Mișu Benvenisti - Knowledge (XXG)

1624:(June–July 1948)—they were given approval to leave after first agreeing to be joined there by nine CDE men, including Feldman. News of this agreement infuriated Zissu; he accused Benvenisti of "national treason". He alleged that the CDE wished to spy on the WJC for his communist patrons, or, alternatively, that it was interested in forcing Montreux delegates to take a pro- or anti-communist position, which would have compromised the Romanian movement. Both Benvenisti and the other WJC Committee members were reportedly in agreement that it was "too late" for the nine delegates to be disinvited. Zissu claims that, upon returning from Montreux, Benvenisti declared his delegation to have been "the most important and most subtle political act I ever undertook." Benvenisti himself recalled that his speech at Montreux was about how "we must stand with the Soviet Union alongside the people's democracies. the Jewish people must reshape its life into a system of productive labor, alongside the Soviet Union." He reportedly directed the WJC's left-wing in boycotting the American delegation, since it included no Jewish communists. 1347: 1031: 669:; by 1930, he was officially the Jewish club secretary. In November, he challenged a clerk, Ștefan Iacobescu, to duel him on Luterană Street (Iacobescu never showed up). Benvenisti's major client as a lawyer was the firm Frații Buhler, a Swiss–Romanian importer of grinding machines. This job initially provided him with "modest revenue" that, from about 1932, he was forced to share with his gravely ill father. Around 1932, he met and fell in love with the seven-years-younger bank clerk Suzana Mărculescu, but could not live with her full-time, as both had to attend to their ailing parents. According to his recollections, she did not share his Zionist ideals, and maintained "irony and regret for the time and energy I spent on matters such as politics". They were only 1723:—possibly because her rivals were preparing to implicate her in the scandal. Benvenisti reported no direct encounters, though he notes that Averbuch Agamy was discussing Jewish emigrations with Pauker. On June 18, 1951, Securitate Lieutenant Aurel Manu, who had been introduced as Benvenisti's second case worker, staged a confrontation between Benvenisti and Lecca. The latter presented a version of wartime events in which Benvenisti was "not a defender of the Zionists, not of the Jews , but a defender of his own existence and his very own pocket." This was followed on June 21 by another such confrontation, one between Zissu and Benvenisti. The two men displayed their contempt for each other—though they still presented similarly negative portrayals of Lecca. 677: 1113:, despite Filderman being a Jewish assimilationist: " politics were categorically opposed to the national policy". This notion was rejected by Benvenisti, who argued that, at any point during the war, Filderman spoke in favor of "mass emigration". In various contexts, Benvenisti was also adamant that he never allowed his Zionist group to be either collaborative or usable by the Antonescu regime. Lavi's role, he claimed, was in "sabotaging" Richter's attempts at complete racial segregation (an interpretation which was supported by Moscovici). He admitted to having assisted his own brother in securing unpaid employment at the Central Jewish Office, which helped Felix with fulfilling the requirements to be spared from his 1589:, accusing him of tolerating antisemitism and of doing very little towards addressing Jewish grievances. He responded to allegations (denied by Groza) according to which various ministers wanted to make "the solution of the Jewish problem in Rumania conditional upon securing $ 100,000,000 from American Jews for the relief of non-Jews in the famine area of Rumania". According to Benvenisti: "If there is anybody who must pay a price of reconciliation in Rumania it is not the Jewish people but the Rumanians who partly committed and partly tolerated the crimes against Jews." As the Siguranța reported, his speech saw "participants frantically applauding all points that reflected any grievances of the Jewish population." 1617:(Israel's communist party). As Moscovici notes, he was pushed out by the Mishmar faction, who, while espousing a left-wing agenda, was also interested in speeding up mass emigration for Jewish workers. Winning backing from Ihud, they imposed a triumvirate presidency: Iakerkaner, Chaim Kraft, and Simon "Shmuel" Zalman. Benvenisti continued to be engaged with the Zionist circles months after that date, and endorsed the notion that a "small number" of Jews could still leave Romania. He looked forward to joining them to "work for the progressive idea" in Israel, expecting that he would be welcomed into Maki ranks. He had filed a request to emigrate shortly before his resignation. 963:, as head of the Siguranța, had Litman appointed as Moscovici's second-in-command; the allegation is that Litman was trusted by Leoveanu's clique. According to Zissu, Benvenisti's claim to chairmanship was still questionable: Mizrachi had allegedly delegated his duties by phone. This is contracted by a Siguranța reports, which notes that Mizrachi, "disgusted" by Romanian politics, announced his departure and delegation of powers with an "impressive session" of the Zionist movement. According to Cohen, Mizrachi had recommended his friend as "the most capable of solving what was then a most delicate problem, namely disciplining youth and coordinating its activities." 301: 1727:

gave a false confession to having spied for international Zionism. He claimed to quote from memory a letter once received from Tabacinic-Sunea, who had fled to Istanbul. As Wexler and Popov note, the supposed document integrated terminology that "no Western intelligence service would have been caught using", and contained orders for Benvenisti to send Tabacinic-Sunea newspaper clippings "which is to say publicized material that anyone would have had access to, in a free country." Genuine elements in this confession referred to his having sent abroad fragments from the official newspapers (including

1778:). According to Securitate records, all interrogations ceased from October 1952 to January 1953, which, Wexler notes, was a means of exercising "psychological pressure" on Benvenisti. Suzana Benvenisti was tried on November 13, 1953, alongside Litman; she had been implicated in her husband's affairs by Mella Iancu's testimonies. She was convicted to 10 years in prison, prompting Goldman to issue a formal protest on behalf of the WJC. Suzana's absence reportedly left her mother-in-law destitute; she received a modest sum from the Embassy, which Rohrlich was trying to supplement by December 1951. 235: 1183:. Benvenisti's name was found on a document which agreed to furnish the loan—however, he claimed to have no recollection of signing it. Moscovici alleged that Benvenisti personally handled collection, and that he coerced the "masses of Jewish laborers" into contributing. Himself a "loan inspector" in that context, Cohen attests that Benvenisti gave directives to postpone payments as much as possible. In April 1943, the Executive leader was included on a list of Jewish hostages who had to account for their whereabouts with the authorities—in his case, those of Bucharest's 2nd 1770:" Securitate became invested in presenting Jewish resistance during the Holocaust as in itself evidence of a Zionist spying network. Benvenisti was also able to resist Securitate pressures on at least three counts—he refused to present himself as a paid spy, noting that "I was a lawyer and made enough money as such"; he also would not incriminate Cohen, and did not confirm the Securitate claim that all Jewish aid societies were foreign spy-rings. By mid-1952, his political friends, including Menahem Fermo, were also picked up, and held together with Benvenisti at 1295:

team, which comprised Doru Gherson and S. Hart, to Filderman and Zissu, as well as to "the most progressive left-wing circles"—the trial, he maintained, was one of "racial persecution". This account is partly contradicted by Moscovici, who argues that Zissu was entirely opposed to bailing out his adversary. Officially, he and all the other defendants received six-month sentences, but their time in confinement was reduced. Bevenisti complained that his "five-weeks detention" was "succeeded by month upon month of me being tormented with harassment and threats".

1196: 1367:—specifically, they smuggled Hungarian Jews into Romania across the border, and obtained the Antonescus' assurances that the network would be tolerated. Both Zissu and Cohen argue that, in May or June 1944, Benvenisti unwittingly jeopardized a major rescue plan for the Hungarian Jews, when he showed up for direct talks with Lecca and Antonescu, without consulting them and other Jewish leaders. These asked for an "honor jury" of the Zionist Executive to rule on Filderman and Benvenisti's conduct—its members were Șafran, Poldi Filderman, and 1359:

was feasible." However, "once my persecution by Richter became more acute, I was removed from the assistance commission, on his express order. Thanks to the continuous interventions I made with the Central , Zionist representatives were finally accepted on the commissions that had left for Transnistria, which were presided upon by Mr Fred Șaraga." By February 1944, Benvenisti, Moscovici and Iancu Scarlat were facing prosecution for an alleged participation in forging papers that exempted Isac Juman and other Jews from their labor duties.

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threatened with deportation to Transnistria for either himself or the Jews as a whole; researchers Teodor Wexler and Mihaela Popov view this version of events as truthful. At the time, Wilhelm Filderman was singled out as a "saboteur" of the war effort by Lecca, for having sought to block the loan. Benvenisti and Rabbi Șafran stood by Filderman, and, as Benvenisti notes, expected to persuade Antonescu himself to rescind the order. Instead, their opposition resulted in Filderman's deportation to a Transnistrian camp, at

278: 1160:; he also notes his and Carol Reiter's role in stopping "this new monstrosity", by appealing to Antonescu himself. Similarly, Benvenisti and Wilhelm Filderman also persuaded Lecca not to detain Polish Jews who were transiting Romania: " our country's prestige was going to be even more tarnished, given the interest of foreign countries in the plight of these Polish citizens." He recounts his contribution to a concentrated effort by the "informal Jewish leaders", whereby they prevented the authorities of 1635:, informed Jewish allies, including Benvenisti, of his decision to ban all Zionist groups. In their face-to-face meeting, Georgescu reportedly spoke of Zionists, and especially the HH, as a nuisance which "prevents the people from fitting into society". In subsequent interrogations, Benvenisti claimed have personally engaged the HeHalutz in order to dismantle their provincial networks, receiving some assistance from Feldman. The period saw a first wave of repression by the new secret police, called 1149:). He visited these constituencies on two occasions, in mid-1942 and mid-1943, and claimed to have blocked Romanian authorities from staging a "judicial farce" that would have resulted in the prosecution of Transylvanian Zionists. Moscovici, who renders an account by Itzhak Herzig "Artzi", suggests that Benvenisti's on Popa Petre Street 42 (in Bucharest's Armenian Quarter) was always "packed full with Zionist eminences and youth leaders", who presented Benvenisti with topical reports. 1332:

trials, which took place in April–May 1944. He argued there that all communist propaganda found with the HH was purely for informative purposes, and that Gordonia had official approval for its actions. The Tribunal asked for him to repeat his plea, which "was unheard of" in judicial annals. This apparent show of clemency was overturned by the final verdict, which passed harsh sentences on all defendants, including the 12-years-old Bianca Calmy; three HH boys were

