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offer counseling services, they are not required in order to receive methadone treatment. This practice coupled with methadone being accessible at community pharmacies makes the treatment more accessible to communities. In 1972, Canada's
Narcotics Control Act prohibited the prescription of methadone to patients which stood in effect until 1996 when regulation of methadone became decentralized. Prescribers were still required to receive a federal exemption to prescribe methadone until 2018, during a spike in opioid overdose deaths, when the federal government removed this previously needed authorization. Nurse practitioners are also allowed to prescribe methadone in Canada. There is encouraged communication between the prescriber and pharmacist overseeing the treatment. Methadone will be denied to patients that show up to pharmacies visibly intoxicated or sedated state. In addition to pharmacies, methadone can be dispensed in assisted living facilities, long-term care facilities, and jails/prisons.
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limited funding. The private clinics are more expensive to attend but usually have either a short or no waiting list. In many parts of the United States, methadone clinics are few and far between, which presents problems for addicts seeking methadone treatment who live far from a clinic. All methadone clinics must register as an accredited opioid treatment program with the
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration and renew yearly or every three years based on the accreditation time frame awarded. Additionally, methadone clinics must register with the Drug Enforcement Administration before methadone can be dispensed. While not restricted to adults, this treatment method is generally not considered for people under the age of 18.
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through these drug users sexual partners. In 2016, opioid agonist therapies were only being given to 2.7% of the 346,000 people who inject drugs in the
Ukraine. OAT utilized Buprenorphine starting in 2004 and Methadone in 2008. However, due to the cost of OAT, government regulation prohibits the number of patients that can receive such therapies at a time, meaning a new patient can enter only after another has left. From 2010 to 2013 this number patients remained at a ceiling of roughly 9,000 patients throughout the country. As of 2016 OAT for these 9,000 patients is being administered only by narcologists at 174 licensed treatment centers.
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the use of unsterilized needles and transfer of HIV is higher in the prison setting. While the offering of methadone in prisons would help curb the spread of HIV/AIDS, the internal prison governance of inmates and their reliance on the drug trade is a hard barrier. Heroin being used as currency as well as methadone users being assigned to separate living quarters than non-users creates a social separation between users and non-users. These outcasting factors can make methadone treatment not worth it for some inmates. The number of eligible prisoners using methadone through a methadone program is estimated at only 7%.
214:. Methadone clinics are only for recovering addicts from opioids. Clinics require attendance at counseling groups as well as individual counseling contacts. It is generally accepted that the more intensive the counseling contacts the individual is willing to submit to, the higher the success rate of the program. Also, an integral part of counseling is on preventing the exposure and transmission of HIV. Clinics should be able to provide or refer patients to various services: community resources,
218:, education, employment, and prenatal-care. There is no set guideline for duration of methadone treatment, however, longer treatments are associated with better outcomes. Patients receiving methadone treatment in a closed setting should be assisted when transferring to a community-based setting. Patients who voluntarily decide to stop methadone treatment should speak to their provider to discuss why they want to stop and other treatment options.
25:
266:“Although these clinics are intended to help those in need of rehabilitation, patients who seek treatment must navigate their way to and from the clinics in an environment in which illegal sales of narcotics are daily occurrences. The efforts of patients who are seeking rehabilitation, and clinic professionals who serve them, are significantly undermined by this criminal activity that surrounds them."
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addicted to heroin with the use of orally administered methadone. In
September 1969 the first methadone maintenance treatment program was created in Washington, D.C by Robert DuPont, M.D, that oversaw 25 parolees. Currently methadone must be provided through opioid treatment programs (OTP) in the United States and can not be prescribed in office settings.
