292:, a state senator and civil rights activist, served as an attorney to Beulah Mae Donald and also encouraged the investigation. Two and a half years later in 1983, Henry Hays and James Knowles were arrested. Knowles confessed to Bodman in 1983, and additional evidence was revealed during the civil trial initiated by Donald's mother Beulah Mae Donald in 1984, leading to the indictment of Benjamin Franklin Cox Jr., a truck driver, as an accomplice in the criminal case. Henry's father Bennie Hays was also indicted.
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222:'s second failure to reach a verdict. Following a meeting held together the same day, Henry Hays (aged 26) – Bennie Hays's son and the Exalted Cyclops of the UKA – along with James Llewellyn "Tiger" Knowles (aged 17), both drove around Mobile looking for a black person to attack, armed with a gun and equipped with a rope borrowed from Frank Cox, Hays's brother-in-law.
515:
211:(UKA), Alabama Realm, complained that Anderson was not convicted since the jury had African-American members. Bennie Jack Hays, the second-highest-ranking official in the UKA, reportedly said: "If a black man can get away with killing a white man, we ought to be able to get away with killing a black man."
238:
While Hays and
Knowles were cruising through one of Mobile's mostly black neighborhoods, they spotted Michael Donald walking home after he bought a pack of cigarettes for his sister, at the nearby gas station. Without any link to the Anderson case or even a past criminal record, Donald was chosen at
246:
Donald attempted to escape, knocking away Hays's gun and trying to run into the woods. The men pursued Donald, attacked him and beat him with a tree limb. Hays wrapped a rope around Donald's neck and pulled on it to strangle him while
Knowles continued to beat Donald with a tree branch. Once Donald
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helped refine the legal theory of "agency," which held the Klan accountable for the acts of its members. This prevented the case from being dismissed before it could go to the jury. In 1987, an all-white jury had decided that rather than hold
Knowles, the elder and younger Hayses liable, it found
352:
Benjamin
Franklin Cox Jr., a truck driver from Mobile who provided the rope, was initially discharged by a trial judge in 1984, citing Alabama's 3-year statute of limitations for criminal conspiracy, but an Alabama grand jury reindicted Cox for murder in 1987. Initially resulting in a mistrial in
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The elder Hays was indicted for inciting the murder. Tried some years later, his case ended in a mistrial when he collapsed in court. Judge Zoghby said that because of the illness of the elder Hays, then 71, he had no choice but to declare a mistrial. Hays's lawyer was willing to go forward with
393:
suit in 1984 against the United Klans of
America in federal court in the Southern District of Alabama, according to the SPLC. The civil trial brought out evidence that enabled the criminal indictment and conviction of Cox as an accomplice, and of Bennie Jack Hays for inciting the murder.
247:
had stopped moving, Hays slit his throat three times to make sure he was dead. The men left Donald's lifeless body hanging from a tree on
Herndon Avenue across the street from Hays's house in Mobile, where it remained until the next morning. The same night, two other UKA members
44:
115:
in 1997, while another, James
Knowles, was sentenced to life in prison after pleading guilty and testifying against Hays. A third man was convicted as an accomplice and also sentenced to life in prison, and a fourth was indicted, but died before his trial could be completed.
348:
in prison. Knowles avoided a death sentence by testifying against Hays, Cox, and other
Klansmen at the trial. He'd earlier testified that the slaying was done "to show Klan strength in Alabama." Knowles served 25 years in prison before being paroled in the mid-2000s.
405:
Payment of the judgment bankrupted the United Klans of
America. The group was forced to settle the suit by selling its two-story "national headquarters" building for $ 51,875, the proceeds going to Donald's mother. She died the following year on September 17, 1988.
239:
random for being black. The two UKA members lured him over to their car by asking him for directions to a local club and forced Donald into the car at gunpoint. The men then drove out to another county and took him to a secluded area in the woods near
402:
the entire UKA as a group to be at fault. The UKA was sentenced to damages of $ 7 million in the wrongful-death verdict in the case. The suit became a precedent for civil legal action against other racist hate groups in the United States.