1387:, it became apparent that Germany could no longer vouch for Romania's survival as an independent country. After his marriage in May, Benvenisti was preparing to join the Hungarian Jewish exodus by embarking with his family on one of the ships for which Zissu had obtained permission to leave Romania. He informed Mihai Antonescu of this during a second meeting in Teodorescu's home, prompting the latter to ask a favor of him: upon arrival, he was to inform the 1014:(HH), and, Moscovici notes, was the first-ever Zionist leader to manage this task. Soon after taking over, he had discovered a postcard which showed that the group had convened a national conference "without telling him about it and without the necessary authorization." Benvenisti was infuriated, particularly since this could make him a suspect in Siguranța's eyes. He reformed the HH into a single structure, and set up the first Hebrew-language school, 731:) in 1934; the same year, he was also appointed the general secretary of the party at large. He was seconded at the youth section by Sami Iakerkaner, and had Jean Cohen among his subordinates. Moscovici nominates him as the PER's major electoral agent and propagandist. Historian Valeriu-Alexandru Moraru notes that Benvenisti and Cohen were the only two Sephardi men to be active in the PER; according to Moraru, the two, alongside M. Leon of the rival 1523:. In one account of his meetings, he claims to have only discussed politics with Sneh, telling him of "the gratitude that Jews in Romania feel toward the Soviet Union". As he recalls, he repeated these guidelines at Zürich—when he argued that Romanian Jews had had their problems solved by the new regime, and that mass immigration was no longer desired. According to Benvenisti, his report was heard "with interest" by the likes of Sneh, 1415:, which deposed the Antonescus and denounced the Axis alliance. From that moment on, Zionists were again allowed to organize in the open. Benvenisti, who had reopened his lawyer's practice in January 1945, from an address on Carol Boulevard, also returned to publishing. He produced an essay detailing his own contribution to Jewish life and Zionist politics during the previous three years. It was published over three issues of 1582:(BPD). During Benvenisti's visit to Paris, the PER endorsed Rohrlich as its parliamentary candidate—according to Benvenisti's own reading of this event, Rohrlich took the nomination because he was much less friendly toward the CDE than he himself was. Though he resented his colleagues for having upstaged him, he opted to continue as the party chairman. In March 1947, Benvenisti also went public with his critique of BPD 28: 1751:) and photographs by Fred Șaraga, all of which referred to the Bucharest and Iași pogroms of 1941. Benvenisti also claimed that Averbuch Agamy was blackmailing him into spying, by pretending not to care about Itzacar's ultimate fate. In March, when asked to describe his involvement with military intelligence, Benvenisti spoke of his having witnessed the arrival in Bucharest of Soviet-trained units from the 1555:

on July 21, Benvenisti became interim president, appointing S. Segall as the PER's new secretary. These developments reportedly alarmed Wilhelm Filderman, who asked Cohen to help the Zionist right with resuming control of the PER and curb its infiltration by communism. Zissu discusses Benvenisti's continued Zionism, but views it as entirely in line with the moderate version advanced at the WJC by

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and Popov also argue that Benvenisti was tortured "liberally" after that date, in what was an attempt to extract his confession to have spied for Israel. They believe that such treatment would explain Benvenisti's subsequent health problems. On September 21, 1950, "after 73 days of inquiry", he still maintained that he owed his arrest to "a slanderous or knavish action by some enemy of mine".

261: 1667:. He speculated that achieving this would result in the liberation of Zionist political prisoners, including Leon Itzacar. Zissu similarly confirmed that his rival was not involved in the anti-regime underground, though he passed on messages from Zissu to Rubin's subordinate Eliezer Halevy. Also according to Zissu, Benvenisti was tutoring Halevy's children and his dentist Wrankel in Hebrew. 1452:

by the Committee to the Siguranța on June 22, 1946, both Benvenisti (as "interim president" of the PER) and Zissu (still the WJC branch leader) were described as "centrists". Cohen suspected that Benvenisti embraced the rhetoric of cooperation with "democratic forces" (namely, communism) only for tactical reasons, since he would have known these to be incompatible with the Zionist agenda.

1694:, allowing him to leave the country. He admitted to have engaged Halevy in conversation on that and several other occasions. Suzana, unemployed by 1947, found work at the WJC and helped her husband with documentation for Averbuch Agamy (though she reportedly regarded Israeli diplomats as "imperialists"); by 1948, she had switched to a position in the Romanian state bureaucracy, at the 402:, Benvenisti considered emigrating, but accepted appointment as chairman of the Zionist Executive. His political line there was one of moderation: he expressed loyalty toward Romania and increased control over the rebellious HH, intervening as a negotiator between the regime and the Jewish community. His stance was criticized by Jews on the right, including 1075:(until being sacked later in 1942). He and his colleagues rejected the implicit outlawing of their Zionist organization, and sought remedial action. As he recounts, Romanian authorities were sympathetic to such demands, but noted that the matter was of direct interest to the Nazi agency in Romania; consequently, Benvenisti and Iancu visited with the local 583:, he was recruited by the Jewish students' organization, Hașmonea, and, on Mizrachi's proposal, was elected chairman of the Zionist Youth Organization of Romania (1923–1924). This period saw him involved in at least one scuffle with antisemitic colleagues: on January 31, 1923, they tried to prevent Benvenisti and Samuel Steinberg from hearing a lecture by 1495:, whom he declared to be dangerously far-right. On July 23, Benvenisti attended a CDE-coordinated meeting of various groups, which focused on discussing the prospects of "common political action"; he was a representative of the Executive, with the PER represented by Isaia Tumarkin. He was also a delegate at the WJC conferences in Paris (summer 1946), 1774:; Zissu was also held there, and, as Fermo reports, would still treat each other as rivals—though they also supported each other by walking hand in hand. Benvenisti alternated between enthusiasm about rebuilding Romanian Zionism and moments of deep depression, in which he contemplated suicide (he and Fermo also talked literature, and in particular 1658:. He served as WJC chapter president throughout the interval, with Litman as his second-in-command. Moscovici argues that Benvenisti and Feldman hoped to attract communist Jews into that organization, which, in reality, was "a simple bureau, employing 2 or 3 clerks." Benvenisti recalled making a single visit to the Israeli Embassy in Bucharest, on 1483:, arguing that Palestinian issues could only be solved with Soviet input. He later explained that he viewed the Soviet government as Zionism and Israel's one true ally, since the "Jewish bourgeoisie was never fully committed to creating this state ." On May 11, 1946, he was a witness for the prosecution at Mihai Antonescu's trial by the 1215:. Upon meeting him, they asked for urgent humanitarian measures to redress the Romanian Jews' precarious situation. Their host promised to curb the Transnistrian experiment, and to repatriate its survivors; he also expressed approval for mass emigration into Palestine, and guaranteed that he would contact the governments of Germany and 451:. As a result of his investigations, Romanian authorities reluctantly arrested Benvenisti in January 1944. He was released in March, by which time he had lost the confidence of his peers, being replaced at the head of the Executive by his rival Zissu. For the rest of 1944, Benvenisti presided upon his own splinter party, the 1601:. He declared himself opposed to the Zionist Executive's involvement in organizing illegal transports of Jews to Palestine, citing cases in which refugees became victims of human-trafficking cartels and gangs of robbers; he also argued that many Jews could do better in Romanian society than as "pensioners" of 1431:, the Romanian Secretary for National Minorities. Cohen places him among the PER group leaders attending a meeting with PNȚ leaders, including Maniu, "around October 1944". The Zionists wanted Maniu's support for overturning all antisemitic legislation; they were largely disappointed, in that Maniu endorsed 614:, and very ambitious about rapidly acquiring offices, ahead of those who were older and more committed, that he was extremely conceited about his own political genius, going as far as to imagine himself a predestined leader." Benvenisti graduated in 1924. After completing a one-year mandatory term in the 533:". Mișu was born to Simon Benvenisti and Ernestina Schlanger on July 1, 1902. His maternal grandfather, Adolf Schlanger, was Romania's oldest traveling salesman at the time of his death in December 1906. Mișu's father, who lived between 1870 and 1943, had worked for Frații Benvenisti library and then for 1662:

1949; here, he conversed with Rubin and his counsel Moshe Averbuch Agamy, informing them of his objections "as to how the Israeli government has oriented itself". He also met with Rubin and Averbuch Agamy on another occasion "early in 1949", reportedly to inform them that the Romanian state was right

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Like Cohen, Wilhelm Filderman and Zissu, Benvenisti was reassigned a seat on the WJC Romanian Committee. It elected him a local vice president, alongside Schwefelberg, Eduard Manolescu, and Bernard Rohrlich. The PER was soon reestablished; he and Wilhelm Fischer were co-opted by Zissu to serve as its

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to know that the regime had been comparatively lenient toward Jews, and that communism would be detrimental to both communities. Benvenisti gave up on his emigration plan when his mother was diagnosed with a heart condition which made it unlikely that she could survive the journey; he also noted that

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wanted Benvenisti stripped of any decision-making powers, for which reason Zissu himself was made president of a new, but unrecognized, Zionist Executive. This is partly contradicted by Benvenisti's account, which notes that he willingly resigned "by the end of 1943, or by the start of 1944", or "not

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Benvenisti. A review board under Coty Stoicescu found that his claim for a legal exemption was groundless, upholding his debarment in early September 1940; this remained his status until reinstatement in 1944. The emigration effort, meanwhile, was organized through a Zionist Executive, which survived

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Benvenisti himself appeared alongside Zissu, Cohen and ten others at a trial in March 1954. He was sentenced to lifetime imprisonment and hard labor. In July 1954, as part of a selective release of the imprisoned Zionists, it was announced that Suzana Benvenisti would be retried by a civilian court.

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Groza met with Benvenisti on several occasions, when he repeated reassurances that he would not stand in the way of emigration. As reported by Rabbi Șafran, in April Benvenisti intervened to ask Wilhelm Filderman not to speak at a Zionist rally; shortly after, Filderman defected from Romania, having

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On July 7, 1946, the PER had deposed Zissu; a leadership committee took over. It comprised Ebercohn, Wilhelm Fischer, Doctor Harschfeld, Cornel Iancu, Leon Itzacar, Iakerkaner, Edgar Kanner, M. Rapaport, Rohrlich, Leon Rozenberg, Rosenthal, and Tumarkin. After Zissu agreed to relinquish chairmanship

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and Lică (Abramovici) Chiriță, "immediately after August 23". They wanted him to direct "Zionist elements that are thought of as democratic" into an umbrella group. The project stalled until 1945, when he realized that Maxy had established the CDE without consulting him at all. In a report presented

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youths were prosecuted for assisting in the emigration effort. Before being himself arrested, Benvenisti had been approached by Gherș Tabacinic-Sunea and two other young Zionists, who had allegedly asked him to bribe Romanian policemen handling the case. He also appeared as a defense witness in both

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The Zionist Executive dissolved itself in summer 1943—according to Zissu, this was a public embarrassment, resulting from corrupt deals made by Shlomo Entzer at the Palestine Office, under Benvenisti's watch. Benvenisti contrarily reports that he was always critical of Entzer's focus on prioritizing

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On January 29, 1936, Benvenisti was one of five party representatives who signed into existence the PER–UER alliance. Called Central Council of Romanian Jews, it existed for the "defence of all rights and liberties of a general character of the Jews who are Roumanian citizens or subjects, within the

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Over the following days, Benvenisti recanted his earlier confessions about his 1949 meetings with Averbuch Agamy, agreeing with the Securitate that these were meant for Zionist purposes: Benvenisti and Mella Iancu were asked to handle Israeli aid for the Romanian Jews; he refused, since he believed

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in October–December. Benvenisti was first interrogated on August 14 by a Securitate team known to have been led by Lieutenant Major Gheorghe Rujan, but whose other members remained entirely anonymous. Comparing these records with parallel testimonies provided by Zionist Smaya Avny-Steinmetz, Wexler

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Together with Wilhelm Fischer, Benvenisti continued to organize the relief effort for Jewish deportees in Transnistria: "I was the one providing exact instructions for the HeHalutz personnel who went on illegal trips into Transnistria to provide aid and to attempt the rescue of people wherever this

