924:
1054:
1323:
1463:
593:
1413:
1447:
1432:
1145:
1394:
96:
1375:
1263:
1343:
1282:
7814:
6074:
704:
1010:
654:." Alta California was not easily accessible from New Spain: land routes were cut off by deserts and Indigenous peoples who were hostile to invasion. Sea routes ran counter to the southerly currents of the distant northwestern Pacific. Ultimately, New Spain did not have the economic resources nor population to settle such a far northern outpost.
939:
residents. The
Franciscans, however, prolonged their control over the missions even after control of Alta California passed from Spain to independent Mexico, and continued to run the missions until they were secularized, beginning in 1833. The transfer of property never occurred under the Franciscans.
942:
As the number of
Spanish settlers grew in Alta California, the boundaries and natural resources of the mission properties became disputed. Conflicts between the Crown and the Church arose over land. State and ecclesiastical bureaucrats debated over authority of the missions. The Franciscan priests of
955:
against the
Spanish settlers in nearby San José. The priests reported that Indians' crops were being damaged by the pueblo settlers' livestock and that the settlers' livestock was also "getting mixed up with the livestock belonging to the Indians from the mission" causing losses. They advocated that
865:
at the colonial missions was often resisted by
Indigenous peoples in Alta California. Many missionaries in the province wrote of their frustrations with teaching Indigenous people to internalize Catholic scripture and practice. Many Indigenous people learned to navigate religious expectations at the
1174:
entered into Alta
California and took possession of the northern port cities of Monterey and San Francisco. The forces of the California Republic, upon encountering the United States Navy and, from them, learning of the state of war between Mexico and the United States, abandoned their independence
833:
As the
Spanish and civilian settlers further intruded into Indigenous lands and imposed their practices, ideas of property, and religion onto them backed by the force of soldiers and settlers, Indigenous peoples formed rebellions on Spanish missions and settlements. A major rebellion at Mission San
1455:
of the
California Republic, June 14, 1846, at Sonoma until July 9, 1846. The California Republic was declared by American citizens who had settled inland (in the valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers), and it is thought that the inclusion of one star and one stripe was meant to highlight
1000:
of 1819, between the United States and Spain, established the northern limit of Alta
California at latitude 42°N, which remains the boundary between the states of California, Nevada and Utah (to the south) and Oregon and Idaho (to the north) to this day. Mexico won independence in 1821, and Alta
1032:
to the
Viceroyalty of New Spain, Mexico automatically included the provinces of Alta California and Baja California as territories. Alta California declared allegiance to the new Mexican nation and elected a representative to be sent to Mexico City. On November 9, 1822, the first legislature of
3276:
Apart from a tiny minority who gave the clearest evidence of meaningful conversion... Overall, outright rejection and chronic resistance characterized the Indian response. The
Franciscans admitted as much, recording repeatedly the difficulty of convincing adult Indians to accept any aspect of
2975:
Apart from a tiny minority who gave the clearest evidence of meaningful conversion... Overall, outright rejection and chronic resistance characterized the Indian response. The Franciscans admitted as much, recording repeatedly the difficulty of convincing adult Indians to accept any aspect of
938:
By law, mission land and property were to pass to the Indigenous population after a period of about ten years, when the Indigenous people would become Spanish subjects. In the interim period, the Franciscans were to act as mission administrators who held the land in trust for the Indigenous
1098:. Alvarado's actions nearly led to a civil war with loyalist forces based in Los Angeles, but a ceasefire was arranged. After an unsettled period, Alvarado agreed to support the 1839 constitution, and Mexico City appointed him to serve as governor from 1837 to 1842. Other
1175:
and proceeded to assist the United States forces in securing the remainder of Alta California. The California Republic was never recognized by any nation and existed for less than one month, but its flag (the "Bear Flag") survives as the flag of the State of California.
1359:
and, from 1812 to 1821, its colonial administrator. The Russian-American Company only controlled a small portion of the northern coast of California, while the entire territory was diplomatically recognized as territory of Mexico; this situation was terminated when the
964:
In 1804, due to the growth of the Spanish population in new northern settlements, the province of Las Californias was divided just south of San Diego, following mission president Francisco PalĂłu's division between the Dominican and Franciscan jurisdictions. Governor
3377:
Bancroft, H. H. (1970). History of California: Vol. II, 1801â1824, pp.20â21. Santa Barbara Calif.: Wallace Hebberd. (Note: Bancroft translated the names of the two new provinces as "Antigua" and "Nueva", but Richman uses Baja and Alta - as on the 1847 map of
1387:, a French-born pirate who attacked Monterey Bay from November 24 to November 29, 1818, in order to annoy Spain, who ruled Argentina. Bouchard claimed California on behalf of Argentina, but this claim was never recognized, even by the Argentine government.
1065:
Resentment was increasing toward appointed territorial governors sent from Mexico City, who came with little knowledge of local conditions and concerns. Laws were imposed by the central government without much consideration of local conditions, such as the
841:. Runaways from the missions were common, where abuse, malnourishment, and overworking were common features of daily life. Runaways would sometimes find shelter at more distant villages, such as a group of runaways who found refuge at the
3680:
Blomquist, L.R., A Regional Study of the Changes in Life and Institutions in the San Luis Obispo District, 1830â1850 (M.A. thesis, History Department, University of California, Berkeley, 1943). Source consulted by Ryan & Breschini
992:
issued a decree in 1813 for at least partial secularization that affected all missions in America and was to apply to all outposts that had operated for ten years or more; however, the decree was never enforced in California.
852:
The precolonial Indigenous population of California is estimated to have numbered around 340,000 people, who were diverse culturally and linguistically. From 1769-1832, at least 87,787 baptisms and 63,789 deaths of
5729:
2270:, a member of the Territorial Deputation (legislature), noted that Alta California was bounded "on the east, where the Government has not yet established the borderline, by either the Colorado River or the
1136:
mainly settled in and around the established coastal settlements and tended to intermarry with the Californios. In Northern California, they mainly formed new settlements further inland, especially in the
3684:
Breschini, G.S., T. Haversat, and R.P. Hampson, A Cultural Resources Overview of the Coast and Coast-Valley Study Areas (Coyote Press, Salinas, CA, 1983). Source consulted by Ryan & Breschini (2010).
849:, the chief of which refused to give them up. Many children died young at the missions. One missionary reported that 3 of every 4 children born at Mission San Gabriel died before reaching the age of two.
904:
from the livestock were the primary exports of California until the mid-19th century. Similar to the missions, the construction, ranching and domestic work on these vast estates was primarily done by
4969:
3769:
4974:
7898:
7843:
751:, which became the first European settlement in the present state of California. At first contact, the villagers provided food and water for the expedition, who were suffering from
623:
was established that same year. Plans in 1715 by Juan Manuel de OlivĂĄn Rebolledo resulted in a 1716 decree for extension of the conquest (of Baja California) which came to nothing.
7903:
1621:
7908:
7838:
5885:
2148:, fictional former Governor Don Rafael Montero plans to purchase the area from Mexico to set up an independent republic, roughly corresponding to historical Alta California.
7893:
620:
596:
7285:
5880:
1166:
to the United States, American settlers in inland Northern California took up arms, captured the Mexican garrison town of Sonoma, and declared independence there as the
7913:
5721:
3622:
7883:
6301:
2578:
6597:
1115:
1083:). The change, however, had little practical effect in far-off Alta California. The capital of Alta California remained Monterey, as it had been since the 1769
2299:", whose territory was considered separate from New Mexico. The term "the Californias", therefore, refers specifically to the Spanish-held coastal region from
6577:
6316:
6110:
7203:
6607:
1248:
136:
7530:
7524:
6432:
1206:
on January 13, 1847. After twenty-seven years as part of independent Mexico, California was ceded to the United States in 1848 with the signing of the
923:
7888:
6612:
6592:
6492:
5895:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6243:
6238:
6230:
3658:
7671:
6647:
6617:
6572:
6567:
5890:
3920:
3538:
6840:
6815:
6602:
6582:
6562:
6512:
6442:
6437:
6422:
2840:
2365:
became more common than the others, both in private and official communications, though from the date of the separation of the provinces in 1804,
1178:
After the United States Navy's seizure of the cities of southern California, the Californios formed irregular units, which were victorious in the
1440:, for a few months in 1836, when Alvarado's coup declared independence from Mexico (the Declaration of Independence is available on Wikisource).
2449:. Chronicles of California, Volume 419: Management of public lands in the United States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp.
7060:
6672:
6632:
6532:
6507:
6462:
6457:
6349:
5124:
927:
1418:
7756:
6785:
6677:
6662:
6402:
4004:
3419:
3298:
3261:
3170:
2960:
2739:
2658:
2554:
823:
531:
7585:
7135:
7005:
6915:
6820:
6805:
6697:
6667:
6657:
6652:
6642:
6637:
6627:
6622:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6517:
6497:
6487:
6447:
6427:
6412:
6407:
6218:
5333:
5004:
4202:
3854:
3842:
2641:
1333:
1053:
670:
217:
3719:
7025:
7000:
6825:
6522:
6502:
6477:
6452:
6417:
6331:
5328:
5262:
5084:
3824:
2676:
2182:
708:
7482:
4914:
1151:. S. Augustus Mitchell, Philadelphia, 1847. New California is depicted with a northeastern border at the meridian leading north of the
782:
in 1769. Similar to the site of this mission, subsequent missions and presidios were often founded at the site of Indigenous villages.