353:
1988, a second trial held on May 18, 1989, led to Cox's conviction for being an accomplice in Donald's killing. Mobile County
Circuit Court judge Michael Zoghby sentenced the then 28-year-old Cox to life in prison. He was paroled in 2000.
225:
Anderson would ultimately have a third mistrial before being convicted of capital murder at his fourth trial, albeit the jury spared him from execution. Anderson was sentenced to life in prison without parole. He died in the
272:
gone wrong; Donald's mother insisted that her son had not been involved in drugs. The police released the suspects at the conclusion of their investigation. Beulah Mae Donald contacted national civil rights activist Rev.
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472:
television program about US civil rights history that aired in October 2008. It centered on the murder of Michael Donald, the criminal prosecution of his killers, and the civil suit against the UKA. The
336:
reported that Hays was Alabama's first execution since 1913 for a white-on-black crime. Hays is the only known KKK member to have been executed in the 20th century for the murder of an African American.
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143:(UKA), to which the attackers belonged. In 1987 a jury awarded her damages of $ 7 million, which bankrupted the organization. This set a precedent for civil legal action for damages against other
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and David Donald. He was the youngest of six children. He attended local schools while growing up. In 1981, he was studying at a technical college, while working at the local newspaper, the
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James Llewellyn "Tiger" Knowles was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1985 for violating the civil rights of Michael Donald, and pleaded guilty to civil rights violations in the
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288:, the Assistant U.S. Attorney in Mobile, asked the Dept. of Justice to authorize a second investigation. He worked closely with FBI agent James Bodman. His brother
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In 2006, Mobile commemorated Michael Donald by renaming Herndon Avenue, where the murderers had hanged Donald's body, after Donald. Mobile's first black mayor,
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111:(KKK) members beat and killed Michael Donald, a 19-year-old African-American, and hung his body from a tree. One perpetrator, Henry Hays, was executed by
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990:(12 of 132) on March 3, 2011. "His son, Henry Hays, was sentenced to death for the Donald murder. He awaits an execution date at Holman Prison."
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The first trial of Anderson ended with a deadlock of the mixed white-black jury. Anderson's case was retried, which resulted in a second
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2019:
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and provided for federal oversight and enforcement of voting rights. African Americans could again participate in politics in the
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1963:
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230:– coincidentally, the same location where Henry Hays was executed – where he was still serving his sentence, in March 2021.
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650:"Alabama case shows how father's sins were visited on son: Whites execution for killing black didn't end inherited racism"
528:
1111:
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Henry Francis Hays (November 10, 1954 – June 6, 1997) was convicted of capital murder. The jury voted in favor of
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Donald's murder has been the subject of several works of fiction and nonfiction. The Texan political commentator
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since 1913 for a white-on-black crime. It was the only execution of a KKK member during the 20th century for the
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1995:
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told the story of the Donald family in her essay, "Beulah Mae Donald," which appeared in her 1991 anthology,
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344:. By the end of the trial, he was 21 years old. U.S. District Court Judge W. Brevard Hand sentenced him to
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declared on all four counts on Friday March 20, 1981. At 10 p.m., local media started to report the
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207:. At a meeting held in Mobile while the jury was still deliberating, members of Unit 900 of the
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In 1981, Josephus Anderson, an African American charged with the murder of a white policeman in
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426:, presided over a small gathering of Donald's family and local leaders at the commemoration.
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446:
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332:, on June 6, 1997. Among the witnesses to the execution was Michael Donald's brother. The
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60:
43:
1465:
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Officers first took three suspects into custody based on their possible involvement in a
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Donald grew up in a city and state influenced by the passage in the mid-1960s of federal
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1955:
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874:
369:
Memorial marker at the murder site by the African-American Heritage Trail of Mobile
187:; their ability to register to vote also meant that they were selected for juries.
108:
277:, who organized a protest march in the city and demanded answers from the police.
