546:
451:
2184:"In electing members of the Board of Regents pursuant to article 13, section 3, of the Constitution of the state of Minnesota, and Territorial Laws 1851, chapter 3, section 5, one member of the Board of Regents of the university shall be a person who at the time of election to the board is a student who is enrolled in a degree program at the university. This person shall represent the state at large. Upon expiration of the term or in the event of a vacancy in the office, one position shall be filled by a person having the same qualifications."
669:
Earth County and were married using that license before the
Minnesota Supreme Court affirmed the Hennepin County clerk's refusal to issue them a license. Because the Minnesota Supreme Court had not directly addressed the validity of their marriage in Blue Earth County, and their marriage had never officially been declared nullified, a district court ultimately agreed with that view in 2018 – despite the fact that the marriage was not previously recorded or recognized by the state.
3459:"The following recommendation of its Executive Committee is approved: 'That the appointment of Mr. J. M. McConnell to the position of the Head of the Cataloging Division of the St. Paul Campus Library at the rank of Instructor not be approved on the grounds that his personal conduct, as represented in the public and University news media, is not consistent with the best interest of the University.' . . ."
44:
678:
775:, which agreed with the university that it had not restricted free speech. Instead, it ruled that McConnell was to blame for wanting to implement his "controversial ideas" and foist tacit approval of his "socially repugnant concept" on his employer. More than 80% of University of Minnesota students disagreed with the regents' behavior.
657:) on August 9, 1971, which was issued on August 16, 1971. After the wedding ceremony was held on September 3, 1971, they were often invited to appear and speak at colleges, schools, businesses and churches in the U.S. and Canada. Their marriage was not recorded or recognized as legal by the local government, various courts, the
1781:"Gay Pride" appears on fliers waved by a few individuals in a march entitled "Gay and Proud", which was promoted by its sponsors as "the first Christopher Street Liberation Day Parade, held in New York City, New York, on June 28, 1970, to commemorate the first anniversary of the Stonewall Riots." Source: video;
3650:
Confirmation: "The dictionary defines 'reprehensible' as 'deserving of rebuke or censure'. And the action taken by our Board in 1970 to rescind
Michael McConnell's job offer simply because of who he loved – and not because of his qualifications as a librarian – is today worthy of deep criticism . . .
473:
continued working with
University of Minnesota faculty to protect gay students from discrimination. Central Administration approved the final draft of a new policy in 1972 and the Campus Committee on Placement Services began accepting complaints of unequal treatment by employers recruiting on campus.
763:
In 1970, the
University Librarian invited Michael McConnell to head the Cataloging Division on the university's St. Paul campus. The board of regents refused to approve the offer after McConnell applied for a marriage license, and regent Daniel Gainey asserted that "homosexuality is about the worst
553:
Speaking to members of the Ramsey County Bar
Association, Baker argued that same-sex unions are "not only authorized by the U.S. Constitution" but are mandatory. Later, Baker spoke to a forum of more than 2,000 at the University of Winnipeg, which Richard North, activist, credited as the start of a
668:
Baker and McConnell (and others) have asserted that neither the state supreme court decision nor the U.S. Supreme Court dismissal directly affected the validity of their marriage, because although they were refused a marriage license in
Hennepin County, they had successfully obtained one from Blue
386:
When a faculty committee qualified the members to receive all privileges enjoyed by student groups, it became "the first student gay organization to gain recognition in the upper mid-west." Its "leaders it to be the first such organization on a Big Ten campus", and the second such organization in
1335:
Jack asked me to be his lover. I was now ready to state what I wanted in a commitment: live openly and not repeat the mistakes of my previous relationships. I was in it for the long haul, whatever that took. I wanted marriage – not with 'secret' rings recognized by a circle of mostly closeted
1386:
It "is the opinion of this office that you should not issue the license for marriage to the applicants
Richard John Baker and James Michael McConnell on the grounds that under the law of the State of Minnesota, as the same presently exists, two male persons may not enter into the contract of
1030:
Marriage, as distinguished from the agreement to marry and from the act of becoming married, is the civil status, condition, or relation of united in law for life, for the discharge to each other and the community of the duties legally incumbent on those whose association is founded on the
167:
The couple met in 1966. On March 10, 1967 – Baker's 25th birthday – McConnell agreed to be "his lover" but only if it meant "a commitment . . . for the long haul," living openly as a married couple. That commitment continued long after "52 Years Since Same-sex
Marriage Milestone".
631:
On
September 18, 2018, a district court judge in Blue Earth County declared "The marriage . . . to be in all respects valid" and ordered the Clerk of Court to record it. Their marriage remained unrecognized by the Social Security Administration until validated by a local court.
719:
In 2003, Baker and McConnell amended their individual tax returns for the year 2000, filing jointly as a couple, offering proof of a valid marriage license from Blue Earth County. The IRS challenged the validity of the marriage and argued that, even if the license were valid, the
584:
Their joint tax return for 1973 was rejected by the
Internal Revenue Service. Likewise, the Veterans Administration rejected McConnell's request for spousal benefits. Undaunted, McConnell listed Baker as an adopted "child" on his tax returns for which he received a deduction as
226:
1877:" really upset with Jack. . . . the right to get married was just a publicity stunt. I was really angry about that and felt that Jack was an opportunist and really in it for himself . . . with Jack being this sort of benevolent dictator."