483:(Seven Laws) constitutional reform, granting it more autonomy. That change was undone in 1846, but rendered moot by the outcome of the
7165:
7125:
6990:
6950:
6940:
6925:
6770:
6745:
6687:
6682:
6537:
6527:
6482:
6472:
6467:
6384:
6354:
5959:
5366:
4212:
3709:
3652:
2858:
2192:
2177:
1788:(Weber estimations (1982:206), although other sources indicated that in 1846 11,500 Californians were of Spaniard or Mexican descent)
1144:
1067:
719:
was the first European land-entry expedition into the area that is now California. The missionaries and soldiers encountered numerous
592:
5227:
4989:
4934:
3914:
3890:
3878:
3872:
3360:
7788:
7715:
7115:
7090:
7045:
7040:
6970:
6830:
6735:
6730:
6208:
6171:
6166:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6131:
5094:
3743:
3675:
3587:
3491:
3439:
3209:
3042:
2517:
1132:
In the final decades of Mexican rule, American and European immigrants arrived and settled in the former Alta California. Those in
7878:
7868:
7863:
7591:
7105:
7080:
7065:
7030:
6985:
6975:
6935:
6905:
6895:
6890:
6855:
6850:
6835:
6760:
6755:
6359:
6326:
6203:
6139:
6103:
5479:
5069:
4964:
4894:
4839:
4207:
3956:
3387:
905:
854:
720:
527:
31:
3796:
2263:
7196:
7155:
7120:
7100:
7075:
7050:
6960:
6955:
6900:
6880:
6860:
6810:
6765:
6715:
4590:
4217:
4174:
1322:
1275:
in 1542, upon entering the bay of San Diego, and by the PortolĂĄ expedition that founded the colony of Alta California in 1769.
783:
1228:
978:
333:
308:
155:
7170:
7160:
7140:
7055:
6995:
6980:
6945:
6930:
6920:
6885:
6870:
6845:
6800:
6790:
6775:
6750:
6740:
6394:
6311:
6306:
6288:
5167:
5119:
5089:
4924:
4427:
4197:
4159:
4154:
3748:
2490:
2458:
2187:
2159:
931:
858:
694:
5019:
4919:
3866:
3507:
944:
763:
3151:"The Native California Commons: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives on Land Control, Resource Use, and Management"
1073:
In 1836, Mexico repealed the 1824 federalist constitution and adopted a more centralist political organization (under the "
7315:
7150:
7145:
7110:
7085:
7070:
7035:
7015:
6965:
6910:
6875:
6865:
6795:
6780:
6725:
6341:
5875:
5867:
5109:
5014:
4136:
4039:
3860:
2445:
Land in California: The Story of Mission Lands, Ranchos, Squatters, Mining Claims, Railroad Grants, Land Scrip, Homesteads
1038:
326:
7130:
7095:
7010:
6364:
5848:
5139:
3691:
3687:
5267:
1234:
7853:
7621:
7020:
6096:
5104:
5099:
5079:
4698:
2018:
1462:
1207:
1042:
1025:
811:
503:
492:
421:
409:
313:
230:
7597:
5024:
4874:
4834:
4720:
2606:
Kino's historical memoir of PimerĂa Alta: A contemporary account of the beginnings of California, Sonora, and Arizona
7817:
7327:
7321:
7189:
6010:
5237:
5114:
4994:
4959:
4904:
4899:
4480:
3233:
2988:
Hackel, S. W. (2003-10-01). "Sources of Rebellion: Indian Testimony and the Mission San Gabriel Uprising of 1785".
2582:
1272:
1191:
882:. Nine ranchos were subsequently established before 1800. Spanish, and later Mexican, governments rewarded retired
862:
550:
3968:
3562:
7603:
7427:
7267:
6020:
5302:
5222:
5192:
5129:
5029:
4575:
4240:
4232:
4192:
3986:
2121:
2047:
1907:
1352:
1195:
682:
651:
466:
403:
6181:
4979:
4442:
1127:
997:
908:, who learned to speak Spanish and ride horses. Under Spanish and Mexican rule, the ranchos prospered and grew.
484:
7848:
7409:
7309:
6720:
6587:
4713:
4645:
4169:
4164:
3787:
3772:
3623:"California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849 to 1900. Other Californians"
2889:
The Acjachemen of San Juan Capistrano: The History, Language and Politics of an Indigenous California Community
2300:
1348:
1155:
60:
5307:
5172:
4949:
4909:
4884:
4829:
4580:
3204:. Robert J. Snow, David Crawford, George Grayson Wagstaff. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. 2002. p. 129.
1241:
795:
183:
169:
7470:
7452:
6296:
5217:
5212:
4605:
4585:
3896:
3817:
1962:
1751:(mostly being of Spanish origin and another 500 being foreigners; Faxon D. Atherton estimations (1982:206))
1103:
1095:
624:
496:
197:
1412:
7873:
7780:
7683:
7297:
6705:
6198:
5292:
5162:
5039:
5034:
4755:
4635:
4620:
4475:
4432:
4112:
4074:
3908:
2328:
1456:
their American origins. The Republic's existence was never officially recognized by any other government.
1446:
1403:
1091:
1034:
807:
570:
6035:
5252:
3535:
2393:
7627:
7561:
7476:
6321:
6248:
6119:
6005:
5911:
5323:
4683:
4650:
4595:
4397:
4371:
4245:
4097:
1935:
1471:
1356:
1187:
740:
698:
632:
566:
76:
5182:
4954:
4864:
4525:
4330:
1037:
in 1824, Alta California, like many northern territories, was not recognized as one of the constituent
716:
587:
3736:
A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769â1910.
1431:
7727:
7721:
7697:
7645:
7518:
7440:
7303:
7273:
7223:
6710:
6213:
5423:
5297:
5272:
5177:
5044:
4939:
4869:
4819:
4600:
4437:
4102:
2271:
2135:
1505:
The data in this table includes California, Nevada, Utah and parts of Arizona, Colorado and Wyoming.
1399:
1287:
1211:
1179:
1029:
775:
662:
647:
562:
511:
425:
253:
107:
70:
866:
missions with complex social behaviors in order to maintain their cultural and religious practices.
95:
7772:
7633:
7500:
7373:
7333:
7233:
6193:
6159:
4565:
4545:
4407:
4222:
4107:
4064:
4054:
3902:
3627:
3149:
Jones, Terry L.; Codding, Brian F. (June 22, 2019), Lozny, Ludomir R.; McGovern, Thomas H. (eds.),
1167:
1133:
1111:
736:
666:
541:
Evidence of Alta California remains in the numerous Spanish place names of American cities such as
42:
4859:
3398:
1087:
first established a military/civil government, and the local political structures were unchanged.
7858:
7796:
7709:
7677:
7279:
7261:
6077:
6055:
5916:
5802:
5282:
4984:
4824:
4630:
4402:
4059:
4049:
3810:
3727:
3692:
Finding Aid to the Documents relating to Missions of the Californias : typescript, 1768â1802
3227:
3176:
3131:
3123:
3013:
2931:
2572:
2413:
1452:
1437:
1384:
1203:
1183:
1171:
1084:
674:
5247:
4300:
4265:
3980:
1141:, and these immigrants focused on fur-trapping and farming and kept apart from the Californios.
1024:
gained independence from Spain on August 24, 1821, upon conclusion of the decade-long
7764:
7506:
7391:
7243:
7212:
6050:
5600:
5560:
5343:
5242:
5134:
5009:
4879:
4750:
4665:
4655:
4640:
4422:
4376:
4184:
4082:
4044:
3763:
3739:
3705:
3671:
3583:
3487:
3481:
3435:
3415:
3294:
3267:
3257:
3215:
3205:
3166:
3048:
3038:
3005:
2966:
2956:
2923:
2735:
2696:
2654:
2637:
2560:
2550:
2513:
2486:
2454:
2144:
1199:
1138:
1114:, was driven out after another rebellion in 1845. Micheltorena was replaced by PĂo Pico, last
771:
756:
3608:
3577:
2729:
2633:
2450:
2394:"Mission, presidio and pueblo: Notes on California local institutions under Spain and Mexico"
2287:
Chapman points out that the term "Arizona" was not used in this period. Arizona south of the
638:
Don Fernando SĂĄnchez Salvador researched the earlier proposals and suggested the area of the
7536:
7512:
7446:
7421:
7379:
7238:
6176:
5926:
5754:
5653:
5428:
5257:
5197:
5187:
4929:
4889:
4555:
4417:
4412:
4275:
4118:
4092:
3962:
3695:
3158:
3115:
2997:
2915:
2674:
Plans for the Occupation of Upper California: A New Look at the "Dark Age" from 1602 to 1769
2673:
2405:
1991:
1393:
884:
875:
3609:"National Historic Trail Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment: Old Spanish Trail"
3157:, Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation, vol. 11, Springer, Cham, pp. 255â280,
2866:
1262:
7733:
7573:
7415:
7385:
7291:
7248:
7228:
5853:
5678:
5487:
5433:
5058:
4999:
4786:
4688:
4625:
4550:
4520:
4366:
4335:
4250:
3791:
3542:
3452:
2680:
1374:
1215:
1058:
970:
966:
948:
732:
678:
646:
as the locale for forts or presidios preventing the French or the English from "occupying
488:
2292:
612:
846:
7691:
7665:
7361:
5954:
5921:
5832:
5827:
5711:
5537:
5497:
5438:
5403:
5393:
5287:
5277:
5207:
5202:
5157:
4944:
4610:
4535:
4146:
4031:
3974:
3950:
3067:
2531:
The Founding of Spanish California: The Northwestward Expansion of New Spain, 1687â1783
1827:
1515:
1342:
1268:
879:
835:
643:
600:
535:
519:
7832:
7615:
7367:
7348:
6015:
5792:
5701:
5648:
5595:
5527:
4745:
4740:
4730:
4490:
3992:
3938:
3180:
3135:
3017:
2626:
2443:
2112:
1297:
974:
952:
827:
762:
The first Alta California mission was founded that same year adjacent to the village
558:
351:
2211:
Almost the entire Spanish and mixed-race population lived in present-day California.