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Over the next months, Benvenisti prepared 75 children for "overland emigration" by rail. His effort was curbed by the Bulgarian authorities, who cancelled the group's transit visas. With Filderman and Carol Iancu, he also approached the smuggler Arthur Tester, who informed that that he was the only

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During December 1951, Benvenisti was moved back to a cell at the Ministry of the Interior. Again interrogated, he agreed with the charge of wartime collaborationism, noting that his actions had been detrimental to the "working-class people" of Romania. He fully caved in on January 4, 1952, when he

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Cultural Fund, and in February 1949 was working as a typist for the Israeli Embassy. The Securitate was expanding on its actions against the Zionists, with Cohen and Cornel Iancu targeted by June. As the former recalls, they had tried to warn Benvenisti that he could expect the same outcome. Under

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by fitting illegal transports of Jews. From the moment of his release to April 1946, Benvenisti was largely absent from the Zionist Executive—though he accepted invitations to attend meetings chaired by Zissu, and spoke there on several occasions. He was instead elected chairman of a more centrist

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from Zionist Executive coffers, which, she claims, contributed to his leniency on that specific matter. In his official notes, Rădulescu asserted that neither Benvenisti nor his Zionist colleagues posed any danger for Romania's internal order. Benvenisti himself credited his success to his defense

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magazine, which was subsequently assigned to be managed by Cohen. The latter reports that Benvenisti "kept in contact with the CDE and the UER regarding the party's demands ". Cohen notes having maintained his own grievances against Benvenisti, which led him to resign from his position as general

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agents chanced upon letters and receipts which implicated Benvenisti in illegal acts, resulting in his arrest on January 30, 1944. Together with Fischer and Jacques Rosenzweig, he appeared before the Bucharest Tribunal, specifically charged with aiding and abetting Polish Jews in Cernăuți. He was

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vice presidents. Benvenisti formed a Mixed Judicial Commission, which represented Zionist and non-Zionist parties and organizations, in a common effort to undo the antisemitic legacy and obtain increased rights for Jews. Together with Wilhelm Fischer and Schwefelberg, he presented WJC demands to

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for Transnistria deportees—based on the claim that "Bucharest had been the Nazi center from which the persecution of Jews in all parts of Romania was controlled." Benvenisti supported this claim by adding that "he himself had negotiated with agents of the Nazi regime in Bucharest", and "brought

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escaping the Holocaust in Europe. He notes that he participated in covering up the details of these operations: though officially presented as "500 families" largely comprising children, the refugees were in fact mostly young men and women. In order to accomplish this task, he contacted General

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Benvenisti's policy drew immediate criticism in the Jewish community. When, in May 1942, he asked that all Zionist groups adhere to his political line, those left in the minority complained about his "autocratic attitude". Cohen was among the dissenters, angered that Benvenisti had scaled down

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Benvenisti once explained the Executive as having limited power over adherents: "The independence of groups, be they adult or junior, was strict and absolute, without there being any possibility of intrusion by any of the Executive leaders." He spoke of his main activities at the Executive as

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In autumn 1942, Lecca and the Central Jewish Office informed Zionist leaders that they were expected to cover Romania's wartime expenses with a major loan. According to Benvenisti, he tried to oppose the measure, noting that "its realization would be impossible". He also claimed to have been

1371:. He agreed to appear, and testified that he was only present in Antonescu's office to validate Zissu as the person of contact; Zissu himself continued to allege that this was a lie. At the time, however, Zissu also approached Benvenisti during talks to reestablish the PER as an 441:. Benvenisti and other Jewish leaders persuaded the Antonescu government to relax pressures on the Jews, though the Executive also had to agree to collect large sums as contributions and bribes. The Romanian Zionists' role in sabotaging the Holocaust was documented by the local 1174:

published Richter's piece exposing Zionist activities, which also alleged that Benvenisti was an English spy. The Zionist Executive had been formally outlawed on August 7 by Romanian authorities answering to Richter's requests, but continued to meet in conspiratorial secrecy.

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evidence that the Nazis had a direct influence on the persecution of Jews in Romania." Before his death in 1977, he established a fund for research into Romanian Jewish history—as noted in 2014 by Moraru, "nothing is known about what came of ." His widow Suzana died at

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been informed of his pending arrest. Benvenisti and Șafran now met each other daily, with the former showing himself to be a "pragmatic psyche, ready to adapt himself to the new realities." The final days of 1947 saw the PCR and the BPD reestablishing Romania as

572:, and influenced by his colleague Carol Singer, he joined a Zionist youth group called Hatalmid. He served as its president in 1919–1920, during which time he was acquainted with more senior Zionist figures, including activist Leon Mizrachi, Mișu Weissman, and 1283:

held at the Police Prefecture, where, he claims, the Gestapo became directly involved in securing his indictment. Likewise, "Lecca and Richter came by once a day , asking for new arrests to be made and compiling grounds for accusations against us."

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one capable of bypassing Bulgarian opposition. Tester asked that they pay him 2,500 lei per child rescued. Benvenisti and Filderman also kept contacts with the semi-legal opposition, represented in the main by the PNȚ. They met with PNȚ leaders

853:. The arrangements were made by Tivadar Fischer but approved by other PER men. They included Benvenisti, who later reflected on his contribution as having been a "great mistake." He and Francisc Jambor headlined the PER list for the Assembly in 1435:

in favor of the "Romanian element". Also according to Cohen, in May–July 1945 WJC pressed for a merger between the PER and the UER, with Zissu as honorary president, Wilhelm Filderman as active chairman, and Benvenisti as co-chairman.

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Benvenisti resigned from the Executive on May 30, 1948, leaving it to elect a new leadership. On that occasion, he had attempted to get the Romanian Zionists to express support for collaboration between all Zionist groups and the

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On May 1, 1946, Benvenisti had been unanimously elected head of the Zionist Executive, taking over from Rohrlich (who had successfully ousted Zissu in autumn 1945). Under his mandate, the Executive embarked on a conflict with the

1346: 692:. In speeches he made at the time, he noted that the group's existence was not directed "against the Romanian parties, but against all organizations which trample upon the Jewish population's needs." In August, shortly after the 4345:

Rolul minorităților naționale la dezvoltarea societății românești. Reflecții și oportunități. Lucrările conferinței Centenarul Marii Uniri și rolul minorităților naționale la dezvoltarea societății românești, 13 noiembrie 2018,

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Benvenisti managed to survive a political purge which took place in 1950 at Ilfov's bar association. In March or April of that year, he applied at the Embassy for an extension of his entry visa to Israel, hoping to receive his

1836: 1411:, announcing that Romania was ready to surrender. He reports that he declined, prompting one bureaucrat to comment: "That Mr Filderman is more of a patriot than you are." These alleged events were closely followed by the 523:) within the larger Jewish community. They were first noted locally for their contribution in publishing: in 1876, two family members, Sandu and David, created Frații Benvenisti—a major Jewish printing press, centered on 1030: 1790:, and was at a high risk of dying. Reportedly, he obtained medical assistance only because of an intervention on his behalf by Groza's Jewish barber, Max Friedman. On April 14, 1956, shortly before a détente in 461:

in August 1944 revived Romania's multi-party regime; consequently, Zissu and Benvenisti returned as factional leaders of the PER, with the former holding the party chairmanship. Benvenisti was moving toward the

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interrogation, Moscovici alleged that Suzana was passionate about getting Ben-Gurion's government to rescue the Zionist groups, pleading with her superiors at the Embassy to advocate the issue on her behalf.

1362:

Rabbi Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger, who arrived to Bucharest from Northern Transylvania in early 1944, attested that Benvenisti was among those directly involved in the effort to rescue would-be victims of the

1097:. Lecca reviewed their arguments and decided to override Richter, renewing the organizational permits. Together with Chief Rabbi Șafran and Zalman Rabinsohn, he also persuaded Romanian authorities to allow 1270:) "though it best to warn me that it would be best for me to leave for Palestine, to save myself, while assuring me that I would get my permit to leave from the Romanian government." As noted by historian 3861:"Lista avocaților admiși în Uniunea Colegiilor de avocați din R. P. R., în urma judecării recursurilor — Alți avocați șterși din Colegiu prin admiterea recursului făcut de către Uniunea Colegiilor", in 1479:", leaving "fascist circles" to reveal themselves "for their true, unmasked, self: enemies of democracy, proving that we Jews were but their mere pretext." In February 1946, Benvenisti criticized the 657:. They were also the only two Romanians to have been elected by "radical" Zionist lodges, against a "centrist" mainstream. By August 1929, Benvenisti had returned to Bucharest. The Jewish members of 928:. According to Moscovici, Benvenisti was in Bucharest shortly after these events, frantically preparing his own escape to Palestine, and upset by the lengthy approval process. In March or April, 4654: 1647:. In similar circumstances, Benvenisti himself noted that he had maintained only "very vague and very infrequent" relations with Zionist activists after their movement had come to be repressed. 1559:. He alleges that Cohen and Benvenisti were drawn into an alliance with each other by Zissu's own criticism of Weizmann. He blames them for conspiring to strip him of his editorial position at 4659: 4474: 587:; "other Jewish students arrived in" to assist, after which the two groups fought each other, leaving three Jews and one Romanian slightly injured. His brother, meanwhile, had embraced 1467:. At a March 1945 speech in front of the Zionist group Dor Hadash, he noted that Zionism enjoyed support from the world's "most radically progressive circles", variously including the 1303:

long after my liberation". He took this decision when a group of Romanian and Palestinian Zionists (including Zissu, Entzer, Barlas and Moritz Geiger) expressed their wish to defy the

4599: 1795: 498:, alongside Zissu, in 1954. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, but ultimately freed and allowed to settle in Israel, which became his home for the final two decades of his life. 4509: 1152:

According to his own reports, Benvenisti once overheard Lecca's conversations, becoming the first person to record his approval for the mass deportation of 40,000 Transylvanian and

1071:. Bevenisti was immediately inducted as its regional leader in Ilfov. He resigned on the spot, but accepted a parallel appointment to the Office's Transnistrian relief committee on 803:, asked him to become a rapporteur on Romania's own "antisemitic currents". On May 7, 1935, he spoke at the Sephardi Community House in Bucharest about the plight of Jews under the 490:

took over on the last days of 1947, he ended his Zionist involvement, though he and his wife Suzana still applied for emigration into Israel. Benvenisti was arrested in 1950 by the

4604: 4664: 4554: 1114: 1093:. In the meantime, they were to "consider Zionist activity in Romania as finished". Benvenisti and Iancu pleaded with Lecca, informing him that a ban would push Zionism into 1010:

including "the preparation of youth for emigration, as well as cultural activity". In line with promises made to Mizrachi, he stepped in to discipline the Zionist youth, or

1315:

The period also saw a round-up of the HH by Romanian authorities. As reported by Benvenisti, the Zionist youth had drawn attention to itself in 1942, when members of the

