1173:
751:, unlike Nicephorus Gregoras, speaks only of the three Catalans who survived and names them by name, adding that before the massacre, Michael IX envied Roger de Flor because of his impressive victories over the Turks. It's also known that Michael IX and Roger de Flor were in conflict with each other: so, back in 1303, de Flor with his people arrived in Pegai, where the sick Michael IX was, but he ordered not to let the Catalans into the fortress and refused to accept their leader. It is unclear, however, whether Michael IX was guilty of the murder, or whether everything happened spontaneously and without preparation. In favor of the latter, was the fact that the Catalans and Byzantines drank almost the entire week before the fatal incident happened (30 April 1305). However, for the several thousand angry Catalans who remained in Gallipoli, the details of the massacre didn't matter. Their new leaders, the "megadux" Berenguer VI de Entenza and the brave warrior
954:
686:
841:. At one time, they accompanied the Catalans, who ravaged Macedonia and Central Greece with fire and sword, and now with their share of the booty were returning home. The Turks asked permission to pass through the Byzantine regions, which they were allowed, but Andronikos II, amazed by the amount of booty and the small number of Turks, decided, without stopping to talk about friendship and alliance, to suddenly hit them and take away all the booty. The plan failed due to the negligence of the Byzantine generals, who acted too slowly and openly. The Turks, once were revealed the intentions of the Byzantines, without hesitation, attacked the nearest fortress, fortified it and, having received help from Asia, began to plunder the country.
798:. Having said this and summoning divine help, he rushes with them to the enemies and kills some of them who came to hand, tears the phalanx and thereby causes considerable confusion in the enemy army. The arrows rained down on him as on the horse, but he remained intact. When his horse fell, he found himself in danger of being surrounded by enemies, and perhaps it would have come to such a misfortune if one of those who were with him, out of love for his sovereign, he did not sacrifice his life for him, giving him his horse. Through this, the Emperor was saved from the danger that was already hanging over him; and the one who gave him his horse fell under the enemy's horses and lost his life.
741:, with 200 others, chosen ones, to go to Emperor Michael, who was then with an army in Thrace, and demand from him the annual salary due to him with his retinue, and if necessary, then and threaten him. When he did this, the Emperor flared up with anger, which, however, had long been hiding in Roger's soul for a long time, and the soldiers who surrounded the Emperor in large numbers, drawing their swords, immediately hacked Roger and, along with him, some of his companions, near the Imperial headquarters. But most of them fled and hastened to notify the Catalans who were in Gallipoli about the incident.
38:
381:
755:, like monarchs of an independent power, sent a proud embassy to Constantinople declaring war, as demanded by knightly etiquette. Andronikos II, who did not want war, had to make excuses before two seekers of glory and asking him to believe that de Flor was not killed by his order. But his opponents didn't want to listen to anything. 5,000 Catalans, angry with the Byzantines, united with a Turkish detachment of 500 warriors, fortified in Gallipoli, instantly cutting off all the Greek townspeople, and began to raid Thrace, plundering it day and night. Rocafort took the fortresses of
936:
professional detachment of mercenaries, which (again in theory) was much cheaper to maintain. Andronikos II and his advisers didn't confine themselves to mere arguments. Their own armed forces were soon disbanded, and instead of them, mercenaries were entrusted to guard the borders of the
Byzantine Empire. But the commanders were unable to curb cowardice, greed and rebelliousness in their new soldiers, turning into open rebellion and disobedience in a number of cases, which strongly questioned the empire's ability to repel enemies and ultimately led to its destruction.
1123:
impossible to violate the laws of the state bequeathed and approved by many centuries, the
Empress was angry and annoyed her husband in different ways: she was yearning and said that she didn't want to live if she did not see the royal signs on her sons during her lifetime; then she pretended not to think about her children, and kept herself unapproachable, as if enticing her spouse to buy her charms at the cost of fulfilling her views relative to her sons. Since this happened often...the Emperor finally lost his patience...in conclusion, he hated her very bed...
774:
phalanxes, they themselves did the same. The
Turcopoles with the Massagets (Alans) made up the left wing, on the right were selected horsemen from the Thracians and Macedonians, and in the middle the rest, a very large part of the cavalry, together with the infantry. The Emperor, circling the ranks, encouraged the soldiers to courageously attack. With sunrise, the enemies came up and lined up opposite, having Turks on both wings, and Catalan heavily armed phalanxes in the middle because of their sluggishness.
786:", as the memorable defeat at Magnesia was repeated. The Turcopoles and Alans suddenly left the battlefield. Such a surprise took all the courage from the Byzantines. Michael IX, seeing that the ranks of his soldiers were mingled, with tears turned to them, begging them to stand firm. But they didn't listen to him at all and rushed to run without looking back. Only about a hundred knights remained with the emperor. Most of the infantry was badly battered by the Catalans, who rushed to pursue the Byzantines.
663:
his own soldiers heated up in pursuit. Between the
Byzantines and the fleeing Bulgarians, there was the deep and very turbulent Skafida river, with the only bridge across which was damaged by the Bulgarians before the battle. When the Byzantine soldiers in a large crowd tried to cross the bridge, it collapsed. Many of the soldiers drowned, the rest began to panic. At that moment, the Bulgarians returned to the bridge and decided the outcome of the battle, snatching victory from the enemies.
497:
happens to drunkards: drunkards see not what it really is, but imagine that it is something else ... Before the enemies have time to attack them, they themselves are already running away from their cowardice ... The
Emperor, seeing that the Massagets (that is, the Alans) fled and unable to resist the barbarians with a small number of soldiers, locked himself in the hardest fortress, Magnesia, and limited himself to just observing how it would end. The Massagetae reach the
595:, refused to fight the Bulgarians if Michael IX and his father didn't pay him the agreed sum of money. In order to prevent the unification of the Catalans and Bulgarians, Michael IX had to oppose the latter, sharing authority over the army with the experienced commander Michael Glaber, who, however, fell seriously ill by the decisive battle and was removed from military affairs. By that time, the Bulgarians had already managed to conquer the fortresses of
1098:, who was renamed Irene upon her wedding (as was customary for foreign princess with strange names in the Byzantine fashion); Michael IX and his brother Constantine were only a few years younger than their stepmother. As it turned out later, this girl became in an ambitious and intriguing woman. From her marriage with Andronikos II, Irene had seven children, of whom only survive four, three sons —
875:
569:
845:
infantry, but as soon as the
Turkish horsemen appeared, led by their chief named Halil, the peasants suddenly fled. Then, little by little, the rest of the Byzantine soldiers began to scatter. When Michael IX tried to put the army in order, there was absolutely no one who could listen to him. In despair, he himself, in tears, took to flight, trembling with impotent rage and thinking that
940:
Philes
Palaeologus, the only Byzantine military leader who achieved victory under Michael IX, began by completely refusing to deal with mercenaries and peasant "warriors". Therefore, Michael IX was hardly to blame for his own military failures: they seem to be a natural consequence of the suicidal military transformations carried out in the Byzantine Empire at that time.