1170:. At the same time, the United States and Mexico had gone to war, and forces of the
7639:
7494:
7488:
6045:
6025:
5989:
5947:
5822:
5696:
5658:
5633:
5615:
5552:
5469:
5413:
5388:
5338:
5232:
4851:
3884:
3715:
2267:
703:
608:
472:
4285:
3611:. University of Minnesota. Government Publications Library. July 2001. p. 40.
1483:
956:
the Indigenous people be allowed to own property and have the right to defend it.
17:
3511:
3162:
3086:
2841:"El Aliso: Ancient Sycamore Was Silent Witness to Four Centuries of L.A. History"
2823:
7609:
7579:
7464:
7458:
7397:
6188:
6030:
5663:
5605:
4530:
4505:
4356:
4290:
4270:
3998:
2621:
2164:
1855:
1422:
1365:
1313:
1305:
1292:
1107:
1074:
767:
748:
650:
and invading the neighboring coasts of California which are at the mouth of the
542:
507:
479:
3150:
7703:
7659:
5807:
5638:
5628:
5517:
5507:
5443:
4724:
4707:
4500:
4381:
4361:
4280:
3944:
3388:
See "RepĂșblica Centralista (MĂ©xico)" in the Spanish version of Knowledge (XXG)
3271:
3001:
2970:
2564:
2288:
2155:
2152:
2130:
1329:
1309:
1301:
1281:
1152:
917:
815:
791:
728:
639:
546:
438:
361:
122:
38:
3009:
2927:
2595:
See Bonialian, op. cit, p. 277; or in English book review by Duggan, op. cit.
1194:. But the Californios were defeated in subsequent encounters, the battles of
1094:
led a revolt against the 1836 constitution, seizing control of Monterey from
1077:") that reunited Alta and Baja California in a single California Department (
7567:
5779:
5734:
5585:
4615:
4540:
4295:
4260:
3833:
3219:
3052:
2759:
2116:
1380:
989:
838:
819:
779:
554:
526:. Spanish soldiers, settlers, and missionaries invaded the homelands of the
399:
5502:
3251:
2950:
2701:, Paul W. Mapp, Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture
2544:
1057:
Mexican departments created in 1836 (shown after 1845 Texas independence).
3483:
California Hispana: Descubrimiento, ColonizaciĂłn Y AnexiĂłn Por Los Estados
3119:
2687:, San Diego Historical Society Quarterly, Winter 1978, Volume 24, Number 1
669:
and push Spanish settlement further north. In subsequent decades, news of
7403:
6040:
5759:
5744:
5691:
5575:
5512:
5492:
4770:
4570:
4515:
4305:
3199:
3032:
1880:
744:
458:
366:
66:
56:
30:
This article is about a historical political entity. For other uses, see
6088:
3802:
2935:
2903:
2417:
2335:
without any uniformity of usage, the upper country began to be known as
1406:(October 1822, probable time new flag raised in California) until 1823.
1336:
until 1821, when New Spain gained independence from the Spanish Empire.
1202:. The southern Californios formally surrendered with the signing of the
1009:
5979:
5969:
5964:
5797:
5787:
5769:
5764:
5706:
5643:
5590:
5464:
5408:
4765:
4692:
4560:
4510:
4351:
4320:
4255:
3780:
3668:
Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535â1846
3127:
3103:
842:
803:
635:
planned settlements in 1744, although these plans did not take action.
616:
523:
515:
454:
450:
381:
356:
117:
3453:"United States state-level population estimates: Colonization to 1999"
685:
alarmed the Spanish government and served to justify GĂĄlvez's vision.
5749:
5739:
5623:
5580:
5565:
5542:
5532:
5459:
5398:
5383:
4495:
4485:
4325:
4315:
4310:
3753:, by Eugene Leslie Smyth, Chicago: Alexander Belford & Co., 1899.
2919:
2409:
1361:
1021:
901:
893:
799:
787:
752:
724:
657:
Spanish interest in colonizing Alta California was revived under the
628:
442:
371:
80:
7181:
3785:
University of California, Berkeley, Earth Sciences & Map Library
2781:
2549:. Kathleen L. Hull, John G. Douglass. Tucson. 2018. pp. 12â18.
665:
as part of his plans to completely reorganize the governance of the
487:
in 1848, when most of the areas formerly comprising Alta California
3536:"Consideraciones sobre la población de la Nueva España (1793-1810)"
3034:
A Native American encyclopedia : history, culture, and peoples
2508:(Berkeley, Friends of the Bancroft Library, 1951), 3. Reprinted in
2139:, was an edited collection of letters written for this publication.
5984:
5974:
5942:
5817:
5812:
5686:
5668:
5522:
5418:
4734:
3563:"Resource 6-1a: California Population by Ethnic Groups, 1790-1880"
1631:(by the late 1780s there were 1,137 Spaniards in Alta California)
1163:
1143:
1052:
1008:
922:
897:
702:
599:
was the first mission established in the Californias (present-day
591:
3663:, Souvenir Publishing Company, San Francisco, Los Angeles, 1890s.
3088:
Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Volumes 25-26
1118:, who served until 1846 when the U.S. military occupation began.
5570:
4760:
4660:
3784:
3037:. Barry Pritzker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 114.
2296:
806:
Catholics, including at least ten of the recently re-discovered
446:
376:
7550:
Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
7185:
6092:
3806:
3155:
Global Perspectives on Long Term Community Resource Management
1771:(in 1836, 29,000 people lived in Alta California according to
1627:
969:
is credited with defining the border between Alta (upper) and
947:
sent a petition to the governor in 1782 which stated that the
1491:. Sacramento: State of California, Military Department. 2002.
3349:
Milliken, 1995, page 73, quoting Murguia and Pena 1955:400.
3075:. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. p. 8.
3256:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 344â345.
2955:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 344â345.
3603:
3601:
3599:
3201:
Encomium musicae : essays in memory of Robert J. Snow
2822:
Peet, Stephen Denison (1881â82). Gatschet, Alb. S. (ed.).
981:, who would become the first governor of Alta California.
2608:. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, pages 215â216.
1090:
The friction came to a head in 1836, when Monterey-born
977:, while the division became the political reality under
398:('New California') among other names, was a province of
1001:
California became a territory of Mexico the next year.
2698:
The elusive West and the contest for empire, 1713â1763
4975:
Francisco HernĂĄndez de CĂłrdoba (founder of Nicaragua)
4970:
Francisco HernĂĄndez de CĂłrdoba (YucatĂĄn conquistador)
1070:, causing friction between governors and the people.
802:. The first settlers of Los Angeles were African and
7347:
Other British colonial entities in the contemporary
3557:
3555:
3531:
3529:
2111:
In the second half of the 19th century, there was a
1033:
California was created. With the establishment of a
6696:
6393:
6377:
6340:
6287:
6229:
6130:
5998:
5935:
5904:
5866:
5841:
5778:
5720:
5677:
5614:
5551:
5478:
5452:
5376:
5365:
5356:
5316:
5148:
5068:
5057:
4848:
4810:
4799:
4779:
4674:
4468:
4455:
4390:
4344:
4231:
4183:
4145:
4129:
4073:
4030:
4017:
3929:
3841:
3104:"Surviving Urbanization: The Gabrieleno, 1850â1928"
2506:
A Description of California in 1828 by José Bandini
951:owned both the land and cattle and represented the
930:, established in 1770, was the headquarters of the
874:In 1784, the Spanish established the first rancho,
723:, who became the primary subjects of the expanding
347:
263:
250:
240:
227:
213:
191:
177:
163:
149:
135:
128:
116:
103:
50:
2758:Ryan, Mary Ellen & Breschini, Gary S. (2010).
2753:
2751:
2734:. University of Washington Press. pp. 59â60.
2625:
2485:. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press. pp. 18f.
2442:
414:, but was made a separate province in 1804 (named
3688:California Mission Sketches by Henry Miller, 1856
2891:. University of California, Davis. pp. 3, 8.
2762:. Salinas, CA: Monterey County Historical Society
1501:Population statistics of Alta California Province
1271:, may have been flown by the Portuguese explorer
437:The territory included all of the U.S. states of
1162:In 1846, following reports of the annexation of
7531:Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island
3451:Coulson, David P.; Joyce, Linda (August 2003).
2546:Forging communities in colonial Alta California
518:. To the southeast, beyond the deserts and the
506:trail established by the Spanish extended from
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
615:from 1687 until his death in 1711. In 1697, a
495:. In 1850, California joined the union as the
406:, it had previously comprised the province of
7899:States and territories disestablished in 1846
7844:States and territories disestablished in 1836
7197:
6104:
3818:
2825:The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2248:
2242:
2236:
1078:
711:(outline of the present state of California).
619:expansion into California was funded and the
470:
429:
415:
407:
402:formally established in 1804. Along with the
8:
7904:Former territorial entities in North America
3660:Album of Views of the Missions of California
3579:Los españoles en América: Spanish In America
3508:"New Spain (Mexico), 1790 Statistics Charts"
2604:Kino, E. F., & In Bolton, H. E. (1919).
