38:
566:
785:. One of the most striking changes to evolve was the loss of eyes. This is referred to as a "regressive trait" because the surface fish that originally colonized caves possessed eyes. In addition to regressive traits, cave forms evolved "constructive traits". In contrast to regressive traits, the purpose or benefit of constructive traits is generally accepted. Active research focuses on the mechanisms driving the evolution of regressive traits, such as the loss of eyes, in
118:
47:
93:
71:
616:, due to down-regulation of the protein αA-crystallin and consequent lens cell death. Despite losing their eyes, cavefish cells respond to light responsive and show an endogenous circadian rhythm. The fish in the Pachón caves have lost their eyes completely whilst the fish from the Micos cave only have limited sight. Cave fish and surface fish are able to produce fertile offspring.
240:
651:, northeastern Mexico. Among the various cave population are at least three with only full cave forms (blind and without pigment), at least eleven with cave, "normal" and intermediate forms, and at least one with both cave and "normal" forms but no intermediates. Studies suggest at least two distinct genetic
427:
Likewise, the blind cave tetra has fully "devolved" (lost) the use of its eyes by living in an environment completely devoid of natural light, with only empty sockets in their place. The blind tetra instead has sensory organs along its body, as well as a heightened nervous system (and senses of smell
814:
By the time that an animal had reached, after numberless generations, the deepest recesses, disuse will on this view have more or less perfectly obliterated its eyes, and natural selection will often have effected other changes, such as an increase in the length of antennae or palpi, as compensation
655:
occur among the blind populations, and the current distribution of populations arose by at least five independent invasions. Furthermore, cave populations have a very recent origin (< 20,000 years) in which blindness or reduced vision evolved convergently after surface ancestors populated several
891:
The blind cave tetra is a hardy species. Their lack of sight does not hinder their ability to get food. They prefer subdued lighting with a rocky substrate, like gravel, mimicking their natural environment. They become semi-aggressive as they age, and are by nature schooling fish. Experiments have
631:
induces a disruption of early neuromast patterning, which further causes asymmetries in cranial bone structure. One such asymmetry is a bend in the dorsal region of their skull, which is propounded to increase water flow to the opposite side of the face, functionally enhancing sensory input and
848:
Another likely explanation for the loss of its eyes is that of selective neutrality and genetic drift; in the dark environment of the cave, the eyes are neither advantageous nor disadvantageous and thus any genetic factors that might impair the eyes (or their development) can take hold with no
831:
Modern genetics has made clear that the lack of use does not, in itself, necessitate a feature's disappearance. In this context, the positive genetic benefits have to be considered, i.e., what advantages are obtained by cave-dwelling tetras by losing their eyes? Possible explanations include:
849:
consequence on the individual or species. Because there is no selection pressure for sight in this environment, any number of genetic abnormalities that give rise to the damage or loss of eyes could proliferate among the population with no effect on the fitness of the population.
860:"—showing an evolutionary trend of decreasing complexity. But evolution is a non-directional process, and while increased complexity is a common effect, there is no reason why evolution cannot tend towards simplicity if that makes an organism better suited to its environment.
656:
caves independently at different times. This recent origin suggests that the phenotypic changes in cavefish populations, namely eye degeneration, arose as a result of the high fixation of genetic variants present in surface fish populations in a short period of time.
840:
There remains less chance of accidental damage and infection, since the previously useless and exposed organ is sealed with a flap of protective skin. It is unknown why this species did not develop transparent skin or eyelids instead, as some species of reptiles
879:
trade are all based on stock collected in the Cueva Chica Cave in the southern part of the Sierra del Abra system in 1936. These were sent to an aquarium company in Texas, who soon started to distribute them to aquarists. Since then, these have been
836:
Not developing eyes allows the individual more energy for growth but not egg production. However the species does use other methods to locate food and detect danger, which also consume energy that would be conserved if it had eyes or transparent
1791:
675:, regressive evolution in cave animals, and the genetic basis of regressive traits. This, combined with the ease of maintaining the species in captivity, has made it the most studied cavefish and likely also the most studied
457:
species, like most tetras, that spends most of its time in midlevel waters above the rocky and sandy bottoms of pools, and backwaters of creeks and streams. Coming from an environment somewhere between
844:
The lack of eyes disables the "body clock", which is controlled by periods of light and dark, conserving energy. However sunlight does have minimal impact on the "body clock" in caves.