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about starting treatment. This information includes reasons for treatment and recommendations, the side effects and risks of treatment, and rules that must be followed to receive methadone treatment. After a physician ensures that the patient voluntarily chooses to receive treatment through a consent
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Kyrgyzstan has a similar HIV/AIDS problem as
Ukraine and to try and combat this, started a trial methadone program within prisons. The first program started in a solo prison is 2002 and expanded to multiple in 2008. It is estimated that half of incarcerated individuals in Kyrgyzstan inject drugs and
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Although not required by regulation at this time in the United States, people are usually encouraged to attempt other types of treatment methods before entering methadone treatment programs. Since its use began in the 1960s, methadone is still the preferred choice of treatment at the clinics, and is
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Methadone clinics may decrease the use of emergency rooms by patients addicted to opioids
According to a 2009 Cochrane review, methadone maintenance treatments decreased the likelihood that heroin dependent patients would use heroin, but did not change crime or mortality rates. However, the bulk of
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While methadone clinics are generally considered to be effective treatment options for patients addicted to opioids, especially when other interventions have failed, there is controversy surrounding the placement of methadone clinics. There is a perception that the presence of the clinics attracts
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have been introduced, relieve drug cravings, block opioid effects, and avoid physical dependence. CBT is an individualized treatment plan that allow therapists to explore patterns of maladaptive substance use to help generate alternative behavior skills. Medical withdrawal management ensures safety
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and have evidence that he or she became addicted at least 1 year before admission for treatment. Before administration of treatment, a clinical evaluation is required asking about drug use history, co-occurring disorders, and impact of substance use on life, along with providing information about
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In Canada, methadone can be prescribed in office settings and then picked up by patients at their local pharmacies. Regulations for methadone are made at the provincial level in Canada in comparison to the United States where much of the regulations comes from a federal level. While these offices
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In the United States, there are approximately 1,500 methadone clinics that are federally certified opioid treatment programs. There are generally two types of methadone clinics, public and private. The public clinics are generally cheaper to attend. However, there is usually a waiting list due to
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found that is not the case, crime rates do not increase when a methadone clinic is opened. Another study by
University of Pennsylvania found within a 200 m radius, the presence of a methadone clinic causes a significant decrease in property and total crime but a significant increase in drug and
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is quickly growing and was the reason for research into opioid agonist therapies (OAT) in the country as a means to curb the spread of HIV. Ukraine has the highest rate of HIV in Europe at 1.2% and most of the spread of HIV in
Ukraine is primarily through people who inject drugs and secondarily
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Before the 1960s, abstinence-based detox was the only option for opioid addicts in the United States and produced high relapse rates. However, in 1965 clinicians at
Rockefeller University published a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association of the successful treatment of 22 men
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Between 70 and 90% of patients who discontinue methadone maintenance will relapse. The high relapse rate may be partially due to the severity of cases seen at methadone clinics, as well as the long-term effects of opioid use. Some patients stay on methadone for the rest of their lives, which
152:, a review of past and current health history, and a test for certain conditions which are known to be prevalent in addict populations, such as HIV, hepatitis, and tuberculosis. The medication is monitored by nursing staff and is prescribed by a
156:. As of 2013, due to the strict changes in receiving prescription pain medication as well as decreases in non-medical prescription use, the requirements to be accepted into methadone clinics have changed in areas such as New York State.
114:, and allow time for withdrawal management. In the United States, by law, patients must receive methadone under the supervision of a physician, and dispensed through the Opioid Treatment Program (OTP) certified by the
547:
Farnum, Scott O.; Makarenko, Iuliia; Madden, Lynn; Mazhnaya, Alyona; Marcus, Ruthanne; Prokhorova, Tanya; Bojko, Martha J.; Rozanova, Julia; Dvoriak, Sergii; Islam, Zahedsul; Altice, Frederick L. (January 2021).
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Methadone clinics can provide methadone for on-site administration. Additionally, some methadone clinics provide the following: oversight of treatment, observed dosing, consultation services, urine drug test,
737:
See U.S. Gov’t
Accountability Office, GAO-04-946T, Drug Rehabilitation Clinics: Illegal Drug Activities Near Some District of Columbia Clinics Undermine Clinic Services and Patient Rehabilitation 4 (2004)
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generates criticism regarding the effectiveness of the clinics. Supporters argue that the clinics aim not just to eliminate narcotic addictions, but also to help people function in their lives.
