2642:
2619:
2610:
2554:
2500:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2264:
2233:radio frequency
2226:
2217:
2181:
2112:
2072:
2060:
2023:
2021:Antenna (radio)
2017:
2000:
1988:
1975:
1959:
1903:
1879:Poynting vector
1859:
1774:
1749:
1720:
1719:
1694:
1693:
1668:
1667:
1642:
1641:
1616:
1615:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1466:
1461:
1415:
1400:
1375:crystal lattice
1331:
1307:
1294:
1235:
1206:
1205:
1021:
1013:
1012:
968:
958:
957:
913:Induction motor
883:
873:
872:
788:Current density
773:
763:
762:
753:Poynting vector
663:
661:Electrodynamics
653:
652:
648:Right-hand rule
613:Magnetic dipole
603:BiotâSavart law
593:
583:
582:
518:Electric dipole
513:Electric charge
488:
416:
354:
263:
234:
197:radio frequency
189:
176:
156:frequency range
130:
64:antenna systems
50:are a class of
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5347:
5345:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5286:
5285:External links
5283:
5282:
5281:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5194:
5184:Engheta, Nader
5176:
5151:
5107:
5064:Optics Express
5050:
5003:
4943:
4877:
4835:
4816:
4804:
4779:
4756:
4737:
4710:(2): 151â156.
4694:
4647:
4604:
4589:
4563:
4522:
4487:
4442:
4435:
4408:
4379:(7): 696â708.
4373:Optics Express
4359:
4310:
4288:
4255:
4194:
4141:
4090:
4025:
4014:
4001:
3977:
3904:
3875:
3839:
3819:
3769:
3706:
3648:
3613:(7): 696â708.
3606:Optics Express
3585:
3564:
3539:(2002-06-07).
3512:
3451:
3416:
3386:
3358:
3351:
3320:
3298:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3195:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3151:
3120:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3005:
2970:
2891:
2850:
2817:(21): 213902.
2786:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2558:biconcave lens
2553:
2550:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2464:
2461:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2422:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2263:
2260:
2245:phase shifters
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2180:
2179:Patch antennas
2177:
2120:radiated power
2118:increased the
2111:
2108:
2080:power radiated
2071:
2068:
2059:
2056:
2019:Main article:
2016:
2015:Configurations
2013:
1999:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1974:
1971:
1958:
1955:
1937:lumped circuit
1907:RF frequencies
1905:Using SRRs at
1902:
1899:
1858:
1855:
1847:phase response
1773:
1770:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1727:
1717:
1714:imaginary unit
1701:
1691:
1675:
1665:
1649:
1639:
1623:
1613:
1597:
1582:
1574:
1564:power dividers
1529:optical fibers
1521:coaxial cables
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1413:
1398:
1345:and slices of
1330:
1327:
1306:
1305:Microwave lens
1303:
1293:
1290:
1275:dispersionless
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
988:Four-potential
985:
980:
975:
969:
964:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
903:Electric motor
900:
895:
890:
884:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
865:
860:
858:Series circuit
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
828:Kirchhoff laws
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
793:Direct current
790:
785:
780:
774:
769:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
755:
750:
748:Maxwell tensor
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
718:Larmor formula
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
668:Bremsstrahlung
664:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
618:Magnetic field
615:
610:
605:
600:
594:
591:Magnetostatics
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
523:Electric field
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
493:Charge density
489:
486:Electrostatics
484:
483:
480:
479:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
439:
438:
430:
429:
423:
422:
421:Articles about
415:
412:
353:
350:
335:positive index
262:
259:
233:
230:
209:antenna arrays
188:
185:
175:
172:
129:
126:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5346:
5335:
5334:Metamaterials
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5111:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
5004:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4956:Nader Engheta
4953:
4947:
4944:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4770:IEEE Spectrum
4767:
4760:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4704:Appl. Phys. A
4698:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4080:on 2007-07-22
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4043:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3978:
3967:on 2011-07-17
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3696:on 2011-06-05
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3437:IEEE Spectrum
3434:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3161:on 2009-05-13
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2403:. Therefore,
2402:
2401:
2389:
2388:
2376:
2375:
2342:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:patch antenna
2178:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:coaxial cable
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2064:metamaterials
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:= 15 eV, and
1416:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:antenna array
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:mesh of thin
1336:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
967:
962:
961:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
877:
876:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
823:Joule heating
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
772:
767:
766:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:Lorentz force
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
662:
657:
656:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
638:Magnetization
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
623:Magnetic flux
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
592:
587:
586:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:Electric flux
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
487:
482:
481:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
465:Computational
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
436:
432:
431:
428:
424:
420:
419:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
400:subwavelength
396:
394:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
351:
349:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
231:
229:
226:
225:beam scanning
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:channels of (
202:
198:
194:
193:ground planes
186:
184:
180:
174:The DNG shell
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
101:and portable
100:
99:micro-sensors
95:
93:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:metamaterials
53:
49:
42:
38:
34:
29:
19:
5242:
5236:
5218:
5212:. Retrieved
5207:
5197:
5179:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5020:
5016:
5006:
4995:. Retrieved
4967:
4963:
4946:
4935:. Retrieved
4910:(1): 10â13.
