496:
Indians paid for the costs of surveying and allotting the land, 2) 80 acres was allotted to each head of household, and 3) any lands remaining after allotment of the Kansas
Kickapoo be reserved for resettlement of the Mexican Kickapoo. Holding the lands not allotted for the Southern Kickapoo was not in the interests of the railroad, and Badger began pressuring tribal members for allotment. Though they complained, a change in presidential administrations due to a national election resulted in Badger being replaced in office in 1861 by his brother-in-law, Charles B. Keith.
30:
107:
316:, by which inheritance and property are passed through the paternal line. Children are considered born into the father's clan. Fourteen of the original 17 clans are remaining: Man, Berry, Thunder, Buffalo #1, Tree, Black Bear, Eagle, Brown Bear, Buffalo #2, Fire, Water, Raccoon, and Fox. Marriage possibilities are based on affection; however, the clan system regulates the possibilities of each individual.
119:
70:
556:
1910:
82:
58:
131:
94:
298:
507:, which had been formed in 1859. The railroad wanted to gain the right-of-way across the Kickapoo Reservation and title to any surplus lands when the reservation was allotted. Pomeroy and Keith both met with and wrote letters to Commissioner Mix urging allotment, and by 1862, the US made a new treaty with the Kickapoo.
289:(common lands), who is supported by a council of elders for making business decisions, but, a larger assembly made up of the heads of families decides all important, tribal political matters. This assembly chooses the community leadership. They have no representation in local, state, or federal Mexican politics.
547:
returned from Mexico to the Kansas
Reservation before the forfeit period lapsed. They settled on the common lands briefly, but left before claiming their allotments. They later joined the Kickapoo in Indian Territory in 1874. In 1875, a group of 114 of the Mexican Kickapoo were returned to the Kansas Reservation.
692:
created pressure to make allotments of communal lands and secure fee-simple title for the
Oklahoma Kickapoo. On 21 June 1891 the tribe agreed to cede their reservation in exchange for 80-acre allotments for each tribesman. The Kickapoo were "bitterly opposed" to allotment and fought the process until
636:
to collect
Kickapoo in Texas and Mexico and establish them on land in the Indian Territory. A second Act, P.L. 16 Stat. 569, passed by Congress on 3 March 1871, appropriated funds for the resettlement and subsistence of the Kickapoo on reservations within the United States. Armed with these two acts,
510:
The 28 June 1862 agreement allowed for chiefs to receive 320-acre plots, heads of households to receive 160 acres, and all other tribe members to get 40 acres each, with the bulk of the remaining 125,000 acres to be sold to the railroad. Those who chose not to accept allotment could continue to hold
352:
Traditionally a hunter-gatherer people, in the early 20th century, the
Kickapoo began switching to agriculture. By the 1930s, they had developed a modern system of farming. Due to significant droughts in the 1940s, the Kickapoo became migrant farm workers in the United States, abandoning agriculture
671:
The
Mexican Kickapoos were to be removed to the Indian Territory to a site on the north fork of the Canadian River. They were to be provided with farm equipment to begin cultivation for subsistence farming. The adjustment was difficult, and by 1883, they had still not been provided with a permanent
495:
that the
Kickapoo wanted to have their communal lands allotted to individual households. Considering that the tribe had always held their lands in common, it is unlikely that the tribe wanted such allotment. However, in light of Badger's persuasiveness, Mix directed that allotment proceed if 1) the
658:
did not support the action, Cepeda appointed an officer to assist the agents and gave him a proclamation that they were to be assisted by the officials and citizenry. While the delegation was en route to Santa Rosa, a party of
Americans under the command of General MacKenzie attacked the Kickapoo,
484:
proved that the tide of settlers would not be stopped by the few hundred
Kickapoo. At the conclusion of the Texas Revolution, these groups moved south into Mexico. In 1854, the tribe ceded the eastern portion of the Kansas lands to the United States, leaving the Kickapoo the western 150,000 acres.