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is also increasingly prescribed. Medically assisted drug therapy treatment is indicated in patients who are opioid-dependent or have a history of opioid dependence. Methadone is a
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778:"Retention on buprenorphine treatment reduces emergency department utilization, but not hospitalization, among treatment-seeking patients with opioid dependence"
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form, treatment planning can begin. The patient must show current addiction to an opioid, using accepted medical criteria such as those listed in the
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operate under strict regulations by state and federal laws. Before entering treatment, a patient must be given adequate information to provide
607:"Decisional considerations for methadone uptake in Kyrgyz prisons: The importance of understanding context and providing accurate information"
751:
605:
Liberman, Amanda R.; Bromberg, Daniel J.; Azbel, Lyuba; Rozanova, Julia; Madden, Lynn; Meyer, Jaimie P.; Altice, Frederick L. (August 2021).
457:
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Information, National Center for Biotechnology; Pike, U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville; MD, Bethesda; Usa, Bethesda (2009).
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380:“42 CFR 8.12 - Federal Opioid Treatment Standards.” Legal Information Institute, Legal Information Institute, Retrieved November 1, 2018
367:. February 2018 – via Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
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the current research supports the hypothesis that methadone clinics do in fact reduce overdose and substance-related crime.
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194:(NIDA) provides the protocol of how to treat addiction with recommended options including medication assisted treatment,
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550:"The real-world impact of dosing of methadone and buprenorphine in retention on opioid agonist therapies in Ukraine"
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Lagisetty, Pooja; Klasa, Katarzyna; Bush, Christopher; Heisler, Michele; Chopra, Vineet; Bohnert, Amy (2017-10-17).
198:(CBT), and medical withdrawal management. Other than methadone, newer medications with fewer side effects including
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Ilene Anderson, Thomas E Kearney (January 200) “Use of Methadone.” Medicine Cabinet. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
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Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (09/28/2015) “Methadone”. Retrieved November 11, 2018
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violent crime. A 2004 GAO study notes that placement of clinics can impede recovery and exacerbate relapse:
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analgesic, that is also prescribed for pain management. It is a long-acting opioid that can delay the
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Kleinman, Robert A.; Brothers, Thomas D.; Danilewitz, Marlon; Bahji, Anees (September–October 2022).
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392:"Primary care models for treating opioid use disorders: What actually works? A systematic review"
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480:"What to Know About Methadone Clinics." American Addiction Centers, Retrieved November 1, 2018
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693:"The effect of outpatient methadone maintenance treatment facilities on place-based crime"
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and comfort by providing long-term monitoring until the symptoms of withdrawals are over.
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the treatment goals and guidelines. A medical evaluation is also given in the form of a
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symptoms that patients experience from taking short-acting opioids, like
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distribution, mental health services, primary care services, and
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Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
776:
Schwarz, Ryan; Zelenev, Alexei; Bruce, Douglas (2012).
458:"How treatment for addiction came out of the Dark Ages"
43:
258:
crime to surrounding areas. However, one study by the
825:
Mattick, Courtney; Breen, Jo; Davoli, Marina (2009).
291:
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90:(MOUD) are dispensed-—historically and most commonly
667:"Methadone clinics don't attract crime, study finds"
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3844:
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3648:
3348:
2745:
2734:
2514:
2088:
2077:
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954:
943:
4076:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
210:An important part of treatment for addiction is
918:
691:Moyer, Ruth A.; Ridgeway, Greg (2020-06-01).
660:
658:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
376:
374:
86:is a medical facility where medications for
834:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
318:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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2085:
951:
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911:
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638:
581:
523:
433:
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260:University of Maryland School of Medicine
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
745:
743:
611:The International Journal on Drug Policy
160:Use of methadone clinics internationally
283:
311:
16:Substance use disorder services clinic
750:Christopher Williams (May 27, 2012).
7:
782:Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
351:
349:
347:
697:Journal of Experimental Criminology
190:often part of other protocols. The
665:Andrea K Walker (April 30, 2012).