4907:
4903:
4858:(10): 2558.
4855:
4851:
4819:
4807:
4799:
4796:the original
4791:
4782:
4774:the original
4769:
4759:
4750:
4740:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4572:
4566:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4458:(11): 2075.
4455:
4451:
4445:
4425:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4337:
4333:
4302:the original
4271:
4258:
4247:. Retrieved
4240:the original
4222:(12): 1815.
4219:
4215:
4186:. Retrieved
4169:(12): 2702.
4166:
4162:
4133:. Retrieved
4116:(10): 5930.
4113:
4109:
4082:. Retrieved
4075:the original
4057:(2): 68â70.
4054:
4048:
4017:
4006:. Retrieved
3987:
3980:
3969:. Retrieved
3962:the original
3933:
3928:
3896:. Retrieved
3889:the original
3878:
3867:. Retrieved
3860:the original
3855:
3842:
3822:
3789:
3783:
3761:. Retrieved
3733:
3727:
3698:. Retrieved
3691:the original
3670:
3664:
3651:
3640:. Retrieved
3610:
3604:
3577:. Retrieved
3547:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3446:
3440:. Retrieved
3432:
3419:
3408:. Retrieved
3404:the original
3399:
3389:
3378:. Retrieved
3376:. 2009-10-20
3373:
3361:
3337:
3290:. Retrieved
3263:(10): 2626.
3260:
3256:
3201:the original
3186:
3176:
3163:. Retrieved
3159:the original
3136:the original
3123:
3112:. Retrieved
3107:
3059:
3053:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:the original
3018:
3008:
2989:
2983:
2973:
2962:. Retrieved
2924:
2920:
2869:
2863:
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2814:
2809:
2777:
2744:
2662:Metamaterial
2634:
2611:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2555:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2492:
2479:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2419:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2358:
2357:
2343:
2328:
2324:
2286:
2276:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:phased array
2228:
2227:
2218:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2133:
2113:
2104:
2084:electrically
2073:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2024:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1934:
1926:permittivity
1915:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1872:
1867:periodically
1864:
1860:
1840:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1791:
1775:
1750:
1572:
1568:
1547:
1537:
1505:transmission
1490:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1396:
1387:
1368:
1332:
1319:input device
1308:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1279:permittivity
1267:metamaterial
1264:
1240:
983:Four-current
918:Linear motor
803:Electrolysis
683:Eddy current
643:Permeability
563:Polarization
558:Permittivity
397:
385:
362:
355:
347:
343:
329:as the host
320:
295:
293:
288:
280:
277:permittivity
268:
264:
235:
190:
181:
177:
153:
146:
138:radio signal
131:
107:
96:
84:
47:
46:
41:metamaterial
5245:: 989â993.
5094:11693/13532
5023:(14): 261.
4503:(4): 1979.
3918:Pendry, J.B
3736:(4): 1535.