1208:"rich children" for places on outbound ships. In mid-1943, after an intercession by Romanian doctor Bazil Teodorescu, Benvenisti and Filderman obtained an audience with 1106: 407: 4469: 1372: 474:(CDE). In mid-1946, he replaced the anti-communist Zissu as president of both the WJC chapter and the PER, drawing the latter into an alliance with the CDE before the 1605:. He recalled that he once denounced Ihud members for tolerating clandestine emigration cells, which the party was then forced to purge out of its ranks. During the 1535:

were centered on obtaining help for more emigration to Palestine. Nominally, he was by then a supervisor of the Zionist press department (which consisted largely of

4594: 935:

and other organizations. He took over from Mizrachi, who had actually managed to obtain a Palestine visa. This assignment put Benvenisti in direct contact with the

925: 1487:, where he spoke of deportations in Tansnistria as amounting to an "extermination regime", concluding that over 270,000 Jews had been killed under the Antonescus. 994:, as well as for some groups of Jews in Romania-proper. Benvenisti and fellow Zionist Executive man Cornel Iancu joined the Assistance Committee presided upon by 4504: 234: 1460: 4629: 1602: 1844:

in early 1996; she was aged 89. In November of that year, a memorial plaque for both Benvenistis was put up at Beit Ya'akov Yosef (Zvi Gutman) Synagogue in

610:

recalled in 1951: "All that I now when it comes to Benvenisti's political activity in the interwar is that he was a very active member of the Zionist group

4534: 3545:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 149, 230, 254–256, 258–259, 360–361, 401–407, 415, 464, 497–510, 527–528, 672, 757–758, 878, 879, 903, 921. See also Moraru, p. 248

1094: 422: 4639: 1455:

Benvenisti himself claimed to have embraced a "left-wing orientation from back during the war." This was influenced by his contacts with Mella Iancu, a

4283:"Hírek. Izraeli küldöttség Németországban tárgyalt a romániai zsidók kártérítéséről. Körülbelül 60-70 millió dollárt tesz ki a követelések összege", in 3681: 1650:

Benvenisti took pride in observing that the WJC maintained a presence in Romania until June 1950, despite having been chased almost entirely out of the

1290:, had vouched for him. Mella Iancu recounts that she was also involved in bribing Siguranța Commissioner Albert Rădulescu with hundreds of thousands of 1627:

In August 1948, Benvenisti had been removed and, upon appealing, reaccepted into the republican bar association. At some point in late 1948, Romania's

4529: 1654:. According to Benvenisti, the decision to maintain it in place was taken between himself and Feldman, much to the chagrin of the Israeli Ambassador, 1639:. Interrogated by the latter in 1952, Cohen confessed that Benvenisti helped Zionist prisoners by appealing to members of the PNȚ underground, namely 1109:", especially by allowing Loewenstein-Lavi to serve on the board of the Central Jewish Office. He resented Benvenisti for cultivating former UER head 676: 1756: 390:

banned the PER, along with all other Romanian political parties, in early 1938. Zionists were allowed to form non-political bodies, which encouraged

1544: 872:

The advent of antisemitism after the election marginalized both assimilated and Zionist Jews. On March 30, 1938, a dictatorial regime formed around

4669: 4624: 4619: 4327:"Tablou indicând rezultatele pe circumscripții electorale ale alegerilor pentru Adunarea deputaților, efectuate în ziua de 20 Decembrie 1933", in 4634: 4549: 4494: 4479: 1628: 1579: 1248: 697: 1266:

Benvenisti believes that, throughout 1943, Richter had remained on his trail. In mid-1942, the chairman of the Central Jewish Office (namely,

1105:

emigration and was working on it only with a highly corrupt Greek freighter, Yannos Pandelis. Zissu maintained that Benvenisti was guilty of "

4674: 4384: 4353: 1716: 355:

era. His association with Zionism began in his teenage years, and saw him emerging as leader of the Zionist Youth Organization (part of the

4539: 4449: 1578:, the CDE, UER, and PER established a "Jewish Representation", which ran as a minor ally of the PCR's governing coalition, itself called 4459: 4454: 1480: 1384: 1606: 562: 568:

As the second son, Mișu was primarily interested in the legal profession and politics. In 1918 or 1919, soon after hearing about the

561:

in 1900, Felix was working as a clerk during the 1950s. Maternal cousins of Felix and Mișu included Dolfi Urseanu, who worked at the

4649: 4644: 4609: 4589: 4584: 4424: 3019: 2435: 1702:

The Benvenistis were living in an apartment on Republicii Boulevard, 37 when Mișu was arrested on July 10, 1950. He was held at the

1614: 642:, with Moți (Motti) Moscovici as his secretary. Moscovici also recounts that, in 1928–1929, Benvenisti also went on a study trip to 1597:. Benvenisti spoke of the PER as having been voluntarily dissolved at some point in 1947, after talks between himself and CDE man 4679: 1472: 1209: 527:

city. Memoirist Mariu Theodorian-Carada recalled in 1938 that "Benvenisti the elder was the only Craiova Jew to wear a fur-lined

1391:

that Romania would surrender, if Britain and the United States agreed to partake in its occupation. The Deputy Premier regarded

4574: 4544: 4524: 1125: 947:, who successively handled the emigration project in Romania. On May 17, the Executive received its legal recognition from the 796: 430: 1428: 1412: 924:, and, initially, as a senior partner of the Iron Guard. The latter was expelled from government in January 1941, following a 458: 4579: 1575: 1121: 842: 744: 720: 716: 475: 426: 344: 1484: 795:

on their respective visits to Romania. Benvenisti notes that the WZO's Romanian delegate Sami Singer, who was following the

371:(PER), wherein he was youth organizer and general secretary. After 1936, he was also a member of the Romanian office of the 3291:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 103–105, 110–113, 116–121, 201, 295–296, 321–325, 328–332, 357–359, 479, 542, 681–682, 813–814, 822

1022:

was tasked with overseeing its day-to-day administration, while Iancu and Loewenstein-Lavi directed the education efforts.

4614: 4564: 1594: 1333: 1129: 701: 487: 434: 300: 1791: 4489: 1392: 1236: 952: 822:

s eponymous newspaper carried an article by Benvenisti which made him an official enemy of Germany, for celebrating the

812: 554: 1806:, was among those involved in negotiating emigration waivers for both men. As he himself noted, the two received their 752: 4569: 4519: 4231: 1752: 1444: 1006:—alongside fellow Zionists Abraham Feller, Iacov Litman, and Lazăr Wurmbrand, he oversaw a fundraiser for this group. 902: 688:

By March 1930, Benvenisti and Sami Stern had joined a Bucharest-based Jewish National Party, inspired by the views of

673:

in May 1944—making Benvenisti cousins by marriage with composer Ricu Mălineanu and with singer Mara Ianoli-Mălineanu.

471: 383: 1715:

the aid was tied to the emigration policy. During these early sessions, Benvenisti was asked about his contacts with

1064: 1042: 846: 411: 2464:"Consiliul baroului Ilfov a radiat alți 55 avocați evrei. Aceștia pretindeau că fac parte din categoria a II-a", in 1278:, which "passed this information on to the Romanian authorities as evidence of 'hostile' activities"; Siguranța and 367:, joining the small Jewish National Party by 1930; through these, he participated in the formation of a nation-wide 4514: 4499: 4484: 4464: 1759:, and of sending Israel information about them being "very well equipped and highly motivated". Securitate Colonel 889:). In 1939, shortly before the start of World War II, Benvenisti was again called under arms, serving to 1940 as a 880: 784: 727:. He was voted in as leader of the Sector II chapter on September 8, 1932. Benvenisti set up the PER youth branch ( 387: 1195: 4237: 3687: 1659: 1583: 1328: 998:, which offered some relief to survivors of Transnistrian marches. He also organized relief for survivors of the 974:

as a German ally. According to Cohen, many in the Executive, including Benvenisti, Iancu and himself, as well as

661:, who had since established an ethnic club, elected him to represent them at a Tomis Hall meeting protesting the 557:

to debuting poets. His elder son Felix preserved the family tradition as director of Bicurim publishers; born in

482:, Benvenisti shut down the PER, criticized illegal emigration, and took political advice from CDE cadres such as 348: 650: 1824: 1703: 1679: 1440: 1351: 1157: 987: 940: 467: 438: 1799: 1057: 780: 3379:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 127, 334, 359, 398, 628–629, 691, 753–754, 779, 858, 899–901. See also Kuller, p. 179

2506:

Kuller, p. 176; Wexler & Popov, pp. 102–103, 241, 249–250, 336, 421–422, 619–620, 631–632, 748, 857, 864

1432: 862: 775:, which took 3.8%. As part of his efforts, Benvenisti also went on national conference tours, and, while in 743:

Benvenisti was reportedly a perennial candidate for parliamentary seats throughout the interwar. During the

580: 576: 772: 693: 1675: 1408: 1388: 1286:

Benvenisti was ultimately released in early March 1944, after Wilhelm Filderman and the Swiss ambassador,

1275: 823: 756: 732: 712: 368: 277: 43: 995: 834:(WJC), serving under Sami Singer and Sami Stern. His was a salaried position, and included acting as WJC 631: 1464: 1142: 831: 776: 658: 372: 1706:

to early August, and then moved to "the basement of a large villa" until October, and possibly kept in

1067:, which nominally supplanted the Zionist Executive; its direct overseer was a non-Jewish Commissioner, 646:, where he intended to become a Doctor of Law: "He was absent for about a year, but never graduated." 1820:!"—"as if speaking out loud his thoughts: 'there is no downside to their leaving, godspeed to them'." 1707: 1407:, asking him to urgently send a message to the "world's Jewish organizations", and, through them, the 960: 537:

company, until establishing his own editorial imprint, Editura Ancora. He was highly respected in the

4444: 4439: 1664: 1403:

Benvenisti claims that, on August 22, 1944, government officials rushed him to the Sturdza Palace on

1364: 1340: 1134: 1120:

While reviewing his own activities, Benvenisti described at some length his contribution to rescuing

1019: 983: 967: 866: 705: 662: 615: 534: 281: 1368: 1256: 1219:"so that no obstacles would be posed to an emigration that the Romanian government also supported." 982:

published an article by Leon B. Wexler which celebrated the recovery of Bessarabia as a victory for

830:. In late 1936 or early 1937, both Cohen and Benvenisti were recruited by the Romanian Committee of 771:, sharing in the 3.7% result; and third, after Tivadar Fischer and Alexandru Nobel, on the list for 584: 4559: 4405: 1695: 1598: 1492: 1468: 1443:(PCR), which presented the Zionists with opposition from the left—manifested as the PCR-affiliated 1304: 1235:, as well as with asking Antonescu's men to improve the living conditions of those already held in 1216: 1170: 1146: 1053: 990:, established in former Soviet territory, became a target of deportation and selective killing for 898: 876: 760: 666: 649:

In July 1929, Benvenisti and I. Schechter were among the 15 delegates of the Romanian Jewry to the

596: 569: 538: 483: 395: 1811: 1287: 1255:

to improve on his antisemitic record, Brătianu put Benvenisti in contact with his party colleague

4365: 3011: 1609:, he "supported the election of regime-backed candidates in speeches, articles, and manifestos." 1260: 1240: 1165: 944: 764: 763:, only took small percentages of the vote—6% in Bălți, and 1% in Orhei. He also ran second after 4389:

Constantin Mustață, Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger, "Document. Din vîltoarea unor ani dramatici", in