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2814:
2686:
2427:
2395:
1736:
1624:
496:
465:
240:
147:
17:
1267:
Dixie Emporium: Tourism, Foodways, and Consumer Culture in the American South
831:
3177:
3081:
3016:
2219:
414:
321:
219:
481:
series explored Donald's murder in a 2008 episode about the KKK. In 2021,
3418:
87:
1380:
889:"1979 Birmingham murder leads to Mobile lynching and end of Alabama KKK"
839:
284:
investigated the case and it was ready to close its investigation, but
120:
397:
The original complaint was considered too vague to hold up, but Judge
893:
762:"They Killed Her Son. So Michael Donald's Mother Went After the Klan"
357:
proceedings. Hays died of a heart attack before he could be retried.
144:
124:
823:
730:
A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930
3518:
451:
The Lynching: The Epic Courtroom Battle That Brought Down the Klan
413:
364:
215:
342:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama
1467:
Thirteen Loops: Race, Violence, and the Last Lynching in America
1086:"How a Detective Who Was Blamed for One Lynching Solved Another"
2933:
1539:
1501:
489:, that focused on Beulah Mae Donald's lawsuit against the UKA.
1439:"'The People v. The Klan': How to watch and what to read next"
1354:
482:
940:"Alabama Judge Overrules Jury, Sentences A Klansman To Death"
3487:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
544:
List of white defendants executed for killing a black victim
158:
Michael Donald (July 24, 1961 – March 21, 1981) was born in
1242:
The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties: A - F, Index
203:, was tried in Mobile, where the case had been moved in a
1209:"Alex Howard, former federal judge, dies in Mobile at 86"
808:"Lynching Ethics: Toward a Theory of Racialized Defenses"
3704:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
105:
one of the last reported lynchings in the United States
464:) depicts the civil court case related to the murder.
3991:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
1173:
1171:
1408:"Michael Donald clip on KKK: Inside American Terror"
1112:"Is It Progress For Alabama To Execute A White Man?"
3898:
3717:
3676:
3595:
3549:
3457:
3411:
2678:
1947:
1552:
83:
68:
53:
34:
1056:Ex-Klansman sentenced to life in prison for murder
852:"Suit Filed Against KKK In Death Of Black Youth,"
862:, July 9, 1984. Vol. 66, No. 18. ISSN 0021-5996.
3148:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
549:Race and capital punishment in the United States
3986:Race-related controversies in the United States
1351:"Novelist Ravi Howard on 'Like Trees, Walking'"
1269:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 181–2.
1165:. February 6, 1988. Retrieved on March 3, 2011.
998:
996:
732:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–2.
443:Ernest J. Gaines Award for Literary Excellence
1542:List of lynching victims in the United States
1513:
8:
3956:Deaths by strangulation in the United States
1485:Beulah Mae Donald v. United Klans of America
887:Sher, David; Glass, Jay (October 10, 2021).
568:"The 'Last Lynching': How Far Have We Come?"
373:Acting at the request of Beulah Mae Donald,
3578:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
1028:"'There's Still Hate in the American Soul'"
728:Tolnay, Stewart Emory; Beck, E. M. (1995).
602:"In the Bad Old Days, Not So Very Long Ago"
3546:
3408:
3394:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3124:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
2930:
1549:
1536:
1520:
1506:
1498:
42:
31:
3870:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3330:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2108:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1244:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1502–4.
986:. September 25, 1994. 8B. Retrieved from
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
255:courthouse lawn to celebrate the murder.
1004:Klansman sentenced for killing black man
441:(2007), based on the murder. He won the
3951:Deaths by stabbing in the United States
3699:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
559:
534:Capital punishment in the United States
48:Michael Donald in an undated photograph
3971:March 1981 events in the United States
1389:from the original on November 17, 2016
972:Alabama pays Ohio for holding Klansman
772:from the original on December 23, 2014
760:Kornbluth, Jesse (November 12, 2014).