2493:
474:, and a temperature range of 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F). In the winter, some populations migrate to warmer waters. The species' natural diet consists largely of
3034:
2225:
Lyndon M. Coghill; C. Darrin Hulsey; Johel Chaves-Campos; Francisco J. GarcĂa de Leon; Steven G. Johnson (2014). "Next
Generation Phylogeography of Cave and Surface
2852:
2674:
2285:
428:
and touch), and can immediately detect where objects or other animals are located by slight changes in the surrounding water pressure, a process vaguely similar to
1009:
3019:
2914:
2994:
1475:
773:. When the surface-dwelling ancestors of current cave populations entered the subterranean environment, the change in ecological conditions rendered their
796:
The blind form of the
Mexican tetra is different from the surface-dwelling form in a number of ways, including having unpigmented skin, having a better
3044:
2999:
2025:
2826:
901:
892:
shown that keeping these fish in bright aquarium set-ups has no effect on the development of the skin flap that forms over their eyes as they grow.
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1082:
804:
all over its head, and by being able to store four times more energy as fat, allowing it to deal with irregular food supplies more effectively.
2520:
2363:
Protas, M; Tabansky, I.; Conrad, M.; Gross, J. B.; Vidal, O.; Tabin, C. J.; Borowsky, R. (April 2008). "Multi-trait evolution in a cave fish,
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1890:
1516:
1217:
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853:
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790:
2591:
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1050:
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743:, varying from blind and depigmented to individuals showing intermediate features, is known from the Granadas Cave, part of the
3039:
2607:
Rohner, N.; Jarosz, D. F.; Kowalko, J. E.; Yoshizawa, M.; Jeffery, W. R.; Borowsky, R. L.; Lindquist, S.; Tabin, C. J. (2013).
1915:
1462:
2870:
1074:
37:
2774:
1163:
633:
636:-a mutation restricts blood flow to cavefish eyes during a critical stage of growth so the eyes are covered by skin.
2494:"Chapter 5: Laws of Variation, Effects of the Increased Use and Disuse of Parts, as Controlled by Natural Selection"
2369:
789:. Recent studies have produced evidence that the mechanism may be direct selection, or indirect selection through
2919:
2422:
1344:
793:, rather than genetic drift and neutral mutation, the traditionally favored hypothesis for regressive evolution.
117:
1909:
Luis
Espinasa; Patricia Rivas-Manzano; HĂ©ctor Espinosa PĂ©rez (2001). "A New Blind Cave Fish Population of Genus
3009:
2072:
1960:
1402:
1284:
822:
2766:
2062:
Fumey, Julien; Hinaux, Hélène; Noirot, Céline; Thermes, Claude; Rétaux, Sylvie; Casane, Didier (2016-12-16).
1950:
Fumey, Julien; Hinaux, Hélène; Noirot, Céline; Thermes, Claude; Rétaux, Sylvie; Casane, Didier (2018-04-18).