2436:
2434:
2387:
2385:
1045:refers to Alta California as a "territory".
677:in Alaska, and the 1768 naval expedition of
3738:Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication.
2760:"Secularization and the Ranchos, 1826â1846"
2253:('Upper California') were unofficial names.
1249:List of governors of California before 1850
7909:Spanish-speaking countries and territories
7839:States and territories established in 1804
7204:
7190:
7182:
6127:
6111:
6097:
6089:
5730:Indigenous people during De Soto's travels
5373:
5362:
5065:
4807:
4465:
4027:
3847:
3825:
3811:
3803:
3764:Worldstatesmen.org: Provinces of New Spain
3401:Wandering Lizard. Consulted on 2008-08-07.
2577:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2322:
2320:
1819:
1507:
1485:Flags over California, A History and Guide
1368:, and subsequently left the area in 1842.
731:missions that were already established in
94:
47:
37:Not to be confused with the U.S. state of
7894:1846 disestablishments in Alta California
3799:. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE
3781:Mexican Land Grants of Santa Clara County
3066:Sutton, Mark Q.; Earle, David D. (2017).
2653:(9th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 29.
2533:. New York: Octagon Books. pp. xiii.
2163:provided a glimpse into the lives of the
1548:(first foundation in Spanish California)
621:Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó
597:Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó
538:in the establishment of Alta California.
3921:Spain and the American Revolutionary War
3434:. (New York: Modern Library, 2005), 25.
1402:, August 24, 1821, Mexico under Emperor
1257:
7914:Western (genre) staples and terminology
3797:POPULATION IN ALTA CALIFORNIA:1790-1830
3399:"Biographical Notes: Sir Francis Drake"
2398:California Historical Society Quarterly
2316:
2229:
2204:
739:. The expedition first established the
127:
115:
102:
27:Former province of New Spain and Mexico
7884:1804 establishments in Alta California
5125:Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert
3245:
3243:
3225:
3069:The Desert Serrano of the Mojave River
2570:
928:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
916:(townspeople) evolved into the unique
7757:Discourse Concerning Western Planting
4005:Spanish American wars of independence
2904:"The Indians of Mission San Fernando"
2649:Rawls, James J.; Walton Bean (2008).
2632:. New York: Modern Library. pp.
2616:
2614:
1481:For even more Californian flags see:
1254:Flags that have flown over California
1110:. The last non-Californian governor,
1049:Secularization of the missions (1833)
1041:because of its small population. The
514:, and California, as well as east to
280:
276:
262:
249:
239:
226:
222:
190:
176:
162:
148:
144:
134:
7:
7586:Captaincy General of the Philippines
5334:California mission clash of cultures
5005:Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
3855:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
3704:San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.
3549:, Mexico, Retrieved on 24 July 2017.
2295:. North of the Gila River were the "
1334:Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
861:at the missions in Alta California.
394:('Upper California'), also known as
5085:Spanish missions in Baja California
3702:Monterey, The Presence of the Past.
2810:California: An Interpretive History
2716:California: An Interpretive History
2651:California: An Interpretive History
2333:. The History company. p. 68.
2183:Territorial evolution of California
1421:, 1823, until January 13, 1847, at
709:Spanish missions in Alta California
3653:Bibliography of California history
3510:. 24 December 2013. Archived from
3414:. (Lonely Planet, 2004), 233â234.
3367:. San Francisco: Philopolis Press.
3102:Singleton, Heather Valdez (2004).
2828:. Jameson & Morse. p. 73.
2392:Williams, Mary Floyd (July 1922).
2193:Bibliography of California history
2178:History of California through 1899
1068:Mexican secularization act of 1833
582:Plans for colonization (1697â1769)
25:
7789:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
7270:(1629â1641; 1679â1686; 1689â1776)
6160:Genocide of indigenous population
5095:Spanish missions in the Carolinas
3582:. Rourke Publishing. p. 33.
3410:Sterling, Richard and Tom Downs.
3289:Robinson, William Wilcox (1979).
3253:A history of Christian conversion
3091:. Malki Museum. 2005. p. 19.
2952:A history of Christian conversion
2839:Masters, Nathan (June 27, 2012).
2529:Chapman, Charles Edward (1973) .
2441:Robinson, William Wilcox (1979).
2133:'s first widely successful book,
1835:Mestizo, Castizo and other castes
1523:Mestizo, Castizo and other castes
888:with large land grants, known as
7889:1804 establishments in New Spain
7813:
7812:
7592:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
6204:Interim government of California
6073:
6072:
3957:Philippine revolts against Spain
3331:Milliken, 1995, page 2 footnote.
2685:The Journal of San Diego History
1461:
1445:
1430:
1411:
1392:
1373:
1341:
1321:
1280:
1261:
1210:. The United States paid Mexico
1122:MexicanâAmerican War (1846â1848)
689:Spanish colonization (1769â1821)
528:Indigenous peoples of California
331:
306:
32:Alta California (disambiguation)
3361:"California under Spanish Rule"
1703:(19,000 of whom were baptised)
1240:15 August 1815 â 11 April 1822
1182:, and after the arrival of the
1080:Departamento de las Californias
834:Gabriel in 1785 was led by the
201:(Last Alta California governor)
5168:Toribio de Benavente Motolinia
5120:Spanish missions in New Mexico
5090:Spanish missions in California
4925:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva
4428:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)
4160:Captaincy General of Guatemala
2887:Woodward, Lisa Louise (2007).
2512:(New York, Arno Press, 1976).
2371:became the legal name, as did
2327:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884).
2188:Landing of the first Filipinos
2160:Donald Duck in Old California!
1419:United Mexican States military
1233:25 July 1814 â 15 August 1815
1116:Mexican governor of California
1102:governors followed, including
1005:Independent Mexico (1821â1846)
721:Indigenous peoples of the area
695:Spanish missions in California
524:Spanish settlements in Arizona
493:the treaty which ended the war
428:in April 1822 and was renamed
1:
7431:
5263:José Francisco de Paula Señan
5110:Spanish missions in Louisiana
4895:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
4137:List of viceroys of New Spain
3891:Anglo-Spanish War (1654â1660)
3879:Anglo-Spanish War (1625â1630)
3873:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
3861:Spanish conquest of Guatemala
3359:Field, Maria Antonia (1914).
2908:Southern California Quarterly
1468:United States, July 9, 1846;
327:Department of the Californias
7537:Province of British Columbia
5849:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
5228:Carlos de SigĂŒenza y GĂłngora
5140:Spanish missions in Trinidad
5135:Spanish missions in Virginia
3932:peoples during colonial rule
3163:10.1007/978-3-030-15800-2_12
2865:. 2016-12-02. Archived from
1328:October 1775, the Sonora at
878:, as a 48,000 acre site for
784:Mission San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel
627:proposed an expedition from
5553:Oasisamerica (Southwest US)
5105:Spanish missions in Georgia
5100:Spanish missions in Florida
5080:Spanish missions in Arizona
5020:José de Bustamante y Guerra
4586:Yerba Buena (San Francisco)
3867:Spanish conquest of YucatĂĄn
3720:"Art of the Missions (110)"
2728:Haycox, Stephen W. (2002).
2262:José Bandini, in a note to
1496:Historic population figures
1316:(exact location disputed).
1290:, June 1579, voyage of the
1288:St. George Cross of England
1208:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1043:1824 Constitution of Mexico
1026:Mexican War of Independence
960:Province of Alta California
945:Mission Santa Clara de AsĂs
812:Mission San Juan Capistrano
764:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
424:, it became a territory of
422:Mexican War of Independence
314:Province of the Californias
7930:
7716:Brandenburger Saint Thomas
7525:Colony of British Columbia
5329:Suppression of the Jesuits
5238:Francisco Javier Clavijero
5115:Spanish missions in Mexico
5015:Ignacio de Arteaga y BazĂĄn
4965:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
4915:Ălvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca
4840:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
4087:also reigned after Louis I
3750:The Missions of California
3734:Milliken, Randall (1995).
3670:. Berkeley: Heyday Books.
3666:Beebe, Rose Marie (2001).
3650:
3340:Milliken, 1995, page 72â73
2782:"Kosa'aay (Cosoy) History"
2731:Alaska: An American Colony
2483:The Missions of California
1850:Inhabitants per Sq.League
1775:of Mexico City (1836:180)
1538:Inhabitants per Sq.League
1364:sold Fort Ross in 1841 to
1247:For Mexican governors see
1192:Battle of DomĂnguez Rancho
1125:
932:Californian mission system
863:Conversion to Christianity
692:
585:
36:
29:
7808:
7752:
7743:
7686:, 1682â1763 and 1801â1803
7604:Captaincy General of Cuba
7557:
7546:
7428:New England Confederation
7357:
7343:
7257:
7219:
6126:
6068:
6021:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
5303:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
5223:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
5130:Spanish missions in Texas
5030:Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
4990:Juan José Pérez Hernåndez
4935:Juan José Pérez Hernåndez
3930:Conflicts with indigenous
3850:
3412:San Francisco: City Guide
3002:10.1215/00141801-50-4-643
2902:Johnson, John R. (1997).
2808:, 35-36. Rawls and Bean,
2714:, 31-32. Rawls and Bean,
2241:('Northern California'),
2122:The Daily Alta California
1353:Ivan Alexandrovich Kuskov
1229:JosĂ© JoaquĂn de Arrillaga
979:JosĂ© JoaquĂn de Arrillaga
532:people of the Great Basin
408:
404:Baja California peninsula
285:
281:
277:
273:
223:
209:
205:
156:JosĂ© JoaquĂn de Arrillaga
145:
93:
88:
55:
7598:Santa Fe de Nuevo MĂ©xico
7410:Massachusetts Bay Colony
4920:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
4875:Bernal DĂaz del Castillo
4721:Santa Fe de Nuevo MĂ©xico
3322:Fink, 1972, pages 63â64.
