Michael Kenna (politician) - Knowledge (XXG)

506:. Fearing for his career despite Kenna's insistence that he would win, Coughlin visited Hopkins, who unsuccessfully asked Skakel to withdraw from the race. Coughlin then presented a petition to get Skakel's name removed from the ballot, which was initially accepted by the election board but would later be overturned by a local judge and backfire on Coughlin. Nevertheless, Kenna reassured Coughlin of victory and used his organizational skills to bribe the homeless with fifty cents, as much food as desired, and a place to stay for each voter. Kenna also suggested that Coughlin visit Hopkins once again and remind him of how the duo had helped him avoid scandal in a gas-boodling concern. After Hopkins once again pled with Skakel to withdraw to no avail, he ordered the police department in the 1st Ward to detain any Skakel supporters seen and to close any saloons supporting Skakel immediately at midnight. Kenna also recruited members of the Quincy Street gang to protect any voters of Coughlin, noting that the police would ignore any tactics used to that effect; in such efforts he preceded van Praag, who had had a similar idea, by a few hours. Coughlin would win the election with 2,671 votes while independent 742:, and given that Capone had recently been convicted for tax evasion the duo hoped that from their ardent support of Cermak they could regain lost glory. However, Cermak turned out to spurn the old style of urban feudalism that had characterized their reign. Throughout the 1930s the new Democratic organization gave committeemen new powers but also subordinated them to the machine. It limited Coughlin's voting power such that the MVL insisted that he had mellowed his record, to which Coughlin responded with indignation and Kenna jocularly suggested that Coughlin sue them. In the later years of Coughlin's life Kenna prevented some of the younger members of the 1st Ward organization from attempting to take Coughlin's aldermanic seat before his death. 655: 633:. Scandal had befallen the duo with an exposé on the exploits of the Levee, leading to county judge John Owens's insisting that Kenna and Coughlin be ejected from the Democratic committee. Harrison acquiesced to these demands, declaring that Kenna's and Coughlin's careers were finished unless they towed the line and supported his entire slate of candidates, including Owens. Angry about this turn of events, the two joined Sullivan in leading a rebellion against Harrison that several other Democrats would join, including Powers and the nascent 771:, with the Business Men's Committee threatening to challenge Budinger if he attempted to vote in the 1st Ward. Budinger overwhelmingly won the election in the first round with what McVittie's supporters claimed were illegal and illegitimate tactics such as voter intimidation and took office April 9. Kenna stepped down as 1st Ward committeeman in 1944, effective April of that year. He endorsed Fred M. Morelli as his successor, and Morelli would be unopposed to succeed him as Democratic leader of the ward. 429: 586:

Harrison would be present. Coughlin came and socialized with the guests but Kenna and Harrison refused to come. Nevertheless, Kenna openly displayed his gambling affiliation in response to a condemnation to that effect by the reform-minded Municipal Voters' League (MVL), stating "Sure, I associate with gamblers. Why shouldn't I? I like a good game myself." Kenna defeated Gleason by 4,373 votes to 1,811 and took office on April 19.

683:), and were marked by joy and peace with policemen being honored guests. However, a confrontation between police officers at the 1895 event resulted in an outcry against the event and it was banned. Realizing the potential in such an event, Coughlin suggested that the duo revive it under their tutelage. Although Kenna was not particularly keen on the idea, he figured it was not worth the trouble to stop Coughlin from pursuing it. 702:, who was a trusted precinct captain, started to surpass Coughlin and Kenna and would soon take over representing the interests of vice. Within the ward the two were nevertheless safe as Thompson refused to challenge them directly, Colosimo remained on good enough terms with them, and the relief of vice obligations allowed them to concentrate on other matters. Both Kenna and Coughlin were present at Colosimo's funeral in 1920. 305:", a group that attracted much scorn from reformers. He and Coughlin in particular were infamous across the nation and globe. Of particular note were his tactics involving bribing homeless people to vote as desired and performing voter fraud for his candidates. He was also intimate with several figures of organized crime in the city; he and Coughlin were known as the " 823:'s south branch. The 1st Ward committeemen of both parties resigned in favor of their counterparts of the old 20th Ward, largely due to the fact that the old 20th could have outvoted the old 1st. Nevertheless, the 1st Ward's reputation would last long after Kenna's death; by the 1980s it was well associated with organized crime. In 1991 allies of Mayor 754:. Coughlin's death had caused a surge of factionalism within the 1st Ward, and Kenna was thought to be the best candidate to ensure peace. Rich and aging, he had no desire to return to the City Council but was assured that his involvement would be minimal. Three opponents initially tried to contest him, but all had withdrawn by February 9. 565:. However, Powers betrayed Coughlin by December, collaborating with Yerkes and the Republican majority to the exclusion of Coughlin and introducing most of Yerkes's ordinances which by custom should have been introduced by Coughlin. Coughlin and Kenna took their revenge on Powers by defeating his bid for the chair of the 767:

electroplating business and had the endorsements of the Business Men's Committee and Better Government Association. The contest was particularly aggressive; both candidates' petitions were contested in court, and McVittie accused Budinger of being falsely registered as a 1st Ward voter and actually living in

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He received a special ovation at the inaugural ceremony of the new Council on April 12. He rarely spoke at Council meetings and would soon stop coming altogether, sending his orders of the Council via his secretary Joe Clark. At that point Kenna was a figurehead, being present for name value and with