1131:. The conflict between Irene and Michael IX ended only after the death of the Empress in 1317, who, however, before her death had time to disgrace herself and become famous for her unworthy behavior, like her attempts to "wash dirty linen in public" and tell everyone intimate and shameful details of her married life to everyone she met.
1118:—, so she didn't like the prospect that her stepson Michael IX, to the detriment of the interests of her own children, would inherit the entire Empire after his father's death. Over time, Irene was possessed by a deep hatred against her stepson and an obsessive desire to bring her children to the throne:
935:
Andronikos II, a purely civilian man, considered it unreasonably expensive (taking into account the impoverishment of the treasury) and inexpedient (taking into account the greatly reduced empire within the borders) the maintenance of a regular national army. In theory, her role could be handled by a
759:
and Panido: their population was killed or sold into slavery. Other leaders of the mercenaries settled in
Gallipoli — Ramon Muntaner, the future historiographer of the "great campaign", and Fernando Jimenez, who later went over with his detachment to the Byzantines. Since their insolence at that time
666:
Several hundred
Byzantines were captured. To ransom the captives and recruit a new army, Emperor Andronikos II and his son were forced to sell their own jewelry. With varying degrees of success, hostilities continued for several more years until 1307, when a peace that was clearly unfavorable for the
1155:
When the Despot Manuel died of the wound he had received, and the rumor of this reached
Emperor Michael, who was living in Thessaloniki ; then —what to say?— it struck his heart deeper than any arrow, so that, suppressed by obsessive thoughts of an unfortunate adventure, he underwent a terrible
856:
The young talented military leader Philes Palaeologus saved the situation, asking the Emperors for permission to independently recruit troops and commanders to fight the Turks. Having selected a small detachment of the most combat-ready and brave, Philes, a warrior weak in body but strong in spirit,
844:
Michael IX had to gather an army (they collected everyone they could, including ordinary peasants who made up most of the Byzantine army) and lay siege to the fortress. The Byzantines were confident of their success, since they far outnumbered their enemies: the Turks were only 1,300 cavalry and 800
553:
Michael IX was ill during the last months of 1303. His health recovered only by January 1304, so that he was finally able to leave the fortress and return to Constantinople with his wife Rita, who, after learning about his illness, hurried to Pegai and was devotedly at the side of her husband during
662:
In early autumn 1304 the Byzantines counter-attacked and the two armies met near Skafida river. At the beginning of the battle, Michael IX, who fought bravely in the forefront, had an advantage over the enemy. He forced the Bulgarians to retreat along the road to Apolonia, but he was unable to keep
1122:
The Empress...didn't cease, day and night alone, to bother him , so that he did one of two things: either deprived Emperor Michael of the royal power and divided it between her sons, or gave each of them a special part and allocated a special share of their power. When the Emperor said that it was
496:
Ours did not wait for the first attack of the enemies and, having withdrawn from there, walked with a quiet step, having barbarians in their rear, who followed them and camped in the closest distance from them. Ours did not even see how great the number of enemies; cowardice happened to them, what
939:
Obedient to his father, Michael IX turned out to be not the person who could radically change the existing system and win victories, commanding the peasant militia and the multi-tribal mercenary rabble, with whom even an outstanding commander could hardly cope and achieve much. It is curious that
479:
had taken place. Seeing the low morale of his people, Michael IX didn't dare to start the battle first, since the Turks managed to take all advantageous positions —the peaks of the surrounding mountains and shelters in the forests— and at the very first collision he would have easily repulsed the
1147:, which had lasted for many years. He humbly accepted his father's will and, together with his wife Rita-Maria, went to live in this city, despite the well-known prophecy at that time, according to which Michael IX was destined to die in Thessalonica, and which, as they say, worried him greatly.
773:
Several days later, some of the inspectors came with the news that the enemies were close. The Emperor stood up and ordered the army to arm itself, and the leaders and commanders to line up and prepare for battle phalanxes with their closest commanders. Seeing that the enemies lined up in three
793:
Seeing that things had come to a desperate situation, and that most of the infantry had been mercilessly hacked and trampled, the Emperor found it quite decent at this time not to spare himself for his subjects and, having rushed into obvious danger, thereby shaming the treacherous soldiers.
1150:
Michael IX died on 12 October 1320 in the city of Thessalonica; reportedly, the cause of his death was because he couldn't stand the news of the successive deaths of his daughter Anna and son Manuel, who was mistakenly killed by soldiers of his older brother Andronikos III:
491:
Meanwhile, the Turks chose the moment and descended from the mountains. Michael IX ordered to prepare for battle, but no one listened to him — the timid soldiers didn't want to start the battle and thought only about flight, as was recalled by Nicephorus Gregoras:
723:
with the islands and incomes with the right to distribute fiefs to his vassals and maintain a personal army, and demanded from the Byzantine emperors a salary for his soldiers in the amount of 100,000 gold and extorted another 300,000. (For comparison: during the
1172:
746:
According to other sources, the Catalan condottieri was insidiously killed in a palace in Adrianople during a night drinking with the Byzantine commanders by an Alan teenager named Hyrkon, whose father had been killed by Roger de Flor a few weeks earlier.
407:(17 April) of 1277, which was recognized by the people as a miracle. The Emperor doted on his firstborn son, which became a great consolation for him after the untimely death of his beloved wife Anna in 1281. Michael IX had only one younger full-brother,
480:
onslaught of Greek militia and light Alanian cavalry. Another reason why the young emperor gave his enemies the opportunity to attack first was the problems in his own army. Wayward mercenaries didn't want to carry out his orders, and, according to
768:
fortress (ancient Theodosiopolis), the plain east of which was occupied by the enemy. In total, under his leadership, about 14,000 soldiers were collected (according to other sources 40,000) against 5 or 6,000 Catalans and several hundred Turks:
806:, where he met Andronikos II, who gave his son a long and severe reprimand, since he unnecessarily exposed himself to mortal risk. At the same time, the co-Emperor became the object of brutal attacks from his stepmother the Empress
927:
Alanian, Turkish, Catalan, Serbian mercenary detachments and at times simple peasant militias were the only warriors at the head of which Michael IX had to repulse the enemy. The fact is that the military organization of the
1446:"Генеалогические таблицы по истории европейских государств. Издание 5 исправленное и дополненное (340 таблиц) [Genealogical tables on the history of European states. Edition 5 revised and supplemented (340 tables)]"
654:
Michael IX defeated the enemies in several skirmishes, after which many fortresses captured by the Bulgarians surrendered to him without a fight. His successes made an impression in Constantinople, where Patriarch
521:. He still didn't give up his attempts to gather a new army to replace the disintegrated old one and to improve the situation. But by that time the Turks had already seized the area along the lower reaches of the
1191:, the patron saint of Thessaloniki) after being almost completely destroyed by the Normans in 1185. In particular, under his leadership, the vaults were re-painted, the roof made and the temple columns renovated.
