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Metastasis suppressor genes may offer mechanistic insight for guiding specific therapeutic strategies, which may include drug-induced reactivation of metastasis suppressor genes and their signaling pathways. Clinical assessment of metastasis suppressor gene product status in disseminated cancer cells
119:
expression correlate with improved survival in multiple tumor types, including colorectal cancer. High expression of CTGF is correlated with improved survival in colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma and gallbladder cancer, but the correlation is reversed in esophageal cancer and glioma.
195:
and apparently inhibits the functioning of a kinase enzyme that promotes cell division. NM23 has eight family members. NM23-H1 and NM23-H2 suppress metastasis in multiple tumor types. NM23 expression can serve as a potential prognostic marker for survival in breast, ovarian, melanoma, gastric,
135:
Unlike tumor suppressors, most metastasis suppressors are downregulated in clinical tumor samples rather than mutated. Activation of these metastasis suppressors can potentially block metastasis and improve survival. The promoter region of NM23 contains
949:
Kauffman, Eric C.; Robinson, Victoria L.; Stadler, Walter M.; Sokoloff, Mitchell H.; Rinker-Schaeffer, Carrie W. (2003). "Metastasis
Suppression: The Evolving Role of Metastasis Suppressor Genes for Regulating Cancer Cell Growth at the Secondary Site".
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Kauffman, Eric C.; Robinson, Victoria L.; Stadler, Walter M.; Sokoloff, Mitchell H.; Rinker-Schaeffer, Carrie W. (2003). "Metastasis
Suppression: The Evolving Role of Metastasis Suppressor Genes for Regulating Cancer Cell Growth at the Secondary Site".
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Primary tumor samples of colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis showed gain of chromosomes 7p, 8q, 13q and 20q and loss of chromosomes 1p, 8p, 9p, 14q, 17p and 22q. Genes that are located in the regions of chromosomal loss include
229:
functions as a metastasis suppressor in breast cancer, potentially by priming cells to apoptosis. Cancer cells suppress the gene via promoter DNA methylation hence exemplifies the significance of epigenetic changes in cancer progression.
275:
cells, GAS1 knockdown promoted metastasis without affecting primary tumor growth. GAS1 suppresses metastasis by promoting apoptosis in disseminated cancer cells at secondary organs. Its expression is downregulated in metastatic clinical
222:
of cells. BRMS1 suppresses metastasis in multiple tumor types including ovarian, bladder, melanoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Clinically BRMS1 expression correlates with survival in breast cancer and non-small cell lung
78:
and its metastatic variant, six miRNAs displayed lower expression in metastatic cells. Among them, miR-335 and miR-126 suppress metastasis without affecting primary tumor growth. miR-335 targets multiple pathways, including
35:. Metastasis is one of the most lethal cancer processes. This process is responsible for about ninety percent of human cancer deaths. Proteins that act to slow or prevent metastases are different from those that act to
58:
Metastasis suppressors act by different mechanisms than tumor suppressors and do not affect primary tumors. Tumor suppressors, however, also inhibit metastasis, since metastasis is dependent upon tumorigenicity.
73:
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of gene regulators that bind the 3′ untranslated regions of target messenger RNAs, leading to either suppression of their translation or acceleration of their degradation. In cell
132:
than patients with NM23-negative tumors and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. NM23 expression is correlated with increased survival after cisplatin treatment following surgery.
268:
is a direct target of KLF17 and mediates its metastatic functions. KLF17 expression is significantly downregulated and Id1 expression is upregulated in breast cancer metastasis.
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Ozturk, Sait; Papageorgis, Panagiotis; Wong, Chen Khuan; Lambert, Arthur W.; Abdolmaleky, Hamid M.; Thiagalingam, Arunthathi; Cohen, Herbert T.; Thiagalingam, Sam (2016).
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Ozturk, Sait; Papageorgis, Panagiotis; Wong, Chen Khuan; Lambert, Arthur W.; Abdolmaleky, Hamid M.; Thiagalingam, Arunthathi; Cohen, Herbert T.; Thiagalingam, Sam (2016).
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Ozturk, Sait; Papageorgis, Panagiotis; Wong, Chen Khuan; Lambert, Arthur W.; Abdolmaleky, Hamid M.; Thiagalingam, Arunthathi; Cohen, Herbert T.; Thiagalingam, Sam (2016).
196:
hepatocellular and non-small cell carcinoma. It affects the MAPK and cytoskeleton-organizing cellular pathways, which contribute to its metastasis-suppressing functions.
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response elements that can elevate NM23 expression. Treating human breast cancer cells with dexamethasone medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) increases NM23 expression.
51:
have taken place, but corresponding improvements in patient survival have not always followed. Treatments that focus on the primary cancer typically do not address
249:
and VDUP1 are both active in melanoma. CRSP3 is a co-activator of genes involved in cancer growth, while VDUP1 inhibits a protein involved in cell proliferation.