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ran for mayor in 1893 Kenna was to quick to support him while Coughlin was one of the last holdouts, straining relations between the two. However, Harrison's betrayal of Kenna by prosecuting him for gambling just like others in the 1st Ward, as well as the rise of the detested rival Billy Skakel, led

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The last surviving link to Kenna and Coughlin was Anthony C. Laurino, who served as an assistant precinct captain under their tutelage and would later serve as alderman of the 39th Ward from 1965 to 1994, dying in 1999. Laurino, who was known for dealing mainly in the matters of the 39th Ward rather

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began to take control of the ward. Capone, who had originally worked for Torrio, would fight his way to the top of the vice scene in the area, and throughout the city. Capone had no need for the two and could have removed them from politics if he wanted. However, Capone took a liking to them, having

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reduced the number of aldermen per ward from two to one, with the new Council to that effect taking office on April 16. Kenna, who never cared much for Council meetings, stepped aside to leave the alderman's position of the 1st Ward to Coughlin. Coughlin would find that the legislation increased his

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After the events of 1895, Kenna and Coughlin were particularly conscious of the need for a cash flow to finance their endeavors. They were discussing ideas at the Workingmen's Exchange shortly before Christmas when they stumbled on an idea. A party had been held annually for "Lame Jimmy", a disabled

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sparked an outrage in Chicagoans and would prove a disaster to the local Democratic party and especially Kenna's aldermanic aspirations. Irked about the events of 1894, van Praag and Skakel backed the Republican candidate Francis P. Gleason in the race, and a few days before the election Kenna found

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owned by the eponymous Everleigh sisters who had arrived from Omaha. It was well known internationally for its opulence and sex workers to the point where it was a point of pride for many Chicagoans. The club, Kenna, and Coughlin were inexorably linked in the imagination of people around the world.

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It was found after the election that van Praag and Skakel had aided Gleason by giving the local Republican party the names and addresses of hundreds of Kenna's registered voters who were deceased or lived outside of the Ward; the Republicans then had the illegitimate names struck from the register.

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as lasting "only a few minutes as the delegates were in a hurry to get away to attend a prize fight." However, rival Billy Skakel, who specialized in offering and soliciting gambling on fraudulent stock quotations and hated Coughlin for allowing local Prince Hal Varnell to cut into his turf, formed

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Immediately upon assumption of office as a reward for his work for Harrison he was made Chairman of the Police committee, and was a member of the committees of Railroads; Gas, Oil, and Electricity; the Water Department; Elections; and Markets, which were considered among the best committees of the

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A part of 1st Ward politics for more than 60 years, Kenna possessed great influence on the municipal affairs of Chicago, being able to make or break the prospects of Democratic candidates for the mayoralty. In large part with Kenna's help Coughlin would serve as alderman of the ward for 46 years.

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In 1901 he and four other saloonkeepers were arrested for violating ordinances regarding saloon hours. The arrest came after deputy state health inspector Jacob Ball investigated the saloons in the 1st Ward and found almost 1,000 homeless people lodged in 18 saloons. The prosecutor in the case,

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keepers and gamblers to legally defend members of the organization who got into trouble. From such fund two lawyers would be retained at $ 10,000 a year to represent organization members; Kenna and Coughlin themselves paid the initial $ 10,000. The future judge John R. Caverly, who would later

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to arrest those of dubious voter credentials, Kenna continued to attract homeless voters from other parts of the city. The Saturday before the election Harry G. Darrow, the proprietor of the new saloon The Bon Ton, issued an invitation for its grand opening, claiming that Kenna, Coughlin, and

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would be elected mayor in large part due to Kenna's organizational skills in the 1st Ward. Kenna repeated his tactics of paying the homeless for votes, much to the horror of the Republican-dominated Special Committee for the Detection and Prevention of Vote Frauds. Despite the best efforts of

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led Mackin to make him captain of his precinct immediately prior to being imprisoned for fraud related to that election. It was at this time that Kenna first encountered John Coughlin, although the two would not become close friends for a while. Coughlin, who had in his early life served as a

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known as the Workingman's Exchange where he doled out meals to the indigent in exchange for votes. Above the Workingman's Exchange was the Alaska Hotel, which could provide space for 300 men, and up to 600 during elections. By 1882 his saloon was a success and he was a fixture in the 1st Ward

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constructed in it in the late 1890s. Due to the presence of the Loop the 1st Ward was often known as the "world's richest" ward, a fact which Coughlin would use to fire back at critics of his tenure. As the first half of the 20th century progressed the 1st Ward would expand southward to also

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Here were two men of the people who rose to power not merely by brawn and self-assertiveness but also by acting as the very human friends of people in poverty and trouble. They fed the hungry and got jobs for the unemployed. They protected those in trouble with the law. In return, like the

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Kenna declined reelection to the Council in 1943. Two candidates appeared to take his seat. John Budinger had previously been alderman of the then-4th ward from 1910 to 1912 and a County Commissioner, and had the backing of the Democratic organization. James McVittie was the owner of an

369: 690:, an annual fundraiser which quickly exceeded the excesses of the Lame Jimmy parties. The inaugural ball was held at the 7th Regiment Armory. Known as Coughlin's "Derby", it continued to grow in the early 20th century. Its reputation grew such that public pressure forced Mayor 618:

Thomas F. Scully, was unprepared to prosecute the case and Kenna was acquitted by the jury, leading to Scully's suspension for thirty days. A 1902 editorial on Coughlin referred to his "sole claim to even political strength rest on his being a parasitical partner" of Kenna.