319:
The
Kickapoo are matrilocal, meaning that young couples live in housing compounds and living arrangements near the woman's mother and grandmother. Women not only maintain, but also build the dwelling shelters. Women gather the materials to build their housing and are responsible for all housework.
546:
In 1865 pressure from Pomeroy finally gained the approval to continue with the Kickapoo allotment, though the tribe resisted. By 1869, only 93 Kansas Kickapoo had accepted fee-simple allotment, the remainder preferring to continue holding their lands in common. A small band, about 50 tribesmen,
259:. It also granted federal recognition to the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. A 1985 law gave the Texas band the option of selecting Mexican or U.S. citizenship. Some 145 of the tribe members chose to become U.S. citizens, and the remaining 500 or so chose to obtain Mexican citizenship.
625:
indicated that roughly 800 Kickapoo were living in Mexico. It said that the Mexican Kickapoo were responsible for raids in the western part of Texas. In an effort to pacify the Texas residents and ward off difficulties with Mexico, the U.S. determined to retrieve the Kickapoo.
534:
on 4 April 1864. Some of the frustrated Kickapoo decided to leave Kansas, and a group of about 700 headed for Mexico in September 1864 to join kinsmen there. In January, 1865 a delegation of Kickapoo travelled to Mexico City to meet with the government of the newly established
526:, appointed in 1863, traveled to Kansas to investigate. In the hearings that followed, allegations were made that Guthrie's real interest in the matter stemmed from his involvement with a rival railroad, the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Corporation. Dole returned to
645:
In 1873, after complaints were received that Mexican authorities were using the Kickapoo to hide the theft of Texas cattle by Mexicans, the US made another attempt to bring the Kickapoo to Indian Territory. Special Agents H. M. Atkinson and Col. T. G. Williams went to
609:
In 1864, about 700 Kickapoo, frustrated with the duplicitous actions of agents and their railroad colleagues in Kansas, left to join their kinsmen in Mexico. The Kickapoo who left Kansas in the fall of 1864 were led by chiefs Pecan, Papicua, and Nokohat.
485:
Two provisions of this treaty were to have long-lasting effects on the tribe. The treaty authorized a survey of the Kickapoo lands, which could be used as the basis for fee-simple allotment, and it granted a railroad right-of-way across the reservation.
641:
to try to persuade the Indians at Santa Rosa to return to the United States. Mexican authorities refused to allow Miles to speak with the Kickapoo, as the residents of Santa Rosa thought they were the only defense against other marauding tribes.
1605:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian, in association with the National Museum of African American History and Culture and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. p. 45.
232:. The Mexican Kickapoo often work as migrants in Texas and move throughout the Midwest and the Western United States, returning in winter to Mexico. They are affiliated with the federally recognized tribes of the
476:. Around the same time as the Kickapoo moved into Kansas, some of them went to Texas, invited to settle there by the Spanish colonial governor to serve as a buffer between Mexico and American expansionists. The
2674:
515:, later Oklahoma. Any Southern Kickapoos had one year to return to Kansas and take up their allotments, or they would be forfeited. When news broke that the treaty was approved, protest erupted.
663:. The Kickapoo were not interested in hearing from the US agents. In the autumn of 1874, Atkinson and Williams finally persuaded a group of about 300 Kickapoo to resettle in Indian Territory.