2950:11693/49278
2193:directivity
2140:geometrical
2128:directivity
2092:homogeneous
2078:(DNG), the
1875:wave vector
1843:phase shift
1834:. Resonant
1794:superlenses
1782:diffraction
1688:capacitance
1662:conductance
1364:microlenses
1251:group speed
953:Transformer
783:Capacitance
708:Faraday law
503:Coulomb law
445:Electricity
388:waveguiding
273:dimensional
249:slabs with
72:microscopic
5323:Categories
5214:2010-12-30
4997:2010-01-03
4970:(1): 199.
4937:2009-10-08
4620:(8): 639.
4542:(1): 168.
4249:2009-11-30
4188:2009-11-26
4135:2009-11-30
4084:2009-12-28
4008:2009-09-27
3971:2009-09-27
3898:2010-04-24
3869:2010-04-24
3763:2009-12-27
3700:2009-11-12
3642:2009-11-08
3579:2009-11-08
3442:2011-03-09
3410:2009-10-20
3380:2009-10-20
3292:2009-11-30
3217:â Sessions
3165:2011-02-06
3114:2010-03-19
3033:2010-12-22
2964:2009-09-17
2844:2009-09-16
2770:References
2573:microstrip
2507:Microstrip
2469:equivalent
2183:In 2005 a
2096:free space
2035:conductors
1916:LC-loaded
1911:LC network
1806:near field
1636:inductance
1610:resistance
1540:microstrip
1525:striplines
1404:dielectric
1315:microstrip
1292:Innovation
1271:microstrip
1020:Scientists
868:Waveguides
848:Resistance
818:Inductance
598:AmpĂšre law
381:propagates
373:plane wave
122:satellites
87:wavelength
54:which use
37:efficiency
5255:CiteSeerX
5124:(1): 32.
4732:122690235
4667:(1): 13.
4642:108959389
4468:CiteSeerX
4298:118881068
3477:CiteSeerX
3273:CiteSeerX
2712:Superlens
2562:sidelobes
2237:satellite
2207:bands in
2205:frequency
2161:aluminium
1950:varactors
1942:megahertz
1851:frequency
1832:radiation
1787:bandwidth
1726:ω
1548:substrate
1474:schematic
1433:direction
1176:Steinmetz
1106:Kirchhoff
1091:Jefimenko
1086:Hopkinson
1071:Helmholtz
1066:Heaviside
928:Permeance
813:Impedance
553:Insulator
548:Gauss law
498:Conductor
475:Phenomena
470:Textbooks
450:Magnetism
369:impedance
325:of a 2-D
316:microwave
312:gigahertz
217:radiation
207:) (MIMO)
201:microwave
168:flat lens
5146:14055916
5102:18648427
5045:25842956
4932:12554352
4827:Archived
4599:27288814
4403:19461781
4071:22121283
3958:10061377
3832:Archived
3814:32207634
3758:15293380
3637:19461781
3574:31129309
3499:11292865
3224:Archived
3211:Archived
3062:: 1329.
2839:12443413
2640:See also
2568:system.
2201:formulae
1836:coupling
1825:scanning
1792:Because
1556:couplers
1552:antennas
1437:emission
1390:plasmons
1335:metallic
1201:Wiechert
1156:Poynting
1046:Einstein
893:DC motor
888:AC motor
723:Lenz law
508:Electret
162:focuses
52:antennas
5277:7804333
5247:Bibcode
5220:future.
5208:TechEye
5126:Bibcode
5072:Bibcode
5025:Bibcode
4972:Bibcode
4912:Bibcode
4860:Bibcode
4712:Bibcode
4689:6091311
4669:Bibcode
4622:Bibcode
4544:Bibcode
4505:Bibcode
4460:Bibcode
4381:Bibcode
4342:Bibcode
4224:Bibcode
4171:Bibcode
4118:Bibcode
3938:Bibcode
3794:Bibcode
3738:Bibcode
3675:Bibcode
3615:Bibcode
3507:9321456
3469:Bibcode
3461:Science
3400:Reuters
3265:Bibcode
3084:5558201
3064:Bibcode
2959:5348103
2929:Bibcode
2874:Bibcode
2819:Bibcode
2630:key fob
2539:patents
2241:Gimbals
2187:with a
2136:annular
1944:to the
1738:is the
1712:is the
1686:is the
1660:is the
1634:is the
1608:is the
1577:to the
1560:filters
1186:Thomson
1161:Ritchie
1151:Poisson
1136:Neumann
1131:Maxwell
1126:Lorentz
1121:Liénard
1051:Faraday
1036:Coulomb
863:Voltage
838:Ohm law
460:History
318:range.