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that while Coughlin and Kenna "are generally viewed as living cartoon characters... both were astute men in their time. Were they to appear today , they would probably have made their fortunes through law, insurance, or real estate" Reflecting on their tenure, reformer

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due to his small stature; as an adult he stood 5 feet 4 inches (163 cm) tall. Kenna variously professed ignorance of the nickname's origin or claimed that it arose at "th' old swimming hole." He was also known as "the little fellow". In 1879 he moved to

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At the time of Kenna's ascendancy the vice elements of the 1st Ward and throughout the city were protected by "King Mike" McDonald, who had lived in the city since the late 1850s and controlled its gambling since shortly thereafter, and was credited with first saying

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proposed, and the City Council approved, a redistricting that renumbered much of the 1st Ward as the 42nd Ward at the request of businesses in the area, who felt that the 1st Ward had gained too much of a negative connotation. As of 2019 the 42nd Ward alderman is

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Kenna was a millionaire at the time of his death. His heirs fought over his estate. Although Kenna left his heirs $ 33,000 to be used to erect a mausoleum for his remains to repose in, his heirs took all of the money and bought him an $ 85 tombstone instead.

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at the corner of Monroe and Dearborn Streets. He was so successful that he was able to pay back the loan within a month, and would sell newspapers at the stand until 1877. According to legend, it was at this time that Kenna got the nickname "Hinky Dink" from

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noticed their previous loyalty to both Colosimo and Torrio. This increased the stature of the pair as Capone had prestige in the politics of the time, and Kenna had a position in the Cook County Democratic Party equal to Cermak, who was the president of the

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It was an important source of protection money for the two aldermen; one of the sisters stated that she had paid Coughlin over $ 100,000 over the course of 12 years, and Kenna and Coughlin ended up collecting over $ 15 million in graft from the Levee.

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indicates a death age of either 88 or 91, implying a birth year of 1854–1855 or 1857–1858, and notes confusion on the matter in both the official record and Kenna's own words. Birth certificates were not mandatory in Illinois until 1877.

786:, which concerns Coughlin and Kenna's activities. During the research for the book the pair interviewed Kenna and relatives of Coughlin. Kenna, who had the book read to him by an assistant, complained that he does not appear in the first 20 pages. 459:

Kenna to reconsider an alliance with Coughlin as McDonald's influence started to wane. In 1893, Kenna proposed an alliance which Coughlin readily accepted. Coughlin was the public face of the machine while Kenna would work in the background.

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Corruption was not uncommon in late 19th-century Chicago; aldermen would charge for licenses and infrastructural projects within their wards, a practice known as "boodling". A group of aldermen including Kenna and Coughlin known as the

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It was thought that after Kenna stepped down the 1st Ward would be moved south and the Loop would be divided across multiple wards. Upon redistricting in 1948, the 1st Ward was combined with the erstwhile "Bloody 20th" Ward across the

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At the close of the 19th century Chicago had a reputation of bad morals, central to which was the 1st Ward, home to a teeming vice district. It was also home to Chicago's central business district, which would later be called "the

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power of the 1st Ward was held by a gang run by Jack Guzik, who used Coughlin as a figurehead prior to his death and Kenna thereafter. Throughout this time the Democratic organization considered Clark as the acting committeeman.

420:" were particularly infamous for their propensities towards boodling. Supporters of the pair said that Kenna and Coughlin were unfairly targeted by the reformers and yet reelected by their constituents every election cycle. 531:

much of his vote-getting money having been spent to get the Ogden Gas ordinance passed while van Praag had much money of his own. Kenna ended up losing to Gleason by 366 votes. The papers rejoiced in his defeat, with the

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of the medieval cities, they demanded and obtained loyalty and obedience. ... Can meet the human needs which the blundering Bath and the Shrewd Hink served, and do so without the corruption that they practiced?

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Upon his election as mayor in 1915, Thompson opened up the city to vice and liquor. However, it was clear that Thompson controlled these areas, and the duo's rule over the ward remained insecure. In particular,

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leaders supporting the latter, and successfully worked hard to get him elected. Harrison was defeated in the mayoral primary by the Sullivan-backed candidate Robert M. Sweitzer, who lost the general election to

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his own Independent Democratic Party. Working with Sol van Praag, who had ambitions of his own to rule the 1st Ward, he ran as a rival to Coughlin for the race and was endorsed by such publications as

454:, was popularly known as "Bathhouse John" or "The Bath". When Coughlin was first elected as alderman in 1892, Kenna helped the campaign as he normally would but did not make any extra effort. When 514:

writing that "Bathhouse John's election was secured by methods which would have disgraced even the worst river parishes of Louisiana", but neither Coughlin nor Kenna cared about such reception.

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Van Praag and Skakel would get revenge when Kenna ran for alderman in 1895. Prior to the election, the City Council had passed an ordinance granting the dubious Ogden Gas Company the rights to

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vice district in the 1st Ward which provided them with the financial and political support of sex workers, pimps, tavern owners, and gamblers in exchange for protection from law enforcement.