1793:
598:). At the peak of their strength, the southern Kickapoo, numbered about 1500, and by 1860 were living in a swath from the Canadian and Washita Rivers in Indian Territory to the
216:) are a binational Indigenous people, some of whom live both in Mexico and in the United States. In Mexico, they were granted land at Hacienda del Nacimiento near the town of
522:, Warren William Guthrie, launched a grand-jury hearing. The charges were considered serious enough that allotment was suspended and the new Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
2277:
452:. By these treaties and succeeding treaties in 1809, 1815, 1816, 1819, and 1820 the tribe ceded all their lands on the Wabash, White and Vermilion rivers and moved into
373:
which roughly translates into "he moves from here to there." The tribe is part of the central Algonquian group, and has close ethnic and linguistic connections with the
621:, were engaged in battle for a brief half-hour, and then retreated. The Kickapoo had lost about 15 warriors and the Texans twice as many men. In 1868, a report to the
247:
In 1979, the Mexican Kickapoo who were dual residents requested clarification of their status, as they had no clear legal status in either the United States or
2714:
2704:
2452:
594:. As a reward for their service, the Mexican governor awarded them a land grant at Hacienda del Nacimiento near the settlement of Santa Rosa (now known as
2699:
2232:
1786:
2709:
614:
scouts picked up their trail and reported their findings to Captain Henry Fossett and Captain S. S. Totten, leader of a group of Texas militiamen.
1334:
1250:
1220:
1112:
633:
2694:
2684:
2355:
1779:
1487:
1057:
988:
2637:
2679:
2627:
2516:
2447:
2313:
233:
599:
1610:
1320:
518:
The Kickapoo said that they were unaware that the agreement had been reached and thought that they were still negotiating terms. The
2241:
1514:
1422:
1370:
922:
844:
814:
267:
The hacienda occupied by the Mexican Kickapoo is located about 32 km northeast of the city of Múzquiz, and is called by them
2345:
341:
271:(The Birthplace of the Kickapoo Tribe). Their property contains around 17,300 acres of semiarid land sourced with water from the
153:
2431:
570:
The first Southern Kickapoo migration occurred around the time that the tribe was settled in Kansas. They traveled across the
539:
to seek land rights as well as protection from attacks by American soldiers and rival tribes against their territory near the
2521:
2472:
2225:
622:
489:
1730:"Ethnic Consciousness in Cultural Survival: The Morongo Band of Mission Indians and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas"
356:
Both men and women do migrant farm labor. When they are living in Mexico, only the men participate in the livestock trade.
676:
issued 15 August 1883, the Kickapoo were granted the lands that they had been occupying near the southwest corner of the
2335:
1802:
2617:
2384:
2249:
477:
2605:
879:
2272:
2262:
256:
237:
2653:
2536:
2218:
504:
393:, the Kickapoo and their allies moved south and west into southern Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, and northern Iowa.
353:
on their own land. In the 1950s, they began transforming their own farms into grazing lands for cattle raising.
29:
2325:
651:
473:
241:
170:
595:
564:
1553:
2595:
2569:
2484:
2267:
2073:
2023:
681:
611:
519:
217:
1729:
2585:
2499:
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252:
2416:
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2257:
2199:
536:
302:
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1693:
1438:
1338:
1280:
1258:
1228:
1194:
1168:
1142:
1120:
1083:
503:, who was the president of the Atchison and Pike's Peak Railroad. This was the central section of the
2632:
2622:
2564:
2467:
2401:
2391:
2139:
1711:
1413:(1. Bison book print., repr. Cleveland, 1919. ed.). Lincoln : Univ. of Nebraska Press. p.
618:
441:
382:
337:
2590:
2541:
2494:
2462:
2426:
2396:
2379:
2350:
2159:
1698:
660:
587:
575:
1636:"The Kickapoo Tribe of Kansas and The Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma vs. the United States of America"
468:
In 1832, the tribe ceded their lands in Missouri and were granted a "permanent" home south of the
2509:
2504:
2457:
2421:
2406:
2340:
2320:
2303:
2293:
677:
511:
their lands in common until such time as an arrangement could be made to locate a new reserve in
449:
405:
1414:
1049:
2689:
2489:
2194:
1606:
1510:
1483:
1418:
1366:
1315:
1053:
918:
840:
810:
500:
437:
329:
149:
586:. In 1850, they agreed to act as a buffer between Mexicans, invading Texas settlers, and the
2134:
2068:
1982:
1816:
1741:
1635:
1310:
722:
693:
1894. They were right to be resistant, as it resulted in their losing large blocks of land.
647:
512:
481:
209:
2189:
2104:
2058:
2048:
2043:
2038:
1896:
1876:
1554:"The Kickapoo Tribe Of Kansas, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma et al. v. The United States"
673:
638:
531:
523:
488:
Using these two clauses as a basis, the local Indian agent, William Badger, convinced the
413:
401:
386:
183:
1821:
440:
Rivers and a subsequent treaty dated 7 August 1803 ceded lands previously granted in the
1754:
2078:
1886:
1836:
1826:
1407:
1042:
527:
492:
196:
1019:
763:
344:
and English; typically, these are not learned in school, but rather through exposure.
2668:
2179:
2169:
2149:
2028:
2018:
1915:
1755:"The Kickapoo Of Coahuila/Texas Cultural Implications Of Being A Cross-Border Nation"
702:
629:
445:
409:
272:
112:
377:. The Kickapoo were first recorded by Europeans in about 1667-70 as residing at the
2600:
2174:
2002:
1957:
1942:
1831:
603:
571:
433:
333:
1866:
555:
1504:
1477:
1360:
912:
834:
804:
2184:
2129:
2063:
2053:
2033:
1977:
1967:
1947:
1871:
1846:
684:, under a new treaty with the US after the Civil War, for resettlement of Creek
457:
417:
374:
310:
192:
1771:
1670:
34:
Kikapú building a traditional winter home (wickiup) at El Nacimiento, Coahuila.
2114:
2109:
1962:
1905:
1745:
540:
429:
421:
188:
911:
Latorre, Felipe A.; Latorre, Dolores L.; Madsen, William foreword by (1991).
632:
passed P.L. 16 Stat. 359 an Act of 15 July 1870 to appropriate funds for the
2610:
2360:
2164:
2124:
1952:
689:
425:
390:
2119:
297:
886:
2548:
2531:
2154:
2088:
1972:
1937:
963:
685:
655:
591:
583:
453:
221:
124:
75:
1479:
A People's History of the Civil War Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom
2083:
1992:
1932:
1891:
1881:
1841:
579:
378:
229:
167:
99:
2308:
1987:
1856:
1851:
1044:
A Native American "encyclopedia" : history, culture, and peoples
469:
397:
248:
225:
87:
63:
2210:
224:
in 1850. A few small groups of Kickapoo also live in the states of
1997:
1861:
839:. St. Clair Shores, Mich.: Somerset Publishers. pp. 170–171.
554:
313:
296:
285:
136:
582:
around 1837 and traveled into Texas in search of horses from the
2214:
1775:
396:
A treaty dated 7 June 1803 between the U.S. government and the
1641:. Oklahoma State University: Indian Claims Commission. 1967
1365:. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 119–120.
283:
The Mexican Kickapoo traditionally have a president of the
1391:
1389:
1506:
Maximilian and Carlota: Europe's Last Empire in Mexico
637:
Indian Agent John D. Miles, went with a delegation of
617:
On 8 January 1865, the Texans charged the Kickapoo at
255:, which recognized them as a distinct subgroup of the
1107:
1105:
803:
McKellar, Margaret Maud; Latorre, Dolores L. (1994).
1548:
1546:
1544:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
885:. Native American Rights Funds. 1983. Archived from
2675:
Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America
2646:
2578:
2557:
2440:
2372:
2286:
2248:
2097:
2011:
1925:
1809:
1304:
1302:
1078:
1076:
865:
863:
606:in Texas to the Remolino River in northern Mexico.
301:Kikapú woman's traditional dress on display at the
176:
160:
143:
49:
39:
1471:
1469:
1406:
1041:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1409:The American Indian in the Civil War, 1862 - 1865
559:Kikapú boy's ceremonial dress on display at the
680:. This territory had been ceded in 1866 by the
828:
826:
672:title to the lands they were occupying. By an
2226:
1787:
1048:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
917:. New York: Dover Publications. p. 143.