663:, being members of the same species, are closely related and can interbreed making this species an excellent
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1471:
709:
2739:
3029:
2701:
573:
544:
454:
229:
2779:
2528:
857:
639:
Currently, about 30 cave populations are known, dispersed over three geographically distinct areas in a
212:
1730:"Evolution of an adaptive behavior and its sensory receptors promotes eye regression in blind cavefish"
2971:
2958:
1783:"Parallel evolution of regressive and constructive craniofacial traits across distinct populations of
856:, the cave tetra is seen as evidence 'against' evolution. One argument claims this is an instance of "
769:
The surface and cave forms of the
Mexican tetra have proven powerful subjects for scientists studying
2800:
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1684:
668:
596:
565:
1564:
1168:
676:
652:
429:
413:
60:
2906:
947:
3024:
2609:"Cryptic variation in morphological evolution: HSP90 as a capacitor for loss of eyes in cavefish"
2394:
2326:
1932:
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672:
535:
421:
252:
112:
97:
644:
2893:
2857:
1852:
1392:
Bradic, M.; Beerli, P.; Garcia-de Leon, F. J.; Esquivel-Bobadilla, S.; Borowsky, R. L. (2012).
986:
2940:
2787:
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2386:
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2248:
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1997:
1979:
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1537:
1489:
1431:
1371:
1313:
1213:
1136:
1128:
778:
609:
392:
of about 12 cm (4.7 in), the
Mexican tetra is of typical characin form, albeit with
2945:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2562:
2439:
2431:
2378:
2335:
2289:
2240:
2205:
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1987:
1969:
1924:
1824:
1808:
1753:
1743:
1700:
1692:
1675:
1638:
1622:
1573:
1529:
1479:
1454:"Evidence for multiple genetic forms with similar eyeless phenotypes in the blind cavefish,
1421:
1411:
1361:
1353:
1303:
1293:
1118:
981:
942:
881:
688:
549:
514:, often doing well on a variety of foods such as frozen/thawed or live cultured blackworms,
443:
The
Mexican tetra's blind variant has experienced a steady surge in popularity among modern
339:
2883:
2753:
1238:
3004:
2927:
1484:
1453:
1109:
753:
378:
343:
189:
2626:
2435:
1804:
1688:
1643:
1610:
1357:
777:—which included many biological functions dependent on the presence of light—subject to
716:. Other blind populations were initially also recognized as separate species, including
2651:
2608:
2444:
2413:
2162:
2135:
2106:
2063:
1992:
1951:
1829:
1782:
1758:
1729:
1705:
1670:
1525:
1426:
1393:
1366:
1335:
1308:
1275:
807:
664:
624:
432:—another adaptation known from cave-dwelling, as well as aquatic, species, such as the
358:
159:
1510:
Strecker, U.; FaĂşndez, V. H.; Wilkens, H. (2004). "Phylogeography of surface and cave
46:
2988:
2878:
2382:
2039:
2016:
1148:
1046:
972:
933:
885:
782:
569:
554:
540:
346:
169:
102:
80:
75:
2398:
2136:"Evolution of eye development in the darkness of caves: adaptation, drift, or both?"
1936:
924:
2792:
963:
888:
traits. Today large numbers are bred at commercial facilities, especially in Asia.
744:
705:
697:
620:
519:
495:
389:
366:
350:
2021:(Characidae, Teleostei): genetic evidence from reduced eye-size and pigmentation"
1514:(Teleostei) from Central and North America based on cytochrome b sequence data".
708:. The Cueva Chica Cave in the southern part of the Sierra del Abra system is the
2901:
2839:
2733:
2244:
1734:
1533:
920:
459:
370:
2268:"To See or Not to See: Evolution of Eye Degeneration in Mexican Blind Cavefish"
2567:
2550:
2196:
2096:
1974:
1928:
1609:
Frøland
Steindal, Inga A.; Yamamoto, Yoshiyuki; Whitmore, David (2023-07-12).
1123:
1104:
648:
511:
475:
467:
405:
401:
397:
362:
336:
329:
179:
2724:
2048:
1983:
1820:
1792:
Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
1748:
1634:
1587:
1298:
1132:
2634:
2210:
2191:
1728:
Yoshizawa, M.; Yamamoto, Y.; O'Quin, K. E.; Jeffery, W. R. (December 2012).