345:
A man of impeccable morals and a good helper to his father, he was also known as a brave and energetic soldier, willing to make personal sacrifices to pay or encourage his troops; the Catalan military chronicler
537:
fortress, he could not continue and went to bed. Many felt that his days were numbered; dying, he sadly watched as the conquerors divided the Byzantine lands that they had captured to the very coast of the
4475:
810:(born Yolanda of Montferrato), who hated him, since he was the heir in detriment of her sons. As for the victorious Catalans, for the next two years they freely plundered Thrace, then devastated
1409:
1043:, the marriage between Michael IX and Rita (renamed Maria upon her wedding) took place. At that time, both groom and bride are 16-years-old. They had four children, two sons and two daughters:
953:
1053:
Manuel Palaiologos (died 1320). He was killed by soldiers of his older brother, who had allegedly mistaken him as a rival for the affections of a girl whom young Andronikos III was courting.
981:; however, after several years of fruitless negotiations and the decisive objection from the French king, the purposed union was abandoned by 1295, when Michael IX was already married.
659:, during a sermon, said a word of praise about Michael IX and his victories. There is also a panegyric in which an unknown poet extols the victories of the Byzantine army at that time.
1216:(November 1318). According to these documents, the monks of these monasteries were exempted from many duties and taxes, including the delivery of food and drinks to the state. In the
354:". Despite his military prestige, he suffered several defeats, for unclear reasons: his inability as a commander, the deplorable state of the Byzantine army or just simply bad luck.
857:
near the river Xirogypsus successfully destroyed 1,200 Ottomans who were returning to the fortress with booty and Greek captives, and after the arrival of reinforcements from the
357:
His premature death at age 43 was attributed in part to grief over the accidental murder of his younger son Manuel Palaiologos by retainers of his older son and later co-emperor
414:
Andronikos II declared Michael IX an emperor shortly before the death of Michael VIII in 1282, and after his son became an adult, he confirmed his authority. On 21 May 1294 at
1139:
In October 1319, Michael IX was appointed by his father to govern Thessalonica, where, according to Nicephorus Gregoras, he had to try to put an end to the enmity between the
973:. The marriage was proposed by Andronikos II in the hope of reducing the threat of restoring the power of the Latins in the Byzantine Empire and reconciling with both the
984:
In addition to Catherine of Courtenay, Andronikos II considered a number of other possibles brides for his eldest son: marriage proposals from Constantinople went to the
4120:
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2198:
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408:
4084:
447:; the latter, however, performed their duty badly and plundered both the Turkish population and the Greek with equal zeal. Michael IX camped at the fortress of
4142:
1107:
533:(27 July 1302). It was becoming clear to everyone that the Byzantines had lost the war. To top it all off, Michael IX fell seriously ill; having reached the
1302:"История Византийской империи в 5 томах. Гл. 6. Андроник II Старший [History of the Byzantine Empire in 5 volumes — Ch. 6. Andronicus II the Elder]"
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reports) to get a chance to prove himself in battle. Under his command, up to 16,000 soldiers were collected, 10,000 of whom were a detachment of mercenary
4327:
4214:
1068:
760:
seemed completely unbearable, Michael IX, taking all the Thracian and Macedonian regiments, the Alan auxiliary cavalry and also adding to them about 1,000
719:. According to Nicephorus Gregoras, Roger tried to play a dishonest game: he plundered Greek settlements, made sure that he was given ownership of all of
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4058:
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1056:
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240:
235:
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Michael IX was also known for his piety and devotion to the Church. In the last period of his life in Thessalonica, he ordered the restoration of the
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Giannouli, Antonia (2013). "Coronation Speeches in the Palaiologan Period". In Beihammer, Alexander; Constantinou, Stavroula; Parani, Maria (eds.).
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The Correspondence of Athanasius I, Patriarch of Constantinople: Letters to the Emperor Andronicus II, Members of the Imperial Family, and Officials
1588:
P. Lamma (1955). Pubblicazioni dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (ed.). "Un discorso inedito per l'incoronacione di Michele IX Paleologo".
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After the death of his first wife Anna of Hungary in 1281, Andronikos II entered into a new marriage in 1284, choosing as his wife the 10-year-old
4373:
4125:
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2973:
1099:
892:
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1220:
of Iviron Monastery, Michael IX defined his role in the country and society as "Patron saint of subjects in the interests of the common good".
993:
4379:
3829:
3767:
3635:
1572:
1260:
1252:
Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: Michael VIII to Constantine XI, 1258-1453
725:
112:
2980:
4480:
4485:
4391:
4250:
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1023:; although the ambassadors were captured by pirates, the Emperor was not deterred, and very soon he sent a new embassy mission, led by
958:
4130:
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1828:
1103:
914:
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Byzantine Empire was concluded, which remained for the next 15 years; as part of the agreement, Michael IX had to give his daughter
2138:"Турецкое нашествие и военные издержки Византии (1282—1453) [Turkish invasion and military costs of Byzantium (1282-1453)]"
853:) and tent; sneering at the defeated Emperor, the Turkish chief Halil placed the crown of the Byzantine Basileus on his own head.
1160:
According to a Byzantine chronicler whose name has not reached today, Michael IX was buried in the same place where he died — in
301:
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
1342:"Малые византийские хроники. Хроника № 8 (9, 10, 11c) [Small Byzantine Chronicles. Chronicle number 8 (9, 10, 11c)]"
487:...often without any order they went out to prey and themselves devastated Roman possessions even more than obvious enemies.
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37:
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422:. In subsequent years, Andronikos II entrusted his son with the conduct of wars against internal and external enemies.
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227:
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After one of the quarrels with her husband, Irene, along with her sons, had to leave Constantinople and retire to
885:
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1212:(March 1305) monasteries —by that time plundered by the Catalans after the memorable defeat at Apros— and the
693:
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The state of affairs in Asia, where the Turks managed to cut the line of communication between Nicomedia and
4281:
3512:
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1356:"Малые византийские хроники. Хроника № 14 (99) [Small Byzantine Chronicles. Chronicle № 14 (99)]"
336:, from 1294 until his death. Andronikos II and Michael IX ruled as equal co-rulers, both using the title
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2156:"Общие особенности византийской цивилизации [General features of the Byzantine civilization]"
2031:"История византийских императоров в 5 томах [History of the Byzantine emperors in 5 volumes]"
1890:"История византийских императоров в 5 томах [History of the Byzantine emperors in 5 volumes]"
1803:"История византийских императоров в 5 томах [History of the Byzantine emperors in 5 volumes]"
1624:"История византийских императоров в 5 томах [History of the Byzantine emperors in 5 volumes]"
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The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
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Notes sur le projet de mariage entre l’empereur Michel IX Paleologue et Catherine de Courtenay.
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Geanakoplos, Deno (1975). "Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261-1354". In Hazard, Harry W. (ed.).
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849:. The adversaries captured many Byzantine nobles, the imperial treasury, crown (the so-called
778:
But as soon as the signal for battle was given, the Catalans rushed into battle with the cry "
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329:
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59:
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1050:(25 March 1297 — 15 June 1341), who became Emperor after dethroning his grandfather in 1328.
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1760:. Translated by Lady Anna Kinsky Goodenough. Cambridge: Catalan Series. 2000. p. 436.
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1714:. Translated by Lady Anna Kinsky Goodenough. Cambridge: Catalan Series. 2000. p. 428.