202:
is a suppressor active in prostate and ovarian cancers It apparently functions by facilitating apoptosis, or death of abnormal cells such as cancer cells.
47:
The treatment of cancer usually aims to destroy and/or stop the growth of the primary tumor. Major improvements in the methods of surgery, radiation and
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and TNC, which contribute to metastasis-suppression. miR-335 expression is correlated with metastasis-free survival in clinical breast cancer.
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cells suppresses their metastatic potential without affecting primary tumor growth in a mouse model. KLF17 suppression promotes tumor cell
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may improve prognosis accuracy in patients with clinically localized disease. These proteins are different from ones that act to
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Metastasis suppressors can potentially serve as prognostic markers, therapeutic targets and predictors for treatment response.
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RHoGD12 is active in bladder cancer and inhibits proteins that aid in cancer cell migration. RhoGDI2 suppresses
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into intact recipient cells. Chromosomes 1, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16 and 17 harbor metastasis suppressor genes.
212:. Integrins link cells together. The complex formation may inhibit detachment and migration of cancer cells.
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Genes for about a dozen metastasis-suppressing proteins are known in humans and other animals, including
107:
High NM23 expression is correlated with good prognosis in multiple tumor types, including breast cancer.
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Yoshida, Barbara A.; Sokoloff, Mitchell M.; Welch, Danny R.; Rinker-Schaeffer, Carrie W. (2000).
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Biology of Cancer. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.
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is found in melanoma and breast cancers. It acts by synthesizing a protein receptor.
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771:"SDPR functions as a metastasis suppressor in breast cancer by promoting apoptosis"
712:"SDPR functions as a metastasis suppressor in breast cancer by promoting apoptosis"
587:"SDPR functions as a metastasis suppressor in breast cancer by promoting apoptosis"
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243:(ET1), a vasoconstrictor correlated with higher clinical stage in bladder cancer.
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is found in prostate and breast cancers. It forms complexes with proteins called
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1014:"'Super natural killer cells' destroy cancer in lymph nodes to halt metastasis"
39:. Genes for about a dozen such proteins are known in humans and other animals.
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907:"Metastasis-Suppressor Genes: a Review and Perspective on an Emerging Field"
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648:(2003). "Metastasis suppressor pathways—an evolving paradigm".
414:"Stem-like features of cancer cells on their way to metastasis"
332:. These genes can potentially serve as metastasis suppressors.
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Patients with NM23 -positive ovarian cancer respond better to
989:. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Web. 21 November 2009.
180:. Most act by altering aspects of signal transduction.
264:(EMT), which leads to metastasis. Transcription factor
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Yan, Jinchun; Yang, Qin; Huang, Qihong (2013-03-01).
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In a basal-like primary breast cancer, mutations in
62:Metastasis suppressors were first identified using
686:New Developments in Metastasis Suppressor Research
31:) from spreading in the body of an organism with
271:GAS1 is found in melanoma. In poorly metastatic
775:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
716:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
591:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
16:Protein that acts to slow or prevent metastases
412:Gkountela, Sofia; Aceto, Nicola (2016-07-26).
252:Ectopic expression of KrĂĽppel-like factor 17 (
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262:epithelial-mesenchymal transition
1022:. Newsletter. November 16, 2015
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662:10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00304-5
538:"Metastasis Suppressor Genes"
476:"Metastasis Suppressor Genes"
218:promotes the activity of the
542:Histology and Histopathology
830:"Suppressing cancer spread"
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187:is a suppressor active in
987:National Cancer Institute
431:10.1186/s13062-016-0135-4
66:(MMCT), which introduces
924:10.1093/jnci/92.21.1717
796:10.1073/pnas.1514663113
737:10.1073/pnas.1514663113
612:10.1073/pnas.1514663113
474:Sobel, Mark E. (1990).
256:) in highly metastatic
952:The Journal of Urology
872:The Journal of Urology
683:Jackson, Paul (2007).
343:influenced metastasis.
828:Chong, L. D. (2016).
492:10.1093/jnci/82.4.267
355:suppress tumor growth
273:B16-F0 mouse melanoma
95:Clinical applications
37:suppress tumor growth
21:metastasis suppressor
1044:Antineoplastic drugs
994:Understanding cancer
846:2016Sci...351R.351C
787:2016PNAS..113..638O
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689:. Nova Publishers.
644:Shevde, Lalita A.;
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1038:Categories
1026:2016-04-23
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361:References
223:carcinoma.
76:MDA-MB-231
53:metastasis
43:Background
25:metastases
554:0213-3911
440:1745-6150
210:integrins
130:cisplatin
103:Prognosis
1049:Proteins
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386:cite web
320:, TYMP,
276:samples.
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298:ALDH3A2
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