1671:"The energetic cost of vision and the evolution of eyeless Mexican cavefish"
1578:
1559:
801:
797:
774:
770:
483:
409:
129:
2660:
2521:"Why do cave fish lose their eyes? A Darwinian mystery unfolds in the dark"
2453:
2390:
2349:
2303:
2294:
2267:
2252:
2171:
2152:
2115:
2001:
1838:
1767:
1714:
1696:
1652:
1626:
1595:
1541:
1493:
1435:
1416:
1394:"Gene flow and population structure in the Mexican blind cavefish complex (
1375:
1317:
1140:
724:
described in 1947 from the Los
Sabinos Cave (both subsequently merged into
239:
2932:
632:
spatial mapping in the dark waters of caves. Scientists suggest that gene
2813:
2718:
2340:
2321:
1059:
876:
748:
583:
515:
503:
444:
149:
20:
2642:
1812:
2831:
2818:
619:
These fish can still, however, find their way around by means of their
523:
479:
437:
424:
and has no need for a colorful appearance (i.e. for attracting mates).
1781:
Powers, Amanda K.; Berning, Daniel J.; Gross, Joshua B. (2020-02-06).
1560:"Adaptive Evolution of Eye Degeneration in the Mexican Blind Cavefish"
2844:
2761:
1008:
Froese, R.; Reyes, R. D. (2023-04-21). Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (eds.).
608:. Depending on the exact population, cave forms can have degenerated
527:
491:
393:
382:
139:
2695:
2500:. The Harvard Classics. Vol. XI. New York: P.F. Collier and Son
2266:
William R. Jeffery; Allen G. Strickler; Yoshiyuki
Yamamoto (2003).
2086:
2953:
864:
640:
564:
507:
487:
374:
354:
417:
332:
2805:
2699:
19:"Blind cave fish" redirects here. For cavefish in general, see
2471:. Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Science. p. 315.
613:
499:
471:
433:
867:
has a dramatic effect in the development of the blind tetra.
2192:"Sensory Adaptations of Fishes to Subterranean Environments"
463:
2675:"Mexican Tetra (Astyanax mexicanus): Ultimate Care Guide"
1452:
Dowling, T. E.; Martasian, D. P.; Jeffery, W. R. (2002).
962:
Contreras-Balderas, S. & Almada-Villela, P. (1996).
539:, though this is not widely accepted. Additionally, the
404:
to its natural environment. By comparison, the species'
1615:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
533:
The Mexican tetra has been treated as a subspecies of
2467:
Helfman, G. S.; Collete, B. B.; Facey, D. E. (1997).
1669:
Moran, D.; Softley, R. & Warrant, E. J. (2015).
498:, and those that land on or fall in the water, like
412:
a pale, pinkish-white color, somewhat resembling an
2708:
1853:"Gene found that causes eyes to wither in cavefish"
510:or aquatic vegetation; in captivity, it is largely
1553:
1551:
530:, among other commercially available fish foods.
1885:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–148.
54:Normal form (above) and blind cave form (below)
2322:"Genes, modules and the evolution of cave fish"
2286:Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
2015:WILKENS, HORST; STRECKER, ULRIKE (2003-12-01).
1904:
1902:
1505:
1503:
1233:
1231:
1229:
812:
686:is sometimes recognized as a separate species,
547:is sometimes recognized as a separate species,
1447:
1445:
1329:
1327:
1208:Keene, A.; Yoshizawa, M.; McGaugh, S. (2016).
594:(leading to easy confusion with the Brazilian
1876:
1874:
1872:
1387:
1385:
1210:Biology and Evolution of the Mexican Cavefish
948:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T62191A3109229.en
8:
623:, which are highly sensitive to fluctuating
2190:Soares, D.; Niemiller, M. L. (April 2013).
1476:Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
1212:. Elsevier Science. pp. 68–69, 77–87.
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
736:cave population is the one in Los Sabinos.