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
688:and others. Four years later, passage of the
8:
1734:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
428:tribes occupying the country watered by the
22:
983:
981:
836:Indians of Missouri : Past and Present
809:. Bethlehem: Lehigh Univ. Pr. p. 224.
659:thinking that they were a group of raiding
2233:
2219:
2211:
1794:
1780:
1772:
28:
21:
1509:. Trinity University Press. p. 169.
1362:The Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border
654:. Though citizens and the Legislature of
590:, Comanche, and other tribes in northern
1482:. New York: The New Press. p. 404.
1195:"TREATY WITH THE WEA AND KICKAPOO, 1816"
530:, and submitted his report to President
309:The Kickapoo kinship system is based on
2549:Trinidad and Tobago (African Americans)
1694:"Indian Portraits: Unusual Documentary"
1309:Nunley, M. Christopher (15 June 2010).
1113:"TREATY WITH THE EEL RIVER, ETC., 1803"
1084:"TREATY WITH THE DELAWARES, ETC., 1803"
714:
667:Relocation to Indian Territory/Oklahoma
561:Centro de Desarrollo Artesanal Indígena
2495:Dominican Republic (African Americans)
1702:. Albuquerque, New Mexico. p. C-3
766:. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. 1996
650:, to negotiate directly with Governor
499:Keith was a political ally of Senator
2361:Children of American service members
7:
50:Regions with significant populations
2715:United States federal Indian policy
2705:Native American history of Oklahoma
966:. Ethnologue Languages of the World
251:. An act was passed in 1983 by the
234:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas
1673:. Oklahoma Bar Association Journal
1321:Texas State Historical Association
14:
2700:Native American history of Kansas
1257:. August 30, 1819. Archived from
16:Indigenous people in the Americas
2710:Native American history of Texas
1908:
1439:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1862"
1281:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1820"
1251:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1819"
1221:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1819"
1169:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1815"
1143:"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1809"
389:Rivers. Under pressure from the
269:El Nacimiento de la Tribu Kikapú
129:
117:
105:
92:
80:
68:
56:
1227:. July 30, 1819. Archived from
1119:. 7 August 1803. Archived from
369:Kickapoo comes from their word
328:The Mexican Kickapoo speak the
1692:Wilks, Flo (January 9, 1972).
1601:Tayac, Gabrielle, ed. (2009).
833:Ricky, Donald B., ed. (1999).
723:"Diferentes lenguas indígenas"
623:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
490:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1:
1671:"Kickapoo Titles in Oklahoma"
166:traditional tribal religion,
2695:History of Mexican Americans
2685:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
1803:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
1405:Abel, Annie Heloise (1993).
914:The Mexican Kickapoo Indians
2680:Indigenous Mexican American
1659:McKellar (1994), pp 225-226
1503:McAllen, M.M (8 Jan 2014).
1040:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).
989:"Mexican Kickapoo Lifeways"
880:"Recent Legal Developments"
478:Mexican War of Independence
2731:
464:Resettlement on the Plains
257:Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma
238:Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma
2654:African-American diaspora
1903:
1753:Mager, Elisabeth (2011).
1746:10.17953/aicrj.41.1.mager
1728:Mager, Elisabeth (2017).
1669:Withington, W.R. (1952).
1443:Oklahoma State University
1359:Gibson, Arrell M (2006).
1285:Oklahoma State University
1255:Oklahoma State University
1225:Oklahoma State University
1199:Oklahoma State University
1173:Oklahoma State University
1147:Oklahoma State University
1117:Oklahoma State University
1088:Oklahoma State University
991:. Milwaukee Public Museum
953:Latorre (1991), p 145-150
652:Victoriano Cepeda Camacho
634:Secretary of the Interior
505:transcontinental railroad
470:Delaware Nation in Kansas
181:
165:
148:
54:
44:
27:
1810:More than 100,000 people
1538:Gibson (2006), p 137-138
1476:Williams, David (2012).