1228: 1089:, and that Jews could only hope for another "area of land outside Europe", allocated to them by 437:

find temporary shelter in Romania, or by assisting survivors of Antonescu's own deportations to

4343:

Irina Cajal Marin, "Aportul evreilor sefarzi la dezvoltarea României", in Irina Airinei (ed.),

2091: 1905: 1561: 27: 4420: 4380: 4349: 4329: 3015: 2431: 2413: 2360: 2018: 2003: 1807: 1729: 1691: 1683: 1644: 1632: 1548: 1184: 1180: 1110: 827: 606:("Our Rebirth"), where he remained an active member until the early months of 1944. A hostile 512: 3478:"Conferința conducătorilor organizației Dor-Hadaș. Discursul d-lui avocat M. Benvenisti", in 1003: 1760: 1512: 1447:(CDE). Benvenisti recounts having been approached by the CDE's original cell, formed around 1316: 1309: 1267: 1244: 1072: 1046: 991: 835: 452: 352: 206: 4059:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 289–293, 297, 299–304, 367–368, 440–441, 815–816, 818, 829–830, 894

3948:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 252–253, 263–266, 274, 285, 289–293, 300–301, 314–315, 364–365, 371

2226: 735:(UER), were also the only three Sephardim active in Romanian Jewish politics at any level. 3659: 3515:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 120, 253–254, 261, 362–363, 395, 488, 576, 632, 858, 875, 904, 949

3003: 1476: 1404: 1337: 1271: 1212: 873: 623: 542: 332: 1620:

Benvenisti and Isaia Tumarkin still represented the Romanian Jews at the WJC Congress in

1423:

was a joint venture between Benvenisti and Mendel H. Bady, but did not survive for long.

1327:("Out with the Kraut!"). They were indicted for "communist activities"; in similar vein, 3141:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 250, 295, 336–337, 355–356, 385, 469. See also Benvenisti, p. 36

4398:

Liviu Pleșa, "Epurarea din Securitate a cadrelor de origine evreiască (1960–1961)", in

3771:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 241, 242, 261, 280, 362, 396, 488, 881. See also Kuller, p. 185

2296:"Tablou indicând rezultatele", pp. 7960, 8025. See also Wexler & Popov, pp. 863–864 1992:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 229, 238, 245, 249, 335, 443, 445, 857. See also Moraru, p. 248

1876:

Mariu Theodorian-Carada, "Note și comunicări. Privitor la negustorimea craioveană", in

1556: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1082: 999: 800: 788: 768: 670: 635: 550: 546: 448: 375:(WJC), serving as its lawyer and as a rapporteur on the growth of local antisemitism. 4433: 1823:

Benvenisti began a new stage in his life, as an Israeli diplomat integrated with the

1787: 1775: 1771: 1640: 1507:(all 1947). During the first of these, accompanied by the CDE's Maxy, Benvenisti met 1456: 1232: 920: 915: 890: 857:, which only took 2% of the vote; Benvenisti also had an eligible second position in 792: 724: 689: 399: 304: 2644:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 333, 339–340, 393, 476–477, 527, 695, 857–858, 915, 925, 961

1832: 1655: 1651: 1500: 1291: 1138: 1090: 1086: 1077: 971: 858: 854: 804: 627: 588: 479: 443: 379: 2963:

Ion Calafeteanu, "Regimul antonescian și emigrarea populației evreiești (II)", in

2734:

Benvenisti, pp. 38–41; Wexler & Popov, pp. 229, 245–245, 250, 275–277, 341–342

2104:"Ultima oră. Evreii din Capitală protestează contra masacrelor din Palestina", in 1532: 948: 910:

the FRN's downfall. During late September 1940, Romania emerged as an ally of the

619: 1395:

as the guarantee of an "exclusively communist regime". Antonescu also wanted the

978:, Moscovici, Tully Rosenthal and Iosif Ebercohn, supported Romania's war effort. 696:

had been set ablaze, the "General Council of Romanian Jews" delegated him to the

4285: 4249: 3863: 3062: 2343: 2256: 2196: 2181: 2130: 1803: 1586: 1224: 1050: 911: 607: 573: 463: 403: 118: 3683:

Rumanian Government Charged with Failure to Implement Election Promises to Jews

1543:

bulletins), but delegated this business to Moscovici. The latter supported the

4391: 2411:"Rezultatul alegerilor pentru adunarea deputaților din 20 Decembrie 1937", in 1841: 1828: 1783: 1767: 1720: 1636: 1540: 1516: 1448: 1161: 1068: 1034: 986:. Despite such displays of loyalism, pressures on Jews were again increased—a 975: 885: 850: 748: 495: 491: 391: 2359:, pp. 296–297. London: International Reference Library Publishers Co., 1936. 1137:. Benvenisti made a point of preserving links with Jewish groups in southern 3493: 3260: 2896:

H. D., "Elocvența documentelor — Aprilie 1943. Ostaticii din București", in

2211: 2106: 1816: 1747: 1038: 906: 894: 558: 418: 364: 359:, HH) in the early 1920s. Benvenisti was then primarily affiliated with the 2001:"In jurul agitațiilor studențești. Un incident la Facultatea de drept", in 1531:. Elsewhere, Benvenisti acknowledges that his contacts with Ben-Gurion and 1504: 1274:, his name surface during an investigation of Zionist escape routes by the 883:(FRN). Carol still allowed Jews to organize for emigration into Palestine ( 654: 592: 553:. In 1922, Simon was sponsoring an annual Benvenisti Prize, awarded by the 494:, tortured into confessing that he was a spy for Israel, and appeared at a 2364: 1085:. Richter reportedly informed his guests that Germany was allied with the 3008:

Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944

2466: 2241: 1845: 1741: 1621: 1200: 1011: 936: 356: 4370:

Buletinul Centrului, Muzeului și Arhivei Istorice a Evreilor din România

4338:

Sionismul în vremea prigoanei. Publicat în Viața Evreească, Nr. 7–8–9–10

3030:

Kuller, p. 137; Wexler & Popov, pp. 108, 111, 192, 193, 253, 390–392

2898:

Buletinul Centrului, Muzeului și Arhivei Istorice a Evreilor din România

1763:

sent this confession to be analyzed by the Bucharest Military Tribunal.

1439:

The 1944–1947 period brought Romania under institutional control by the

1336:

and subsequently executed. All survivors were pardoned in early 1944 by

849:(PNȚ), despite the latter having a non-aggression pact with the fascist 723:—holding the last place on the PER's Ilfov list, and the first place in 680:

Zionist allegory of youth in uniform, for a Romanian-language pamphlet,

1520: 1279: 1168:. Such activities were angrily reviewed by Richter. On August 8, 1942, 1098: 700:, where he demanded details on the investigation. The same month, with 524: 347:. Born into a family of printers and publishers, he was one of the few 340: 266: 192: 4377:

Istoria comunităților sefarde din România de la începuturi și până azi

931:

Benvenisti was made leader of the Zionist Executive—which coordinated

4200:"Goldman Pide la Libertad Para los Judíos Arrestados en Rumanía", in 3060:"Ședințele de eri ale procesului. Depoziția d-lui M. Benvenisti", in 2842:

Benvenisti, pp. 12, 37, 42; Wexler & Popov, pp. 336, 384–385, 658

1867:, 1926, p. 121. See also Cajal Marin, p. 83; Moraru, pp. 175–176, 204 1735: 1396: 1263:

and who "undertook the most energetic efforts toward repatriation."

951:

police, allowing it to be formally joined in May by factions such as

711:

Benvenisti subsequently affiliated with Tivadar Fischer's nationwide

529: 182: 4368:, "Sioniștii sub 'lupa' Siguranței și Securității. 1925 – 1949", in 3984:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 370–372, 858, 890, 937, 941, 964, 1039, 1147

1463:"; Benvenisti boasted his participation in collecting funds for the 841:

Benvenisti was elected the PER's vice president in 1936. During the

630:. He was also involved in business ventures by 1926, when he joined 2239:"Campania electorală. Alte candidaturi ale partidului evreesc", in 901:'s election as Chief Rabbi of Romania in late 1939. As part of its 1508: 1496: 1298:

Zissu reports that, in the resulting panic following the arrests,

1153: 1063:

In January 1942, Antonescu's government formed a state-controlled

675: 643: 602:

In 1925, Mișu Benvenisti joined Cornel Iancu's new Zionist lodge,

3912:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 266, 298, 334, 362, 372–373, 884–885, 905

2031:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 238, 245, 249–250, 335–336, 419, 429, 443

1231:, who promised to assist them with preventing the deportation of 959:. Allegedly, Romanian recognition was granted only after General 541:, and noted especially for his role in promoting figures such as 3657:Șlomo Leibovici-Laiș, "În culisele unei 'afaceri politice'", in 1827:. Known as "Moshe Benvenisti", in October 1946 he traveled with 956: 2662:

Benvenisti, pp. 11–12. See also Wexler & Popov, pp. 340–341

2393:

Moraru, p. 248; Wexler & Popov, pp. 337, 445, 857, 925, 926

2224:"Campania electorală. Lista 'Partidului Evreesc' la Ilfov", in 1802:) pardoned Benvenisti and Zissu together. The new Chief Rabbi, 879:

banned the PER, later setting up its single official party, or

421:

occurring on Romania's borders, Benvenisti also cultivated the

4142: 4140: 4067: 4065: 4019: 4017: 3523: 3521: 2269:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 535, 616, 657, 722, 730, 786, 859, 863

1974:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 229, 238, 245, 335, 441, 443, 445, 857

1682:, where Benvenisti was held as a prisoner; nowadays hosts the 2604: 2602: 1375:—negotiations toward this end were held in the Iancus' home. 4191:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 70, 818, 833. See also Pleșa, p. 196

3048:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 230, 253, 337, 435, 479–480, 482–483

1890: 1888: 1886: 1863:

C. D. Fortunescu, "Inceputurile tipografiei în Craiova", in

704:, he submitted his candidacy on the "Jewish group" list for 2089:"Congresul sionist din Zuerich. Delegații din România", in 1187:, who recorded his residence as still being on Popa Petre. 398:. As Nazi pressures increased with the arrival in power of 4408:, "Memoriile Șef-rabinului Dr. Alexandru Șafran. 12", in 897:. He was still informed in community affairs, supporting 4348:, pp. 83–85. Bucharest: Universul Academic, 2019. 4233:

Rumania Releases Zionist Leaders; Upsets Two Convictions

3807:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 158, 220, 242, 720, 884–885, 905

2569:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 664, 740, 741, 749–751, 850, 914

1400:

Suzana was depressed by the thought of leaving Romania.