1551:
1413:
1297:
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789:
In the middle of such desperate situation, Michael IX carried himself with great courage:
708:
In the spring of 1305 Michael IX, on his father's instructions, conducted negotiations in
680:
588:
476:
191:
51:
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by that time was actually destroyed after the initiatives carried out by Andronikos II.
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1647:"История Византии в 3 томах. Гл. 5 [History of Byzantium in 3 volumes — Ch. 5]"
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1036:
796:
Gentlemen! Now is the time when death is better than life, and life is worse than death
765:
748:
596:
472:
436:
347:
317:
261:
149:
4444:
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3737:
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3089:
2897:
970:
838:
716:
592:
522:
501:
itself, devastating all the fields of Christians, and from there they move to Europe.
1750:
1704:
3522:
3317:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3057:
2919:
2560:
1161:
1128:
1040:
803:
781:
505:
After defeat and a short stay in the fortress of Magnesia, Michael IX retreated to
415:
175:
130:
82:
439:, which he was very proud of in advance, for he had long wanted (as the historian
2285:
2256:
Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean
2216:
1250:
992:
courts. At one time everyone thought that Michael IX would become the husband of
4357:
3839:
3386:
3261:
3211:
3136:
2710:
2657:
2600:
2361:
1195:
874:
756:
713:
568:
510:
498:
281:
2051:
1848:
1729:
1542:
1301:
794:
Therefore, turning to those around him (there were very few of them), he said:
3442:
3357:
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3287:
3199:
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2794:
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2704:
2697:
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2607:
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1144:
608:
539:
452:
338:
76:
861:
allied to Constantinople with small losses forced the fortress to surrender.
3189:
3141:
3051:
3038:
2825:
2754:
2727:
2722:
2691:
2637:
2585:
2520:
2515:
761:
671:
in marriage to the Bulgarian Tsar Theodore Svetoslav, his successful enemy.
644:
530:
1035:. The ambassadors returned with the young princess, and on their return to
1870:
1661:
4147:
3457:
3239:
3131:
3084:
3044:
3026:
2946:
2881:
2861:
2831:
2804:
2799:
2784:
2774:
2744:
2652:
2647:
2595:
2570:
2565:
2530:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
1209:
1140:
1111:
974:
738:
720:
514:
506:
154:
1601:
435:
In early spring of 1302, Michael IX made his first campaign against the
3391:
3094:
3001:
2914:
2769:
2545:
2108:
1474:(in French) — Revue Historique du Sud-Est Européen 1 (1924), pp. 59–62.
978:
899: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
640:
636:
628:
624:
616:
543:
518:
276:
3163:
3020:
2902:
2674:
2540:
1205:
1194:
Over the years, he issued a large number of church decrees —known as
834:
822:
709:
632:
612:
604:
600:
584:
547:
464:
460:
456:
404:
179:
158:
977:
and the European monarchs, who frightened Constantinople with a new
1012:
as a bride for Michael IX, but the matter did not go beyond words.
647:
coast. However, subsequent events were initially favorable for the
587:. Michael IX at this time was engaged in a war with the rebellious
2764:
2535:
2525:
2505:
1171:
952:
858:
701:
684:
620:
567:
444:
379:
2238:
A History of the Crusades: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
542:. A year later, the Turkish commander Aydin captured the city of
2510:
2500:
764:(baptized Turks), led by their commander Melekh, approached the
577:
236:
Anna Palaiologina, Despoina of Epirus and Countess of Cephalonia
3811:
2430:
1821:Все монархи мира // Андроник II Палеолог // Михаил IX Палеолог
1567:. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. pp. 30–32.
868:
2101:Мистра. Очерки истории и культуры поздневизантийского города
1179:
at Thessalonica, destroyed in 1185 and rebuilt by Michael IX.
1000:), but this was also not destined to come true. In addition,
1239:, 21436. Παλαιολόγος, Ἀνδρόνικος II. Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός
352:
Emperor Michael was one of the bravest knights in the world
1156:
illness, which, after a little, brought him to the grave.
1077:(died aft. 1330), who married firstly in 1308 with Tsar
847:
all this was God's clear punishment for old and new sins
1313:
1311:
364:
In the memory of the Byzantines, Michael IX remained "
2329:
Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica
2208:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204-1453
4400:
4366:
4310:
4264:
4228:
4197:
4161:
4108:
4067:
4041:
4020:
4004:
3988:
3972:
3956:
3940:
3730:
3176:
3073:
2956:
2783:
2621:
2469:
2240:. Vol. III. The University of Wisconsin Press.
1400:
Sur un passage mutile de la Chronique breve de 1352
297:
287:
275:
253:
218:
185:
165:
143:
139:
129:
119:
99:
88:
75:
65:
58:
21:
1875:Церковно-Научный Центр "Православная Энциклопедия"
1666:Церковно-Научный Центр "Православная Энциклопедия"
2274:Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century
2052:"История Византии [History of Byzantium]"
1849:"История Византии [History of Byzantium]"
1730:"История Византии [History of Byzantium]"
1543:"История Византии [History of Byzantium]"
737:...leaving the other soldiers in the fortress of
599:, Kryn, Meglij, Vereya, Diavena, Ichera, Mokren,
517:of 1303, and by the summer he was in the city of
4476:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
2265:Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline
384:Michael IX and Andronikos II (Silver basilikon).
1153:
1120:
791:
771:
735:
732:needed only 45,000 gold to maintain his army):
494:
485:
411:, who was born sometime between 1278 and 1281.
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1063:, Despot of Epirus, and secondly in 1318 with
1059:(died 1320), who married firstly in 1307 with
546:(24 October 1304) and, briefly, the island of
4338:Sophia Palaiologina, Grand Princess of Moscow
3823:
2442:
2338:Ioannis Cantacuzeni eximperatoris historiarum
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1200:(Golden seal)—. Of greatest interest are his
8:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1501:
1423:
1421:
1379:
1377:
4100:Maria Palaiologina, Khatun of the Ilkhanate
1923:
1699:
1697:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1292:
1031:, to ask the hand of the Armenian princess
326:Mikhaēl Doukas Angelos Komnēnos Palaiologos
259:Michael Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos
4179:Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
3830:
3816:
3808:
2953:
2449:
2435:
2427:
2352:
2318:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2287:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453
2197:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2121:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1640:
1638:
1636:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1439:
1437:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1069:Count Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
1015:Finally, Andronikos II sent an embassy to
322:Μιχαήλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος
266:Μιχαήλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος
241:Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
36:
18:
2290:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1368:
957:Andronikos III Palaiologos, 14th-century
915:Learn how and when to remove this message
837:, in turn, began to be devastated by the
4433:who are independently notable are shown.
4333:Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia
4205:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Trebizond
2185:Georges Pachymérès relations historiques
1770:
1521:Georges Pachymérès relations historiques
1458:
1384:Georges Pachymérès relations historiques
690:Entry of Roger de Flor in Constantinople
4220:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
4075:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
2247:Eloge d'Andronic II Palaiologos: PG 142
1955:
1229:
328:; 17 April 1277 – 12 October 1320) was
208:
4374:Maria Palaiologina, Princess of Vereya
4174:Anna Palaiologina, Despotess of Epirus
2311:
2308:. Vol. 1. Saint Petersburg. 1862.