561:. Kenna, recouping his forces in preparation for the 1897 race, saw that Coughlin could be of great use for Yerkes, and arranged for an alliance between him and rival 19th Ward alderman 867:

A 2012 retrospective by NBC News Chicago ranked Kenna and Coughlin as the 3rd and 4th most corrupt public officials in Illinois history, behind Thompson and Illinois Secretary of State

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Central Committee for the 1st Ward as of December 21, 1893, serving alongside John P. Leindecker. He succeeded James Walsh, who had been alderman of the 10th Ward from 1883 to 1885.

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Possessing such influence despite his short stature and unassuming presence, he and Coughlin constructed a political machine that would last for the better part of the 20th century.

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musician in Carrie Watson's establishment, since the late 1880s. These parties were initially held in what would become Freiberg's Hall on east 22nd Street (modern-day

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voting power in the council, while Kenna stated that he was content in his cigar store, where he hung up pictures of friends and prominent figures in the 1st Ward.

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An early example of Kenna's organizational skills was the 1894 aldermanic election. Coughlin was unanimously nominated as the Democratic nominee in what

610:. He succeeded, and Van Wyck won with a plurality of 86,000 votes. His notoriety extended across the globe; people from England came and wrote the book 3278: 446: 290:

and later its environs in such capacities, he led what was often called the "world's richest ward". He and his partner, fellow 1st Ward alderman

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Kenna backed Harrison, allowing him to get the Democratic nomination; when Democrats under the chieftain Roger Sullivan supported his opponent

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s obituary states that a baptismal record gives his birth as August 20, 1857, which is also the date given by his death certificate. The

335:. At age 10 he left school and began selling newspapers. At age 12, by then an orphan, he borrowed $ 50 from a barkeeper and purchased a 880: 629:

in the general election, Kenna and the 1st Ward gave Harrison the margin of victory needed to win. Things would turn out differently in

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Council. Kenna made his introduction to the Council by quietly introducing an order for an ambulance division in the police department.

670:", which was named for a nearby wharf and contained some of the best-known brothels in Chicago. Among the brothels in the area was the 510:

J. Irving Pearce received 1,261 and Skakel received 1,046. The tactics used in the election received much scorn in the press, with the

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After his election to the City Council Kenna's organizational prowess became known nationwide, to the extent that Tammany Hall boss

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To Serve and Collect: Chicago Politics and Police Corruption from the Lager Beer Riot to the Summerdale Scandal, 1855–1960

331:. He was born at the corner of Polk and Sholto (modern-day Carpenter) streets at the edge of "Connelly's Patch" on Chicago's 739: 630: 622: 750:

Coughlin died of pneumonia on November 11, 1938. Kenna was elected unopposed to fill his vacancy in the following year's

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than those across the city, expressed pride in his political practices and credited the two for teaching them to him.

829: 751: 714:, The Workingman's Exchange had to close and Kenna ran a candy, sandwich, and cigar store in its place. In 1923 the 478:

triggered by Harrison's assassination, Kenna and Coughlin broke with traditional Harrison supporters by supporting

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to withhold its liquor license in 1909; an event was still held at the Coliseum, but only 3,000 people attended.

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Kenna started the new organization by proposing that a defense fund be organized from protection money from

332: 637:. In that same election he selected Scully as the candidate for county judge against Owens despite several 553:

The 1895 elections produced a Republican mayor and a Republican majority in the City Council, both of whom

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would later call "the briefest political convention in Chicago's history" and was reported by the

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Kenna was notoriously corrupt; he, Coughlin, and several other aldermen led what was known as the "

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from 1897 to 1923 and again from 1939 to 1943. In addition to his position as alderman he was

1245: 3003: 1244: 915: 824: 699: 523: 468: 442: 368: 1123: 3167:(2nd ed.). Bloomington, Indiana and Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 909: 833: 687: 659: 626: 603: 342: 2766:

Fred M. Morelli is unopposed to succeed the aged Michael Kenna as Democratic ward ruler.

1583: 1351: 1096:. Vol. 20, no. 209. Streator, IL. Associated Press. October 9, 1946. p. 1 3131: 1584:"Centennial List of Mayors, City Clerks, City Attorneys, City Treasurers, and Aldermen" 1064: 798:. In his later years Kenna lived in hotels in the Loop. He died on October 9, 1946, at 671: 599: 396: 3053:

Sin in the Second City: Madams, Ministers, Playboys, and the Battle for America's Soul

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The building that housed the Workingman's Exchange and Alaska Hotel, pictured in 2019.

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power being held by others within the 1st Ward. For the last ten years of his tenure

723: 347: 3051: 3156: 3046: 2965: 779: 634: 494: 412:." However, by 1890, his reign began to end and a power vacuum started developing. 392: 287: 41: 3152: 859: 803: 775: 680: 570: 490: 328: 614:, lambasting several Chicago politicians and Kenna and Coughlin in particular. 2938: 2894: 2748: 2719: 2690: 2662: 2633: 2605: 2569: 2535: 1810: 1531: 1214: 1181: 1088: 1033: 795: 691: 323: 2853:"The 12 Most Corrupt Public Officials in Illinois History: The Complete List" 2780: 2477: 2351: 1979: 907:, p. 73 gives his birth as happening during a winter night in 1858. The 557:

would fight in his efforts to construct rapid transit in the Loop during the

3076:. Bloomington, Indiana and Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 727: 441:

Democratic organization under Chesterfield Joe Mackin; his work in securing

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Kenna was successful in entering the City Council in 1897. That same year

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The power of the duo began to diminish in the 1920s as mobsters such as

463: 451: 236: 215: 294:, controlled the ward for most of the first half of the 20th century. 1189:. Vol. 54, no. 26. Chicago, IL. January 26, 1895. p. 6 940:, p. 58 gives a height of 5 feet 1 inch (155 cm). 355:, to work for a newspaper in the area, returning to Chicago in 1881. 653: 427: 367: 712:

alcoholic beverages were prohibited in the United States in 1920

3005:"Anthony C. Laurino, 88, former 'alley alderman' of 39th Ward" 662:

in the Levee, c. 1911. The Everleigh Club is to the far right.