759:. The lists, respectively headlined by Rahmil Ioffe and 4358:

Menahem Fermo, "Scrisorile pe care nu le-am scris", in

4116:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 232, 379–381, 389, 461, 467–468

3258:"Curier judiciar. Trafic, corupție, bătae, etc...", in 2788:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 835, 873–874, 913, 929, 968–969

2428:

Enciclopedia partidelor politice din România, 1859-2003

1319:

were allegedly caught circulating lei banknotes marked

1251:. Though noting that he could not hope to persuade the 339:; July 1, 1902 – 1977), was a Romanian-Israeli lawyer, 4362:, Vol. XXIII, Issue 262, January 2009, pp. 39–51. 3903:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 241–242, 257–258, 279, 281–283

2851:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 229–230, 245–245, 250–251, 342

2332:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 398–399, 419, 444–447, 491–492

1133:

Leoveanu, who permitted that the refugees sail out of

815:

and of the Laws of the Country." In May of that year,

3092: 3090: 1880:, Vol. XVII, Issues 97–100, May–December 1938, p. 387 1243:. Accompanied by Iancu's wife Mella, he also visited 638:. In early 1928, he was providing legal services for 634:

in founding a paper-distributing company named after

410:, especially due to his contacts with the submissive 3735:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 248, 338, 361, 372, 419, 511

3204:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 246, 250, 346, 480, 482, 483

2341:"Caleidoscopul vieții intelectuale. Conferințe", in 1814:, who reportedly exclaimed: "They wish to leave, so 1475:; Zionism, he claimed at the time, would solve the " 4655:

Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Romania

4379:. Cluj-Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2014. 3469:

Wexler & Popov, pp. 244–245, 247, 251, 267, 284

3273:

Mustață & Carmilly-Weinberger, pp. 143–144, 148

511:

The Benvenistis belonged to the Sephardi minority (

295: 287: 272: 254: 249: 241: 229: 221: 213: 198: 188: 176: 168: 163: 155:

Chaim Kraft, Sami Iakerkaner, Simon "Shmuel" Zalman

145: 135: 112: 102: 86: 72: 60: 41: 18: 4417:Anchete și procese uitate, 1945–1960. I. Documente 4011:Wexler & Popov, pp. 238, 288–289, 368–369, 394 2384:Wexler & Popov, pp. 419–420, 443, 444–447, 491 2016:"Evreii și politica. Inițiativa de la Brăila", in 1350:Roundup of Jewish orphans upon their release from 4660:Romanian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment 2671:Benvenisti, pp. 12–13; Wexler & Popov, p. 341 351:to reach prominence in political life during the 2653:Benvenisti, pp. 9–13; Wexler & Popov, p. 340 2430:, pp. 58–59. Bucharest: Editura Meronia, 2003. 1956:, Vol. I, Issue 3, September–October 2018, p. 21 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1049:is seated in the middle, flanked by the bearded 783:. Those years brought him into contact with the 4475:Romanian politicians of ethnic minority parties 2128:"Cutia cu scrisori. O chestiune de onoare", in 2049:Wexler & Popov, pp. 336, 418, 443, 527, 944 719:, he unsuccessfully contested two seats in the 4600:Jewish resistance members during the Holocaust 4412:, Vol. V, Issue 52, July 1991, pp. 32–36. 2927:Wexler & Popov, pp. 294–295, 320, 357, 478 2515:Wexler & Popov, pp. 374–376, 749, 822, 873 1903:See death announcement for Adolf Schlanger in 1037:celebration at the Jewish community center in 591:, joining the Association of Romanian Jews in 378:During the late 1930s, Romania drew closer to 4510:Businesspeople in the pulp and paper industry 4340:. Bucharest: Imprimeriile Independența, 1944. 4222:Kuller, p. 145; Wexler & Popov, pp. 70–71 3798:Wexler & Popov, pp. 248–249, 251, 261–262 3572:Wexler & Popov, pp. 361, 498–499, 509–510 3075:Wexler & Popov, pp. 808, 812–813, 821–822 3056: 3054: 2936:Benvenisti, p. 20; Wexler & Popov, p. 295 2305:"Tablou indicând rezultatele", pp. 8032, 8050 2179:"Intrunirea partidului național-evreesc", in 1164:from expelling Jewish refugees back into the 595:, which declared itself in favor of complete 8: 4605:People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust 3590:"Ultimele informațiuni. Buletin intern", in 2918:Wexler & Popov, pp. 265, 277–278, 55–356 2417:, Issue 301/1937, pp. 9765, 9795, 9809, 9810 1312:, which had also rejected Zissu's policies. 4665:People convicted of treason against Romania 4555:Romanian military personnel of World War II 4402:, Vol. XI, Issue 2, 2018, pp. 177–254. 2967:, Vol. V, Issues 5–6, May–June 1994, p. 463 1952:Constantin Călin, "Note despre premii", in 1934:Cajal Marin, p. 83. See also Moraru, p. 248 1810:during Rosen's meeting with Deputy Premier 3415:Wexler & Popov, pp. 572, 675, 765, 801 2357:Politics and Political Parties in Roumania 1547:, which led him to be investigated by the 87:Chairman of the Romanian Zionist Executive 15: 4315:, Vol. X, Issue 116, November 1996, p. 80 3672:Wexler & Popov, pp. 361, 521, 879–880 3482:, Vol. II, Issues 11–12, March 1945, p. 5 3327:Wexler & Popov, pp. 297, 353–354, 439 2707:Wexler & Popov, pp. 102–103, 108, 144 2455:Mustață & Carmilly-Weinberger, p. 143 943:and its representatives Mayer Segall and 845:, the PER ran as an informal ally of the 4252:, "Memoriile Rabinului Moses Rosen", in 3744:Wexler & Popov, pp. 271–272, 875–876 3318:Wexler & Popov, pp. 295–297, 813–814 3309:Wexler & Popov, pp. 295–297, 353–354 2698:Wexler & Popov, pp. 633–634, 673–674 2209:"Alegerile comunale dela 10 August", in 1674: 1566:secretary of WJC Romania in early 1947. 1383:Throughout the first half of 1944, with 1345: 1194: 1029: 708:, second on that list after Sami Stern. 98:March/April 1941 – January 1944 4470:Leaders of political parties in Romania 4419:. Bucharest: Fundația W. Filderman, . 2254:"Un congres al partidului evreesc", in 1856: 865:(4%), as well as the third position in 843:parliamentary election of December 1937 4595:Jewish collaborators with Nazi Germany 4302:, Vol. X, Issue 109, April 1996, p. 80 970:, which saw Romania waging war on the 926:Guardist revolt and anti-Jewish pogrom 4333:, Issue 300/1933, pp. 7950–8071. 3885:Wexler & Popov, pp. 304, 314, 366 3852:Wexler & Popov, pp. 257, 362, 521 3789:Wexler & Popov, pp. 881–882, 1080 3123:Wexler & Popov, pp. 108, 192, 207 3084:Wexler & Popov, pp. 231, 233, 851 2143:Wexler & Popov, pp. 443, 857, 863 579:. In 1920, while studying law at the 466:, and embracing cooperation with the 7: 4505:20th-century Romanian businesspeople 4311:"Clepsidra. Placă comemorativă", in 4256:, Vol. I, Issue 1, April 1987, p. 24 4041:Wexler & Popov, pp. 230–234, 810 3816:Wexler & Popov, pp. 157–158, 220 3424:Wexler & Popov, pp. 752–754, 778 3397:Wexler & Popov, pp. 359–360, 904 3150:Wexler & Popov, pp. 253–254, 337 2909:Wexler & Popov, pp. 107–110, 121 2878:Wexler & Popov, pp. 924–925, 961 2402:Wexler & Popov, pp. 448–449, 470 779:, met a future Zionist doctrinaire, 4089:Wexler & Popov, pp. 92, 116–121 3491:"Meetingul dela templul coral", in 1481:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 1095:active resistance against Antonescu 918:took over government, as Romania's 717:parliamentary election of June 1931 336: 131:May 1, 1946 – May 30, 1948 4535:20th-century Romanian male writers 1671:Communist imprisonment and release 1607:legislative election of March 1948 1576:general elections in November 1946 1191:HeHalutz trial and marginalization 745:general elections of December 1933 14: 4640:People detained by the Securitate 4213:Wexler & Popov, pp. 1131–1132 1786:, her husband has slipped into a 1719:(and communist factional leader) 1459:, and veered into support for a " 1385:Soviet troops on Romania's border 966:June 1941 witnessed the onset of 702:local elections held in Bucharest 4630:People detained by the Siguranța 4530:20th-century Romanian memoirists 4134:Wexler & Popov, pp. 234, 410 4080:Wexler & Popov, pp. 231, 327 3993:Wexler & Popov, pp. 597, 636 3780:Wexler & Popov, pp. 247, 262 3406:Wexler & Popov, pp. 127, 148 3370:Wexler & Popov, pp. 240, 858 3195:Wexler & Popov, pp. 480, 483 3177:Wexler & Popov, pp. 346, 482 3132:Wexler & Popov, pp. 336, 337 2752:Wexler & Popov, pp. 849, 857 2578:Wexler & Popov, pp. 927, 961 2497:Benvenisti, p. 4; Kuller, p. 176 2314:Wexler & Popov, pp. 524, 812 2170:Wexler & Popov, pp. 238, 352 2119:Wexler & Popov, pp. 730, 857 2058:"Intreprinderi noui. Ilfov", in 1983:Wexler & Popov, pp. 335, 445 1766:Wexler and Popov note that the " 299: 276: 259: 233: 26: 4155:Wexler & Popov, pp. 233–237 4125:Wexler & Popov, pp. 364–365 4107:Wexler & Popov, pp. 231–232 4098:Wexler & Popov, pp. 343–347 4002:Wexler & Popov, pp. 893–894 3975:Wexler & Popov, pp. 368–369 3834:Wexler & Popov, pp. 158–159 3753:Wexler & Popov, pp. 350–351 3630:Wexler & Popov, pp. 203–204 3581:Wexler & Popov, pp. 877–878 3554:Wexler & Popov, pp. 255–256 3460:Wexler & Popov, pp. 244–245 3388:Wexler & Popov, pp. 99, 359 2887:Wexler & Popov, pp. 660–662 2869:Wexler & Popov, pp. 275–277 2761:Wexler & Popov, pp. 332–333 2626:Wexler & Popov, pp. 869–870 2617:Wexler & Popov, pp. 872–873 2542:Wexler & Popov, pp. 102–103 2278:Wexler & Popov, pp. 863–864 2161:Wexler & Popov, pp. 352–353 1663:to be fully compensated by the 1419:weekly, and then as a booklet. 478:. With the communists' turn to 4670:Recipients of Romanian pardons 4625:Romanian expatriates in France 4620:University of Bucharest alumni 4415:Teodor Wexler, Mihaela Popov, 1: 4635:Romanian people taken hostage 4550:Romanian Land Forces officers 4495:20th-century Romanian lawyers 4480:Romanian political candidates 3442:Wexler & Popov, pp. 33–34 1310:Zionist Democratic Group Klal 1259:, who was presiding over the 903:expansion of antisemitic laws 787:(WZO), allowing him to greet 729:Tineretul Partidului Evreiesc 453:Zionist Democratic Group Klal 207:Zionist Democratic Group Klal 56:July 21, 1946 – 1947 4675:Romanian emigrants to Israel 3480:Tineretul Nou/Hanoar Hazioni 1629:Minister of Internal Affairs 698:Ministry of Internal Affairs 343:militant, and leader of the 204:Jewish National Party (1930) 4540:Romanian newspaper founders 4450:Jewish Romanian politicians 3708:Wexler & Popov, p. 1267 1445:Jewish Democratic Committee 1305:British caps on immigration 1101:worship in Jewish schools. 706:Bucharest Sector II (Black) 539:Romanian literary community 472:Jewish Democratic Committee 384:discrimination against Jews 4696: 4460:20th-century Sephardi Jews 4455:20th-century Romanian Jews 4375:Valeriu-Alexandru Moraru, 4204:, Issue 242/1953, pp. 1, 5 4182:Wexler & Popov, p. 237 4146:Wexler & Popov, p. 234 4071:Wexler & Popov, p. 231 4050:Wexler & Popov, p. 288 4032:Wexler & Popov, p. 229 4023:Wexler & Popov, p. 394 3966:Wexler & Popov, p. 944 3957:Wexler & Popov, p. 101 3939:Wexler & Popov, p. 252 3930:Wexler & Popov, p. 885 3894:Wexler & Popov, p. 688 3876:Wexler & Popov, p. 366 3843:Wexler & Popov, p. 256 3825:Wexler & Popov, p. 158 3762:Wexler & Popov, p. 314 3648:Wexler & Popov, p. 578 3639:Wexler & Popov, p. 802 3621:Wexler & Popov, p. 568 3563:Wexler & Popov, p. 260 3527:Wexler & Popov, p. 261 3506:Wexler & Popov, p. 247 3451:Wexler & Popov, p. 671 3433:Wexler & Popov, p. 520 3336:Wexler & Popov, p. 324 3300:Wexler & Popov, p. 103 3282:Wexler & Popov, p. 681 3240:Wexler & Popov, p. 265 3105:Wexler & Popov, p. 858 2716:Wexler & Popov, p. 135 2635:Benvenisti, pp. 5–6, 31–34 2608:Wexler & Popov, p. 250 2596:Wexler & Popov, p. 279 2560:Wexler & Popov, p. 620 2533:Wexler & Popov, p. 968 2524:Benvenisti, pp. 4–6, 46–48 2488:Wexler & Popov, p. 864 2479:Wexler & Popov, p. 418 2446:Wexler & Popov, p. 865 2323:Wexler & Popov, p. 339 2260:, September 12, 1932, p. 2 2194:"O anchetă la Sighet", in 2152:Wexler & Popov, p. 352 2080:Wexler & Popov, p. 857 2071:Wexler & Popov, p. 863 2040:Wexler & Popov, p. 102 1894:Wexler & Popov, p. 238 1580:Bloc of Democratic Parties 1545:Jewish revolt in Palestine 881:National Renaissance Front 785:World Zionist Organization 651:Sixteenth Zionist Congress 622:), he registered with the 425:—in particular by helping 388:National Renaissance Front 4395:, 1989, pp. 140–148. 4372:, 2008, pp. 135–208. 4274:Wexler & Popov, p. 72 4238:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 3688:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 3612:Wexler & Popov, p. 34 3536:Wexler & Popov, p. 33 3497:, February 13, 1946, p. 3 3264:, February 12, 1944, p. 7 2824:Benvenisti, pp. 12, 45–46 2470:, September 9, 1940, p. 4 2134:, November 26, 1929, p. 3 2110:, September 4, 1929, p. 7 2062:, February 13, 1926, p. 2 1909:, December 25, 1906, p. 3 1865:Almanahul Graficei Române 1429:Gheorghe Vlădescu-Răcoasa 555:Romanian Writers' Society 488:Romanian communist regime 382:and gradually introduced 345:Romanian Jewish community 310: 159: 124: 91: 49: 37: 25: 4650:Romanian torture victims 4645:Inmates of Jilava Prison 4610:Romanian philanthropists 4590:The Holocaust in Hungary 4585:The Holocaust in Romania 4289:, October 11, 1960, p. 2 2007:, January 31, 1923, p. 4 1825:Jewish Agency for Israel 1792:Israel–Romania relations 1704:Interior Ministry Palace 1680:Interior Ministry Palace 1441:Romanian Communist Party 1373:illegal resistance group 1352:Transnistria Governorate 1158:Nazi extermination camps 1058:Theodor Loewenstein-Lavi 988:Transnistria Governorate 941:Jewish Agency for Israel 847:National Peasants' Party 824:boycott of Nazi business 781:Theodor Loewenstein-Lavi 468:Romanian Communist Party 4680:Romanian Jews in Israel 4298:"Clepsidra. Deces", in 3349:, January 6, 1945, p. 2 2900:, Issue 11, 2005, p. 47 2200:, August 17, 1930, p. 2 1796:Great National Assembly 1794:, the Presidium of the 1782:The following year, on 1574:In preparation for the 1433:positive discrimination 1276:German Foreign Ministry 581:University of Bucharest 577:Jacob Itzhak Niemirower 4575:Romanian Sephardi Jews 4545:Romanian propagandists 4525:20th-century essayists 3867:, August 7, 1948, p. 5 3690:release, March 6, 1947 3168:Benvenisti, pp. 27, 29 2215:, August 2, 1930, p. 5 2095:, August 6, 1929, p. 3 1943:Cajal Marin, pp. 83–85 1835:, where he negotiated 1686: 1409:Churchill war ministry 1355: 1323:("Down with war!") or 1249:National Liberal Party 1204: 1143:region's northern half 1060: 733:Union of Romanian Jews 685: 516: 4580:Israeli Sephardi Jews 4240:release, July 6, 1954 3663:, May 2002, pp. 24–25 3594:, July 10, 1946, p. 3 3222:Benvenisti, pp. 28–30 3159:Benvenisti, pp. 36–37 3114:Benvenisti, pp. 42–43 2976:Benvenisti, pp. 20–21 2860:Benvenisti, pp. 15–16 2815:Benvenisti, pp. 18–19 2806:Benvenisti, pp. 14–15 2797:Benvenisti, pp. 17–18 2779:Benvenisti, pp. 34–35 2743:Benvenisti, pp. 39–41 2725:Benvenisti, pp. 41–42 2689:Benvenisti, pp. 37–38 2375:Benvenisti, pp. 45–46 2185:, March 4, 1930, p. 4 1800:Constantin Pîrvulescu 1678: 1465:International Red Aid 1349: 1308:political party, the 1198: 1065:Central Jewish Office 1043:Central Jewish Office 1033: 1002:who were stranded at 861:(3% of the vote) and 832:World Jewish Congress 739:Fighting antisemitism 679: 663:anti-Jewish incidents 507:Early life and career 412:Central Jewish Office 392:a wave of emigrations 373:World Jewish Congress 288:Years of service 67:Collective leadership 4615:Aliyah Bet activists 4565:Romanian accountants 3066:, May 14, 1946, p. 3 2245:, May 24, 1931, p. 5 2230:, May 10, 1931, p. 3 2022:, June 6, 1920, p. 1 1965:Moraru, pp. 204, 248 1665:Jewish National Fund 1595:a communist republic 1493:Revisionist Zionists 1365:Holocaust in Hungary 984:Romanian nationalism 968:Operation Barbarossa 721:Assembly of Deputies 694:Sighet Jewish Temple 671:wed under Jewish law 616:Romanian Land Forces 459:Antonescu's downfall 282:Romanian Land Forces 4490:Romanian communists 3345:"Informațiuni", in 2426:Ioan Scurtu (ed.), 2347:, May 7, 1935, p. 2 1837:compensation rights 1473:Soviet trade unions 1469:Communist Party USA 1171:Bukarester Tagblatt 1115:forced labor duties 996:Arnold Schwefelberg 826:and for condemning 667:Mandatory Palestine 632:Grigore Trancu-Iași 597:Jewish assimilation 570:Balfour Declaration 563:State Opera Theater 396:Mandatory Palestine 4570:Romanian duellists 4520:Romanian essayists 3012:Palgrave Macmillan 3010:, p. 217. London: 1808:Romanian passports 1753:Tudor Vladimirescu 1687: 1461:people's democracy 1356: 1334:sentenced to death 1261:Romanian Red Cross 1205: 1203:in Bucharest, 1941 1166:General Government 1061: 980:Renașterea Noastră 933:Renașterea Noastră 817:Renașterea Noastră 686: 640:Renașterea Noastră 604:Renașterea Noastră 476:November elections 361:Renașterea Noastră 225:Lawyer, accountant 32:Benvenisti in 1948 4515:Israeli diplomats 4500:Corporate lawyers 4485:Jewish socialists 4465:Romanian Zionists 4385:978-973-595-664-6 4354:978-606-9062-02-9 4336:Mișu Benvenisti, 4330:Monitorul Oficial 3249:Benvenisti, p. 24 3231:Benvenisti, p. 29 3213:Benvenisti, p. 28 3096:Benvenisti, p. 31 3039:Benvenisti, p. 30 2994:Benvenisti, p. 42 2985:Benvenisti, p. 21 2954:Benvenisti, p. 36 2945:Benvenisti, p. 20 2680:Benvenisti, p. 32 2414:Monitorul Oficial 1878:Arhivele Olteniei 1730:Monitorul Oficial 1692:Romanian passport 1684:Senate of Romania 1633:Teohari Georgescu 1549:Allied Commission 1485:People's Tribunal 1413:coup of August 23 1393:Soviet occupation 1199:Roll call of the 1111:Wilhelm Filderman 1087:Palestinian Arabs 905:, the government 828:German rearmament 682:Program de Mosava 423:Jewish resistance 314: 313: 217:Suzana Mărculescu 180:1977 (aged 74–75) 82:(party dissolved) 42:President of the 4687: 4406:Alexandru Șafran 4316: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4247: 4241: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4202:Prensa Israelita 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4164:Fermo, pp. 39–43 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2965:Revista Istorică 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2770:Benvenisti, p. 7 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2587:Benvenisti, p. 9 2585: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2424: 2418: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2354: 2348: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2252: 2246: 2237: 2231: 2222: 2216: 2207: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2096: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2014: 2008: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1910: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1861: 1717:Foreign Minister 1708:Malmaison prison 1696:Nicolae Bălcescu 1660:Independence Day 1513:David Ben-Gurion 1325:Afară cu nemții! 