14:
2893:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
2221:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
1174:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
1159:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
298:"Methadone maintenance treatment"
3273:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
192:National Institute on Drug Abuse
23:
3268:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
120:Drug Enforcement Administration
3193:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
846:10.1002/14651858.CD002209.pub2
361:Treatment Improvement Protocol
1:
3168:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
2361:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
1970:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
1399:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
878:"Facing addiction in America"
496:Journal of Addiction Medicine
2391:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
623:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103209
508:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000950
417:10.1371/journal.pone.0186315
196:cognitive behavioral therapy
4044:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
3672:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
3053:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
1539:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
300:. World Health Organization
46:, discuss the issue on the
4127:
4064:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
3684:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
2788:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
1955:Methylsamidorphan chloride
1189:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
1014:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
794:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.03.008
3984:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
3391:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
3303:Tricyclic antidepressants
2381:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
1424:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
709:10.1007/s11292-018-9347-1
216:vocational rehabilitation
134:Methadone clinics in the
3969:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
3941:Enkephalinase inhibitors
3870:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
3852:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
3768:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
118:and registered with the
3667:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
2938:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
1980:Nalorphine dinicotinate
3283:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
3228:Pethidine (meperidine)
2421:Pethidine (meperidine)
2111:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
1757:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
1656:Tetrahydropapaveroline
1571:Pethidine (meperidine)
3974:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
3461:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
3361:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
2923:Dinalbuphine sebacate
2798:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
2522:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
2481:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
2121:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
1767:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
1747:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
1219:Dinalbuphine sebacate
126:Regulation and policy
4096:Substance dependence
3831:Sunobinop (S-117957)
3566:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
2898:Diamorphine (heroin)
2231:Diamorphine (heroin)
1199:Diamorphine (heroin)
999:Acetyldihydrocodeine
979:7-Hydroxymitragynine
974:7-Acetoxymitragynine
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
4101:Drug rehabilitation
4034:Ubenimex (bestatin)
3778:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
3386:β-Chlornaltrexamine
3356:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
2778:β-Chlornaltrexamine
2652:N-Benzylnaltrindole
2547:β-Chlornaltrexamine
2466:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
2131:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
1792:β-Chlornaltrexamine
1762:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
989:α-Chlornaltrexamine
408:2017PLoSO..1286315L
237:HIV/AIDS in Ukraine
88:opioid use disorder
3596:Norbinaltorphimine
2903:Diacetylnalorphine
2592:Diacetylnalorphine
2216:Desmethylclozapine
1870:Diacetylnalorphine
1550:Papaver somniferum
1134:Chloroxymorphamine
885:surgeongeneral.gov
4083:
4082:
3928:
3927:
3773:Nociceptin (1-11)
3644:
3643:
2773:14-Methoxymetopon
2730:
2729:
2647:Methylnaltrindole
2073:
2072:
1742:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
1354:Levacetylmethadol
756:Maine Sun Journal
671:The Baltimore Sun
566:10.1111/add.15115
462:medicine.yale.edu
108:opioid withdrawal
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
4118:
3963:
3890:Nociceptin (1-7)
3786:Norbuprenorphine
3723:Dihydroetorphine
3657:
3546:Methylnaltrexone
3456:Catechin gallate
3188:Norbuprenorphine
2913:Dihydroetorphine
2783:β-Funaltrexamine
2743:
2642:Methylnaltrexone
2582:Catechin gallate
2396:Norbuprenorphine
2236:Dihydroetorphine
2086:
1950:Methylnaltrexone
1842:Catechin gallate
1797:β-Funaltrexamine
1209:Dihydroetorphine
952:
927:
920:
913:
904:
897:
896:
894:
892:
882:
874:
868:
867:
857:
831:
822:
816:
815:
805:
773:
767:
766:
764:
762:
747:
738:
735:
729:
728:
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
662:
653:
652:
642:
602:
596:
595:
585:
544:
538:
537:
527:
487:
481:
478:
472:
471:
469:
468:
454:
448:
447:
437:
419:
402:(10): e0186315.
387:
381:
378:
369:
368:
353:
342:
339:
333:
330:
324:
323:
317:
309:
307:
305:
293:
235:The epidemic of
140:informed consent
84:methadone clinic
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
3961:
3924:
3855:
3840:
3781:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3652:
3640:
3436:Binaltorphimine
3381:6β-Naltrexol-d4
3344:
2963:Ethylketazocine
2918:Dihydromorphine
2738:
2726:
2537:6β-Naltrexol-d4
2510:
2266:Ethylketazocine
2241:Dihydromorphine
2081:
2069:
1777:6β-Naltrexol-d4
1730:
1529:Oxymorphonazine
1284:Furanylfentanyl
1214:Dihydromorphine
1069:Benzhydrocodone
958:
956:
947:
939:
934:Opioid receptor
931:
901:
900:
890:
888:
887:. 29 March 2019
880:
876:
875:
871:
840:(3): CD002209.