720:described in 1946 from the PachĂłn Cave and
612:or have total loss of sight and even their
462:climate, it prefers water with 6.5–8
2696:
2315:
2313:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
987:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2270A9379535.en
238:
91:
69:
45:
36:
27:
2650:
2566:
2443:
2339:
2293:
2209:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2161:
2151:
2134:Retaux, S.; Casane, D. (September 2013).
2129:
2127:
2125:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2064:"Evidence for Late Pleistocene origin of
2038:
2026:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1991:
1973:
1952:"Evidence for late Pleistocene origin of
1828:
1757:
1747:
1704:
1642:
1577:
1483:
1425:
1415:
1365:
1307:
1297:
1164:"Blind Cavefish Stops Its Internal Clock"
1122:
985:
946:
3035:Least concern biota of the United States
2519:Espinasa, L.; Espinasa, M. (June 2005).
1664:
1662:
902:List of freshwater aquarium fish species
506:. It will also supplement its diet with
1913:: Geography, Morphology and Behavior".
1083:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
912:
751:, southern Mexico, but it is a part of
2551:"Losing Sight of Regressive Evolution"
2017:"Convergent evolution of the cavefish
1611:"Blind fish have cells that see light"
2232:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1517:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1485:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004100
682:The blind and colorless cave form of
553:, but this directly contradicts the
259:
7:
3020:Freshwater fish of the United States
2959:2B7DECAD-1F0D-2C8E-390E-8C1CB09AB942
2995:IUCN Red List least concern species
2549:Espinasa, M.; Espinasa, L. (2008).
2436:10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134216
2273:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1358:10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134216
973:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
934:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
739:Another cave-adapted population of
875:The blind cave tetras seen in the
586:, which is known by such names as
14:
2555:Evolution: Education and Outreach
3045:Taxa named by Filippo De Filippi
3000:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2383:10.1111/j.1525-142x.2008.00227.x
2040:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00230.x
1162:Palermo,LiveScience, Elizabeth.
1103:Borowsky, Richard (2018-01-22).
692:, but this leaves the remaining
116:
1916:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1463:Molecular Biology and Evolution
966:Astyanax mexicanus ssp. jordani
2496:. In Eliot, Charles W. (ed.).
1883:Cave Biology: Life in Darkness
757:(itself sometimes included in
659:The eyed and eyeless forms of
342:(tetras and relatives) of the
1:
1558:Jeffery, W. R. (2005-01-13).
416:, as it inhabits pitch-black
408:"cave" form has scales which
2492:Darwin, Charles R. (2001) .
2320:Wilkens, H (November 2012).
270:Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus
2370:Evolution & Development
2245:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.029
1534:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.001
634:cystathionine beta synthase
361:, originating in the lower
3061:
2586:. New York: W. W. Norton.
18:
3015:Freshwater fish of Mexico
2584:Climbing Mount Improbable
2568:10.1007/s12052-008-0094-z
2508:– via Bartleby.com.
2423:Annual Review of Genetics
2414:"Regressive Evolution in
2097:10.1186/s12862-018-1156-7
1975:10.1186/s12862-018-1156-7
1345:Annual Review of Genetics
1336:"Regressive evolution in
1274:Gross, J.B. (June 2012).
1124:10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.011
490:, including both aquatic
400:, likely an evolutionary
294:Tetragonopterus streetsii
262:Tetragonopterus mexicanus
258:
251:
246:
237:
218:
211:
113:Scientific classification
111:
89:
67:
58:
53:
44:
35:
30:
2073:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1961:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1749:10.1186/1741-7007-10-108
1403:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1299:10.1186/1471-2148-12-105
1285:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1049:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
582:is famous for its blind
453:is a peaceful, sociable
2635:10.1126/science.1240276
2469:The Diversity of Fishes
2282:Oxford University Press
2211:10.1525/bio.2013.63.4.7
1929:10.1023/A:1011852603162
1472:Oxford University Press
1276:"The complex origin of
1063:. October 2015 version.