3095:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. 2429: 2427: 165:

Serving with John P. Leindecker (1893 – 1895)

2815:. Vol. 102, no. 13 (Picture section). p. 16 2781:"Lusty Chicago comes to Life Again in Absorbing Biography" 1041:. Vol. 105, no. 243. October 10, 1946. p. 4 2641:. Vol. 102, no. 22. January 26, 1943. p. 3 2516: 2514: 2512: 2202: 2200: 1539:. Vol. 9, no. 220. December 23, 1893. p. 4 1222:. Vol. 82, no. 16. January 18, 1923. p. 10 2485:. Vol. 98, no. 34. February 9, 1939. p. 2 2456: 2454: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2294: 2292: 2255: 2253: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2115: 2113: 2040: 2038: 1961: 1959: 1898: 1896: 1847: 1845: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1775: 1773: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1671: 1669: 1656: 1654: 1306: 1304: 1068:. Springfield, IL: Public Board of Health. March 8, 2018 3133:

Chicago Portraits: Biographies of 250 Famous Chicagoans

2887: 2885: 1641: 1639: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1450: 1448: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1418: 1416: 526:, distribute, and sell gas for 50 years. The resultant 321:

Michael Kenna was born in the late 1850s to Catherine (

2698:. Vol. 102, no. 83. April 7, 1943. p. 2 2309: 2307: 1987:. Vol. 26, no. 28. April 21, 1897. p. 6 1561:

The Daily News Almanac and Political Register for 1891

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Upon his return to Chicago Kenna opened a saloon on

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The 1st Ward was home to a vice district known as "