829:
824:
823:
819:
775:
774:
770:
760:
758:
749:
748:
741:
736:
732:
690:
689:
685:
675:
673:
664:
663:
656:
604:
603:
599:
546:
545:
541:
489:
488:
484:
479:
475:
466:
464:
456:
455:
451:
389:
388:
384:
379:
372:
355:
354:
345:
340:
336:
331:
327:
310:
303:
301:
295:
294:
285:
280:
255:
246:
233:
224:
183:
162:
150:urinalysis test
128:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4124:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:-Phenylalanine
3958:
3953:
3948:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Racemethorphan
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3738:Levomethorphan
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Racemethorphan
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Levomethorphan
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:Racemethorphan
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Levomethorphan
2338:
2336:Leu-enkephalin
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Naltrexonazine
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:Racemethorphan
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Levomethorphan
1356:
1351:
1349:Leu-enkephalin
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1309:Hydromorphinol
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:Dihydrocodeine
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Dextromoramide
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:Benzylmorphine
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:Acetylfentanyl
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
963:
949:
941:
940:
932:
930:
929:
922:
915:
907:
899:
898:
869:
817:
768:
739:
730:
703:(2): 227–245.
683:
654:
597:
539:
502:(5): 499–504.
482:
473:
449:
382:
370:
343:
334:
325:
282:
281:
279:
276:
254:
251:
245:
242:
232:
229:
223:
220:
182:
179:
161:
158:
127:
124:
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4123:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Pronociceptin
4057:
4055:
4054:Proenkephalin
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Buprenorphine
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Buprenorphine
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Amentoflavone
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:nortriptyline
3316:
3312:
3308:
3307:amitriptyline
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Hydromorphone
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Diprenorphine
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Difelikefalin
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Cyprenorphine
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Big dynorphin
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:3CS-nalmefene
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
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2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Diprenorphine
2595:
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2585:
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2279:
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2222:
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2211:Deltorphin II
2209:
2207:
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2202:
2199:
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2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:3CS-nalmefene
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
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2033:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
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2008:
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1945:Methocinnamox
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Ginsenoside R
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Diprenorphine
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
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1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:3CS-nalmefene
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
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1707:
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1702:
1699:
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1679:
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1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Phencyclidine
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:Oxymorphazone
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Hydromorphone
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:Ethylmorphine
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Endomorphin-2
1247:
1245:
1244:Endomorphin-1
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:Diphenoxylate
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:Butyrfentanyl
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Buprenorphine
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:Acrylfentanyl
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:ψ-Akuammigine
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
964:
961:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
908:
905:
886:
879:
873:
870:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
821:
818:
813:
809:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
769:
757:
753:
746:
744:
740:
734:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
684:
672:
668:
661:
659:
655:
650:
646:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
598:
593:
589:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
543:
540:
535:
531:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
483:
477:
474:
463:
459:
453:
450:
445:
441:
436:
431:
427:
423:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
383:
377:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
352:
350:
348:
344:
338:
335:
329:
326:
321:
315:
299:
292:
290:
288:
284:
277:
275:
271:
267:
264:
261:
253:Effectiveness
252:
250:
243:
241:
238:
230:
228:
221:
219:
217:
213:
208:
205:
201:
200:buprenorphine
197:
193:
187:
181:United States
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
159:
157:
155:
151:
146:
141:
137:
136:United States
132:
125:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:buprenorphine
93:
89:
85:
74:
71:
63:
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
4070:
4049:Prodynorphin
4041:Propeptides:
4040:
3939:
3910:Thienorphine
3733:JNJ-19385899
3718:Cebranopadol
3700:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
3692:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
3376:6β-Naltrexol
3293:Thienorphine
3258:Salvinorin A
3058:Levallorphan
2863:Cebranopadol
2722:Thienorphine
2532:6β-Naltrexol
2316:JNJ-20788560
2311:Isomethadone
2206:Deltorphin I
2201:Deltorphin A
2181:Cebranopadol
2176:Casokefamide
2010:Naltrexazone
2000:Naloxonazine
1925:Levallorphan
1772:6β-Naltrexol
1671:Thienorphine
1626:Remifentanil
1548:
1479:Nicomorphine
1474:Nicodicodine
1429:Morphiceptin
1329:Ketobemidone
1164:Desomorphine
1149:DAMGO (DAGO)
1129:Cebranopadol
1124:Casokefamide
889:. Retrieved
884:
872:
837:
833:
820:
788:(4): 451–7.