2306:Nicephorus Gregoras. Byzantine History
2190:
2114:
965:In 1288 Michael IX was betrothed with
603:, Sotir, Pyrgitsion, Diampol, Ktenia,
418:, Michael IX was crowned by Patriarch
250:
4184:Irene Palaiologina, Byzantine Empress
4148:Simonis Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
1991:
1967:
1317:
388:Michael IX was the eldest son of the
7:
4323:Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus
2003:
1979:
897:adding citations to reliable sources
865:Michael IX as unsuccessful commander
814:and, finally, left to seek glory in
4189:Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
2210:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1448:(in Russian). Moscow-Yekaterinburg.
1114:(born in 1294), later wife of King
29:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
16:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
14:
825:(1307), was not the best either.
2349:, Oxford University Press, 1991.
2221:. University of Michigan Press.
1116:Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia
1110:(born in 1297)— and a daughter —
873:
833:After the Catalans left in 1314
370:a true emperor in name and deeds
4471:14th-century Byzantine emperors
4466:13th-century Byzantine emperors
2215:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994).
2054:(in Russian). pp. 478–479.
2036:(in Russian). pp. 184–185.
1895:(in Russian). pp. 167–168.
1808:(in Russian). pp. 180–181.
1753:The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner
1707:The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner
1629:(in Russian). pp. 176–177.
1081:and secondly in 1324 with Tsar
971:Latin Empress of Constantinople
884:needs additional citations for
204:
4033:Theodora Angelina Palaiologina
2346:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2272:Korobeĭnikov, Dimitri (2014).
1255:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 95.
1079:Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
949:Betrothals and marriage. Issue
581:Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
1:
3980:Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos
2267:. Cambridge University Press.
1823:(in Russian). Moscow: Veche.
1596:(1). Vita e Pensiero: 55–56.
529:in the town of Bapheus, near
42:15th-century portrait from a
2263:Hilsdale, Cecily J. (2014).
1407:(in French). pp. 61–62.
1090:Relationship with stepmother
1083:Michael Asen III of Bulgaria
1002:Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas
712:with the rebellious Catalan
232:Manuel Palaiologos, Despotes
591:(see below), whose leader,
527:defeated another Greek army
467:, where in ancient times a
4502:
4486:Sons of Byzantine emperors
4292:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4169:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4049:Irene Komnene Palaiologina
3722:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3673:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3560:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2419:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2336:Schopeni, L., ed. (1828).
2276:. Oxford University Press.
2206:Bartusis, Mark C. (1992).
1851:(in Russian). p. 472.
1732:(in Russian). p. 475.
1545:(in Russian). p. 478.
1048:Andronikos III Palaiologos
678:
561:
420:John XII of Constantinople
359:Andronikos III Palaiologos
332:together with his father,
228:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4427:
4236:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4080:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3850:
3798:
3695:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3663:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3488:Constantine IX Monomachos
2414:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2410:
2403:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2391:
2387:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2383:
2355:
2327:Russell, Eugenia (2013).
2183:Failler, A., ed. (1999).
2103:(in Russian). Leningrad.
1412:24 September 2015 at the
1249:Grierson, Philip (1999).
726:War of the Two Andronikos
643:, all along the southern
403:. He was born at noon on
393:Andronikos II Palaiologos
334:Andronikos II Palaiologos
321:
292:Andronikos II Palaiologos
265:
258:
249:
46:containing a copy of the
35:
26:
4318:Andronikos V Palaiologos
4054:Michael VIII Palaiologos
3658:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1061:Thomas I Komnenos Doukas
1039:, on 16 January 1294 at
802:Michael IX retreated to
558:Battle of Skafida (1304)
431:Clash at Magnesia (1302)
4380:Constantine Palaiologos
4282:Theodore II Palaiologos
4121:Constantine Palaiologos
4085:Constantine Palaiologos
4059:John Doukas Palaiologos
3513:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3147:Tiberius II Constantine
2357:Michael IX Palaiologos
2166:27 October 2005 at the
1563:A. Talbot, ed. (1975).
998:Frederick III of Sicily
829:Turkish fortress (1314)
4481:Byzantine–Turkish wars
4408:Palaeologus-Montferrat
4287:Andronikos Palaiologos
4246:Theodore I Palaiologos
4136:Palaeologus-Montferrat
4116:Michael IX Palaiologos
4028:Andronikos Palaiologos
3948:Nikephoros Palaiologos
3668:Michael IX Palaiologos
2340:. Vol. 1–4. Bonn.
2331:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2099:I.P. Medvedev (1971).
2059:5 October 2013 at the
1856:5 October 2013 at the
1737:5 October 2013 at the
1550:5 October 2013 at the
1180:
1168:Michael and the Church
1158:
1125:
1096:Yolanda of Montferrato
1008:proposed his daughter
967:Catherine of Courtenay
962:
800:
776:
743:
730:Andronikos the Younger
705:
675:Battle of Apros (1305)
573:
503:
489:
385:
310:Michael IX Palaiologos
22:Michael IX Palaiologos
4431:male-line descendants
4297:Demetrios Palaiologos
4277:John VIII Palaiologos
4241:Manuel II Palaiologos
4143:Demetrios Palaiologos
3762:Thessalonian emperors
3756:Trapezuntine emperors
3717:John VIII Palaiologos
3712:Manuel II Palaiologos
3683:John VI Kantakouzenos
3599:Andronikos I Komnenos
3436:Constantine Lekapenos
2464:and empresses regnant
2187:. Vol. 3. Paris.
2071:Nicephorus Gregoras,
2015:Nicephorus Gregoras,
1942:Nicephorus Gregoras,
1910:Nicephorus Gregoras,
1819:K. V. Ryzhov (2002).
1787:Nicephorus Gregoras,
1687:Nicephorus Gregoras,
1488:Nicephorus Gregoras,
1444:G.M. Shafrov (2011).
1427:Nicephorus Gregoras,
1214:Brontochion Monastery
1187:(church dedicated to
1175:
1108:Demetrios Palaiologos
1075:Theodora Palaiologina
1071:and Despot of Epirus.
956:
694:José Moreno Carbonero
688:
571:
383:
376:Birth and early years
4386:Fernando Palaiologos
4272:John VII Palaiologos
4131:Theodore Palaiologos
4095:Eudokia Palaiologina
4090:Theodore Palaiologos
3700:John VII Palaiologos
3648:Theodore II Laskaris
3508:Constantine X Doukas
3448:Nikephoros II Phokas
2245:Gregoire de Chypre.
1112:Simonis Palaiologina
1104:Theodore Palaiologos
893:improve this article
818:and central Greece.
401:Stephen V of Hungary
135:1281 (as co-emperor)
4461:Palaiologos dynasty
4392:Andreas Palaiologos
4343:Andreas Palaiologos
4328:Helena Palaiologina
4256:Zampia Palaiologina
4251:Michael Palaiologos
4215:Michael Palaiologos
4012:Alexios Palaiologos
3631:Theodore I Laskaris
3616:Alexios III Angelos
3594:Alexios II Komnenos
3518:Romanos IV Diogenes
3473:Romanos III Argyros
3419:Romanos I Lekapenos
2249:. pp. 413–416.