1163:
Michael McConnell (75) and husband Jack Baker (75) talk with friend Lisa Vecoli (55) about having the first same-sex marriage legally recognized by a U.S. civil government in 1971, why they chose to get married, and what the response to their marriage was
652:
in early 1970, Baker was legally adopted by McConnell in early August 1971 and changed his legal name to Pat Lyn McConnell (although he continued to use "Jack Baker" as his political persona). They then applied for a marriage license in a different county
1417:"The consequences of an interpretation of our marriage statutes which would permit males to enter into the marriage contract could be to result in an undermining and destruction of the entire legal concept of our family structure in all areas of law."
317:
on March 10, 1942. While in kindergarten, his teacher described him as "very bright" and "anxious to learn". After his parents died, he and three siblings were delivered by the State of Illinois, Department of Public Welfare, Child Welfare Services to
3076:"So when submitted the adoption papers in Hennepin county, Judge Lindsay Arthur listened to the arguments of J. Michael McConnell's adoption of Pat Lyn McConnell. . . . Judge Arthur signed off on our adoption papers on August 3, 1971."
1753:"I am in the orange range, 16 years old. This was the first gay rights march in the country that had a headline banner "Gay Pride". The following year all the marches adopted this and everyone called it Gay Pride. The banner was made by a friend,
3636:"University of Minnesota President Eric Kaler has called McConnell's treatment reprehensible, regrets that it occurred and says that the university's actions at that time were not consistent with the practices enforced today at the university."
410:
as his communications director and, one year later, won re-election. The regents consented to his campaign promise and invited one student to sit with each committee as a non-voting member. That practice proved to be popular and became policy.
1533:
Certificate: "Richard J. Baker . . . was . . . duly admitted and qualified as an Attorney and Counsellor of the Supreme Court of the United States . . ." Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States (May 14,
2204:"The wrenching bankruptcy that forced a reckoning on the Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis for decades of clergy sexual abuse has culminated in a $ 210 million settlement for roughly 450 victims, the largest of its kind nationwide."
1218:"The September 3, 1971 marriage of James Michael McConnell and Pat Lyn McConnell, a/k/a Richard John Baker, has never been dissolved or annulled by judicial decree and no grounds currently exist on which to invalidate the marriage."
3145:"In 1971, the first ever same sex marriage took place. One man, made that possible. Reverend Roger Lynn is a minister who officiated the first gay wedding. This is a video to honor him and his significance in gay rights and equality."
189:
for the sole reason that it would undermine "the entire legal concept of our family structure in all areas of law" (despite this not being identified in Minnesota law as a reason for prohibiting such a marriage). Their appeal to the
3573:
McConnell wanted "to pursue an activist role in implementing his controversial ideas concerning the social status to be accorded homosexuals and thereby to foist tacit approval of the socially repugnant concept upon his employer."
1228:, File Number 07-CV-16-4559, "Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order for Partial Summary Judgment" from Blue Earth County District Court in re James Michael McConnell et al. v. Blue Earth County et al. (September 18, 2018);
1293:
September 4, 1948: To ensure that the remaining four of ten children – two boys and two girls – remained together, Baker was allowed to enter the second grade at age 6 and graduate from high school at age 17, a stay of almost 11
398:
One member asked five major companies with local offices to explain their attitudes toward gay men and women. Three responded quickly, insisting that they did not discriminate against gay people in their hiring policies.
528:
their request, they filed a "motion for the issuance of a writ of mandamus to require . . . the Clerk . . . to issue a marriage license . . ." Denial in the lower court was affirmed by the
788:
offered McConnell a personal apology for the "reprehensible" treatment endured from the board of regents in 1970. McConnell accepted his assurances and agreed to join the Heritage Society of the President's Club.
348:. He returned to Norman as a civilian, met McConnell, and invited him to hang out. With reluctance, his friend agreed to enter into a serious relationship. Baker also later received a Master's degree in May 1968.
1297:
March 10, 1967: On Baker's 25th Birthday, McConnell insisted that he would accept Baker's invitation to commit as lovers if, and only if, he could find a way for the relationship to be recognized as a "legal"
1038:
An instrument which certifies a marriage, and is executed by the person officiating at the marriage; it is not intended to be signed by the parties. Spencer v. Spencer, 84 Misc.Rep. 264, 147 N.Y.S. 111,
1450:
Chapter 517.01: Marriage a civil contract. "Marriage, so far as its validity in law is concerned, is a civil contract, to which the consent of the parties, capable in law of contracting, is essential."
368:. Robert Halfhill, a graduate student who attended her lecture, wanted more than "just a social organization". He left, determined to organize a team of gay activists on the Minneapolis campus of the
725:
444:
741:, the court concluded that this right does exist, because all citizens have an inherent right to marry the adult of their choice, overturning the Minnesota Supreme Court's opinion in
1812:: 529 Cedar Avenue, in the Cedar Riverside Neighborhood of Minneapolis, separate from but near the University of Minnesota's expanding campus on the West Bank of the Mississippi.
781:, then a diverse and growing system of 26 facilities, hired McConnell. After 37 years of service, McConnell retired as a Coordinating Librarian with gratitude expressed publicly.
581:
was accepted by the U.S. Supreme Court, which dismissed it with a one-sentence order on October 10, 1972: "The appeal is dismissed for want of a substantial federal question."