692:from the original on February 18, 2015
612:from the original on February 24, 2012
595:
593:
456:In film and television, the 1991 film
259:Investigation and criminal proceedings
3336:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3242:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
1070:. June 24, 1989, B-3. Retrieved from
1050:
1048:
1012:. April 12, 1985. 6A. Retrieved from
755:
753:
751:
749:
678:Kornbluth, Jesse (November 1, 1987).
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
7:
3911:Lynching deaths in the United States
3041:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
1327:Molly Ivins Can't Say That, Can She?
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
485:produced a four-episode miniseries,
435:Molly Ivins Can't Say That, Can She?
3572:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3348:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3130:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
1382:Line of Fire: The Morris Dees Story
1361:from the original on April 14, 2015
1303:from the original on April 18, 2015
1291:"Beulah Mae Donald; Sued Klan, Won"
1179:"Donald v. United Klans of America"
600:Daniel M. Gold (October 12, 2008).
1221:from the original on March 4, 2012
1124:from the original on March 4, 2016
948:. February 3, 1984. Archived from
539:List of people executed in Alabama
119:Hays's execution was the first in
27:Murder by the KKK in Alabama, 1981
25:
3941:1981 murders in the United States
3472:American Crusade Against Lynching
3118:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
1026:Popovici, Alice (June 23, 2016).
901:from the original on June 8, 2023
578:from the original on May 27, 2012
3976:Murdered African-American people
3684:America's Black Holocaust Museum
3467:American anti-lynching activists
3439:Nadir of American race relations
3029:Steve Long and two half-brothers
2965:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
1437:Hare, Breeanna (April 9, 2021).
1265:Anthony Joseph Stanonis (2008).
513:
499:
3890:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3524:National Conference on Lynching
3082:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
2959:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2300:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
468:created "The Last Lynching", a
3961:Ku Klux Klan crimes in Alabama
3006:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1110:Lewis, Claude (June 9, 1997).
453:(2016), chronicling the case.
1:
3906:Lynching in the United States
3207:Springfield race riot of 1908
1625:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
1529:Lynching in the United States
1488:, Southern Poverty Law Center
1329:. Vintage. pp. 255–262.
1325:(1991). "Beulah Mae Donald".
1084:Lee, Kevin (March 21, 2021).
1074:(13 of 109) on March 3, 2011.
1016:(96 of 140) on March 3, 2011.
680:"The Woman Who Beat The Klan"
529:Capital punishment in Alabama
437:. Ravi Howard wrote a novel,
312:. He was incarcerated in the
179:legislation that ended legal
3800:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
3731:And you are lynching Negroes
3583:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3318:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3224:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3166:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
3012:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1144:Mistrial for Former Klansmen
806:Alfieri, Anthony V. (1997).
654:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
314:Holman Correctional Facility
306:overruled the jury's verdict
228:Holman Correctional Facility
164:Beulah Mae (Greggory) Donald
3946:Deaths by person in Alabama
3709:Southern Poverty Law Center
3354:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
2982:? Lachenais and four others
2420:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
1737:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1479:University of Alabama Press
1183:Southern Poverty Law Center
572:NPR (National Public Radio)
379:Southern Poverty Law Center
135:, brought a civil suit for
4007:
3981:People murdered in Alabama
3966:Lynching deaths in Alabama
3190:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3160:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3136:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3088:Benjamin and Mollie French
869:November 29, 2016, at the
860:Johnson Publishing Company
97:lynching of Michael Donald
3497:William O'Connell Bradley
3407:
3236:East St. Louis, IL, riots
2988:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
2971:New York City draft riots
2940:
2929:
1548:
1535:
1477:, 2011, by B.J. Hollars,
1473:October 25, 2011, at the
1117:The Philadelphia Inquirer
103:, on March 21, 1981, was
41:
3761:Deaths in police custody
3248:Jenkins County, GA, riot
3059:Chinese massacre of 1871
2977:Detroit race riot (1863)
2612:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2404:Dick Rowland (attempted)
1492:Murder of Michael Donald
925:August 10, 2014, at the
656:(newspaper). p. A4.