785:
781:
771:
759:. Retrieved
755:
733:
700:
696:
686:
674:. Retrieved
670:
614:
610:
600:
560:(1): 83–93.
557:
553:
542:
499:
495:
485:
476:
465:. Retrieved
461:
452:
399:
395:
385:
364:
360:
337:
328:
302:. Retrieved
272:
268:
265:
256:
247:
234:
225:
209:
188:
184:
163:
133:
129:
83:
81:
66:
57:
33:
3979:Kelatorphan
3956:Candoxatril
3845:Antagonists
3796:Racemorphan
3763:NNC 63-0532
3748:Lexanopadol
3743:Levorphanol
3621:Quadazocine
3606:Pawhuskin A
3601:Noribogaine
3591:Navacaprant
3581:Naltrindole
3501:Epicatechin
3466:Clocinnamox
3349:Antagonists
3311:desipramine
3278:Samidorphan
3248:Racemorphan
3233:Phenazocine
3223:Pentazocine
3203:Norketamine
3198:Noribogaine
3158:Nalfurafine
3123:Mirtazapine
3113:Metkefamide
3073:Lexanopadol
3068:Levorphanol
3048:Laudanosine
3033:ICI-204,448
3028:ICI-199,441
2998:Hemorphin-4
2958:Erinacine E
2943:Eluxadoline
2933:Dynorphin A
2878:Cyclazocine
2853:Butorphanol
2838:Bremazocine
2813:Asimadoline
2803:Allomatrine
2793:Akuammicine
2702:Quadazocine
2697:Pawhuskin A
2692:Noribogaine
2677:Naltrindole
2617:Epicatechin
2612:Eluxadoline
2587:Clocinnamox
2515:Antagonists
2446:Samidorphan
2436:Racemorphan
2416:Oxymorphone
2376:Mitragynine
2371:Metkefamide
2351:Lexanopadol
2346:Levorphanol
2331:Laudanosine
2296:Hydrocodone
2291:Hemorphin-4
2191:Cyclazocine
2166:Butorphanol
2141:β-Endorphin
2060:Samidorphan
2055:Quadazocine
2045:Pawhuskin A
2035:Noribogaine
2025:Naltrindole
1960:Naldemedine
1890:Epicatechin
1847:Clocinnamox
1735:Antagonists
1706:Tubotaiwine
1691:Trimebutine
1621:Racemorphan
1591:Piritramide
1576:Phenazocine
1561:Pentazocine
1534:Oxymorphone
1499:Oliceridine
1484:Norketamine
1469:Nicocodeine
1454:Naltalimide
1419:Mitragynine
1409:Metkefamide
1379:Loxicodegol
1369:Lexanopadol
1364:Levorphanol
1339:Laudanosine
1304:Hydrocodone
1299:Hodgkinsine
1289:Hemorphin-4
1279:Frakefamide
1239:Embutramide
1234:Dynorphin A
1194:Eluxadoline
1184:Dimenoxadol
1119:Carfentanil
1104:Butorphanol
1079:Bezitramide
1049:β-Endorphin
1039:Anileridine
1029:Akuammidine
1024:Akuammicine
994:α-Narcotine
100:schedule II
94:, although
4090:Categories
4074:Kyotorphin
4019:Spinorphin
3900:SB-612,111
3895:Nocistatin
3865:BAN-ORL-24
3816:SCH-486757
3811:SCH-221510
3650:Nociceptin
3611:PF-4455242
3586:Naringenin
3576:Naltrexone
3536:LY-2795050
3531:LY-2459989
3526:LY-2444296
3521:LY-2196044
3506:Hyperoside
3421:Aticaprant
3315:imipramine
3238:Proxorphan
3213:Oxilorphan
3183:Niravoline
3173:Nalorphine
3148:Nalbuphine
3133:Moxazocine
3108:Metazocine
3078:Lofentanil
3043:Ketazocine
3003:Herkinorin
2983:Gemazocine
2973:Fedotozine
2953:Eptazocine
2883:Cyclorphan
2868:Ciprefadol
2687:Naringenin
2667:Naltrexone
2662:Nalorphine
2637:LY-2196044
2627:ICI-174864
2622:ICI-154129
2567:Bevenopran