427:
invited friends to meet at picnics in Loring Park, near Downtown Minneapolis. Such events, which encouraged self-pride, began in mid-June as a prelude to local celebrations of
545:
2066:
Student dignity is "a state of mind that forces students to realize their own self-worth and to search out a new self respect," Baker said in a recent policy statement.
2045:"Mama D joined a collection of patriotic icons in this campaign poster for Jack Baker, the first openly gay student body president at the University of Minnesota."
2580:"The institution of marriage as a union of man and woman, uniquely involving the procreation or rearing of children within a family, is as old as the book of Genesis".
1231:
712:
in the state of Minnesota. The caucus persuaded delegates to endorse "legislation defining marriage as a civil contract between any two adults". That vote became the "
705:
466:, which sponsored the Festival of Pride each June. Such celebrations spread and became the PRIDE tradition that thrives today in cities throughout the United States.
1031:
distinction of sex. 1 Bish.Mar. & Div. § 3; Collins v Hoag & Rollins, 121 Neb. 716, 238 N.W. 351, 355; Allen v. Allen, 73 Conn. 54, 46 A. 242, 49 L.R.A. 142.
1735:
735:
In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court answered the question they had dismissed in 1972: "Do same-sex couples have a constitutional right to get married?" In the case of
3214:
The "federal constitution prohibition against ex post facto laws . . . forbids the imposition of punishment for past conduct lawful at the time it was engaged."
565:, called same-sex marriage the "civil rights issue of our times" and Baker insisted that "the conclusion was intuitively obvious to a first-year law student."
3262:
3083:
2325:"WCCO's Dave Moore takes a look at the evolving gay liberation movement of the early '70s, including a look at the marriage of Jack Baker and Mike McConnell."
1263:
3710:
3705:
2190:
640:
When Baker enrolled as a law student in late 1969, he began pursuing his promise to obtain a legal right to marry. He and McConnell, a librarian, became
1760:
Egil Jonsson, comments and posting of his copy of Jim Chalgren's 'Gay Pride' photo on his Facebook page (February 29, 2012; re-post on June 24, 2019).
3282:
813:
3715:
1709:
York, Mailing Address: 26 Wall Street Federal Hall National Monument c/o Stonewall National Monument New; Us, NY 10005 Phone: 212-668-2577 Contact.
1079:
403:
objected to hiring "a known homosexual." Later in the decade, when faced with a denial of access to students, Honeywell reversed its hiring policy.
602:
3252:"We are writing to let you know that you are entitled to monthly husband benefits on the record of James Michael McConnell beginning June 2015."
2445:
BAKER: "We got quite a bit of criticism, and very few people were actually supporting us. But I figured, well, history would speak for itself."
1390:
Source: Letter addressed to Gerald R. Nelson, Clerk of District Court, from George M. Scot, County Attorney, pages 6-7 (May 22, 1970).
2380:
624:
could not annul a marriage contract that was validated "a full six weeks" before the decision was filed. Professor Thomas Kraemer argued that
612:
to investigate a potential "crime" committed by Rev. Lynn. He studied the legality of the marriage but found the question not worth pursuing.
1612:
1420:
Source: Letter addressed to Gerald R. Nelson, Clerk of District Court, from George M. Scot, County Attorney, page 6 (May 22, 1970).
3725:
2310:
Sources: Memoir of Michael McConnell, as told to Gail Langer Karwoski, "The Wedding Heard 'Round the World: America's First Gay Marriage",
1167:
JB describes the decades-long (46-year) process from the denial of their marriage license in 1971 until a second request that same year in
3684:
Letter from Robert Burgett, Senior Vice President, University of Minnesota Foundation, addressed to Michael McConnell (February 17, 2020).
406:
In 1971, Baker campaigned to become president of the Minnesota Student Association at the University of Minnesota. Once elected, he hired
2742:
3720:
2298:
2538:
1424:
1394:
1092:
Diplomas: "Bachelor of Arts" (June 4, 1967) and "Master of Library Science" (June 2, 1968), Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education
494:
for "marriage equality" emerged from the University of Minnesota, it attracted extensive media attention, including appearances on the
3745:
3367:
1774:". However, the Stonewall riots there were a response to police harassment and were neither "Gay Pride" celebrations nor demands for "
289:
191:
2968:
2905:
2868:
Context: According to Professor Thomas Kraemer , early gay activists "were mostly interested in sexual freedom and gay liberation".
1134:
992:
857:
3111:
Sources: MEMORANDUM by Judge Lindsay G. Arthur (August 3, 1971). Fourth Judicial District, Juvenile Division, File No. AD-19962.
1471:
Source: October Term, 1972: "Appellee's Motion to Dismiss Appeal and Brief" by George M. Scott, County Attorney, Page 7
709:
641:
443:
for the banner that would lead the crowd as it encouraged allies, supporters and bystanders to punish the Catholic archbishop of
428:
164:, have their marriage solemnized, which occurred on September 3, 1971, and have it legally recognized by any form of government.
3444:
Sources: McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary", volumes 5a-e (The McConnell case), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
728:
upheld the IRS ruling and the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed, saying that McConnell could not re-litigate a question
3414:
Source: Lori Swanson, Attorney General, "Brief of the State of Minnesota as AMICUS CURIAE in support of petitioners", page 18.
772:
755:
agreed that the Minnesota Supreme Court's prior "procreation rationale" did not support its prohibition of same-sex marriage.