810:said of sightless fish:
791:antagonistic pleiotropy
286:Tetragonopterus nitidus
278:Tetragonopterus fulgens
3040:Fish described in 1853
2153:10.1186/2041-9139-4-26
1697:10.1126/sciadv.1500363
1627:10.1098/rspb.2023.0981
1417:10.1186/1471-2148-12-9
829:
576:
381:and eastern states of
357:, it is native to the
2498:The Origin of Species
1579:10.1093/jhered/esi028
823:The Origin of Species
568:
316:), also known as the
2582:Dawkins, R. (1997).
2412:Jeffery, WR (2009).
2341:10.1038/hdy.2009.184
2295:10.1093/icb/43.4.531
1334:Jeffery, W. (2009).
941:: e.T62191A3109229.
597:Stygichthys typhlops
422:subterranean streams
2627:2013Sci...342.1372R
2621:(6164): 1372–1375.
1881:Romero, A. (2009).
1813:10.1002/jez.b.22932
1805:2020JEZB..334..450P
1689:2015SciA....1E0363M
1565:Journal of Heredity
1169:Scientific American
1014:(De Filippi, 1853)"
980:: e.T2270A9379535.
602:blind cave characin
322:blind cave characin
61:Conservation status
2767:astyanax-mexicanus
2754:Astyanax_mexicanus
2740:Astyanax mexicanus
2710:Astyanax mexicanus
2365:Astyanax mexicanus
2227:Astyanax mexicanus
2066:Astyanax mexicanus
1954:Astyanax mexicanus
1785:Astyanax mexicanus
1478:(smbe)): 446–455.
1456:Astyanax mexicanus
1396:Astyanax mexicanus
1241:Astyanax mexicanus
1077:Astyanax mexicanus
1053:Astyanax mexicanus
1012:Astyanax mexicanus
927:Astyanax mexicanus
863:Inhibition of the
765:Evolution research
673:parallel evolution
627:. Blindness in A.
577:
313:Astyanax mexicanus
273:(De Filippi, 1853)
247:Approximate range
222:Astyanax mexicanus
2982:
2981:
2941:Open Tree of Life
2702:Taxon identifiers
1892:978-0-521-82846-8
1219:978-0-12-802148-4
779:natural selection
647:and far southern
304:
303:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
204:A. mexicanus
106:
84:
3052:
2975:
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2796:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2681:. August 5, 2022
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2527:. Archived from
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1977:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1799:(7–8): 450–462.
1778:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1676:Science Advances
1666:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1581:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1126:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1043:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
989:
959:
953:
952:
950:
917:
882:selectively bred
827:
820:Charles Darwin,
800:sense by having
588:blind cave tetra
326:blind cave tetra
296:
288:
280:
272:
265:De Filippi, 1853
264:
242:
224:
121:
120:
100:
95:
94:
78:
73:
72:
49:
40:
28:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3010:Astyanax (fish)
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2928:Observation.org
2926:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2679:Fish Laboratory
2673:
2672:
2668:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2561:(S4): 509–516.
2548:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1683:(8): e1500363.
1668:
1667:
1660:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1220:
1207:
1206:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1110:Current Biology
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1045:
1044:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
961:
960:
956:
919:
918:
914:
910:
898:
873:
871:In the aquarium
828:
819:
767:
645:San Luis PotosĂ
563:
561:Blind cave form
396:, unremarkable
379:Central Plateau
318:blind cave fish
233:
226:
220:
207:
115:
107:
96:
92:
85:
74:
70:
63:
24:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
3058:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2730:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2666:
2599:
2592:
2574:
2541:
2511:
2484:
2477:
2459:
2404:
2377:(2): 196–209.
2355:
2334:(5): 413–422.
2309:
2258:
2217:
2204:(4): 274–283.
2177:
2121:
2087:10.1101/094748
2054:
2033:(4): 545–554.
2007:
1942:
1923:(1): 339–344.
1898:
1891:
1868:
1844:
1773:
1720:
1658:
1601:
1572:(3): 185–196.