266:(August 20, 1857 – October 9, 1946), also known as 247: 226: 209: 204: 192: 182: 172: 147: 139: 129: 119: 97: 87: 74: 55: 32: 3130: 3050: 2937: 2893: 2779: 2747: 2718: 2689: 2661: 2632: 2604: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2534: 2476: 2350: 1978: 1809: 1530: 1497:"Clarence Darrow's Pleads Leopold and Loeb Guilty" 1213: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1180: 1158: 1156: 1087: 1063: 1032: 3114:. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. 3002:Struzzi, Diane; Washburn, Gary (March 28, 1999). 2997: 2995: 1215:"Kenna quitting Council to "Give John a chance"" 1034:"Rites Saturday for Hinky Dink, An Era's Symbol" 2846: 2844: 2842: 2478:"Arvey and Kenna assured seats in City Council" 2471: 2469: 1345: 1343: 854: 537: 3137:. Chicago, Illinois: Loyola University Press. 2756:. Vol. 103, no. 10 Part 3. p. 2 2536:"Pull Together! Kelly urges in inaugural talk" 1089:"Michael Kenna, former Chicago alderman, dies" 2788:. No. Blue Ribbon Fiction 14. p. 13 327:Ferrel) and John Kenna, both immigrants from 8: 2749:"Ward battles, like flowers, have odor, too" 2570:"City Politics: How it's done in First Ward" 1175: 1173: 1171: 1065:"Illinois Deaths and Stillbirths, 1916-1947" 2634:"57 candidates for alderman are challenged" 1058: 1056: 270:, was an American politician who served as 3181: 471:, received his first fees from this fund. 40: 29: 2895:"Hot contests expected for jobs in wards" 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 735:and known as the "Mayor of Cook County". 646:, an avowed enemy of Kenna and Coughlin. 504:Mixed Drinks: The Saloon Keepers' Journal 3112:Chicago Shakedown: The Ogden Gas Scandal 2946:. Vol. 145, no. 302. p. 1 2727:. Vol. 103, no. 40. p. 11 112:April 19, 1897 – April 16, 1923 3284:American political bosses from Illinois 2851:McClelland, Edward (January 19, 2012). 2670:. Vol. 102, no. 47. p. 3 1239: 1237: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1019: 892: 163:December 21, 1893 – April 1944 70:April 12, 1939 – April 9, 1943 3029: 2876: 2778:Shinnick, William (January 31, 1943). 2543:. Vol. 98, no. 88. p. 1 2520: 2503: 2460: 2445: 2433: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2337: 2325: 2298: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2244: 2225: 2206: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2104: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2029: 2017: 2005: 1965: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1887: 1875: 1863: 1851: 1836: 1796: 1779: 1764: 1752: 1740: 1728: 1716: 1704: 1687: 1675: 1660: 1645: 1630: 1604: 1483: 1466: 1454: 1439: 1422: 1407: 1376: 1334: 1322: 1310: 1295: 1283: 1271: 1147: 980: 904: 746:Return to City Council and later years 1564:. The Chicago Daily News. p. 299 986:(parameter 1) not a recognized index. 900: 898: 896: 322: 7: 3057:. New York, New York: Random House. 2807:Babcock, Frederic (March 28, 1943). 2660:Doherty, James (February 24, 1943). 2606:"Vote Tuesday on bitter ward fights" 2313: 2092: 2080: 1499:. University of Missouri Kansas City 482:. Kenna is noted as a member of the 286:from 1893 to 1944. Representing the 2833: 2746:Schreiber, Edward (March 5, 1944). 2717:Tagge, George (February 16, 1944). 2603:Smith, Harold (February 21, 1943). 2567:Doherty, James (January 20, 1946). 1395: 881:List of Chicago aldermen since 1923 843:David K. Fremon argues in his book 3205:1897 – 1923 2986: 2939:"Remap imperils City Council vets" 2923: 2533:Kinsley, Philip (April 13, 1939). 1162: 937: 733:Cook County Board of Commissioners 410:there's a sucker born every minute 400:encompass most of the surrounding 397:looping elevated railroad trackage 114:Serving with John Coughlin 14: 1517: 3279:American people of Irish descent 3161:Bosses in Lusty Chicago (a.k.a. 2892:Gentry, Guy (January 18, 1948). 1980:"First Night of the New Council" 606:elected as the Mayor of the new 535:writing him the following poem: 2936:Kass, John (October 29, 1991). 1811:"Vote on Aldermen in the Wards" 3129:Sawyers, June Skinner (1991). 1532:"The New Democratic Committee" 1253:. October 28, 1946. p. 53 569:Central Committee in favor of 372:Boundaries of the 1st Ward in 1: 3091:Lindberg, Richard C. (2008). 3074:Chicago Politics Ward by Ward 1076:– via FamilySearch.org. 845:Chicago Politics Ward by Ward 832:and the 1st Ward alderman is 623:1911 Chicago mayoral election 3289:Chicago City Council members 2902:. No. Part 3. p. 2 2764:– via Newspapers.com. 2613:. No. Part 3. p. 1 2577:. No. Part 3. p. 1 1586:. Chicago Historical Society 1358:. Chicago Historical Society 738:Cermak was elected mayor in 567:Cook County Democratic Party 484:Cook County Democratic Party 150:Cook County Democratic Party 18:Michael Kenna (photographer) 3247:1939 – 1943 2954:– via Newspapers.com. 2910:– via Newspapers.com. 2796:– via Newspapers.com. 2735:– via Newspapers.com. 2706:– via Newspapers.com. 2678:– via Newspapers.com. 2649:– via Newspapers.com. 2621:– via Newspapers.com. 2585:– via Newspapers.com. 2551:– via Newspapers.com. 2493:– via Newspapers.com. 2367:– via Newspapers.com. 1995:– via Newspapers.com. 1246:"The Passing of Hinky Dink" 1230:– via Newspapers.com. 1197:– via Newspapers.com. 1104:– via Newspapers.com. 1049:– via Newspapers.com. 3305: 1558:Plumbe, George E. (1891). 1094:Streator Daily Times-Press 467:preside over the trial of 167:John Coughlin (after 1895) 16:For the photographer, see 15: 3249: 3237: 3224: 3214: 3195: 3189: 3184: 3072:Fremon, David K. (1988). 716:Illinois General Assembly 612:If Christ came to Chicago 292:"Bathhouse John" Coughlin 257: 200: 156: 105: 63: 51: 39: 3032:, pp. vii & xiv 608:City of Greater New York 476:special mayoral election 282:of the 1st Ward for the 3110:Hogan, John F. (2018). 1356:Encyclopedia of Chicago 1182:""Hinky Dink" is in it" 790:Personal life and death 594:Influence and notoriety 581:Republican Congressman 518:Entry into City Council 2352:"Englewood Happenings" 865: 686:What resulted was the 663: 602:asked his help to get 547: 433: 387: 46:Alderman Kenna in 1901 2357:Suburbanite Economist 1985:The Daily Inter Ocean 1350:Flanagan, Maureen A. 657: 644:William Hale Thompson 559:Chicago Traction Wars 431: 371: 3241:Chicago City Council 3199:Chicago City Council 800:the Blackstone Hotel 555:Charles Tyson Yerkes 545:"I'll take a drink." 