2833:
1775:
990:
The U.S. Supreme Court was required to accept an appeal of a state court's opinion as a matter of right, a practice that the
713:
77:
2777:
829:
2958:
According to his clerk, Justice Harry Blackmun said, "I just think the court was ready at the time to take on the issue."
2148:
It was "the first time in the 121-year history of the U of M that a student body president has been re-elected."
947:
3255:
Sources: Anon., Social Security Administration, "Retirement, Survivors and Disability Insurance" (February 16, 2019);
2684:
752:
698:
598:
534:
491:
479:
85:
3094:
1225:
1198:
1168:
654:
3315:
2652:
2248:
2688:
1914:
1654:
1320:
923:
887:
3151:
2673:"We now have equal marriage in Manitoba, and our efforts here were a direct result of your leadership in Minnesota."
2489:: The Original Case for Gay Marriage". Though access is now private, a copy is preserved in the public domain by the
589:
from 1974 through 2004. That benefit ended when Congress limited the deduction to an individual under the age of 19.
578:
3259:
3080:
1554:
Diploma: "Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering", Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education (June 6, 1965)
1260:
1115:
3235:
2807:
2304:
1857:
Neal R. Peirce, "The Great Plains States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Nine Great Plains States",
3598:"Do you think the University was justified in firing McConnell because of his open declaration of homosexuality?"
2407:
Sasha Aslanian, "Video: Gay rights pioneers Jack Baker and Michael McConnell predicted marriage victory in '70s",
450:
3740:
3654:
Source: Email from Eric W Kaler – Office of the President <upres@umn.edu> to Logan Chelmo (June 25, 2018).
3097:, "Hennepin County District Court" in re J. Michael McConnell's adoption of Pat Lyn McConnell. File No. AD-19962.
436:
219:
2882:
2307:. GUIDE: If the documentary does not appear on your screen, copy-n-paste the hyperlink into a different browser.
3735:
935:
388:
365:
294:
3492:
2169:
Sources: McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary" (volumes 6a - b), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
2133:
Sources: McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary" (volumes 6a - b), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
2030:
Sources: McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary" (volumes 1a - d), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
1474:
Access: McConnell Files, "America's First Gay Marriage" (binder #3), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
1286:
Sources: McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary" (volumes 5a–e and 8c), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
1221:
Sources: CONCLUSIONS OF LAW by Assistant Chief Judge Gregory Anderson, Fifth Judicial District, (page 4);
3620:
2836:
refused a request for legal support after its leadership showed "little or no enthusiasm" for gay marriage.
2193:
from 2021 Minnesota Statutes, Chapter 137, Section 137.023 (amending chapter 120, section 1, 1976).
1506:
Sources: McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary", (volumes 6a–b), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
2328:
1963:
1792:
Stonewall leadership decided to change its commemoration of the riots to a celebration of "Gay Pride" after
1401:
778:
721:
662:
530:
432:
369:
202:
was not disclosed, their marriage contract, lawfully obtained but never invalidated, affected the decision.
172:
3175:
Source: Claire Bowes, "Jack Baker and Michael McConnell: Gay Americans who married in 1971" (July 3, 2013).
924:"Minnesota Led the Two Coasts on Marriage Rights, and Should Do So Again: Jack Baker and Michael McConnell"
3730:
3168:"Pastor Roger Lynn holds up Baker and McConnell's marriage certificate" from the ceremony he conducted in
2083:
Sources: McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary", (volume 6a), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
1370:"Minneapolis church marks 52nd anniversary of first legally-recognized same-sex marriage in US history" by
345:
340:, Baker was accepted in the Airmen Education Commissioning Program and stationed at OU, where he earned a
299:
215:
136:
3559:
3424:
2213:
Sources: McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary" (volume 8b), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
1977:
1763:
Sources: McConnell Files, "America's First Gay Marriage" (Gift #13), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
3108:. . . "regardless of popular conception, adoption is not limited to children" . . .
2470:
1572:
Sources: Maryville Academy, "eproductions" of "permanent microphotographic" records (Film-File 9239-40).
558:
323:
2755:
Source: Baker to Patrick Condon, "Gay couple in 1971 marriage ruling reflect on new court challenges",
2518:
1674:
1016:
Before 1970, no wedding conducted without a legal license was a marriage, even if blessed in a church.
3232:
Professor Thomas Kraemer , "Gay marriage discussion in 1953 vs. 1963 and today" (December 16, 2013).
1241:
McConnell Files, "America’s First Gay Marriage" (binder #4), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
1175:, was "declared to be in all respects valid" by Order of Gregory J. Anderson, Judge of District Court.
837:
3700:
2534:
Source: R. Michael Wetherbee, Attorney for Plaintiffs, "PLAINTIFFS' MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF MOTION".
2466:
1629:
1400:
Access: McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary", (volume 2ab), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
737:
407:
210:
James Michael McConnell was born in Norman, Oklahoma on May 19, 1942. He learned self-pride from his
3348:
2414:
1592:
2720:
1786:
841:
748:
502:
392:
341:
3395:
2854:
2778:
What is believed to be the first same-sex marriage in the United States was performed in Minnesota
1494:
As a student body president, elected 1971 and re-elected 1972, he was known by different names.
3552:
3400:
2934:
2708:
2592:
1679:
894:
862:
690:
601:
and received a marriage license, which "was never revoked". Rev. Roger Lynn, a minister from the
141:
3577:
Source: Michelle Andrea Wolf and Alfred P. Kielwasser, eds., "Gay People, Sex, and the Media",
2700:"Chris Vogel and Rich North of Winnipeg were the first gay couple to legally marry in Canada."