1463:Gibson (2006), p 129-135
1395:Gibson (2006), p 125-127
806:Life on a Mexican ranche
340:family. They also speak
242:Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas
2478:United Empire Loyalists
2314:Black Hebrew Israelites
1926:20,000 – 100,000 people
682:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
678:Sac and Fox Reservation
520:Kansas Attorney General
2098:Less than 1,000 people
1020:"The Kickapoo Indians"
567:
306:
253:United States Congress
213:
2606:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
2012:1,000 – 20,000 people
944:Latorre (1991), p 151
727:cuentame.inegi.org.mx
576:fighting the Seminole
565:Santiago de Querétaro
558:
537:Second Mexican Empire
448:, and Fort Wayne and
303:Museo de Arte Popular
300:
177:Related ethnic groups
2468:New England Planters
2363:(multiple countries)
2356:United Arab Emirates
1712:Newspaperarchive.com
1591:Gibson (2006), p 143
1529:Gibson (2006), p 135
442:Treaty of Greenville
348:Economic development
338:Algonquian languages
336:, part of the large
2463:Black Nova Scotians
1699:Albuquerque Journal
1582:Ricky (1999), p.224
1319:(online ed.).
1261:on 13 February 2015
1231:on 13 February 2015
1175:. September 2, 1815
1123:on 19 February 2015
869:Ricky (1999), p 172
444:in 1795 by General
293:Social organization
24:
1311:"Kickapoo Indians"
1149:. December 9, 1809
892:on 23 January 2015
568:
450:Vincennes, Indiana
307:
2662:
2661:
2385:African Americans
2364:
2242:American diaspora
2208:
2207:
1489:978-1-59558-747-3
1316:Handbook of Texas
1059:978-0-19-513897-9
501:Samuel C. Pomeroy
330:Kickapoo language
202:
201:
2722:
2362:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2212:
2024:Chichimeca Jonaz
1918:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1765:
1762:Voices of Mexico
1759:
1749:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1632:
1617:
1616:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1564:(372): 980. 1967
1550:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1473:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1412:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1337:. Archived from
1331:
1325:
1324:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1047:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
985:
976:
975:
973:
971:
960:
954:
951:
945:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
891:
884:
876:
870:
867:
858:
857:
855:
853:
830:
821:
820:
800:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
775:
773:
771:
760:
737:
736:
734:
733:
719:
551:Texas Settlement
513:Indian Territory
482:Texas Revolution
474:Fort Leavenworth
365:Northern origins
220:in the state of
206:Mexican Kickapoo
135:
133:
132:
123:
121:
120:
111:
109:
108:
98:
96:
95:
86:
84:
83:
74:
72:
71:
62:
60:
59:
40:Total population
32:
25:
23:Mexican Kickapoo
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2642:
2574:
2553:
2436:
2368:
2282:
2244:
2239:
2209:
2204:
2093:
2007:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1805:
1800:
1769:
1757:
1752:
1727:
1724:
1722:Further reading
1719:
1705:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1445:. June 28, 1862
1437:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1287:. July 19, 1820
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1004:
994:
992:
987:
986:
979:
969:
967:
962:
961:
957:
952:
948:
943:
939:
929:
927:
925:
910:
909:
905:
895:
893:
889:
882:
878:
877:
873:
868:
861:
851:
849:
847:
832:
831:
824:
817:
802:
801:
797:
792:
788:
783:
779:
769:
767:
762:
761:
740:
731:
729:
721:
720:
716:
712:
699:
697:Notable members
674:executive order
669:
639:Kansas Kickapoo
553:
524:William P. Dole