1547:
1526:Academic Press
1499:
1441:
1381:
1323:
1259:
1247:Seriously Fish
1225:
1218:
1181:
1154:
1117:(2): R60–R64.
1095:
1066:
1047:Froese, Rainer
1029:
1000:
954:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
897:
894:
872:
869:
846:
845:
842:
838:
817:
815:for blindness.
766:
763:
667:for examining
665:model organism
625:water pressure
606:blind cavefish
562:
559:
388:Maturing at a
359:Nearctic realm
302:
301:
300:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
256:
255:
249:
248:
244:
243:
235:
234:
227:
216:
215:
209:
208:
201:
199:
195:
194:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
160:Actinopterygii
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
109:
108:
90:
87:
86:
68:
65:
64:
59:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
33:
32:
31:Mexican tetra
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3057:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:Blind animals
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2593:0-393-31682-3
2589:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2531:on 2006-05-15
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2478:0-86542-256-7
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:"Synonyms of
1004:
1001:
988:
983:
979:
975:
974:
969:
967:
958:
955:
949:
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
928:
922:
916:
913:
907:
903:
900:
899:
895:
893:
889:
887:
886:troglomorphic
883:
878:
870:
868:
866:
865:HSP90 protein
861:
859:
855:
850:
843:
839:
835:
834:
833:
825:
824:
816:
811:
809:
805:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
783:genetic drift
780:
776:
772:
764:
762:
760:
756:
755:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:type locality
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
685:
680:
678:
677:cave organism
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
630:
626:
622:
621:lateral lines
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
575:
571:
567:
560:
558:
556:
552:
551:
546:
542:
538:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:water beetles
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
452:
448:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:Characiformes
345:
341:
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:
309:
308:Mexican tetra
295:
292:
289:Bocourt, 1868
287:
284:
281:Bocourt, 1868
279:
276:
271:
268:
263:
260:
257:
254:
250:
245:
241:
236:
231:
225:
223:
217:
214:
213:Binomial name
210:
206:
205:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:Characiformes
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
119:
114:
110:
104:
99:
88:
82:
77:
76:Least Concern
66:
62:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2709:
2683:. Retrieved
2678:
2669:
2643:1721.1/96714
2618:
2612:
2602:
2583:
2577:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:the original
2525:FindArticles
2524:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2497:
2487:
2468:
2462:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2407:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2331:
2325:
2288:): 531–541.
2277:
2271:
2261:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2201:
2195:
2143:
2139:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2010:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1882:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:
1847:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1739:
1733:
1723:
1680:
1674:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1569:
1563:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1240:
1209:
1173:. Retrieved
1167:
1157:
1114:
1108:
1105:"Cavefishes"
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1076:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:
1011:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
977:
971:
965:
957:
938:
932:
926:
915:
890:
874:
862:
854:creationists
851:
847:
830:
821:
813:
806:
795:
787:A. mexicanus
786:
768:
759:A. mexicanus
758:
752:
747:drainage in
745:Balsas River
740:
738:
732:). The most
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:polyphyletic
701:
700:species and
698:paraphyletic
694:A. mexicanus
693:
687:
684:A. mexicanus
683:
681:
661:A. mexicanus
660:
658:
638:
628:
618:
605:
601:
595:
591:
587:
580:A. mexicanus
579:
578:
555:phylogenetic
548:
536:A. fasciatus
534:
532:
528:mysis shrimp
520:brine shrimp
470:of up to 30
451:A. mexicanus
450:
449:
442:
430:echolocation
426:
390:total length
387:
371:Pecos Rivers
351:type species
325:
321:
317:
312:
311:
307:
305:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
221:
219:
203:
202:
190:
25:
2902:NatureServe
2840:iNaturalist
2734:Wikispecies
2239:: 368–374.
1735:BMC Biology
1528:: 469–481.