665:
until a state district court in Blue Earth County affirmed its legality on September 18, 2018.
3670:
Sources: McConnell Files, "America's First Gay Marriage", Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
3584:
3283:"'You are as good as anybody else.' Same-sex couple who married in 1970 on Supreme Court move"
3062:
1935:
1862:
1729:
1684:
1634:
1608:
814:"'You are as good as anybody else.' Same-sex couple who married in 1970 on Supreme Court move"
648:
from 1969 to 1980. After being refused in their first attempt to obtain a marriage license in
586:
496:
375:
Jack Baker, a law student, was elected to serve as president. Moving aggressively and openly,
319:
304:
2626:"I am convinced", he said, "that same-sex marriages will be legalized in the United States."
2496:
Sources: The McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary" , Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
1530:
Diploma: "Juris Doctor", The Regents of The University of Minnesota (December 13, 1972)
383:
into a "mecca for gays", with members soon endorsing McConnell's dream of same-sex marriage.
214:
parents, who raised him with love. After graduating from Norman High School, he attended the
17:
2469:
project crafted by Joseph Kase and Jeremiah Smith, 7th grade students at a public school in
2404:
Baker insisted, "We're gonna win eventually, not this time but maybe the next time around."
1600:
161:
124:
3667:
Letter from Michael McConnell addressed to university president Eric Kaler (25 July 2012).
2879:, "Jack Baker deserves mainstream press coverage after gay marriage ruling" (July 7, 2012).
2735:
Source: Lavers, Michael K., "NAACP president: Marriage is civil rights issue of our times"
3527:
3266:
3087:
2584:
2490:
2485:
2098:"A total of 6,024 ballots cast topped the previous record of 5,049 in the 1958 election."
1267:
877:
800:
743:
729:
694:
686:
649:
620:
574:
525:
519:
357:
330:
327:
199:
195:
186:
177:
81:
3148:
Source: Logan Chelmo, search online for "Honoring Rev. Roger Lynn" (posted June 6, 2021).
2055:
a campaign poster featuring Mama D: "Jack Baker Comes Out – for Things That Count!".
1648:
The meeting occurred at a party, in a barn, on farmland, near Norman (October 31, 1966).
2266:"I appreciate your willingness to serve on the Campus Committee on Placement Services."
1882:
2511:
Jack Baker, as told to Helen Barrett, "We had America's first gay marriage – in 1971",
2229:
1545:
Diploma: "Master of Business Administration", Higher Learning Commission (May 18, 1968)
1156:
768:
337:
43:
3114:
McConnell Files, "America's First Gay Marriage" , Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
1815:
New course: K. A. Phelps , "The Homosexual Revolution", Bulletin No. 5 (May 18, 1969).
524:
McConnell and Baker applied for a marriage license. After the Clerk of District Court
3694:
3295:
See: McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary" , Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
3217:
Source: Bureau of National Affairs, "Gay married couple frustrated in adoption bid",
3090:". University of Minnesota Press (2016). "With A New Epilogue" (2020). Pages 118-119.
1500:
September 1, 1969: Jack Baker, name adopted to lead activists demanding gay equality;
462:
At the time, Jack was the chair of the Target City Coalition, parent corporation for
361:
2126:
News: Gary Dawson, "Homosexual Credits U Election Victory to a New Sophistication",
1835:"Halfhill steered the group through the administrative channels needed to establish
701:
as they pursued affirmation of their union while living openly as a married couple.
333:. He remained in its care and custody for almost 11 years, completing grades 2-12.
2961:
Source: Jess Bravin, "Supreme Court Clerk Remembers First Same-Sex Marriage Case",
1932:
Wayne R. Dynes, "Homosexuality and Government, Politics and Prisons" (1992), 248.
577:
interpreted its laws. Early results were not favorable. An appeal sponsored by the
225:
364:, Koreen Phelps recruited local friends to join her outreach program sponsored by
2455:
Search online for "How Jack Baker and Michael McConnell became husbands in 1971".
872:
447:
for his public condemnation of both the gay life-style and self-pride as sinful.
3169:
2676:
Sources: Letter of gratitude from Rich North to Jack Baker (September 20, 2004);
1891:
By Scott Paulsen, "Twin Cities Gay and Lesbian Community Oral History Project",
1111:
507:
455:
380:
3178:
1913:
See also, the Introduction by Ken Bronson, "A Quest for Full Equality" (2004).
1604:
1270:". University of Minnesota Press (2016). Reprint, "With A New Epilogue" (2020).
903:
533:. However, before the final opinion was published, McConnell re-applied – in a
3079:
Source: Michael McConnell, with Jack Baker, as told to Gail Langer Karwoski, "
2801:
2480:
2076:
A New Level Of Self-Respect. Kay Tobin and Randy Wicker, "The Gay Crusaders",
1352:
Press release – "Minnesota Hosts First Legally Sanctioned Same-Sex Marriage",
1151:
785:
609:
510:, mocked them as the "lunatic fringe", admiration among peers spread locally.
1688:
716:" of support by a major United States political party for same-sex marriage.
3269:; With A New Epilogue." University of Minnesota Press (2020), Page 182.