261:History
142:300 MHz
5275:
5257:
5144:
5100:
5043:
4992:234001
4990:
4930:
4751:Forbes
4730:
4687:
4640:
4597:
4587:
4470:
4433:
4401:
4296:
4286:
4069:
3999:
3956:
3830:2003.
3812:
3756:
3635:
3572:
3562:
3505:
3497:
3479:
3349:
3275:
3193:
3082:
2957:
2837:
2657:Kymeta
2509:line (
2442:, not
2149:copper
2147:thick
2088:dipole
2086:small
1979:et al.
1977:Grbic
1818:lenses
1778:lenses
1497:medium
1445:normal
1441:energy
1171:Singer
1166:Savart
1146:Ărsted
1111:Larmor
1101:Kelvin
1056:Fizeau
1026:AmpĂšre
948:Stator
455:Optics
331:medium
296:et al.
269:et al.
266:Pendry
68:energy
5273:S2CID
5142:S2CID
5041:S2CID
4988:S2CID
4928:S2CID
4728:S2CID
4685:S2CID
4638:S2CID
4595:S2CID
4330:(PDF)
4305:(PDF)
4294:S2CID
4268:(PDF)
4243:(PDF)
4212:(PDF)
4159:(PDF)
4106:(PDF)
4078:(PDF)
4067:S2CID
4045:(PDF)
3965:(PDF)
3925:(PDF)
3892:(PDF)
3863:(PDF)
3852:(PDF)
3810:S2CID
3754:S2CID
3694:(PDF)
3661:(PDF)
3601:(PDF)
3570:S2CID
3544:(PDF)
3503:S2CID
3253:(PDF)
3139:(PDF)
3132:(PDF)
3080:S2CID
3050:(PDF)
2955:S2CID
2917:(PDF)
2806:(PDF)
2745:Books
2546:radar
1849:with
1716:, and
1517:wires
1339:wires
1196:Weber
1191:Volta
1181:Tesla
1096:Joule
1081:Hertz
1076:Henry
1061:Gauss
943:Rotor
199:, or
166:by a
134:power
80:power
5313:NTIA
5098:PMID
4585:ISBN
4431:ISBN
4399:PMID
4284:ISBN
3997:ISBN
3954:PMID
3633:PMID
3560:ISBN
3495:PMID
3347:ISBN
3191:ISBN
2835:PMID
2173:λ/40
1928:and
1562:and
1501:path
1347:foam
1309:The
1116:Lenz
1041:Davy
1031:Biot
291:").
5265:doi
5134:doi
5090:hdl
5080:doi
5033:doi
4980:doi
4920:doi
4868:doi
4720:doi
4677:doi
4630:doi
4577:doi
4552:doi
4513:doi
4478:doi
4389:doi
4350:doi
4276:doi
4232:doi
4179:doi
4126:doi
4059:doi
3946:doi
3802:doi
3746:doi
3683:doi
3623:doi
3552:doi
3487:doi
3465:292
3283:doi
3072:doi
2994:doi
2945:hdl
2937:doi
2925:244
2882:doi
2827:doi
2597:via
2531:405
2527:404
2523:403
2519:402
2515:401
2511:400
2449:+ d
2436:/ d
2410:+ d
2397:+ d
2384:/ d
2371:/ n
2367:= n
2363:/ d
2300:, u
2296:, u
2292:, Δ
2082:by
1755:or
1511:or
1435:of
1141:Ohm
314:or
287:( "
118:GPS
5325::
5271:.
5263:.
5253:.
5241:.
5217:.
5206:.
5154:^
5140:.
5132:.
5122:53
5120:.
5096:.
5088:.
5078:.
5068:16
5066:.
5062:.
5039:.
5031:.
5019:.
5015:.
4986:.
4978:.
4968:52
4966:.
4962:.
4954:;
4926:.
4918:.
4906:.
4902:.
4880:^
4866:.