324:. Hays was executed in "
72:March 21, 1981 (aged 19)
3742:Battle of Liberty Place
3737:Attack on John Shillady
3725:James Allen (collector)
3558:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3342:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3266:Omaha race riot of 1919
3254:Longview, TX, race riot
3230:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3172:Julia and Frazier Baker
3154:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3106:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3064:Meridian, MS, race riot
3047:Opelousas, LA, massacre
2020:Paul Reed and Will Cato
1705:Big Nose George Parrott
1240:Paul Finkelman (2006).
209:United Klans of America
141:United Klans of America
3876:United States v. Shipp
3628:Rebecca Latimer Felton
3459:Anti-lynching movement
3376:Freedom Summer Murders
3306:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3271:Knoxville riot of 1919
2140:Laura and L. D. Nelson
1414:. 2008. Archived from
1299:. September 20, 1988.
1185:. 1988. Archived from
487:The People v. The Klan
479:Inside American Terror
419:
370:
308:and sentenced Hays to
3847:Summer in Mississippi
3794:Mississippi Cold Case
3748:The Birth of a Nation
3689:Civil Rights Memorial
3618:Sidney Johnston Catts
3596:Defenders of lynching
3282:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3260:Elaine, AR, race riot
3218:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3184:Watkinsville lynching
3142:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3100:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3076:Election riot of 1874
3023:Camilla, GA, massacre
2945:Death of Joseph Smith
1569:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1217:. February 10, 2011.
418:Michael Donald Avenue
417:
368:
169:Mobile Press Register
3565:Costigan-Wagner Bill
3502:Ella Barksdale Brown
3300:Perry, FL, race riot
3212:Slocum, TX, massacre
3112:Mart and Tom Horrell
3070:Colfax, LA, massacre
3053:Bear River City riot
2903:James Craig Anderson
2703:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2308:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
929:, Spartacus website]
766:The Good Men Project
574:. October 13, 2008.
507:United States portal
3807:The Ox-Bow Incident
3787:Mississippi Burning
3638:John Trotwood Moore
3294:Tulsa race massacre
3288:Ocoee, FL, massacre
2783:Mack Charles Parker
2711:Willie James Howard
1418:on October 30, 2008
1412:National Geographic
1189:on February 6, 2006
983:The Tuscaloosa News
952:on October 22, 2023
812:Michigan Law Review
475:National Geographic
439:Like Trees, Walking
197:Birmingham, Alabama
131:. Donald's mother,
84:Cause of death
3821:Reconstruction era
3633:John Temple Graves
3477:Jessie Daniel Ames
3424:Indiana White Caps
3094:Ellenton, SC, riot
3017:Reno Brothers Gang
2767:Judge Edward Aaron
1964:Ballie Crutchfield
1149:2017-02-04 at the
945:The New York Times
685:The New York Times
606:The New York Times
420:
399:Alex T. Howard Jr.
371:
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3864:They Won't Forget
3781:Lynching postcard
3694:The Legacy Museum
3663:James K. Vardaman
3603:Theodore G. Bilbo
3591:
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3482:Martin C. Ansorge
3403:
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3388:Michael Schwerner
3195:Kemper County, MS
3035:Pulaski, TN, riot
2925:
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2628:Shedrick Thompson
2508:Bernice Raspberry
2228:Name unknown (MS)
2132:Name unknown (TX)
1753:Joseph Vermillion
1721:John Wesley Heath
1357:. March 7, 2007.
1296:Los Angeles Times
1276:978-0-8203-3169-0
1251:978-0-415-94342-0
1162:Los Angeles Times
1067:Observer-Reporter
877:on March 3, 2011.
873:. Retrieved from
739:978-0-252-06413-5
470:Discovery Channel
445:in 2008 for it.