2006:, pp. 269–270.
1106:(born in 1291) and
1025:Theodore Metochites
513:, where he met the
482:Nicephorus Gregoras
449:Magnesia ad Sipylum
399:, daughter of King
395:and his first wife
366:the most pious lord
48:Extracts of History
4348:Manuel Palaiologos
4302:Thomas Palaiologos
4210:John V Palaiologos
3996:George Palaiologos
3964:George Palaiologos
3750:Britannic emperors
3744:Palmyrene emperors
3678:John V Palaiologos
3621:Alexios IV Angelos
3570:Constantine Doukas
3565:Alexios I Komnenos
3553:Constantine Doukas
3536:Michael VII Doukas
3498:Michael VI Bringas
3064:Romulus Augustulus
2687:Trebonianus Gallus
2680:Herennius Etruscus
2462:Byzantine emperors
1181:
963:
753:Bernat de Rocafort
706:
698:Palacio del Senado
574:
572:Battle of Skafida.
386:
44:15th-century codex
4438:
4437:
4418:Paleologus-Pesaro
4138:
3909:(1390; 1403–1408)
3805:
3804:
3643:John III Vatatzes
3589:Manuel I Komnenos
3328:Michael I Rangabe
3172:
3171:
3014:Petronius Maximus
2613:Severus Alexander
2581:Septimius Severus
2425:
2424:
2411:Succeeded by
2394:Byzantine Emperor
2073:Byzantine History
2017:Byzantine History
1944:Byzantine History
1912:Byzantine History
1789:Byzantine History
1689:Byzantine History
1574:978-0-884-02040-0
1502:Korobeĭnikov 2014
1490:Byzantine History
1429:Byzantine History
1262:978-0-88402-261-9
1057:Anna Palaiologina
994:Yolande of Aragon
925:
924:
917:
576:During 1303–1304
564:Battle of Skafida
554:all his illness.
509:and then went to
441:George Pachymeres
426:Military activity
390:Byzantine Emperor
350:said about him: "
330:Byzantine emperor
307:
306:
271:
270:
60:Byzantine emperor
4493:
4413:Asen Palaiologos
4353:Hass Murad Pasha
4153:John Palaiologos
4134:
4126:John Palaiologos
3844:Byzantine Empire
3832:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3653:John IV Laskaris
3626:Alexios V Doukas
3611:Isaac II Angelos
3577:John II Komnenos
3503:Isaac I Komnenos
3463:Constantine VIII
3453:John I Tzimiskes
3180:Byzantine Empire
2954:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2384:Preceded by
2379:
2372:
2353:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2282:Nicol, Donald M.
2277:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2154:K.V. Khvostova.
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2055:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1927:
1924:Geanakoplos 1975
1921:
1915:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1701:
1692:
1685:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1321:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1267:
1266:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1185:Hagios Demetrios
1177:Hagios Demetrios
1102:(born in 1286),
1100:John Palaiologos
1006:Despot of Epirus
996:(sister of King
930:Byzantine Empire
920:
913:
909:
906:
900:
877:
869:
780:Aragon! Aragon!
649:Byzantine Empire
583:invaded Eastern
463:), not far from
323:
267:
251:
212:
210:
206:
172:
40:
19:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4423:
4396:
4367:15th generation
4362:
4311:14th generation
4306:
4265:13th generation
4260:
4229:12th generation
4224:
4198:11th generation
4193:
4162:10th generation
4157:
4104:
4063:
4037:
4016:
4000:
3984:
3968:
3952:
3936:
3846:
3836:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3738:Gallic emperors
3726:
3414:Constantine VII
3195:Constantine III
3182:
3179:
3168:
3077:
3069:
3008:Valentinian III
2996:Constantius III
2990:Priscus Attalus
2974:Constantine III
2960:
2952:
2842:Valerius Valens
2787:
2779:
2625:
2617:
2576:Didius Julianus
2556:Marcus Aurelius
2473:
2465:
2455:
2421:
2417:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2378:12 October 1320
2373:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2335:
2326:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2214:
2205:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2168:Wayback Machine
2158:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:V.A. Smetanin.
2135:
2134:
2130:
2113:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2061:Wayback Machine
2046:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:A.M. Velichko.
2028:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1888:A.M. Velichko.
1887:
1886:
1882:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:Wayback Machine
1843:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:A.M. Velichko.
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1739:Wayback Machine
1724:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1673:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1626:
1622:A.M. Velichko.
1621:
1620:
1609:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1552:Wayback Machine
1537:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1470:G.I. Bratianu,
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1419:
1414:Wayback Machine
1404:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1270:
1263:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1189:Saint Demetrius
1170:
1137:
1092:
1065:Nicholas Orsini
1021:King of Armenia
951:
946:
921:
910:
904:
901:
890:
878:
867:
831:
744:
683:
681:Battle of Apros
677:
589:Catalan Company
566:
560:
523:Sangarios River
477:Seleucid Empire
433:
428:
378:
302:Anna of Hungary
260:
245:
214:
202:
198:
195:
194:
192:Rita of Armenia
174:
170:
169:12 October 1320
152:
148:
107:
71:12 October 1320
70:
54:
52:Joannes Zonaras
17:
12:
11:
5:
4499:
4497:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4401:Cadet branches
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4109:9th generation
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4068:8th generation
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4042:7th generation
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4021:6th generation
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4005:5th generation
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3989:4th generation
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3973:3rd generation
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3957:2nd generation
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3941:1st generation
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3931:Constantine XI
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3876:
3873:Andronikos III
3870:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3697:
3692:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3557:
3533:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Theodora (III)
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3389:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3355:
3343:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Constantine VI
3305:
3300:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:Theodosius III
3269:
3264:
3259:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3217:Constantine IV
3214:
3209:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:Eastern Empire
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:Western Empire
2951:
2950:
2943:
2931:Magnus Maximus
2927:
2925:Valentinian II
2922:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2857:Constantius II
2854:
2852:Constantine II
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2551:Antoninus Pius
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2474:27 BC – AD 235
2467:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2409:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2302:
2296:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2212:
2203:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2146:
2128:
2091:
2077:
2064:
2039:
2021:
2008:
1996:
1994:, p. 170.
1984:
1982:, p. 237.
1972:
1970:, p. 161.
1960:
1958:, p. 159.
1948:
1928:
1916:
1898:
1880:
1869:S.B. Dashkov.
1861:
1836:
1829:
1811:
1793:
1775:
1763:
1742:
1717:
1693:
1671:
1660:S.B. Dashkov.
1652:
1645:S.D. Skazkin.
1632:
1607:
1592:(in Italian).
1580:
1573:
1555:
1525:
1506:
1504:, p. 273.
1494:
1476:
1463:
1461:, p. 193.
1451:
1433:
1417:
1388:
1373:
1371:, p. 206.
1369:Giannouli 2013
1361:
1347:
1322:
1320:, p. 153.