480:John Patrick Hopkins 58:Chicago City Council 2809:"Among the authors" 774:In 1943 historians 752:aldermanic election 578:Carter Harrison Jr. 353:Leadville, Colorado 80:Vacant, previously 25:American politician 3229:Title last held by 3207:Served alongside: 3192:Francis P. Gleason 3185:Political offices 3163:Lords of the Levee 2720:"Orlikoski Pushed" 2691:"New City Council" 2506:, pp. 356–357 2448:, pp. 352–353 2436:, pp. 350–351 2421:, pp. 344–345 2397:, pp. 343–344 2134:, pp. 324–325 2059:, pp. 234–235 1941:, pp. 167–168 1890:, pp. 136–137 1120:Illinois Genealogy 784:Lords of the Levee 782:released the book 664: 639:red-light district 445:'s victory in the 434: 388: 307:Lords of the Levee 125:Francis P. Gleason 3257: 3256: 3250:Succeeded by 3215:Succeeded by 3102:978-0-8093-2223-7 3064:978-1-4000-6530-1 3030:Wendt & Kogan 2968:. City of Chicago 2877:Wendt & Kogan 2521:Wendt & Kogan 2504:Wendt & Kogan 2461:Wendt & Kogan 2446:Wendt & Kogan 2434:Wendt & Kogan 2419:Wendt & Kogan 2407:Wendt & Kogan 2395:Wendt & Kogan 2383:Wendt & Kogan 2338:Wendt & Kogan 2326:Wendt & Kogan 2299:Wendt & Kogan 2284:Wendt & Kogan 2272:Wendt & Kogan 2260:Wendt & Kogan 2245:Wendt & Kogan 2226:Wendt & Kogan 2207:Wendt & Kogan 2192:Wendt & Kogan 2180:Wendt & Kogan 2168:Wendt & Kogan 2156:Wendt & Kogan 2144:Wendt & Kogan 2132:Wendt & Kogan 2120:Wendt & Kogan 2105:Wendt & Kogan 2069:Wendt & Kogan 2057:Wendt & Kogan 2045:Wendt & Kogan 2030:Wendt & Kogan 2018:Wendt & Kogan 2006:Wendt & Kogan 1966:Wendt & Kogan 1951:Wendt & Kogan 1939:Wendt & Kogan 1927:Wendt & Kogan 1915:Wendt & Kogan 1903:Wendt & Kogan 1888:Wendt & Kogan 1876:Wendt & Kogan 1864:Wendt & Kogan 1852:Wendt & Kogan 1837:Wendt & Kogan 1797:Wendt & Kogan 1780:Wendt & Kogan 1765:Wendt & Kogan 1753:Wendt & Kogan 1741:Wendt & Kogan 1729:Wendt & Kogan 1717:Wendt & Kogan 1705:Wendt & Kogan 1688:Wendt & Kogan 1676:Wendt & Kogan 1661:Wendt & Kogan 1646:Wendt & Kogan 1631:Wendt & Kogan 1605:Wendt & Kogan 1484:Wendt & Kogan 1467:Wendt & Kogan 1455:Wendt & Kogan 1440:Wendt & Kogan 1423:Wendt & Kogan 1408:Wendt & Kogan 1377:Wendt & Kogan 1335:Wendt & Kogan 1323:Wendt & Kogan 1311:Wendt & Kogan 1296:Wendt & Kogan 1284:Wendt & Kogan 1272:Wendt & Kogan 1148:Wendt & Kogan 997:$ 400,000 in 2018 969:Error when using 949:$ 280,000 in 2018 905:Wendt & Kogan 650:Lord of the Levee 528:Ogden Gas Scandal 274:of Chicago's 1st 261: 260: 234:(aged 88–89) 152:Central Committee 3296: 3190:Preceded by 3182: 3178: 3148: 3136: 3125: 3106: 3087: 3068: 3056: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3007: 2999: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2897: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2848: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2751: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2665: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2636: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2600: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2572: 2564: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2538: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2480: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2359:. April 13, 1923 2354: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2248: 2242: 2229: 2223: 2210: 2204: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1813: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1783: 1777: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1664: 1658: 1649: 1643: 1634: 1628: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1534: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1443: 1437: 1426: 1420: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1347: 1338: 1337:, pp. 27–28 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1248: 1241: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1217: 1210: 1199: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1184: 1177: 1166: 1160: 1151: 1145: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1122:. Archived from 1112: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1091: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1067: 1060: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1036: 1029: 1007: 1004: 998: 995: 989: 987: 985: 981:|index= 978: 972: 965: 959: 956: 950: 947: 941: 935: 929: 926: 920: 916:Associated Press 902: 825:Richard M. Daley 802:of diabetes and 700:Big Jim Colosimo 469:Leopold and Loeb 443:Grover Cleveland 384: 383: 376: 359:Political career 326: 284:Democratic Party 233: 205:Personal details 185: 175: 161: 132: 122: 110: 90: 77: 68: 56:Alderman of the 44: 30: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3243: 3230: 3220: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3193: 3175: 3151: 3145: 3128: 3122: 3109: 3103: 3090: 3084: 3071: 3065: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3010:Chicago Tribune 3001: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2944:Chicago Tribune 2935: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2900:Chicago Tribune 2891: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2813:Chicago Tribune 2806: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2786:Chicago Tribune 2777: 2776: 2772: 2759: 2757: 2754:Chicago Tribune 2745: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2725:Chicago Tribune 2716: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2696:Chicago Tribune 2688: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2668:Chicago Tribune 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2639:Chicago Tribune 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2611:Chicago Tribune 2602: 2601: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2575:Chicago Tribune 2566: 2565: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2541:Chicago Tribune 2532: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2483:Chicago Tribune 2475: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2251: 2243: 2232: 2224: 2213: 2205: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1816:Chicago Tribune 1808: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1786: 1778: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1694: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1667: 1659: 1652: 1644: 1637: 1629: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1473: 1465: 1461: 1453: 1446: 1438: 1429: 1421: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1349: 1348: 1341: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1302: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1220:Chicago Tribune 1212: 1211: 1202: 1192: 1190: 1187:Chicago Tribune 1179: 1178: 1169: 1161: 1154: 1146: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1126:on May 20, 2016 1116:"Vital Records" 1114: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1071: 1069: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1039:Chicago Tribune 1031: 1030: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1006:$ 1,100 in 2018 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 976: 970: 