4856:51
4854:.
4850:.
4838:^
4790:.
4768:.
4749:.
4726:.
4718:.
4708:87
4706:.
4683:.
4675:.
4665:55
4663:.
4659:.
4636:.
4628:.
4618:28
4616:.
4593:.
4583:.
4550:.
4538:.
4534:.
4511:.
4501:96
4499:.
4476:.
4466:.
4456:47
4454:.
4411:^
4397:.
4387:.
4377:11
4375:.
4371:.
4348:.
4338:50
4336:.
4332:.
4313:^
4292:.
4282:.
4270:.
4230:.
4220:82
4218:.
4214:.
4197:^
4177:.
4167:50
4165:.
4161:.
4144:^
4124:.
4114:92
4112:.
4108:.
4093:^
4065:.
4055:14
4053:.
4047:.
4028:^
3952:.
3944:.
3934:76
3927:.
3907:^
3854:.
3808:.
3800:.
3790:51
3788:.
3772:^
3752:.
3744:.
3734:53
3732:.
3726:.
3709:^
3681:.
3671:93
3669:.
3663:.
3631:.
3621:.
3611:11
3609:.
3603:.
3588:^
3568:.
3558:.
3546:.
3515:^
3501:.
3493:.
3485:.
3475:.
3463:.
3445:.
3435:.
3431:.
3398:.
3372:.
3341:.
3323:^
3301:^
3281:.
3271:.
3261:51
3259:.
3255:.
3236:^
3185:.
3106:.
3094:^
3078:.
3070:.
3058:.
3052:.
3021:.
3017:.
2990:51
2988:.
2982:.
2953:.
2943:.
2935:.
2923:.
2919:.
2894:^
2880:.
2870:51
2868:.
2833:.
2825:.
2815:89
2808:.
2789:^
2625:A
2591:.
2541:.
2145:ÎŒm
1963:TL
1820:.
1768:.
1558:,
1554:,
1538:A
1531:,
1527:,
1519:,
1491:A
1455:.
1425:.
1373:,
1259:RF
410:.
402:,
279:("
120:,
116:,
112:,
94:.
82:.
62:)
5279:.
5267::
5249::
5243:8
5173:.
5148:.
5136::
5128::
5104:.
5092::
5082::
5074::
5047:.
5035::
5027::
5021:3
5000:.
4982::
4974::
4940:.
4922::
4914::
4908:1
4874:.
4870::
4862::
4753:.
4734:.
4722::
4714::
4691:.
4679::
4671::
4644:.
4632::
4624::
4601:.
4579::
4560:.
4554::
4546::
4540:7
4519:.
4515::
4507::
4484:.
4480::
4462::
4439:.
4405:.
4391::
4383::
4356:.
4352::
4344::
4278::
4252:.
4234::
4226::
4191:.
4181::
4173::
4138:.
4128::
4120::
4087:.
4061::
4011:.
3974:.
3948::
3940::
3901:.
3872:.
3816:.
3804::
3796::
3766:.
3748::
3740::
3703:.
3685::
3677::
3645:.
3625::
3617::
3582:.
3554::
3509:.
3489::
3471::
3413:.
3383:.
3355:.
3295:.
3285::
3267::
3168:.
3149:.
3117:.
3086:.
3074::
3066::
3060:8
3036:.
3002:.
2996::
2967:.
2947::
2939::
2931::
2888:.
2884::
2876::
2847:.
2829::
2821::
2533:.
2451:2
2447:1
2445:d
2438:2
2434:1
2432:d
2412:1
2408:1
2406:d
2399:1
2395:1
2393:d
2386:2
2382:1
2380:d
2373:1
2369:2
2365:2
2361:1
2359:d
2354:1
2350:2
2346:2
2339:1
2335:2
2331:1
2310:2
2306:1
2302:2
2298:1
2294:2
2290:1
2288:Δ
2171:(
1814:n
1742:.
1700:j
1674:C
1648:G
1622:L
1596:R
1583:0
1581:Z
1575:L
1423:Îł
1419:Îł
1414:p
1412:f
1408:Îł
1399:p
1397:f
1230:e
1223:t
1216:v
289:Ό
281:Δ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.