3250:Kling, David W. (2020).
3031:Pritzker, Barry (2000).
2949:Kling, David W. (2020).
2338:California Septentrional
2247:('North California') or
2238:California Septentrional
1381:On a ship from Argentina
1349:Russian-American Company
870:Establishment of ranchos
857:occurred, demonstrating
187:(First Mexican governor)
159:(First Spanish governor)
61:Viceroyalty of New Spain
7879:1804 in Alta California
7869:Former states of Mexico
7864:Former Spanish colonies
7728:Scottish Darien Company
7672:Hospitaller Saint Croix
7471:Dominion of New England
7453:North-Western Territory
6120:History of California
6011:Juan RodrĂguez Cabrillo
4995:Dionisio AlcalĂĄ Galiano
4960:Ruy LĂłpez de Villalobos
4905:Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
4900:Juan RodrĂguez Cabrillo
3897:Piracy in the Caribbean
3576:Linda Thompson (2006).
3565:. Museum of California.
3480:Matt A. Casado (2017).
3365:Chimes of Mission Bells
2291:was referred to as the
1273:Juan RodrĂguez Cabrillo
1104:Carlos Antonio Carrillo
971:Baja (lower) California
173:(Last Spanish governor)
7781:Of Plymouth Plantation
7503:(1779â1783; 1814â1815)
7412:(1629â1686; 1689â1691)
7388:(1620â1686; 1689â1691)
7300:(1664â1673; 1702â1776)
6199:Conquest of California
5886:Colonial Baroque style
5876:Spanish Colonial style
5722:Southeastern Woodlands
5193:Bartolomé de las Casas
5040:Alexander von Humboldt
4433:Treaty of Paris (1783)
4113:Ferdinand VII of Spain
3700:Fink, Augusta (1972).
3232:: CS1 maint: others (
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2303:to an undefined north.
2249:
2243:
2237:
1514:Pop Spaniards/Mexican/
1159:
1092:Juan Bautista Alvarado
1079:
1062:
1018:
935:
912:(cattle ranchers) and
859:the immense death rate
712:
625:Juan Bautista de Anssa
604:
471:
430:
416:
265:âą Disestablished
7562:Columbian Viceroyalty
6360:Santa Catalina Island
6332:Territorial evolution
6006:Juan Bautista de Anza
5324:Our Lady of Guadalupe
5173:Bernardino de SahagĂșn
4835:Vasco NĂșñez de Balboa
4830:Juan SebastiĂĄn Elcano
4398:Treaty of Tordesillas
4372:Corregidor (position)
4130:Viceroys of New Spain
3969:SpanishâMoro conflict
3730:Huell Howser Archive.
3432:California: A History
3120:10.1353/wic.2004.0026
2863:COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES
2806:California: A History
2712:California: A History
2628:California: A History
2581:) CS1 maint: others (
2330:History of California
1816:Regions (1850 census)
1472:History of California
1242:Pablo Vicente de SolĂĄ
1188:Battle of San Pasqual
1147:
1056:
1035:republican government
1013:Mexico in 1838. From
1012:
934:from 1797 until 1833.
926:
892:, for the raising of
796:Pueblo de Los Ăngeles
741:Presidio of San Diego
706:
699:Ranchos of California
693:Further information:
633:Council of the Indies
595:
184:Luis Antonio ArgĂŒello
170:Pablo Vicente de SolĂĄ
7698:Dutch Virgin Islands
7646:Spanish West Florida
7640:Spanish East Florida
7519:Stickeen Territories
7224:New England Colonies
6182:MexicanâAmerican War
6167:Spanish colonization
5298:Manuel Abad y Queipo
5213:GerĂłnimo de Mendieta
5151:priests, and bishops
4820:Christopher Columbus
3718:(December 8, 2000).
3547:El Colegio de Mexico
3313:Beebe, 2001, page 71
2481:Yenne, Bill (2004).
2344:California del Norte
2244:California del Norte
2136:The Innocents Abroad
2127:The Alta Californian
1400:First Mexican Empire
1227:1804 â 25 July 1814
1180:Siege of Los Angeles
1128:MexicanâAmerican War
1061:at far left in gray.
824:Mission San Fernando
675:maritime fur trading
671:Russian colonization
485:MexicanâAmerican War
461:. The territory was
218:Spanish colonial era
71:First Mexican Empire
7634:Provincias Internas
7610:Spanish Saint Croix
7234:Chesapeake Colonies
6385:San Fernando Valley
6355:San Fernando Valley
6194:California Republic
5293:Francisco MarroquĂn
5163:GerĂłnimo de Aguilar
5035:Antonio Gil Y'Barbo
4980:Gil GonzĂĄlez DĂĄvila
4756:New Kingdom of LeĂłn
4408:Peace of Westphalia
4223:Provincias Internas
4117:also reigned after
3909:War of Jenkins' Ear
3724:California Missions
3628:Library of Congress
3514:on 24 December 2013
3458:. USDA. p. 33.
2356:California Superior
2250:California Superior
1404:AgustĂn de Iturbide
1235:JosĂ© DarĂo ArgĂŒello
1168:California Republic
1134:Southern California
1112:Manuel Micheltorena
814:was founded at the
786:was founded at the
743:at the site of the
737:Baja California Sur
477:) in Mexico's 1836
242:âą Established
43:Northern California
7854:Mexican California
7797:Quintipartite Deed
7710:Danish West Indies
7678:French Saint Croix
6209:United States rule
6155:Later explorations
6150:First explorations
6140:Native Californian
6056:Hasekura Tsunenaga
5936:People and classes
5917:Columbian exchange
5803:Peoples of Palawan
5308:JosĂ© MarĂa Morelos
5283:Francisco de Ayeta
5218:Juan de Torquemada
5183:Alonso de MontĂșfar
5025:JosĂ© MarĂa NarvĂĄez
4985:Francisco de Ulloa
4955:Andrés de Urdaneta
4950:Cristóbal de Oñate
4910:Ăngel de Villafañe
4885:PĂĄnfilo de NarvĂĄez
4865:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
4825:Ferdinand Magellan
4403:Treaty of Zaragoza
4185:Captancies General
3790:2016-05-22 at the
3773:UC Library System
3728:Chapman University
3541:2017-07-31 at the
3291:Land in California
3138:– via JSTOR.
2679:2016-04-06 at the
2510:Mexican California
2264:Governor EcheandĂa
2106:In popular culture
1438:Flag of California
1385:Hippolyte Bouchard
1204:Treaty of Cahuenga
1184:United States Army
1172:United States Navy
1160:
1085:Portola expedition
1063:
1019:
936:
906:Indigenous peoples
855:Indigenous peoples
798:at the village of
717:PortolĂĄ expedition
713:
667:Interior Provinces
605:
588:PortolĂĄ expedition
18:Mexican California
7826:
7825:
7801:
7793:
7785:
7777:
7769:
7765:Mayflower Compact
7761:
7746:Related Documents
7628:Spanish Louisiana
7507:Columbia District
7430:(1643â1654; 1675â
7316:Massachusetts Bay
7244:Southern Colonies
7213:Thirteen Colonies
7179:
7178:
6373:
6372:
6254:Industrial growth
6086:
6085:
6064:
6063:
5905:Trade and economy
5862:
5861:
5352:
5351:
5344:Indian Reductions
5273:SebastiĂĄn Montero
5178:Juan de ZumĂĄrraga
5053:
5052:
4940:Gaspar de PortolĂĄ
4880:Pedro de Alvarado
4795:
4794:
4751:Nueva Extremadura
4656:Antigua Guatemala
4451:
4450:
4443:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
4438:Treaty of CĂłrdoba
4423:Congress of Breda
4045:Joanna of Castile
4013:
4012:
3987:Tzeltal Rebellion
3420:978-1-74104-154-5
3300:978-0-405-11352-9
3263:978-0-19-006262-0
3172:978-3-030-15800-2
2962:978-0-19-006262-0
2741:978-0-295-98249-6
2660:978-0-07-353464-0
2556:978-0-8165-3892-8
2145:The Mask of Zorro
2142:In the 1998 film
2103:
2102:
1813:
1812:
1773:El Diario Oficial
1479:
1478:
1355:, the founder of
1139:Sacramento Valley
1096:Nicolås Gutiérrez
998:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
988:(legislature) of
885:soldados de cuera
776:Gaspar de PortolĂĄ
766:, founded by the
757:water deprivation
420:). Following the
389:
388:
343:
342:
339:
338:
319:
318:
254:Treaty of CĂłrdoba
198:Nicolås Gutiérrez
179:âą 1822â1825
165:âą 1815â1822
151:âą 1804â1814
77:Federal Territory
16:(Redirected from
7921:
7816:
7815:
7799:
7791:
7783:
7775:
7773:Mourt's Relation
7767:
7759:
7684:French Louisiana
7513:Red River Colony
7436:
7433:
7380:Berkeley Hundred
7239:Tobacco Colonies
7206:
7199:
7192:
7183:
6841:Rancho Cucamonga
6816:Huntington Beach
6269:Legal revolution
6177:California Trail
6128:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6090:
6076:
6075:
6036:FermĂn de LasuĂ©n
5927:Triangular trade
5374:
5363:
5253:FermĂn de LasuĂ©n
5198:Alonso de Molina
5188:Vasco de Quiroga
5149:Friars, fathers,
5070:Spanish missions
5066:
4890:Hernando de Soto
4808:
4466:
4418:Peace of Utrecht
4413:Peace of Ryswick
4276:Santiago de Cuba
4121:
4088:
4028:
3963:Acaxee Rebellion
3915:Seven Years' War
3903:Queen Anne's War
3848:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3804:
3768:Alta California
3731:
3696:Bancroft Library
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3594:
3593:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3550:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3477:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3442:
3428:
3422:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3223:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3108:WĂÄazo Ć a Review
3099:
3093:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3028:
3022:
3021:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2920:10.2307/41172612
2899:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2725:
2719:
2708:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2647:
2643:978-08129-7753-0
2631:
2618:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2568:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2448:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2410:10.2307/25613566
2389:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2368:Nueva California
2364:
2359:. But gradually
2358:
2352:
2350:Nueva California
2346:
2340:
2324:
2304:
2285:
2279:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2212:
2209:
1847:Total Population
1820:
1643:2,052 - 300,000
1535:Total Population
1508:
1492:
1490:
1465:
1449:
1434:
1415:
1396:
1377:
1345:
1325:
1284:
1265:
1258:
1186:, fought in the
1082:
1039:States of Mexico
975:PalĂłu's division
876:Rancho San Pedro
683:Mikhail Levashov
631:in 1737 and the
611:missionized the
476:
464:
433:
419:
417:Nueva California
413:
412:
396:Nueva California
335:
334:
323:
322:
310:
309:
303:
302:
287:
286:
112:
98:
48:
21:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7849:The Californias
7829:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7804:
7748:
7739:
7734:Russian America
7652:Alta California
7622:Las Californias
7574:Spanish Florida
7553:
7542:
7434:
7353:
7339:
7253:
7249:United Colonies
7229:Middle Colonies
7215:
7210:
7180:
7175:
7061:San Luis Obispo
6692:
6598:San Luis Obispo
6389:
6369:
6336:
6283:
6259:Postwar culture
6225:
6122:
6117:
6087:
6082:
6060:
5994:
5931:
5900:
5858:
5854:Chamorro people
5837:
5774:
5716:
5679:Southern Plains
5673:
5610:
5547:
5488:Mission Indians
5474:
5448:
5368:
5358:
5348:
5312:
5268:Mariano Payeras
5248:Francisco PalĂłu
5150:
5144:
5072:in the Americas
5071:
5061:
5059:Catholic Church
5049:
5000:Bruno de Heceta
4850:
4844:
4812:
4803:
4802:adventurers and
4801:
4791:
4787:Spanish Formosa
4775:
4714:Baja California
4704:Alta California
4699:Las Californias
4676:
4670:
4576:San Luis PotosĂ
4462:and territories
4461:
4459:
4457:
4447:
4386:
4367:Captain general
4340:
4331:MĂ©rida, YucatĂĄn
4301:San Luis PotosĂ
4251:State of Mexico
4227:
4179:
4141:
4125:
4116:
4086:
4069:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4009:
3981:TepehuĂĄn Revolt
3931:
3925:
3837:
3831:
3792:Wayback Machine
3760:
3714:
3655:
3649:
3647:Further reading
3644:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3597:
3590:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3543:Wayback Machine
3534:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3479:
3478:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3429:
3425:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3264:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3224:
3212:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3173:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3045:
3030:
3029:
3025:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2963:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2691:
2681:Wayback Machine
2672:
2668:
2661:
2648:
2644:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2569:
2557:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2374:Alta California
2362:Alta California
2326:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2301:Baja California
2286:
2282:
2266:or to his son,
2261:
2257:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2174:
2108:
2019:San Luis Obispo
1818:
1787:
1770:
1750:
1702:
1630:
1619:
1547:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1256:
1224:
1196:RĂo San Gabriel
1130:
1124:
1059:Las Californias
1051:
1030:successor state
1007:
967:Diego de Borica
962:
949:Mission Indians
872:
826:was founded at
733:Baja California
701:
691:
679:Pyotr Krenitsyn
644:Colorado Rivers
590:
584:
579:
491:to the U.S. in
467:Baja California
462:
449:, and parts of
431:Alta California
410:Las Californias
392:Alta California
332:
307:
266:
259:August 24, 1821
256:
243:
233:
231:Las Californias
200:
194:
186:
180:
172:
166:
158:
152:
110:
99:
83:
75:
73:
65:
63:
51:Alta California
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7927:
7925:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7831:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7820:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7794:
7786:
7778:
7770:
7762:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7692:New Netherland
7689:
7688:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7669:
7666:French Florida
7657:
7656:
7655:
7649:
7643:
7637:
7631:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7595:
7589:
7583:
7577:
7565:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7486:
7480:
7477:Indian Reserve
7474:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7425:
7419:
7413:
7407:
7401:
7395:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7365:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7331:
7328:South Carolina
7325:
7322:North Carolina
7319:
7313:
7307:
7301:
7295:
7289:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7186:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6786:San Bernardino
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6702:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6578:San Bernardino
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6293:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6169:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6136:
6134:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6093:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6051:JunĂpero Serra
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5922:Manila galleon
5919:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5601:Tohono O'odham
5598:
5593:
5588:
5586:Pueblo peoples
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5561:Akimel O'odham
5557:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
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5300:
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5288:Antonio Margil
5285:
5280:
5278:Marcos de Niza
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5243:JunĂpero Serra
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5208:Diego de Landa
5205:
5200:
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5190:
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5180:
5175:
5170:
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5158:Pedro de Gante
5154:
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5017:
5012:
5010:Alonso de LeĂłn
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4945:Manuel Quimper
4942:
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4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
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4872:
4870:Nuño de Guzmån
4867:
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4032:Habsburg Spain
4025:
4024:administration
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3975:Acoma Massacre
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3951:Chichimeca War
3948:
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3800:
3794:
3778:
3766:
3759:
3758:External links
3756:
3755:
3754:
3746:
3732:
3712:
3710:978-8770107204
3698:
3685:
3682:
3678:
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3430:Starr, Kevin.
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2996:(4): 643â669.
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2914:(3): 249â290.
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2015:
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1296:under Captain
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1269:Spanish Empire
1266:
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1223:
1220:
1126:Main article:
1123:
1120:
1050:
1047:
1006:
1003:
961:
958:
880:cattle grazing
871:
868:
836:medicine woman
808:Los Pobladores
772:JunĂpero Serra
690:
687:
663:José de Gålvez
601:Loreto, Mexico
583:
580:
578:
575:
551:San Bernardino
536:Pueblo peoples
520:Colorado River
504:El Camino Real
387:
386:
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369:
364:
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214:Historical era
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41:or its region
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7926:
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7897:
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7877:
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7874:Modern Mexico
7872:
7870:
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7616:Spanish Texas
7614:
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7475:
7472:
7469:
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7463:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7447:Rupert's Land
7445:
7442:
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7423:
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7349:United States
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7284:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7268:New Hampshire
7266:
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7259:
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7137:
7136:Crescent City
7134:
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7006:Santa Barbara
7004:
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6999:
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6916:Thousand Oaks
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6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6821:Santa Clarita
6819:
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6812:
6809:
6807:
6806:Moreno Valley
6804:
6802:
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6789:
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6722:
6721:San Francisco
6719:
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6709:
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6611:
6609:
6608:Santa Barbara
6606:
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6588:San Francisco
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6019:
6017:
6016:Francis Drake
6014:
6012:
6009:
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5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5702:Plains Apache
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
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5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
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5567:
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5562:
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5516:
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5511:
5509:
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5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
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5485:
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5477:
5471:
5468:
5466:
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5451:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5355:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Esteban TĂĄpis
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Juan de Oñate
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:Hernån Cortés
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4852:conquistadors
4849:Explorers and
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4811:Pre-New Spain
4809:
4806:
4804:conquistadors
4798:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:Nueva Vizcaya
4744:
4742:
4741:Nueva Galicia
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:Provinces and
4673:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:Santo Domingo
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:St. Augustine
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
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4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
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4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
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4494:
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4489:
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4482:
4479:
4477:
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4473:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4454:
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4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:Gobernaciones
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Santo Domingo
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4175:Santo Domingo
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4075:Bourbon Spain
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4016:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3993:Pueblo Revolt
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
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3934:
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3907:
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3898:
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3880:
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3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:0-87919-132-5
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3716:Howser, Huell
3713:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:1-890771-48-1
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3589:9781606941836
3585:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3558:
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3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3493:9781506518763
3489:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3440:0-679-64240-4
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3374:
3371:
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3352:
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3328:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3211:0-945193-83-1
3207:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3044:0-19-513877-5
3040:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2954:
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2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2869:on 2020-10-11
2868:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2787:
2786:www.cosoy.org
2783:
2777:
2774:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2518:0-405-09538-4
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2437:
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2431:
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2411:
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2369:
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2331:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:Sierra Nevada
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2113:San Francisco
2110:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:San Francisco
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:Santa Barbara
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:89.9% (1793)
1645:
1642:
1640:09,8% (1793)
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:Revillagigedo
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:Francis Drake
1295:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:Map of Mexico
1146:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1002:
999:
994:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
959:
957:
954:
950:
946:
940:
933:
929:
925:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
869:
867:
864:
860:
856:
850:
848:
844:
840:
837:
831:
829:
828:Achooykomenga
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
705:
700:
696:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
598:
594:
589:
581:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:San Francisco
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:
475:
474:
469:(as a single
468:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
432:
427:
423:
418:
411:
405:
401:
397:
393:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
352:United States
350:
348:Today part of
346:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
315:
312:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
284:
272:
268:
258:
255:
245:
235:
232:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
185:
182:
171:
168:
157:
154:
140:
138:
131:
124:
121:
119:
109:
106:
97:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
68:
62:
58:
54:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7745:
7722:Krabbeninsel
7651:
7495:West Florida
7489:East Florida
7310:Pennsylvania
7286:Rhode Island
7026:Redwood City
7001:Santa Monica
6826:Garden Grove
6433:Contra Costa
6172:Mexican rule
6046:Moctezuma II
6026:Eusebio Kino
5948:Peninsulares
5868:Architecture
5697:Lipan Apache
5634:Coahuiltecan
5616:Aridoamerica
5470:Guanahatabey
5377:Mesoamerican
5339:Cargo system
5317:Other events
5233:Eusebio Kino
5062:in New Spain
4703:
4098:Ferdinand VI
3885:Dutch Revolt
3774:
3749:
3735:
3723:
3701:
3667:
3659:
3632:. Retrieved
3626:
3617:
3578:
3571:
3546:
3516:. Retrieved
3512:the original
3502:
3486:. Palibrio.