921:NatureServe
852:Among some
592:blind tetra
543:blind cave
476:crustaceans
460:subtropical
377:, into the
105:) Cave form
2989:Categories
2535:2007-02-13
2504:8 February
2197:BioScience
1862:2020-06-27
1280:cave fish"
1175:2022-02-24
1023:2023-04-21
908:References
884:for their
858:devolution
802:taste buds
714:A. jordani
702:A. jordani
689:A. jordani
669:convergent
649:Tamaulipas
643:region of
570:Blind cave
557:evidence.
550:A. jordani
516:bloodworms
512:omnivorous
494:, such as
486:and their
484:arthropods
402:adaptation
365:, and the
363:Rio Grande
337:Characidae
330:freshwater
297:Cope, 1872
230:De Filippi
180:Characidae
98:Vulnerable
3025:Cave fish
2685:August 5,
2430:: 25–47.
2418:Cavefish"
2146:(1): 26.
2080:(1): 43.
2068:cavefish"
2049:0024-4066
1984:1471-2148
1968:(1): 43.
1956:cavefish"
1821:1552-5007
1787:cavefish"
1635:0962-8452
1588:1465-7333
1352:: 25–47.
1340:cavefish"
1149:235332375
1133:1879-0445
798:olfactory
775:phenotype
771:evolution
754:A. aeneus
734:divergent
730:mexicanus
718:antrobius
679:overall.
629:mexicanus
584:cave form
504:arachnids
455:schooling
445:aquarists
438:cetaceans
398:scalation
198:Species:
136:Kingdom:
130:Eukaryota
2907:2.103444
2858:10150981
2814:FishBase
2719:Wikidata
2661:24337296
2454:19640230
2416:Astyanax
2399:32525015
2391:18315813
2350:20068586
2327:Heredity
2304:21680461
2253:25014568
2172:24079393
2116:29665771
2019:Astyanax
2002:29665771
1937:30720408
1911:Astyanax
1857:phys.org
1839:32030873
1768:23270452
1715:26601263
1653:37434525
1644:10336380
1621:(2002).
1596:15653557
1542:15336680
1512:Astyanax
1494:11919286
1436:22269119
1376:19640230
1338:Astyanax
1318:22747496
1278:Astyanax
1141:29374443
1060:FishBase
1018:FishBase
923:(2013).
896:See also
877:aquarium
837:eyelids.
818:—
749:Guerrero
741:Astyanax
653:lineages
541:hypogean
480:annelids
468:hardness
253:Synonyms
191:Astyanax
176:Family:
150:Chordata
146:Phylum:
140:Animalia
126:Domain:
103:IUCN 2.3
81:IUCN 3.1
21:cavefish
2972:1021604
2832:5204344
2725:Q135378
2652:4004346
2623:Bibcode
2614:Science
2445:3594788
2284:(OUP) (
2163:3849642
2140:Evodevo
2107:5905186
2082:bioRxiv
1993:5905186
1830:7415521
1801:Bibcode
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1706:4643782
1685:Bibcode
1474:(OUP) (
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1367:3594788
1309:3464594
1292:: 105.
726:jordani
524:daphnia
492:insects
418:caverns
410:evolved
394:silvery
367:Neueces
353:of its
335:in the
328:, is a
324:or the
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186:Genus:
166:Order:
156:Class:
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488:larvae
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349:. The
340:family
2967:WoRMS
2954:Plazi
2891:NAS:
2884:62191
2853:IRMNG
2845:94765
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610:sight
572:fish
508:algae
500:flies
406:blind
375:Texas
355:genus
344:order
2920:7994
2915:NCBI
2879:IUCN
2866:ITIS
2827:GBIF
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1372:PMID
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1137:PMID
1129:ISSN
1090:2006
995:2023
978:1996
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841:did.
781:and
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671:and
614:eyes
604:and
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545:form
482:and
466:, a
436:and
434:bats
420:and
369:and
333:fish
306:The
2894:417
2801:EoL
2788:CoL
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2647:PMC
2639:hdl
2631:doi
2619:342
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