466:
367:
362:
350:
326:
295:
281:
265:
187:
184:Kickapoo people
130:
128:
118:
116:
106:
104:
103:
93:
91:
81:
79:
69:
67:
57:
55:
35:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2432:United Kingdom
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2200:Western Apache
2197:
2195:Tohono Oʼodham
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1750:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1684:
1661:
1652:
1618:
1612:978-1588342713
1611:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1495:
1488:
1465:
1456:
1430:
1423:
1397:
1385:
1371:
1351:
1326:
1298:
1272:
1242:
1212:
1201:. June 4, 1816
1186:
1160:
1134:
1101:
1090:. June 7, 1803
1072:
1058:
1032:
1002:
977:
955:
946:
937:
923:
903:
871:
859:
845:
822:
815:
795:
786:
777:
738:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
698:
695:
668:
665:
552:
549:
528:Washington, DC
493:Charles E. Mix
465:
462:
366:
363:
361:
358:
349:
346:
325:
322:
305:in Mexico City
294:
291:
280:
277:
264:
261:
200:
199:
197:Shawnee people
179:
178:
174:
173:
163:
162:
158:
157:
146:
145:
141:
140:
52:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2727:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:South America
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:North America
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1916:Mexico portal
1906:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
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1875:
1873:
1870:
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1614:
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1579:
1576:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1516:9781595341853
1512:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1424:0-8032-5919-0
1420:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1372:0-8061-1264-6
1368:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1352:
1341:on 2014-12-30
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
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1148:
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1138:
1135:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1033:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
990:
984:
982:
978:
965:
959:
956:
950:
947:
941:
938:
926:
924:0-486-26742-3
920:
916:
915:
907:
904:
888:
881:
875:
872:
866:
864:
860:
848:
846:0-403-09879-3
842:
838:
837:
829:
827:
823:
818:
816:0-934223-31-9
812:
808:
807:
799:
796:
790:
787:
781:
778:
765:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
739:
728:
724:
718:
715:
709:
704:
703:Emma Kickapoo
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
666:
664:
662:
657:
653:
649:
643:
640:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
615:
613:
607:
605:
604:Brazos Rivers
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
566:
562:
557:
550:
548:
544:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
508:
506:
502:
497:
494:
491:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:Anthony Wayne
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
364:
359:
357:
354:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
332:, which is a
331:
323:
321:
317:
315:
312:
304:
299:
292:
290:
288:
287:
278:
276:
274:
270:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
198:
194:
190:
185:
180:
175:
172:
171:Drum religion
169:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
126:
114:
113:United States
101:
89:
77:
65:
53:
48:
43:
38:
31:
26:
2601:Confederados
2542:New Virginia
2526:
2346:Saudi Arabia
2278:South Africa
2273:Sierra Leone
2170:Motozintleco
2144:
1943:Chontal Maya
1768:
1764:(90): 36–40.
1761:
1740:(1): 47–72.