1307:
1268:
1261:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1169:
1166:
1136:
1133:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1072:
1054:
1051:
1037:Constantinople
1027:and Patriarch
950:
947:
945:
942:
923:
922:
881:
879:
872:
866:
863:
830:
827:
749:Ramon Muntaner
734:
679:Main article:
676:
673:
562:Main article:
559:
556:
473:Roman Republic
437:Ottoman Empire
432:
429:
427:
424:
377:
374:
348:Ramon Muntaner
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
279:
273:
272:
269:
268:
256:
255:
247:
246:
244:
243:
238:
233:
230:
224:
222:
216:
215:
200:
196:
190:
189:
187:
183:
182:
173:(aged 43)
167:
163:
162:
150:Constantinople
145:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
109:Andronikos III
101:
97:
96:
90:
86:
85:
79:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
56:
55:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4498:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4432:
4426:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3901:Andronikos IV
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3861:Andronikos II
3859:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3375:Theodora (II)
3373:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:Constantine V
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Anastasius II
3265:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Theodosius II
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Valentinian I
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:Constantine I
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Constantius I
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2371:17 April 1277
2370:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2297:9780521439916
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2161:(in Russian).
2157:
2150:
2147:
2143:(in Russian).
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2088:(in Russian).
2087:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1926:, p. 43.
1925:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1877:(in Russian).
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1830:5-7838-0528-9
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:, p. 80.
1772:
1771:Bartusis 1992
1767:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:(in Russian).
1667:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1649:(in Russian).
1648:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
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1576:
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1566:
1559:
1556:
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1544:
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1534:
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1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:Hilsdale 2014
1455:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:(in Russian).
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:(in Russian).
1343:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:(in Russian).
1303:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
960:
955:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
931:
919:
916:
908:
905:November 2021
898:
894:
888:
887:
882:This section
880:
876:
871:
870:
864:
862:
860:
854:
852:
848:
842:
840:
839:Ottoman Turks
836:
828:
826:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
799:
797:
790:
787:
785:
783:
775:
770:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
742:
740:
733:
731:
727:
722:
718:
717:Roger de Flor
715:
711:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
674:
672:
670:
664:
660:
658:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Roger de Flor
590:
586:
582:
579:
570:
565:
557:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
502:
500:
493:
488:
484:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
430:
425:
423:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
405:Easter Sunday
402:
398:
394:
391:
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
349:
343:
341:
340:
335:
331:
327:
319:
315:
311:
303:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
283:
280:
278:
274:
263:
257:
252:
248:
242:
239:
237:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
223:
221:
217:
193:
188:
184:
181:
177:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
147:17 April 1277
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
128:
125:
124:Andronikos II
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
104:Andronikos II
102:
98:
94:
93:Andronikos II
91:
87:
84:
81:21 May 1294,
80:
78:
74:
69:21 May 1294 –
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
31:
30:
25:
20:
4115:
3913:Andronikos V
3892:
3884:
3866:
3855:Michael VIII
3705:Andronikos V
3703:
3686:
3667:
3634:
3602:
3580:
3568:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3527:
3521:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3395:
3378:
3366:
3349:
3337:
3331:
3318:Nikephoros I
3293:
3292:
3286:
3253:
3250:Justinian II
3245:Tiberius III
3235:Justinian II
3226:
3220:
3203:
3155:
3127:Anastasius I
3118:
3062:
3058:Julius Nepos
3050:
3043:
3031:
3019:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2920:Theodosius I
2907:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2837:Maximinus II
2824:
2726:
2709:
2696:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2599:
2561:Lucius Verus
2406:
2400:
2392:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2305:
2286:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2217:
2207:
2184:
2149:
2131:
2100:
2094:
2080:
2075:, Book 7.15.
2072:
2067:
2042:
2024:
2016:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1956:Russell 2013
1951:
1943:
1919:
1911:
1883:
1874:
1864:
1839:
1820:
1814:
1796:
1788:
1766:
1752:
1745:
1720:
1706:
1688:
1665:
1655:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1564:
1558:
1520:
1497:
1492:, Book 6.10.
1489:
1471:
1466:
1454:
1428:
1399:
1396:A. Failler.
1391:
1383:
1364:
1350:
1251:
1244:
1232:
1217:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1182:
1162:Thessalonica
1159:
1154:
1149:
1138:
1129:Thessaloniki
1126:
1121:
1093:
1041:Hagia Sophia
1014:
983:
964:
944:Private life
938:
934:
926:
911:
902:
891:Please help
886:verification
883:
855:
850:
846:
843:
832:
820:
804:Didymoteicho
801:
795:
792:
788:
782:Saint George
779:
777:
772:
745:
736:
707:
689:
665:
661:
657:Athanasius I
653:
575:
552:
504:
495:
490:
486:
471:between the
469:great battle
455:(modern day
434:
416:Hagia Sophia
413:
387:
369:
365:
363:
356:
351:
344:
337:
325:
313:
309:
308:
176:Thessaloniki
171:(1320-10-12)
131:Proclamation
113:in Macedonia
83:Hagia Sophia
47:
27:
4456:1320 deaths
4451:1278 births
4358:Mesih Pasha
3933:(1449–1453)
3927:(1425–1448)
3921:(1391–1425)
3915:(1403–1407)
3903:(1376–1379)
3896:(1353–1357)
3888:(1347–1354)
3881:(1341–1391)
3875:(1328–1341)
3869:(1295–1320)
3863:(1282–1328)
3857:(1259–1282)
3840:Palaiologoi
3764:(1224–1242)
3758:(1204–1461)
3547:Konstantios
3424:Christopher
3397:Constantine
3387:Michael III
3368:Constantine
3351:Constantine
3333:Theophylact
3262:Philippicus
3212:Constans II
3137:Justinian I
3033:Severus III
2981:Constans II
2735:Claudius II
2711:Silbannacus
2658:Gordian III
2633:Maximinus I
2601:Diadumenian
2407:(1272–1328)
2362:Palaiologos
2019:, Book 7.5.
1946:, Book 8.1.
1914:, Book 6.8.
1791:, Book 7.8.
1691:, Book 7.3.
1431:, Book 6.2.