2542:α-Santolol
2506:Zenazocine
2486:Tonazocine
2441:RWJ-394674
2426:Proglumide
2366:Metazocine
2356:Lofentanil
2286:Fluorophen
2050:Rimonabant
2040:Oxilorphan
2030:Naringenin
2020:Naltrexone
1985:Naloxazone
1975:Nalorphine
1940:LY-2196044
1910:Hyperoside
1900:Gemazocine
1895:Eptazocine
1832:Bevenopran
1676:Tianeptine
1651:Tapentadol
1646:Sufentanil
1641:Sinomenine
1631:Salsolinol
1586:Piminodine
1504:Oxycodegol
1494:Octreotide
1489:Nufenoxole
1439:Nalbuphine
1394:Meptazinol
1374:Loperamide
1344:Lefetamine
1294:Herkinorin
1274:Fluorophen
1229:Dipipanone
1154:Dermorphin
1044:Apparicine
1034:Alfentanil
957:(abridged;
937:modulators
617:: 103209.
467:2023-08-14
304:3 November
278:References
244:Kyrgyzstan
212:counseling
204:naltrexone
177:services.
4029:Tynorphin
4024:Thiorphan
4004:Opiorphan
3946:Amastatin
3875:J-113,397
3836:TH-030418
3806:Ro65-6570
3801:Ro64-6198
3728:Etorphine
3636:Zyklophin
3626:Taxifolin
3516:LY-255582
3476:Cyclofoxy
3426:Axelopran
3340:Xorphanol
3330:U-54,494A
3298:Tifluadom
3288:TH-030418
3218:Oxycodone
3208:Oripavine
3178:Naltriben
3163:Nalmefene
3118:Mianserin
3088:Lufuradom
2993:GR-103545
2968:Etorphine
2948:Enadoline
2848:Butorphan
2843:BRL-52537
2808:Apadoline
2717:Taxifolin
2712:SoRI-9409
2672:Naltriben
2657:Nalmefene
2632:LY-255582
2562:Axelopran
2501:Xorphanol
2471:TH-030418
2451:SB-235863
2411:Oxycodone
2406:Oripavine
2271:Etorphine
2161:Butorphan
2126:Amoxapine
2065:Taxifolin
1990:Naloxegol
1965:Nalmefene
1935:LY-255582
1865:Cyprodime
1860:Cyclofoxy
1827:Axelopran
1807:Alvimopan
1802:Akuammine
1787:α-Gliadin
1726:Xorphanol
1716:Valorphin
1661:TH-030418
1519:Oxycodone
1514:Oripavine
1449:Nalmexone
1404:Methadone
1384:LS-115509
1264:Etorphine
1254:Eseroline
1099:Butorphan
960:full list
725:255131833
717:1572-8315
631:1873-4758
574:1360-0443
554:Addiction
516:1935-3227
426:1932-6203
154:physician
92:methadone
60:June 2023
48:talk page
3915:Trap-101
3905:SR-16430
3826:SR-16435
3680:(PheΨ(CH
3660:Agonists
3571:Naloxone
3481:Dezocine
3451:Catechin
3406:Apigenin
3335:U-69,593
3128:Morphine
3098:MB-1C-OH
3038:Ketamine
3023:Ibogaine
2988:GR-89696
2978:Fentanyl
2858:BW373U86
2746:Agonists
2736:κ-opioid
2682:Naloxone
2577:Catechin
2552:Apigenin
2491:Tramadol
2476:Thebaine
2386:Morphine
2306:Ibogaine
2276:Fentanyl
2256:DPI-3290
2226:Dezocine
2171:BW373U86
2151:Biphalin
2116:ADL-5859
2089:Agonists
2079:δ-opioid
2005:Naloxone
1930:Lobeline
1915:Ibogaine
1837:Catechin
1817:Apigenin
1686:Tramadol
1681:Tilidine
1666:Thebaine
1636:SC-17599
1606:Propiram
1566:Pericine
1509:OM-3-MNZ
1434:Morphine
1324:Ketamine
1269:Fentanyl
1179:Dezocine
1114:BW373U86
1084:Biphalin
969:3-HO-PCP
955:Agonists
945:μ-opioid
864:19588333
812:22534003
649:33838398
592:32428276
534:35020695