377:, founder of the
361:Civil proceedings
302:life imprisonment
133:Beulah Mae Donald
93:
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3658:Benjamin Tillman
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3000:Memphis massacre
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460:(also called
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409:
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328:", Alabama's
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275:Jesse Jackson
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19:
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3853:Sundown town
3845:
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3766:
3755:The Clansman
3753:
3746:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3541:Ida B. Wells
3529:Paul Robeson
3434:Ku Klux Klan
3380:James Chaney
3370:Anniston, AL
2994:Plummer Gang
2949:Joseph Smith
2878:
2847:Henry Marrow
2807:Frank Morris
2735:Willie Earle
2644:Cordie Cheek
2572:Henry Choate
2492:Dan Anderson
2452:Raymond Byrd
2436:Samuel Smith
2388:Willie Baird
2268:Frank Little
2260:Paulo Boleta
2188:Robert Perry
2164:Mary Jackson
2124:King Johnson
2076:James Hodges
1996:George White
1980:Walker Davis
1881:Jacob Henson
1809:Robert Lewis
1769:Ellen Watson
1657:Jim Williams
1633:Wyatt Outlaw
1484:
1466:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1422:November 18,
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1402:
1391:, retrieved
1381:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1345:
1326:
1323:Ivins, Molly
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1241:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1212:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1160:
1154:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1115:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:
1079:
1065:
1059:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:
1021:
1007:
981:
975:
966:
954:. Retrieved
950:the original
943:
934:
915:
903:. Retrieved
892:
882:
875:Google Books
853:
848:
815:
811:
774:. Retrieved
729:
694:. Retrieved
683:
653:
614:. Retrieved
605:
580:. Retrieved
571:
562:
486:
478:
461:
458:Line of Fire
457:
455:
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438:
434:
428:
421:
404:
396:
372:
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351:
339:
299:
279:
267:
245:
237:
224:
213:
199:, during an
194:
177:civil rights
174:
167:
157:
139:against the
118:
109:Ku Klux Klan
96:
94:
29:
3885:(1999 film)
3769:(1936 film)
3648:James Rolph
3550:Legislation
3513:Flag Salute
2953:Hyrum Smith
2799:Lemuel Penn
2791:Louis Allen
2759:Emmett Till
2743:Lamar Smith
2719:Recy Taylor
2652:Claude Neal
2500:Will Sherod
2484:John Carter
2460:James Clark
2412:Henry Lowry
2284:Ell Persons
2172:Rob Edwards
2148:Will Porter
2004:David Wyatt
1972:George Ward
1849:Henry Smith
1745:Amos Miller
1729:Eliza Woods
1665:David Jones
1609:Bill Sketoe
1593:Joshua Boyd
1553:Before 1900
1494:, Spartacus
1393:October 12,
1072:Google News
1014:Google News
988:Google News
956:October 22,
431:Molly Ivins
375:Morris Dees
326:Yellow Mama
320:, while on
296:Convictions
181:segregation
148:hate groups
3930:Categories
3899:Categories
3826:Red Summer
3519:N.A.A.C.P.