2783:
Sources: Pat Kessler, "A Rare Glimpse At Minn.'s 1st Gay Wedding In 1971",
2541:, Hennepin County District Court, Fourth Judicial District, File No. 671379.
2474:
1771:
1503:
August 3, 1971: Pat Lyn McConnell, married name; by Decree of Adoption;
1427:, Hennepin County District Court, Fourth Judicial District, File No. 671379.
1397:, Hennepin County District Court, Fourth Judicial District, File No. 671379.
1172:
689:
before the rejection in Hennepin County was appealed to and accepted by the
677:
645:
400:
76:
First same-sex couple to have been married legally, followed by others from
2992:
2559:"IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that said motion be and the same hereby is denied."
801:"For Mpls. couple, gay marriage ruling is a victory 43 years in the making"
160:
are the first same-sex couple in modern recorded history known to obtain a
3059:
Internal Revenue Service, "Form 1040 Instructions", page 19 (2005).
2232:(June 1973). Courtesy: Jean-Nickolaus Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
959:
2587:, Baker v. Nelson, 291 Minn. 310, 191 N.W.2d 185, 186 (October 15, 1971).
1782:
1465:
960:"The Wedding Heard Heard 'Round the World: America's First Gay Marriage."
628:
had hosted "the first same-sex couple in history to be legally married".
267:
2363:
Sources: McConnell Files (Gift #6), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
1796:, formerly a monk before joining FREE, coined the term for that purpose.
1770:
MEMORANDUM for the record (19 May 2021). Some credit New York City, as "
724:
prohibits the IRS from recognizing it. When McConnell brought suit, the
704:
In 1972, Baker led the Gay Rights Caucus at the state convention of the
697:
in 1972, "for want of a substantial federal question", other challenges
3396:"12 key moments that led to the Supreme Court's same-sex marriage case"
2692:
2612:
314:
263:
211:
3260:
The Wedding Heard Heard 'Round the World: America's First Gay Marriage
3258:
Michael McConnell, with Jack Baker, as told to Gail Langer Karwoski, "
3081:
The Wedding Heard Heard 'Round the World: America's First Gay Marriage
2245:
Source: Ken Bronson, "A Quest for Full Equality" (2004), p. 38.
1261:
The Wedding Heard Heard 'Round the World: America's First Gay Marriage
1259:
Michael McConnell, with Jack Baker, as told to Gail Langer Karwoski, "
3477:
Randy Tigue, "Regent: FREE member case 'matter of public relations',
3199:
Anon., "Homosexual Wins Fight to Take Bar Examination in Minnesota",
2790:
News: Naomi Pescovitz, "Pastor Reflects Back on Minn. Gay Marriage",
1710:
904:"Jack Baker and Michael McConnell: Gay Americans who married in 1971"
478:
received class credit for documenting his youth and why he supported
2116:"He has spoken truth to power because he knows the power of truth."
958:
Memoir of Michael McConnell (2016) as told to Gail Langer Karwoski,
605:, validated the marriage contract at a private home in Minneapolis.
676:
562:
544:
449:
224:
1563:
Diploma: "High School", Catholic School Board (June 7, 1959)
198:
was accepted but later dismissed on October 10, 1972. Though the
3462:
Source: Letter from James F. Hogg, Secretary, Board of Regents,
2843:(1970). Published by Jason Smith, "Gay Pride Block Party Case",
2276:
News: Gary Urban, "Complaint charges Honeywell discrimination",
1651:
Source: Ken Bronson, "A Quest for Full Equality", page 2 (2004).
3510:
News: Bob Lundegaard, "University Ordered to Hire Homosexual",
3036:
District Court, No. 4-75-Civ. 566 (D. Minn. 20 April 1976); and
3307:
Sources: McConnell Files, Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
2658:
Sources: McConnell Files, Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
2048:
Source: Bill Huntzicker, "Dinkytown: Four Blocks of History",
1101:
Diploma: "High School", Board of Education (June 2, 1960)
658:
3493:"McConnell v. Anderson, 316 F.Supp. 809 (D. Minn. 1970)"
1821:
Source: McConnell Files, Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,
1135:"Meet the Gay Men Whose 1971 Marriage Was Finally Recognized"
3046:"Minnesota law prohibits same sex marriages . . ."
3039:
United States Court of Appeals, 547 F.2d 54 (8th Cir. 1976).
1778:", both of which began in Minneapolis and spread from there.
1373:
Jason Rantala, "52 Years Since Same-sex Marriage Milestone".
2331:
On Sunday', "Tackles Gay Rights" (September 30, 1973),
3528:"McConnell v. Anderson, 41F.2d193 (October 18, 1971)"
3314:
Ken Bronson, "A Quest for Full Equality" (2002), page 32.
3017:"Homosexual Couple Contest I.R.S. Ban On a Joint Return",
2314:(2016) and paperback release "with a new epilogue" (2020).
1711:"Stonewall National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)"
3334:
Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor State Central Committee
2014:
Victory: Lars Bjornson, "A quiet win: Honeywell yields",
1497:
March 10, 1942: Richard John Baker, Certificate of Birth;
1490:
1488:
1486:
1068:
Applicants: James Michael McConnell and Pat Lyn McConnell
182:
3604:
Source: Office of Student Affairs, "Research Bulletin",
2906:"The Same-Sex Couple Who Got a Marriage License in 1971"
2291:
Ken Kurtenbach (Gotebo High School), "Human Relations",
2158:
News: Anon., "Law senior elected U. student president",
2151:
Source: Vic Stoner, "Baker, Schwartz win MSA election",
1591:
Eskridge, William N. Jr.; Riano, Christopher R. (2020).