1317:Hashomer Hatzair 1268:Henric Streitman 1147:ceded to Hungary 1135:Constanța Harbor 1054:Alexandru Șafran 1047:Henric Streitman 992:Bessarabian Jews 961:Emanoil Leoveanu 899:Alexandru Șafran 836:corporate lawyer 821: 813:the Constitution 747:, he ran in two 408:collaborationism 353:Romanian Kingdom 338: 325:Moshe Benvenisti 319:, also known as 303: 280: 265: 263: 262: 250:Military service 237: 164:Personal details 148: 141:Bernard Rohrlich 138: 129: 115: 105: 96: 75: 63: 54: 30: 16: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4430: 4429: 4392:Almanah Flacăra 4324: 4319: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4293: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4248: 4244: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3660:Magazin Istoric 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3490: 3486: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3004:Dennis Deletant 3002: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2425: 2421: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2355: 2351: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2253: 2249: 2238: 2234: 2223: 2219: 2208: 2204: 2193: 2189: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2103: 2099: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2015: 2011: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1954:Cardan Cultural 1951: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1913: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1871: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1673: 1572: 1537:wall newspapers 1477:Jewish Question 1421:Viața Evreească 1417:Viața Evreească 1405:Calea Victoriei 1381: 1272:Dennis Deletant 1213:Mihai Antonescu 1193: 1185:Police Precinct 1028: 1026:Against Richter 1020:Poldi Filderman 953:Tnuat HaMizrahi 893:and regimental 819: 751:constituencies— 741: 624:bar association 543:Eugen Lovinescu 535:Editura Alcalay 509: 504: 417:Faced with the 406:, as a form of 317:Mișu Benvenisti 291:1924, 1939–1940 260: 258: 205: 200: 199:Other political 181: 154: 146: 136: 130: 125: 113: 103: 97: 92: 81: 73: 61: 55: 50: 33: 21: 20:Mișu Benvenisti 12: 11: 5: 4693: 4691: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4413: 4403: 4400:Caietele CNSAS 4396: 4387: 4373: 4363: 4356: 4341: 4334: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4304: 4291: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4242: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3921:Kuller, p. 197 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3699:Kuller, p. 183 3692: 3674: 3665: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3603:Kuller, p. 180 3596: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3484: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3351: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3186:Kuller, p. 137 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3023: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2833:Kuller, p. 138 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2610: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2551:Kuller, p. 176 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2419: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2349: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2247: 2232: 2217: 2202: 2187: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2121: 2112: 2097: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2024: 2009: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1925:Moraru, p. 248 1911: 1896: 1882: 1869: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1831:and others to 1672: 1669: 1645:Emil Hațieganu 1584:Prime Minister 1571: 1568: 1557:Chaim Weizmann 1529:Nahum Goldmann 1525:Eliyahu Dobkin 1389:Western Allies 1380: 1379:Communist turn 1377: 1369:Leon Ghelerter 1257:Ion Costinescu 1210:Deputy Premier 1192: 1189: 1083:Gustav Richter 1027: 1024: 939:branch of the 912:Axis countries 801:Weimar Germany 789:Nahum Goldmann 773:Rădăuți County 769:Suceava County 740: 737: 715:(PER). In the 636:Costache Negri 585:Mircea Djuvara 551:Liviu Rebreanu 547:George Bacovia 521:evrei spanioli 508: 505: 503: 500: 449:Gustav Richter 312: 311: 308: 307: 297: 293: 292: 289: 285: 284: 274: 273:Branch/service 270: 269: 256: 252: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 231: 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 202: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 178: 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 161: 160: 157: 156: 149: 143: 142: 139: 133: 132: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 106: 100: 99: 89: 88: 84: 83: 76: 70: 69: 64: 58: 57: 47: 46: 39: 38: 35: 34: 31: 23: 22: 19: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4692: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4426: 4425:973-99560-4-1 4422: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4265:Pleșa, p. 197 4262: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3726:Șafran, p. 34 3723: 3720: 3717:Șafran, p. 33 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3020:1-4039-9341-6 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2436:973-8200-54-7 2433: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2287:Moraru, p. 89 2284: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1812:Emil Bodnăraș 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788:diabetic coma 1785: 1779: 1777: 1776:Marcel Proust 1773: 1772:Jilava Prison 1769: 1764: 1762: 1761:Mișu Dulgheru 1758: 1757:HCC Divisions 1754: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641:Gheorghe Zane 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599:Bercu Feldman 1596: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:Labor Zionist 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321:Jos războiul! 1318: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:Dinu Brătianu 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:Bukovina Jews 1230: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1202: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107:collaboration 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1073:Calea Moșilor 1070: 1066: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 922: 917: 916:Ion Antonescu 913: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 891:Sublieutenant 888: 887: 882: 878: 875: 870: 868: 864: 863:Soroca County 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 818: 814: 811:framework of 808: 806: 802: 798: 797:Nazi takeover 794: 793:Nahum Sokolow 790: 786: 782: 778: 777:Turnu Severin 774: 770: 766: 762: 761:Michel Landau 758: 754: 750: 746: 738: 736: 734: 730: 726: 725:Tutova County 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 690:Adolphe Stern 683: 678: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531: 526: 522: 518: 517:evrei sefarzi 514: 506: 501: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:Bercu Feldman 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 456: 454: 450: 446: 445: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400:Ion Antonescu 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349:Sephardi Jews 346: 342: 337:מישו בנבנישתי 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 309: 306: 305:Sublieutenant 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 283: 279: 275: 271: 268: 257: 253: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 203: 197: 194: 191: 187: 184: 179: 175: 171: 167: 162: 158: 153: 150: 144: 140: 134: 128: 123: 120: 117: 111: 108:Leon Mizrachi 107: 101: 95: 90: 85: 80: 77: 71: 68: 65: 59: 53: 48: 45: 40: 36: 29: 24: 17: 4416: 4409: 4399: 4390: 4376: 4369: 4359: 4344: 4337: 4328: 4312: 4307: 4299: 4294: 4284: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4253: 4245: 4232: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4201: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4173:Fermo, p. 43 4169: 4160: 4151: 4130: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3862: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3682: 3677: 3668: 3658: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3591: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3511: 3502: 3492: 3487: 3479: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3359: 3358:Benvenisti, 3354: 3346: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3259: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3080: 3071: 3061: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3007: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2465: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2427: 2422: 2412: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2255: 2250: 2240: 2235: 2225: 2220: 2210: 2205: 2195: 2190: 2180: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2129: 2124: 2115: 2105: 2100: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2017: 2012: 2002: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1953: 1948: 1939: 1930: 1904: 1899: 1877: 1872: 1864: 1859: 1833:West Germany 1822: 1815: 1798:(then under 1780: 1765: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1713: 1701: 1688: 1656:Reuven Rubin 1652:Eastern Bloc 1649: 1626: 1619: 1611: 1591: 1573: 1560: 1553: 1541:hectographed 1501:Karlovy Vary 1489: 1454: 1438: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1402: 1382: 1361: 1357: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1299: 1297: 1288:René de Weck 1285: 1265: 1252: 1221: 1206: 1177: 1169: 1151: 1145:having been 1139:Transylvania 1119: 1103: 1091:Adolf Hitler 1078:Judenberater 1076: 1062: 1041:, May 1942. 1015: 1008: 979: 972:Soviet Union 965: 932: 930: 919: 884: 871: 859:Hotin County 855:Roman County 840: 816: 809: 742: 728: 713:Jewish Party 710: 687: 681: 648: 639: 628:Ilfov County 611: 603: 601: 589:anti-Zionism 567: 528: 520: 510: 480:anti-Zionism 457: 444:Judenberater 442: 439:Transnistria 416: 380:Nazi Germany 377: 369:Jewish Party 360: 328: 327:, sometimes 324: 320: 316: 315: 201:affiliations 172:July 1, 1902 152:triumvirate: 151: 147:Succeeded by 126: 114:Succeeded by 93: 78: 74:Succeeded by 66: 51: 44:Jewish Party 4445:1977 deaths 4440:1902 births 4366:Hary Kuller 4250:Moses Rosen 1804:Moses Rosen 1587:Petru Groza 1570:Zionist ban 1225:Iuliu Maniu 1130:Polish Jews 1051:Chief Rabbi 1000:Iași pogrom 945:Haim Barlas 805:Nazi regime 765:Mayer Ebner 749:Bessarabian 608:A. L. Zissu 574:Chief Rabbi 486:. When the 464:Jewish left 435:Polish Jews 404:A. L. Zissu 189:Nationality 137:Preceded by 119:A. L. Zissu 104:Preceded by 62:Preceded by 4560:Paymasters 4434:Categories 4322:References 1842:Ramat Aviv 1829:Idov Cohen 1784:Yom Kippur 1768:Kafkaesque 1721:Ana Pauker 1637:Securitate 1517:Moshe Sneh 1511:'s leader 1449:M. H. Maxy 1300:Renașterea 1253:Conducător 1229:Ghiță Popp 1069:Radu Lecca 1035:Lag BaOmer 976:M. H. Maxy 921:Conducător 886:Aliyah Bet 867:Storojineț 851:Iron Guard 659:Parliament 612:Renașterea 496:show trial 492:Securitate 329:Benveniste 255:Allegiance 222:Profession 4346:București 3494:Universul 3261:Universul 2365:252801505 2212:Universul 2107:Universul 2092:Dimineața 1906:Dimineața 1817:Mazal tov 1748:Universul 1603:The Joint 1562:Mântuirea 1533:Léon Blum 1341:Michael I 1241:Grosulovo 1237:Vapniarka 1122:Hungarian 1039:Bucharest 949:Siguranța 895:paymaster 620:Timișoara 559:Bucharest 502:Biography 427:Hungarian 419:Holocaust 365:Bucharest 363:group in 230:Signature 127:In office 94:In office 52:In office 4286:Új Kelet 3864:Scînteia 3347:Semnalul 3063:Adevărul 3014:, 2006. 2467:Curentul 2344:Adevărul 2257:Cuvântul 2242:Curentul 2197:Cuvântul 2182:Adevărul 2131:Adevărul 2019:Mișcarea 2004:Viitorul 1846:Tel Aviv 1742:Curentul 1622:Montreux 1471:and the 1329:Gordonia 1217:Bulgaria 1201:HeHalutz 1181:Moghilău 1162:Cernăuți 1156:Jews to 1154:Banatian 1012:HeHalutz 1004:Călărași 937:Istanbul 907:debarred 877:Carol II 513:Romanian 470:and the 357:HeHalutz 242:Nickname 193:Romanian 4410:Minimum 4360:Minimum 4313:Minimum 4300:Minimum 4254:Minimum 1521:Haganah 1519:of the 1280:Gestapo 1247:of the 1099:Sabbath 1016:Tarbuth 525:Craiova 341:Zionist 267:Romania 4423: 4383: 4352: 3360:passim 3018: 2434: 2363: 1736:Timpul 1527:, and 1505:Zürich 1503:, and 1397:Yishuv 1354:, 1944 1128:, and 1126:Slovak 869:(5%). 684:(1933) 655:Zürich 593:Brăila 549:, and 530:caftan 431:Slovak 386:; the 333:Hebrew 264: 214:Spouse 209:(1944) 183:Israel 3592:Argus 2227:Lupta 2060:Argus 1852:Notes 1509:Mapai 1497:Basel 1141:(the 820:' 757:Orhei 753:Bălți 644:Paris 394:into 321:Mishu 245:Moshe 4421:ISBN 4381:ISBN 4350:ISBN 3016:ISBN 2432:ISBN 2361:OCLC 1755:and 1745:and 1643:and 1615:Maki 1539:and 1515:and 1338:King 1239:and 1227:and 1056:and 957:Ihud 955:and 874:King 791:and 755:and 618:(at 433:and 296:Rank 177:Died 169:Born 79:none 1292:lei 1045:'s 799:in 767:in 665:in 653:in 626:in 519:or 323:or 4436:: 4236:, 4139:^ 4064:^ 4016:^ 3686:, 3520:^ 3089:^ 3053:^ 3006:, 2601:^ 1914:^ 1885:^ 1848:. 1739:, 1733:, 1631:, 1551:. 1499:, 1343:. 1124:, 1117:. 1081:, 1018:. 914:; 838:. 807:. 599:. 565:. 545:, 515:: 455:. 447:, 429:, 414:. 335:: 331:(

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Index