3444:Red Shirts
3276:Red Summer
2815:James Reeb
2687:Felix Hall
2679:After 1940
2428:Joe Pullen
2396:Roy Belton
2348:Will Brown
2252:Jeff Brown
2212:John Evans
2196:? Anderson
2100:"Pie" Hill
2068:Jim Miller
2044:Slab Pitts
2036:Ed Johnson
1873:Amos Hicks
1793:Dick Lundy
1785:Jim Taylor
1365:January 5,
1307:January 4,
1128:January 4,
776:January 4,
696:January 4,
555:References
466:Ted Koppel
462:Blind Hate
389:brought a
383:Montgomery
241:Mobile Bay
191:Background
107:. Several
3816:(musical)
2532:Joe Smith
2476:Tom Payne
2444:L. Q. Ivy
2372:Jay Lynch
2220:Leo Frank
1948:1900–1940
1095:March 12,
1037:March 12,
832:0026-2234
424:Sam Jones
322:death row
270:drug deal
220:hung jury
3883:Vendetta
3419:Lynching
3390:) (1964)
2955:) (1844)
1929:Sam Hose
1471:Archived
1448:June 26,
1387:archived
1385:, 1991,
1359:Archived
1301:Archived
1225:June 24,
1219:Archived
1147:Archived
1122:Archived
923:Archived
899:Archived
867:Archived
770:Archived
690:Archived
616:July 24,
610:Archived
582:July 23,
576:Archived
493:See also
216:mistrial
88:Lynching
3412:General
1801:Joe Coe
1673:Jo Reed
1159:at the
1064:at the
905:June 8,
840:1290053
264:Arrests
251:on the
121:Alabama
3814:Parade
3802:(1965)
3677:Memory
3396:(1964)
3372:(1961)
3366:(1952)
3356:(1946)
3350:(1945)
3344:(1943)
3338:(1937)
3332:(1933)
3326:(1932)
3320:(1930)
3314:(1927)
3308:(1923)
3302:(1922)
3296:(1921)
3290:(1920)
3284:(1920)
3278:(1919)
3262:(1919)
3256:(1919)
3250:(1919)
3244:(1918)
3238:(1917)
3232:(1916)
3226:(1912)
3220:(1911)
3214:(1910)
3203:(1908)
3197:(1906)
3186:(1905)
3180:(1899)
3174:(1898)
3168:(1898)
3162:(1898)
3156:(1897)
3150:(1892)
3144:(1892)
3138:(1891)
3132:(1880)
3126:(1879)
3120:(1879)
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3102:(1876)
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3066:(1871)
3055:(1868)
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3008:(1866)
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2996:(1864)
2990:(1864)
2984:(1863)
2973:(1863)
2967:(1862)
2961:(1858)
2913:(2020)
2905:(2011)
2897:(1998)
2889:(1989)
2881:(1981)
2873:(1979)
2865:(1978)
2857:(1975)
2849:(1970)
2841:(1968)
2833:(1967)
2825:(1966)
2817:(1965)
2809:(1964)
2801:(1964)
2793:(1964)
2785:(1959)
2777:(1957)
2769:(1957)
2761:(1955)
2753:(1955)
2745:(1955)
2737:(1947)
2729:(1946)
2721:(1944)
2713:(1944)
2705:(1943)
2697:(1943)
2689:(1941)
2670:(1940)
2662:(1940)
2654:(1934)
2646:(1933)
2638:(1933)
2630:(1932)
2622:(1931)
2614:(1931)
2606:(1930)
2598:(1930)
2590:(1928)
2582:(1927)
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2438:(1924)
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2342:(1919)
2334:(1918)
2326:(1918)
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2294:(1918)
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2270:(1917)
2262:(1916)
2254:(1916)
2246:(1916)
2238:(1916)
2230:(1915)
2222:(1915)
2214:(1914)
2206:(1914)
2198:(1913)
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2182:(1912)
2174:(1912)
2166:(1912)
2158:(1911)
2150:(1911)
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2118:(1910)
2110:(1909)
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2086:(1909)
2078:(1909)
2070:(1909)
2062:(1907)
2054:(1907)
2046:(1906)
2038:(1906)
2030:(1906)
2022:(1904)
2014:(1904)
2006:(1903)
1998:(1903)
1990:(1903)
1982:(1903)
1974:(1901)
1966:(1901)
1958:(1901)
1939:(1899)
1931:(1899)
1923:(1898)
1915:(1898)
1907:(1898)
1899:(1897)
1891:(1897)
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1667:(1872)
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1643:(1870)
1635:(1870)
1627:(1868)
1619:(1864)
1611:(1864)
1603:(1864)
1595:(1863)
1587:(1858)
1579:(1851)
1571:(1837)
1563:(1836)
1333:
1273:
1248:
894:AL.com
838:
830:
736:
385:, and
234:Murder
154:Victim
145:racist
127:of an
125:murder
78:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
3360:Harry
836:JSTOR
310:death
185:South
3857:list
3767:Fury
3449:Jews
3362:and
3078:(AL)
1450:2021
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