1298:F. Uspensky
1208:(1310) and
1141:Thessalians
714:condottieri
511:Adramyttium
409:Constantine
314:Palaeologus
282:Palaiologos
89:Predecessor
4445:Categories
3867:Michael IX
3541:Andronikos
3529:Nikephoros
3478:Michael IV
3443:Romanos II
3363:Theophilos
3358:Michael II
3339:Staurakios
3323:Staurakios
3295:Nikephoros
3288:Artabasdos
3200:Heraclonas
3157:Theodosius
3115:Basiliscus
2875:Nepotianus
2868:Magnentius
2862:Constans I
2815:Severus II
2795:Diocletian
2740:Quintillus
2705:Aemilianus
2698:Volusianus
2643:Gordian II
2608:Elagabalus
2471:Principate
2228:0472082604
2177:References
2109:B071SD4M94
2048:J. Norwich
1992:Nicol 1993
1968:Nicol 1993
1845:J. Norwich
1726:J. Norwich
1539:J. Norwich
1318:Nicol 1993
1218:chrysobull
1202:chrysobull
1197:chrysobull
1145:Pelasgians
969:, titular
762:Turcopoles
710:Adrianople
609:Rusokastro
540:Aegean Sea
499:Hellespont
453:Asia Minor
339:autokrator
120:Co-emperor
77:Coronation
3925:John VIII
3919:Manuel II
3783:Classical
3768:Empresses
3752:(286–296)
3746:(267–273)
3740:(260–274)
3483:Michael V
3409:Alexander
3222:Heraclius
3190:Heraclius
3142:Justin II
3052:Glycerius
3039:Anthemius
2909:Procopius
2847:Martinian
2826:Maxentius
2755:Florianus
2728:Saloninus
2723:Gallienus
2692:Hostilian
2668:Philip II
2638:Gordian I
2586:Caracalla
2521:Vespasian
2516:Vitellius
2398:1294–1320
2314:cite book
2193:cite book
2117:cite book
2004:Fine 1994
1980:Fine 1994
1523:, p. 427.
959:miniature
812:Macedonia
739:Gallipoli
645:Black Sea
629:Anchialos
625:Mesembria
531:Nicomedia
100:Successor
3907:John VII
3778:Usurpers
3773:Augustae
3731:See also
3636:Nicholas
3458:Basil II
3255:Tiberius
3240:Leontius
3228:Tiberius
3205:Tiberius
3183:610–1453
3178:Eastern/
3132:Justin I
3085:Arcadius
3045:Olybrius
3027:Majorian
2968:Honorius
2947:Eugenius
2882:Vetranio
2832:Licinius
2805:Galerius
2800:Maximian
2785:Dominate
2775:Numerian
2745:Aurelian
2718:Valerian
2663:Philip I
2653:Balbinus
2648:Pupienus
2596:Macrinus
2571:Pertinax
2566:Commodus
2531:Domitian
2496:Claudius
2491:Caligula
2486:Tiberius
2481:Augustus
2284:(1993).
2258:. Brill.
2164:Archived
2057:Archived
1854:Archived
1735:Archived
1602:25820636
1548:Archived
1410:Archived
1386:, p. 99.
1210:Hilandar
1143:and the
1029:John XII
1017:Levon II
986:Sicilian
975:Holy See
816:Thessaly
721:Anatolia
696:, 1888.
669:Theodora
637:Apolonia
515:New Year
507:Pergamum
475:and the
155:Istanbul
3894:Matthew
3886:John VI
3842:of the
3788:Eastern
3688:Matthew
3582:Alexios
3430:Stephen
3392:Basil I
3277:Leo III
3152:Maurice
3095:Marcian
3078:395–610
3002:Joannes
2961:395–480
2915:Gratian
2788:284–610
2770:Carinus
2750:Tacitus
2626:235–285
2546:Hadrian
2364:dynasty
990:Cypriot
979:Crusade
859:Genoese
851:calipra
757:Rodosto
641:Ahtopol
617:Markeli
544:Ephesus
519:Cyzicus
368:" and "
277:Dynasty
213:
201:
197:
106:(alone)
95:(alone)
3879:John V
3550:&
3526:&
3433:&
3404:Leo VI
3380:Thekla
3336:&
3303:Leo IV
3225:&
3164:Phocas
3120:Marcus
3105:Leo II
3021:Avitus
2938:Victor
2903:Valens
2893:Jovian
2888:Julian
2760:Probus
2695:&
2675:Decius
2623:Crisis
2541:Trajan
2374:
2294:
2225:
2107:
1827:
1600:
1571:
1259:
1206:Iviron
1010:Thamar
835:Thrace
823:Nicaea
633:Pyrgos
613:Lardea
605:Debelt
601:Sliven
597:Kopsis
585:Thrace
548:Rhodes
465:Smyrna
461:Turkey
457:Manisa
298:Mother
288:Father
207:
186:Spouse
180:Greece
159:Turkey
4429:Only
3346:Leo V
3313:Irene
3100:Leo I
2765:Carus
2536:Nerva
2526:Titus
2506:Galba
2458:Roman
2401:with
2376:Died:
2369:Born:
2159:(PDF)
2141:(PDF)
2034:(PDF)
1893:(PDF)
1806:(PDF)
1758:(PDF)
1712:(PDF)
1627:(PDF)
1598:JSTOR
1590:Aevum
1405:(PDF)
1224:Notes
1135:Death
808:Irene
766:Apros
702:Spain
621:Aytos
535:Pegai
445:Alans
318:Greek
262:Greek
254:Names
220:Issue
211:)
203:(
199:
153:(now
66:Reign
3838:The
3702:(w.
3685:(w.
3633:(w.
3604:John
3601:(w.
3579:(w.
3567:(w.
3538:(w.
3520:(w.
3421:(w.
3394:(w.
3377:(w.
3365:(w.
3348:(w.
3330:(w.
3291:(w.
3252:(w.
3219:(w.
3202:(w.
3154:(w.
3117:(w.
3110:Zeno
2977:(w.
2934:(w.
2725:(w.
2689:(w.
2677:(w.
2665:(w.
2598:(w.
2591:Geta
2511:Otho
2501:Nero
2460:and
2320:link
2292:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2199:link
2123:link
2105:ASIN
1825:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1033:Rita
988:and
639:and
578:Tsar
525:and
397:Anna
209:1294
166:Died
144:Born
4420:(?)
4388:(?)
4382:(?)
4376:(?)
3523:Leo
3468:Zoe
2714:(?)
2416:and
1237:PLP
1204:of
895:by
692:by
451:in
372:".
312:or
50:by
4447::
3544:,
3427:,
2316:}}
2312:{{
2195:}}
2191:{{
2119:}}
2115:{{
2050:.
1931:^
1901:^
1873:.
1847:.
1778:^
1728:.
1696:^
1674:^
1664:.
1635:^
1610:^
1594:29
1541:.
1528:^
1509:^
1479:^
1436:^
1420:^
1376:^
1325:^
1310:^
1300:.
1271:^
1164:.
1067:,
1019:,
1004:,
728:"
700:,
651:.
635:,
631:,
627:,
623:,
619:,
615:,
611:,
607:,
550:.
459:,
361:.
342:.
324:,
320::
264::
205:m.
178:,
157:,
4139:)
4133:(
3831:e
3824:t
3817:v
3708:)
3691:)
3639:)
3607:)
3585:)
3573:)
3556:)
3532:)
3439:)
3400:)
3383:)
3371:)
3354:)
3342:)
3299:)
3258:)
3231:)
3208:)
3160:)
3123:)
2985:)
2942:)
2731:)
2701:)
2683:)
2671:)
2604:)
2450:e
2443:t
2436:v
2322:)
2300:.
2231:.
2201:)
2125:)
2111:.
1833:.
1755:"
1751:"
1709:"
1705:"
1604:.
1577:.
1402:"
1398:"
1265:.
1085:.
961:.
918:)
912:(
907:)
903:(
889:.
784:!
724:"
704:.
316:(
161:)
115:)
111:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