968: 966: 962: 957: 953: 948: 944: 936: 932: 928:$ 1,000 in 2018 927: 923: 910:Chicago Tribune 903: 894: 889: 877: 834:Daniel La Spata 816: 792: 748: 708: 688:First Ward Ball 660:Dearborn Street 652: 627:Charles Merriam 604:Robert Van Wyck 596: 583:William Lorimer 544: 542: 540: 533:Chicago Tribune 520: 512:Chicago Tribune 456:Carter Harrison 426: 402:Near South Side 386: 381: 380: 378: 374: 366: 361: 343:Chicago Tribune 319: 248:Political party 235: 231: 230:October 9, 1946 214: 213:August 20, 1857 188:Fred M. Morelli 183: 173: 168: 166: 162: 157: 130: 120: 115: 111: 106: 88: 75: 69: 64: 47: 35: 26: 21: 12: 11: 5: 3302: 3300: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3239:Member of the 3236: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3197:Member of the 3194: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3173: 3149: 3143: 3126: 3120: 3107: 3101: 3088: 3082: 3069: 3063: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3022: 2991: 2979: 2957: 2928: 2913: 2881: 2869: 2838: 2826: 2799: 2770: 2738: 2709: 2681: 2652: 2624: 2588: 2554: 2525: 2508: 2496: 2465: 2450: 2438: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2370: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2303: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2249: 2230: 2211: 2209:, p. viii 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2124: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2073: 2061: 2049: 2034: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1970: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1907: 1892: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1841: 1829: 1801: 1784: 1769: 1757: 1745: 1733: 1721: 1709: 1692: 1680: 1665: 1650: 1635: 1618: 1609: 1597: 1575: 1550: 1522: 1510: 1488: 1471: 1459: 1444: 1427: 1412: 1400: 1381: 1369: 1339: 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3176: 3174:0-253-20109-8 3170: 3166: 3164: 3158: 3157:Kogan, Herman 3154: 3150: 3146: 3144:0-8294-0700-6 3140: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3121:9781467139519 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3083:0-253-31344-9 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3047:Abbott, Karen 3044: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3011: 3006: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2989:, p. 254 2988: 2983: 2980: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2945: 2940: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2901: 2896: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2879:, p. 358 2878: 2873: 2870: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2836:, p. 142 2835: 2830: 2827: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2787: 2782: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2755: 2750: 2742: 2739: 2726: 2721: 2713: 2710: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2682: 2669: 2664: 2656: 2653: 2640: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2612: 2607: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2576: 2571: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2542: 2537: 2529: 2526: 2523:, p. 357 2522: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2463:, p. 353 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2409:, p. 344 2408: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2385:, p. 345 2384: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2340:, p. 330 2339: 2334: 2331: 2328:, p. 329 2327: 2322: 2319: 2316:, p. 160 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2301:, p. 328 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2286:, p. 289 2285: 2280: 2277: 2274:, p. 268 2273: 2268: 2265: 2262:, p. 155 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2247:, p. 154 2246: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2228:, p. 153 2227: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2194:, p. 285 2193: 2188: 2185: 2182:, p. 284 2181: 2176: 2173: 2170:, p. 283 2169: 2164: 2161: 2158:, p. 327 2157: 2152: 2149: 2146:, p. 325 2145: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2122:, p. 323 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2107:, p. 322 2106: 2101: 2098: 2095:, p. 127 2094: 2089: 2086: 2083:, p. 126 2082: 2077: 2074: 2071:, p. 236 2070: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2047:, p. 235 2046: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2032:, p. 180 2031: 2026: 2023: 2020:, p. 174 2019: 2014: 2011: 2008:, p. 173 2007: 2002: 1999: 1986: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1968:, p. 169 1967: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1953:, p. 168 1952: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1929:, p. 167 1928: 1923: 1920: 1917:, p. 166 1916: 1911: 1908: 1905:, p. 164 1904: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1878:, p. 136 1877: 1872: 1869: 1866:, p. 126 1865: 1860: 1857: 1854:, p. 125 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1839:, p. 123 1838: 1833: 1830: 1817: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1799:, p. 122 1798: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1782:, p. 121 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1767:, p. 120 1766: 1761: 1758: 1755:, p. 119 1754: 1749: 1746: 1743:, p. 108 1742: 1737: 1734: 1731:, p. 107 1730: 1725: 1722: 1719:, p. 104 1718: 1713: 1710: 1707:, p. 103 1706: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1690:, p. 102 1689: 1684: 1681: 1678:, p. 101 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1663:, p. 100 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1551: 1538: 1537:Chicago Eagle 1533: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1469:, p. 217 1468: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1410:, p. 170 1409: 1404: 1401: 1398:, p. 141 1397: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1379:, p. 326 1378: 1373: 1370: 1357: 1353: 1352:"Gray Wolves" 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1313:, p. 324 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1286:, p. 346 1285: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1252: 1251:LIFE Magazine 1247: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1221: 1216: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1095: 1090: 1083: 1080: 1066: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1040: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1013: 1003: 1000: 994: 991: 984: 975: 964: 961: 955: 952: 946: 943: 939: 934: 931: 925: 922: 917: 913: 911: 906: 901: 899: 897: 893: 886: 882: 879: 878: 874: 872: 870: 864: 862: 861: 853: 851: 846: 841: 837: 835: 831: 826: 822: 821:Chicago River 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