1019:
Source: Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition,
858:"The Same-Sex Couple Who Got a Marriage License in 1971"
759:
Employment discrimination at the University of Minnesota
2839:
Source: Letter from Norman Dorsen, General Counsel for
1059:
549:
Baker and McConnell (r) at their Minneapolis home, 1970
3121:
Anon., "U student head adopted by homosexual friend",
2562:
Source: Judge Stanley Kane, "ORDER" (December 2, 1970)
2273:, mailed to Jack Baker and others (February 11, 1971).
1116:"Same-Sex Marriage: Landmark Decisions and Precedents"
3325:
Press release – "Gay Machine Startles DFL Regulars",
3128:
Associated Press, "Male's adoption by roommate OKd",
2655:
in "A Quest for Full Equality", page 69 (2004).
2381:"Minn. gay couple in '71 marriage case still joined"
1818:
Group title: "Fight Repression of Erotic Expression"
185:
on May 22, 1970 to issue them a marriage license in
3550:News: Anon., "Homosexual Wins a Suit over Hiring",
2629:Source: Bob Protzman, "Gay Marriage OK Predicted",
2101:Source: Steve Brandt, "Baker wins in record vote,"
2007:Letter to FREE from Vice President Gerry E. Morse,
1187:
1185:
1183:
996:
ended in 1988 (Public Law 100-352, 100th Congress).
830:"A Rare Glimpse At Minn.'s 1st Gay Wedding In 1971"
285:
275:
242:
235:
132:
103:
96:
72:
64:
34:
3466:, delivered to Michael McConnell (July 10, 1970).
3437:Letter from Ralph H. Hopp, University Librarian,
2023:Anon., "Three big companies say they hire Gays",
1749:
1747:
1745:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
3601:yes = 10%, no = 81%, no opinion = 8%, other = 1%
2718:News: Mia Rabson, "Couple helped make history",
1675:"50 Years Later, What We Forgot About Stonewall"
1521:Photo by staff, "The Voice of Maryville" (1957).
1191:Newsletter, "Hidden Treasures from the Stacks",
1157:"Michael McConnell, Jack Baker, and Lisa Vecoli"
597:After McConnell adopted Baker, he re-applied in
3441:, mailed to Michael McConnell (27 April 1970).
2982:409 U.S. 810, 93 S.Ct. 37, 34 L.Ed.2d 65 (1972)
2817:News: Associated Press, "They're Mr. and Mr.",
1439:
1437:
1435:
1356:(September 7, 1971). See also: Press release –
873:"The 25 Most Influential Marriages of All Time"
2432:David von Drehle, "Gay Marriage Already Won",
2356:also Michael Durham, "Homosexuals in revolt",
1581:Known as "St. Mary's Training School" in 1948.
948:"America's First Gay Marriage, 44 Years Later"
747:, which had been accepted as precedent. As a "
573:McConnell's marriage to Baker depended on how
506:(New York, NY). After a professor of history,
500:; Kennedy & Co. (WLS-TV, Chicago IL); and
3349:"McConnell v. United States, January 3, 2005"
2928:
2926:
2644:Jack Baker, "The right to be human and gay",
2606:
2604:
1772:the cradle of the modern LGBT rights movement
1757:, . . . Thom and I dated, friends in 1980."
8:
2997:National Archives and Records Administration
2899:
2897:
2895:
2691:legalized same-sex marriage in the province
2565:News: Anon., "Gay Marriage Plea Is Denied",
2531:Baker and McConnell -vs- Geral R. Nelson.
1593:"1. Coming Out of the Constitutional Closet"
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
27:Advocates of marriage rights for gay couples
3368:"McConnell v. United States, July 17, 2006"
3285:. The Takeaway, Public Radio International.
2544:News: Associated Press, "Marriage Is Out",
1910:, "F.R.E.E. At Last" (May 11, 1970), 13.
1734:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1255:
1253:
1051:
1049:
816:. The Takeaway, Public Radio International.
784:In 2012, University of Minnesota president
454:Celebrations end with a parade in Downtown
3332:Resolution 71.d, "The 1972 DFL Platform",
2004:"We would not employ a known homosexual."
1873:
1871:
1363:September 3, 2023: Video posted online by
1348:
1346:
1344:
1321:"Marriage – my childhood dream comes true"
986:
984:
982:
980:
232:
93:
42:
31:
3419:In The Supreme Court of the United States
1842:Source: Bruce Johasen, "Out of Silence",
1628:Bloomquist, Madison (December 18, 2015).
1597:Marriage Equality From Outlaws to In-Laws
336:While on active duty (four years) in the
3196:"Thus the marriage remained in effect."
2845:Friends of the Bill of Rights Foundation
2590:News: Anon., "Court Won't Let Men Wed",
2119:Endorsement: "Baker for MSA president",
1599:. Yale University Press. pp. 5–33.
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
767:McConnell sued and prevailed in federal
608:The Hennepin County Attorney convened a
2787:/ CBS; Minneapolis, MN (July 31, 2013);
2452:, "Morning Edition" (October 14, 2022).
2293:University of Minnesota Media Resources
2187:UNIVERSITY STUDENT ON BOARD OF REGENTS.
1336:friends. Jack agreed to make it happen.
