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of the chromosomes convene themselves on the metaphase plate, an imaginary line that is equidistant from the two spindle poles. This even alignment is due to the counterbalance of the pulling powers generated by the opposing kinetochore microtubules, analogous to a tug-of-war between two people of
278:
samples can also be used for cytogenetic analysis to generate metaphase preparations. Inspection of the stained metaphase chromosomes allows the determination of numerical and structural changes in the tumor cell genome, for example, losses of chromosomal segments or
164:, verifies this evenly balanced alignment and ensures that every kinetochore is properly attached to a bundle of microtubules and is under balanced bipolar tension. Sister chromatids require active
228:
studies. Chromosomes are condensed (thickened) and highly coiled in metaphase, which makes them most suitable for visual analysis. Metaphase chromosomes make the classical picture of chromosomes (
475:
125:, before being separated into each of the two daughter nuclei. This alignment marks the beginning of metaphase. Metaphase accounts for approximately 4% of the
53:
41:
The mitotic spindle checkpoint verifies that all the chromosomes are aligned properly on the metaphase plate and prevents premature entry into anaphase.
767:
661:
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196:. As long as securin and cyclin B remain active, separase remains inactive, preventing premature progression to anaphase.
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Alberts, Bruce; Hopkin, Karen; Johnson, Alexander; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2019).
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256:, produces a pattern of in total up to several hundred bands. Normal metaphase spreads are used in methods like
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in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in
240:) of chromosomes to be visualised under microscope to study structure and number of chromosomes (karyotype).
232:). For classical cytogenetic analyses, cells are grown in short term culture and arrested in metaphase using
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176:. Any unattached or improperly attached kinetochores generate signals that prevent the activation of the
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Chromosomes lined up on the metaphase plate. Two views with the metaphase plate rotated 60°.
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343:(Fifth ed.). New York London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 632–633.
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Stages of early mitosis in a vertebrate cell with micrographs of chromatids
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236:. Further they are used for slide preparation and banding (
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on opposite poles of the cell have completed attachment to
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30:For the Product Lifecycle Management software, see
145:equal strength, ending with the destruction of B
172:that bind them together prior to progression to
132:In metaphase, microtubules from both duplicated
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8:
200:Metaphase in cytogenetics and cancer studies
807:
476:
462:
454:
768:Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
415:. Kimball's Biology Pages. Archived from
313:"Chromosome condensation through mitosis"
208:Human metaphase chromosomes (normal male
304:
220:is one of the main tools of classical
7:
260:and as a hybridization matrix for
94: 'appearance') is a stage of
25:
262:comparative genomic hybridization
121:between the spindle poles at the
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152:In order to prevent deleterious
140:on condensed chromosomes. The
117:, align in the equator of the
1:
283:, which may lead to chimeric
79:) beyond, above, transcending
293:chronic myelogenous leukemia
778:Maturation promoting factor
997:
919:Postreplication checkpoint
244:of the slides, often with
216:The analysis of metaphase
178:anaphase promoting complex
29:
192:for degradation via the
180:(cyclosome or APC/C), a
901:Cell cycle checkpoints
341:Essential cell biology
213:
58:
50:
42:
27:Stage of cell division
928:Other cellular phases
652:CDK-activating kinase
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158:cell cycle checkpoint
56:
48:
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450:at Wikimedia Commons
32:SDRC § Products
419:on 19 November 2012
264:(CGH) experiments.
115:genetic information
914:Spindle checkpoint
719:P53 p63 p73 family
393:. Nature Education
369:Biology Dictionary
214:
162:spindle checkpoint
59:
51:
43:
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957:
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909:Restriction point
446:Media related to
365:"Metaphase plate"
234:mitotic inhibitor
168:to hydrolyze the
16:(Redirected from
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429:
428:
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413:"The Cell Cycle"
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371:. Biology Online
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182:ubiquitin ligase
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281:translocations
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184:which targets
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129:'s duration.
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662:CDK inhibitor
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83:Ancient Greek
81:and from
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66:Ancient Greek
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870:Prometaphase
421:. Retrieved
417:the original
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395:. Retrieved
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373:. Retrieved
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359:
340:
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322:. Retrieved
318:ScienceDaily
316:
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266:
222:cytogenetics
215:
151:
138:kinetochores
131:
122:
91:
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69:
61:
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891:Cytokinesis
860:Preprophase
804:checkpoints
391:"Metaphase"
270:from solid
218:chromosomes
142:centromeres
134:centrosomes
113:, carrying
111:chromosomes
981:Cell cycle
970:Categories
812:Interphase
802:Phases and
485:Cell cycle
423:9 December
397:9 December
375:9 December
299:References
287:, such as
254:Quinacrine
194:proteosome
127:cell cycle
103:cell cycle
100:eukaryotic
64:(from
935:Apoptosis
885:Telophase
875:Metaphase
670:INK4a/ARF
448:Metaphase
285:oncogenes
250:G banding
230:karyotype
210:karyotype
109:). These
62:Metaphase
880:Anaphase
865:Prophase
488:proteins
276:leukemia
242:Staining
238:staining
190:cyclin B
174:anaphase
166:separase
107:anaphase
92:(phásis)
976:Mitosis
949:Meiosis
856:Mitosis
848:M phase
829:S phase
696:cip/kip
324:12 June
289:bcr-abl
186:securin
170:cohesin
98:in the
96:mitosis
788:Cullin
674:p14arf
496:Cyclin
347:
272:tumors
246:Giemsa
226:cancer
160:, the
147:cyclin
944:phase
838:phase
824:phase
763:Cdc42
758:Cdc25
746:Other
528:, B3)
252:) or
89:φάσις
85:
77:meta-
72:μετα-
68:
792:CUL7
753:Cdc2
425:2012
399:2012
377:2012
345:ISBN
326:2007
258:FISH
224:and
188:and
119:cell
783:Wee
773:E2F
737:p73
732:p63
727:p53
708:p57
704:p27
700:p21
690:p19
686:p18
682:p15
678:p16
632:11B
627:11A
569:CDK
291:in
274:or
149:.
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702:,
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554:E1
544:D3
542:,
540:D2
538:,
536:D1
526:B2
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522:B1
512:A2
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508:A1
367:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