3482:
3446:
3431:
3426:
3411:
3406:
3394:
3383:
3373:
3364:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3290:
3284:
3277:Catholicism.
3275:
3252:
3200:
3194:
3184:, retrieved
3154:
3144:
3114:(2): 49â59.
3111:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3081:
3068:
3061:
3033:
3026:
2993:
2990:Ethnohistory
2989:
2983:
2976:Catholicism.
2974:
2951:
2944:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2862:
2853:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2789:. Retrieved
2785:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2669:
2650:
2627:
2622:Starr, Kevin
2605:
2600:
2591:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2482:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2444:
2421:. Retrieved
2404:(1): 23â35.
2401:
2397:
2334:
2329:
2293:PimerĂa Alta
2283:
2275:
2272:great Sierra
2268:Juan Bandini
2258:
2232:
2207:
2158:
2143:
2134:
2126:
2120:
1826:Pop Mexican/
1772:
1749:4,000 whites
1504:
1484:
1480:
1469:
1332:, under Lt.
1291:
1246:
1212:$ 15 million
1177:
1161:
1148:
1131:
1099:
1089:
1072:
1064:
1020:
1017:7th edition.
1014:
995:
985:
983:
963:
941:
937:
913:
909:
900:. Hides and
889:
883:
873:
851:
832:
761:
714:
658:
656:
652:Carmel River
637:
613:PimerĂa Alta
609:Eusebio Kino
606:
540:
501:
478:
473:departamento
436:
395:
391:
390:
296:Succeeded by
295:
290:
193:âą 1836
7784:(1630â1651)
7736:(1799â1867)
7724:(1689â1693)
7718:(1685â1754)
7712:(1672â1917)
7706:(1638â1655)
7700:(1625â1672)
7694:(1614â1667)
7680:, 1665â1733
7674:, 1651â1665
7668:, 1562â1565
7664:1534â1763;
7654:, 1804â1821
7648:, 1783â1821
7642:, 1783â1821
7636:, 1776â1821
7630:, 1769â1801
7624:, 1767â1804
7618:, 1690â1821
7612:, 1650â1651
7606:, 1607â1801
7600:, 1598â1821
7594:, 1580â1898
7588:, 1565â1898
7582:, 1565â1821
7580:New Navarre
7576:, 1565â1763
7572:1521â1821;
7564:(1492â1535)
7539:(1871â1903)
7533:(1866â1871)
7527:(1863â1866)
7521:(1862â1863)
7515:(1811â1818)
7509:(1810â1846)
7501:New Ireland
7497:(1763â1783)
7491:(1763â1783)
7485:(1763â1783)
7479:(1763â1783)
7473:(1686â1689)
7467:(1674â1702)
7465:West Jersey
7461:(1674â1702)
7459:East Jersey
7455:(1670â1870)
7449:(1670â1811)
7443:(1663â1712)
7435: 1680
7424:(1638â1664)
7418:(1635â1644)
7406:(1629â1663)
7400:(1625â1650)
7398:Saint Croix
7394:(1622â1658)
7376:(1607â1699)
7370:(1607â1608)
7364:(1585â1590)
7336:(1732â1776)
7330:(1712â1776)
7324:(1712â1776)
7318:(1691â1776)
7312:(1681â1776)
7306:(1664â1776)
7294:(1664â1776)
7288:(1636â1776)
7282:(1636â1776)
7280:Connecticut
7276:(1632â1776)
7264:(1607â1776)
7166:Nevada City
7126:Placerville
6991:Santa Maria
6951:Victorville
6941:Santa Clara
6926:Simi Valley
6771:Chula Vista
6746:Bakersfield
6706:Los Angeles
6613:Santa Clara
6593:San Joaquin
6493:Los Angeles
6279:Present day
6264:Development
6244:Engineering
6189:Californios
6132:Before 1900
6031:La Malinche
5404:P'urhépecha
5359:and culture
5203:Diego DurĂĄn
5045:Thomas Gage
4780:Other areas
4677:territories
4621:San Antonio
4606:Albuquerque
4581:Los Ăngeles
4531:Guadalajara
4476:Mexico City
4291:Guadalajara
4246:New Orleans
4208:Puerto Rico
4203:Philippines
4155:Guadalajara
4103:Charles III
3999:Pima Revolt
3836:(1521â1821)
3518:23 December
3293:. Ayer Co.
2377:after 1824.
2165:Californios
1856:Los Angeles
1841:Amerindians
1529:Amerindians
1423:Los Angeles
1366:John Sutter
1314:Bolinas Bay
1306:Tomales Bay
1293:Golden Hind
1216:lands ceded
845:village of
818:village of
747:village of
543:Los Angeles
508:Mexico City
480:Siete Leyes
463:re-combined
291:Preceded by
111:(1804â1836)
84:(1824â1836)
74:(1821â1824)
64:(1804â1821)
7833:Categories
7704:New Sweden
7660:New France
7298:New Jersey
7116:Marysville
7091:Susanville
7046:San Rafael
7041:Santa Cruz
6971:Costa Mesa
6831:Santa Rosa
6736:Long Beach
6731:Sacramento
6648:Stanislaus
6618:Santa Cruz
6573:San Benito
6568:Sacramento
6249:Water wars
6231:Since 1900
6145:Precontact
5881:by country
5629:Chichimeca
5480:California
5367:Indigenous
4800:Explorers,
4725:New Mexico
4708:California
4689:La Florida
4551:Guanajuato
4501:Cuernavaca
4460:provinces,
4382:Encomienda
4362:Adelantado
4336:La Florida
4286:Valladolid
4281:Guanajuato
4233:Intendancy
4147:Audiencias
4108:Charles IV
4065:Charles II
4020:government
3945:Yaqui Wars
3939:MixtĂłn War
3775:Calisphere
3651:See also:
3272:1143823194
3186:2021-12-04
2971:1143823194
2873:2020-10-12
2791:2020-08-28
2565:1048786636
2492:1592233198
2460:0520038754
2289:Gila River
2219:References
2156:comic book
2153:Carl Barks
2131:Mark Twain
1330:Bodega Bay
1310:Drakes Bay
1302:Bodega Bay
1156:headwaters
1153:Rio Grande
1100:Californio
1075:Seven Laws
1015:Britannica
918:Californio
914:pobladores
816:Acjachemen
792:Toviscanga
768:Franciscan
729:Franciscan
603:) in 1697.
586:See also:
571:Santa Rosa
547:Sacramento
534:, and the
522:, lay the
497:31st state
489:were ceded
439:California
362:California
129:Government
123:Californio
39:California
7859:New Spain
7568:New Spain
7422:New Haven
7374:Jamestown
7106:Red Bluff
7081:Hollister
7066:El Centro
7031:Yuba City
6986:Fairfield
6976:Inglewood
6936:Roseville
6906:Fullerton
6896:Sunnyvale
6891:Escondido
6856:Elk Grove
6851:Lancaster
6836:Oceanside
6761:Riverside
6756:Santa Ana
6711:San Diego
6603:San Mateo
6583:San Diego
6563:Riverside
6513:Mendocino
6443:El Dorado
6438:Del Norte
6423:Calaveras
6395:By county
6342:By region
6317:Railroads
6297:Etymology
6274:Tech boom
6219:Civil War
6214:Gold Rush
5780:Filipinos
5755:Pensacola
5735:Apalachee
5453:Caribbean
5429:Kaqchikel
4813:explorers
4684:Louisiana
4631:Pensacola
4616:Los Adaes
4596:San Diego
4566:Querétaro
4556:Zacatecas
4541:Monterrey
4296:Zacatecas
4266:Nicaragua
4261:Comayagua
4198:Guatemala
4060:Philip IV
4055:Philp III
4050:Philip II
4040:Charles I
3843:Conflicts
3834:New Spain
3770:grants in
3634:11 August
3228:cite book
3181:197573059
3136:161847670
3018:161256567
3010:0014-1801
2928:0038-3929
2859:"History"
2573:cite book
2311:Citations
2224:Footnotes
2117:newspaper
1936:San Diego
1453:Bear Flag
1357:Fort Ross
1222:Governors
1028:. As the
990:New Spain
910:Rancheros
839:Toypurina
820:Acjacheme
780:San Diego
567:Santa Ana
555:San Diego
434:in 1824.