444:29040331
396:PLOS ONE
314:cite web
167:naloxone
42:You may
4111:Opioids
4106:Clinics
4071:Others:
3999:RB-3007
3951:BL-2401
3920:UFP-101
3885:NalBzOH
3880:JTC-801
3821:SR-8993
3758:MT-7716
3708:BU08070
3561:MR-2266
3541:MeJDTic
3471:CVL-354
3441:BU09059
3431:AZ-MTAB
3411:Arodyne
3371:6'-GNTI
3366:5'-GNTI
3325:U-50488
3305:(e.g.,
3153:NalBzOH
3138:MR-2034
3103:Menthol
3093:Matrine
2828:BAM-22P
2823:BAM-18P
2818:BAM-12P
2758:6'-GNTI
2527:5'-NTII
2461:SNC-162
2401:NalBzOH
2321:KNT-127
2251:DPI-221
2186:Codeine
2146:BAM-18P
2136:AZD2327
2101:6'-GNTI
1995:Naloxol
1721:Viminol
1711:U-47700
1696:TRIMU 5
1601:Prodine
1544:OxyPNPH
1459:Neopine
1444:NalBzOH
1414:Metopon
1389:Matrine
1139:Codeine
1089:BU08070
1064:BAM-22P
1059:BAM-18P
1054:BAM-12P
1019:AH-7921
891:26 July
855:7097731
803:3419304
761:May 27,
676:May 27,
640:8373625
583:7674222
525:9271524
435:5645096
404:Bibcode
231:Ukraine
4009:Selank
3994:RB-120
3989:RB-101
3933:Others
3860:AT-076
3753:MCOPPB
3416:AT-076
3262:salvia
3143:N-MPPP
3083:LPK-26
2707:SDM25N
2557:AT-076
2496:TRV250
2456:SNC-80
2326:Kratom
2106:7-SIOM
1822:AT-076
1812:AM-251
1701:TRV734
1596:PL-017
1334:Kratom
1319:IBNtxA
862:
852:
810:
800:
723:
715:
647:
637:
629:
590:
580:
572:
532:
522:
514:
442:
432:
424:
222:Canada
112:heroin
104:opioid
102:(USA)
4014:Semax
3653:(NOP)
3631:UPHIT
3616:RB-64
3556:ML350
3551:ML190
3511:JDTic
3486:DIPPA
3253:RB-64
3008:HS665
2873:CR665
2768:18-MC
2763:8-CAC
2739:(KOR)
2261:DSLET
2246:DPDPE
2196:DADLE
2156:BU-48
2082:(DOR)
1920:JDTic
1782:18-MC
1611:PZM21
1555:opium
1464:NFEPP
1144:DADLE
948:(MOR)
881:(PDF)
830:(PDF)
721:S2CID
145:DSM-5
50:, or
3401:ANTI
3018:HZ-2
2572:BNTX
1855:CTOP
1851:CTAP
893:2023
860:PMID
838:2009
808:PMID
763:2012
713:ISSN
678:2012
645:PMID
627:ISSN
588:PMID
570:ISSN
530:PMID
512:ISSN
440:PMID
422:ISSN
320:link
306:2018
202:and
173:and
3496:ECG
3491:EGC
2607:EGC
2602:ECG
2281:FIT
1885:EGC
1880:ECG
850:PMC
842:doi
798:PMC
790:doi
705:doi
635:PMC
619:doi
578:PMC
562:doi
558:116
520:PMC
504:doi
430:PMC
412:doi
175:HCV
171:HIV
4092::
3962:D
3317:,
3313:,
3309:,
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858:.
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836:.
832:.
806:.
796:.
786:43
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780:.
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657:^
643:.
633:.
625:.
615:94
613:.
609:.
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568:.
556:.
552:.
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410:.
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373:^
365:63
363:.
359:.
346:^
316:}}
312:{{
286:^
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3854:2
3780:2
3702:2
3694:2
3686:2
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