1737:
1733:
1710:– via
1704:. Retrieved
1697:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1602:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1561:
1557:
1534:
1525:
1505:
1498:
1478:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1408:
1400:
1376:. Retrieved
1361:
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1329:
1314:
1289:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1254:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1224:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1198:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:the original
1116:
1092:. Retrieved
1087:
1063:. Retrieved
1043:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
993:. Retrieved
968:. Retrieved
958:
949:
940:
928:. Retrieved
913:
906:
894:. Retrieved
887:the original
874:
850:. Retrieved
835:
805:
798:
793:Priztker 420
789:
784:Pritzker 422
780:
768:. Retrieved
730:. Retrieved
726:
717:
670:
644:
628:
616:
608:
572:Great Plains
569:
560:
545:
517:
509:
498:
487:
467:
420:, Kickapoo,
395:
381:between the
370:
368:
355:
351:
334:Fox language
327:
318:
308:
284:
282:
268:
266:
246:
214:Tribu Kikapú
205:
203:
19:Ethnic group
2570:New Zealand
2510:Free Blacks
2473:Six Nations
2448:The Bahamas
2412:Netherlands
2336:Philippines
2326:North Korea
1603:IndiVisible
1558:Open Jurist
705:(1880-1942)
612:Confederate
458:Osage River
375:Sac and Fox
371:Kiwigapawa,
311:patrilineal
273:Río Sabinas
263:Reservation
2669:Categories
2485:Costa Rica
2258:The Gambia
2110:Chiricahua
2074:Qʼanjobʼal
2054:Mexicanero
1706:August 22,
1677:20 January
1645:19 January
1568:18 January
1449:18 January
1378:18 January
1345:2015-01-20
1335:"Kickapoo"
1291:18 January
1265:18 January
1235:18 January
1205:18 January
1179:18 January
1153:18 January
1127:20 January
1094:18 January
1065:18 January
1025:18 January
995:20 January
970:20 January
964:"Kickapoo"
930:20 January
896:20 January
852:19 January
770:20 January
732:2021-06-24
710:References
619:Dove Creek
541:Rio Grande
456:along the
422:Piankeshaw
406:Potawatomi
279:Government
2638:Venezuela
2611:New Texas
2596:Americana
2586:Argentina
2565:Australia
2500:Guatemala
2299:Hong Kong
2165:Mezcalero
2135:Kaqchikel
2125:Ixcatecos
2069:Pima Bajo
1983:Tojolabal
1867:Purépecha
1817:Chinantec
690:Dawes Act
426:Kaskaskia
414:Eel River
391:Menominee
387:Wisconsin
156:, English
144:Languages
45:63 (2020)
2690:Kickapoo
2647:See also
2628:Paraguay
2527:Kickapoo
2517:Honduras
2417:Portugal
2331:Pakistan
2105:Awakatek
2079:Qʼeqchiʼ
2059:Ocuiltec
2049:Lacandon
2044:Jakaltek
2039:Guarijio
1993:Wixarika
1978:Tepehuán
1973:Popoluca
1953:Cuicatec
1877:Tlapanec
1872:Rarámuri
764:"Kikapu"
686:freedmen
656:Coahuila
648:Saltillo
630:Congress
592:Coahuila
584:Comanche
480:and the
454:Missouri
398:Delaware
324:Language
222:Coahuila
161:Religion
150:Kickapoo
125:Oklahoma
76:Coahuila
2633:Uruguay
2623:Ecuador
2558:Oceania
2537:Mormons
2532:Mascogo
2402:Ireland
2392:Germany
2268:Liberia
2140:Kʼicheʼ
2115:Cochimí
2089:Tepehua
2084:Tacuate
1938:Chatino
1897:Zapotec
1892:Tzotzil
1887:Tzeltal
1882:Totonac
1842:Mazatec
1837:Mazahua
1827:Huastec
596:Múzquiz
580:Florida
532:Lincoln
402:Shawnee
379:portage
360:History
342:Spanish
230:Durango
218:Múzquiz
210:Spanish
168:Animism
154:Spanish
100:Durango
2591:Brazil
2522:Mexico
2458:Canada
2453:Belize
2427:Sweden
2397:Greece
2380:France
2373:Europe
2351:Taiwan
2309:Israel
2250:Africa
2180:Paipai
2155:Kumiai
2150:Kiliwa
2145:Kikapú
2120:Cucapá
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2019:Akatek
1988:Triqui
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2407:Italy
2341:Qatar
2321:Japan
2304:India
2294:China
2263:Ghana
2175:Opata
2160:Lipán
2003:Zoque
1998:Yaqui
1958:Huave
1862:Otomi
1857:Nahua
1822:Chʼol
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883:(PDF)
661:Lipan
588:Lipan
472:near
438:Miami
410:Miami
314:clans
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1948:Cora
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1679:2015
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1367:ISBN
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1181:2015
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1129:2015
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1054:ISBN
1027:2015
997:2015
972:2015
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