400:New Spain
89:1804â1836
7818:Category
7441:Carolina
7416:Saybrook
7404:Carolana
7386:Plymouth
7304:New York
7292:Delaware
7274:Maryland
7262:Virginia
7156:Lakeport
7121:Piedmont
7101:Oroville
7076:Martinez
7051:Woodland
6961:Berkeley
6956:El Monte
6901:Pasadena
6881:Torrance
6861:Palmdale
6811:Glendale
6766:Stockton
6716:San Jose
6673:Tuolumne
6633:Siskiyou
6533:Monterey
6508:Mariposa
6463:Imperial
6458:Humboldt
6365:Yosemite
6350:Bay Area
6312:Missions
6307:Maritime
6302:Highways
6289:By topic
6078:Category
6041:Limahong
5896:Missions
5760:Seminole
5745:Muscogee
5692:Comanche
5664:TepehuĂĄn
5654:La Junta
5576:Hualapai
5513:Kumeyaay
5493:Cahuilla
4771:Pampanga
4651:San Juan
4601:Santa Fe
4591:San José
4571:Saltillo
4521:Campeche
4516:Acapulco
4481:Veracruz
4391:Treaties
4345:Politics
4306:Veracruz
4271:CamagĂŒey
4119:Joseph I
4083:Philip V
3788:Archived
3539:Archived
3378:Mexico.)
3220:37418391
3053:42683042
2936:41172612
2812:, 37-39.
2677:Archived
2624:(2005).
2418:25613566
2172:See also
1963:San José
1881:Monterey
1800:150,000
1624:census)
1362:Russians
1237:(acting)
1214:for the
1190:and the
1108:PĂo Pico
920:culture.
794:and the
790:village
749:Kosa'aay
745:Kumeyaay
648:Monterey
563:San Jose
512:Santa Fe
510:west to
459:Colorado
367:Colorado
137:Governor
108:Monterey
67:Province
57:Province
7362:Roanoke
7334:Georgia
7171:Alturas
7161:Jackson
7141:Willows
7056:Hanford
6996:Redding
6981:Ventura
6946:Vallejo
6931:Concord
6921:Visalia
6886:Hayward
6871:Salinas
6846:Ontario
6801:Fontana
6791:Modesto
6776:Fremont
6751:Anaheim
6741:Oakland
6698:By city
6678:Ventura
6663:Trinity
6403:Alameda
6378:Regions
6327:Slavery
6322:Ranchos
5975:Coyotes
5970:Castizo
5965:Mestizo
5955:Criollo
5833:Cebuano
5828:Tagalog
5798:Mangyan
5788:Negrito
5770:Yustaga
5765:Timucua
5712:Wichita
5707:Tonkawa
5644:Cocopah
5639:CochimĂ
5591:Quechan
5538:Serrano
5518:Luiseño
5508:Juaneño
5498:Chumash
5465:Ciboney
5439:Poqomam
5434:Zapotec
5424:Kʌicheʌ
5409:Totonac
5394:Huastec
5369:peoples
5357:Society
4766:Bulacan
4693:Florida
4611:El Paso
4561:Pachuca
4536:Durango
4511:Morelia
4458:cities,
4456:Notable
4377:Cabildo
4352:Viceroy
4321:Durango
4256:Chiapas
4218:YucatĂĄn
4093:Louis I
4018:Central
3783:at the
3694:at the
3681:(2010).
3128:1409498
2804:Starr,
2710:Starr,
2119:called
2115:-based
1828:Criollo
1701:250,000
1649:20,871
1637:18,780
1516:Criollo
1200:La Mesa
890:ranchos
847:WĂĄâpeat
843:Vanyume
804:mulatto
707:The 21
607:Father
577:History
516:Florida
455:Wyoming
451:Arizona
382:Wyoming
357:Arizona
252:âą
229:âą
118:Demonym
104:Capital
69:of the
59:of the
7800:(1676)
7792:(1638)
7776:(1622)
7768:(1620)
7760:(1584)
7730:(1698)
7483:Quebec
7382:(1619)
7368:Popham
7151:Sonora
7146:Colusa
7111:Auburn
7086:Eureka
7071:Lompoc
7036:Madera
7016:Merced
6966:Downey
6911:Orange
6876:Pomona
6866:Corona
6796:Oxnard
6781:Irvine
6726:Fresno
6668:Tulare
6658:Tehama
6653:Sutter
6643:Sonoma
6638:Solano
6628:Sierra
6623:Shasta
6558:Plumas
6553:Placer
6548:Orange
6543:Nevada
6518:Merced
6498:Madera
6488:Lassen
6448:Fresno
6428:Colusa
6413:Amador
6408:Alpine
5999:People
5990:Negros
5980:Pardos
5960:Indios
5842:Others
5793:Igorot
5750:Jororo
5740:Calusa
5649:Kiliwa
5624:Acaxee
5596:Solano
5581:Navajo
5566:Apache
5543:Tongva
5533:Ohlone
5528:Mohave
5503:Cupeño
5460:Arawak
5399:Mixtec
5384:Aztecs
4666:Manila
4641:Havana
4626:Tucson
4526:MĂ©rida
4506:Oaxaca
4496:Toluca
4491:Puebla
4486:Xalapa
4469:Cities
4326:Sonora
4316:Oaxaca
4311:Puebla
4241:Havana
4170:Mexico
4165:Manila
3742:
3708:
3674:
3586:
3490:
3438:
3418:
3297:
3270:
3260:
3218:
3208:
3179:
3169:
3134:
3126:
3051:
3041:
3016:
3008:
2969:
2959:
2934:
2926:
2766:30 May
2738:
2657:
2640:
2563:
2553:
2516:
2489:
2466:30 May
2457:
2423:4 June
2416:
2079:8,663
2076:Total
1912:1,147
1885:1,853
1860:3,480
1823:Region
1786:7,300
1720:3,270
1689:2,000
1660:1,800
1596:1,000
1546:+ 300
1106:, and
1022:Mexico
986:cortes
973:'s as
953:Ohlone
902:tallow
894:cattle
800:Yaanga
788:Tongva
770:friar
753:scurvy
725:Jesuit
659:visita
629:Sonora
617:Jesuit
569:, and
457:, and
445:, and
443:Nevada
426:Mexico
372:Nevada
141:
81:Mexico
7392:Maine
7131:Yreka
7096:Ukiah
7011:Chico
6523:Modoc
6503:Marin
6478:Kings
6453:Glenn
6418:Butte
6239:Labor
5985:Zambo
5943:Casta
5891:Forts
5823:Bajau
5818:Lumad
5813:Panay
5687:Caddo
5669:Yaqui
5659:Opata
5523:Miwok
5419:Kowoj
5414:Pipil
4735:Texas
4731:Tejas
3456:(PDF)
3177:S2CID
3132:S2CID
3124:JSTOR
3073:(PDF)
3014:S2CID
2932:JSTOR
2718:, 33.
2414:JSTOR
2353:, or
2297:Moqui
2199:Notes
1844:% pop
1838:% pop
1832:% pop
1783:1845
1746:1838
1717:1820
1686:1810
1657:1800
1593:1783
1568:1779
1543:1769
1532:% pop
1526:% pop
1520:% pop
1489:(PDF)
1383:, by
1351:, by
1164:Texas
898:sheep
465:with
7021:Napa
6688:Yuba
6683:Yolo
6538:Napa
6528:Mono
6483:Lake
6473:Kern
6468:Inyo
5912:Real
5606:Zuni
5571:Hopi
5389:Maya
4761:Cebu
4661:Cebu
4546:LeĂłn
4193:Cuba
3740:ISBN
3706:ISBN
3690:and
3672:ISBN
3636:2022
3584:ISBN
3520:2017
3488:ISBN
3436:ISBN
3416:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3268:OCLC
3258:ISBN
3234:link
3216:OCLC
3206:ISBN
3167:ISBN
3049:OCLC
3039:ISBN
3006:ISSN
2967:OCLC
2957:ISBN
2924:ISSN
2845:KCET
2768:2016
2736:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2638:ISBN
2583:link
2579:link
2561:OCLC
2551:ISBN
2514:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2468:2016
2455:ISBN
2425:2018
2151:The
2125:(or
2099:N/A
2096:N/A
2093:N/A
2090:N/A
2087:N/A
2084:N/A
2071:N/A
2064:N/A
2061:N/A
2058:N/A
2055:N/A
2052:186
2042:N/A
2039:N/A
2036:N/A
2029:N/A
2026:N/A
2023:335
1996:405
1992:Napa
1986:N/A
1983:N/A
1980:N/A
1973:N/A
1970:N/A
1967:500
1940:757
1930:N/A
1921:N/A
1918:N/A
1915:N/A
1809:N/A
1806:N/A
1803:N/A
1797:N/A
1794:N/A
1791:N/A
1778:N/A
1766:N/A
1763:N/A
1760:N/A
1757:N/A
1754:N/A
1741:N/A
1738:N/A
1735:N/A
1732:N/A
1729:N/A
1726:N/A
1723:N/A
1712:N/A
1709:N/A
1706:N/A
1698:N/A
1695:N/A
1692:N/A
1681:N/A
1678:N/A
1675:N/A
1672:N/A
1669:N/A
1666:N/A
1663:N/A
1618:1790
1571:500
1511:Year
1470:see
1198:and
996:The
984:The
896:and
774:and
755:and
735:and
727:and
715:The
697:and
681:and
673:and
642:and
640:Gila
502:The
447:Utah
377:Utah
269:1836
246:1804
236:1769
5808:Ati
5444:Mam
4022:and
3159:doi
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