1009:
976:
706:Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
603:Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church
290:University of Minnesota Law School
3625:Hennepin County Board of Commissioners
1727:
1453:Chapter 517.03: Marriages prohibited.
326:, and accepted as boarders to receive
2794:; Minneapolis, MN (May 16, 2013); and
2379:Condon, Patrick (December 10, 2012).
1951:Fight Repression of Erotic Expression
1464:"Questions Raised by This Appeal Are
229:Left, rear: Jack Baker at age 15
7:
2933:Greenhouse, Linda (March 20, 2013).
2715:, University of Minnesota Libraries.
2349:Jack Star, "The Homosexual Couple,"
1978:"Columbia Charters Homosexual Group"
1195:, p. 6 (September 2013).
1193:The National Archives at Kansas City
941:. University of Minnesota Libraries.
514:Lawsuit to obtain a marriage license
3394:Parloff, Roger (January 18, 2015).
3373:. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals
3336:at Rochester, MN (June 9–11, 1972).
3221:page 2103 (December 10, 1974).
1319:McConnel, Michael (November 2013).
1071:Date of Marriage: September 3, 1971
537:– and received a marriage license.
3711:21st-century American LGBTQ people
3706:20th-century American LGBTQ people
1060:Minnesota Official Marriage System
946:Lueck, Shane (November 12, 2015).
886:Pat Lyn McConnell (January 2014).
541:Same-sex marriage as a civil right
68:1942 (age 81–82) (both)
25:
3672:University of Minnesota Libraries
3621:Commendation of Michael McConnell
3446:University of Minnesota Libraries
3417:Recipient: Obergefell v. Hodges,
3354:. US District Court for Minnesota
3320:University of Minnesota Libraries
3309:University of Minnesota Libraries
3297:University of Minnesota Libraries
3156:University of Minnesota Libraries
3116:University of Minnesota Libraries
2993:"Baker v. Nelson, Case # 71-1027"
2859:University of Minnesota Libraries
2660:University of Minnesota Libraries
2498:University of Minnesota Libraries
2365:University of Minnesota Libraries
2253:University of Minnesota Libraries
2234:University of Minnesota Libraries
2215:University of Minnesota Libraries
2171:University of Minnesota Libraries
2135:University of Minnesota Libraries
2085:University of Minnesota Libraries
2032:University of Minnesota Libraries
1919:University of Minnesota Libraries
1823:University of Minnesota Libraries
1765:University of Minnesota Libraries
1659:University of Minnesota Libraries
1508:University of Minnesota Libraries
1476:University of Minnesota Libraries
1403:University of Minnesota Libraries
1288:University of Minnesota Libraries
993:Supreme Court Case Selections Act
726:U.S. District Court for Minnesota
482:, which was featured on WCCO-TV.
387:the United States, following the
3281:Raphael, T. J. (June 25, 2015).
2448:Source: StoryCorps, as heard on
1976:Schumach, Murray (May 3, 1967).
1443:"Minnesota Statutes Annotated",
1114:; Fang, Celina (June 26, 2015).
929:. Quatrefoil Library. p. 5.
812:Raphael, T. J. (June 25, 2015).
708:, the affiliate of the national
554:"fight to be married" legally.
36:Jack Baker and Michael McConnell
3716:American LGBTQ rights activists
3132:, Denver (August 26, 1971), 85.
2633:, p ? (October 22, 1971).
1243:U of M Libraries
871:Grunwald, Lisa (May 12, 2015).
773:Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
644:activists in the U.S. state of
593:Adoption and later legal review
579:Minnesota Civil Liberties Union
2904:Eckholm, Eric (May 16, 2015).
2834:American Civil Liberties Union
2617:, p. ? (August 16, 1971).
2073:, page 2 (March 9, 1971).
1846:, page 189 (Spring 2019).
1154:Archive (September 12, 2017).
902:Bowes, Claire (July 4, 2013).
856:Eckholm, Erik (May 16, 2015).
828:Kessler, Pat (July 29, 2013).
807:. Minnesota Public Radio News.
1:
2569:(November 19, 1970), 27.
2477:, U.S. (February 2014).
2312:University of Minnesota Press
2166:, page ? (7 April 1972).
1354:Minnesota Student Association
1133:Baume, Matt (March 1, 2019).
964:University of Minnesota Press
888:"Who defined the gay agenda?"
753:Attorney General of Minnesota
18:Michael McConnell (librarian)
3587:, accessed February 7, 2012.
3562:, accessed February 7, 2012.
3538:(451): 193. October 18, 1971
2596:(January 10, 1971), 65.
2052:, page 161 (2016), plus
1938:, accessed February 7, 2012.
1893:Minnesota Historical Society
1673:Salam, Maya (June 4, 2019).
799:Crann, Tom (July 16, 2015).
771:. The board appealed to the
569:Courts debate their marriage
480:America's first gay marriage
3726:LGBTQ people from Minnesota
2353:(January 26, 1971), 69–71;
1865:, accessed February 7, 2014
936:"A Quest for Full Equality"
437:Church of the Chosen People
3762:
3721:LGBTQ history in Minnesota
2724:, A4 (September 17, 2004).
2269:Letter from Malcolm Moos,
1605:10.12987/9780300255744-003
1055:Source: Blue Earth County
673:Vindication in later years
517:
486:Same-sex marriage activism
445:Saint Paul and Minneapolis
356:In 1969, weeks before the
3746:Librarians from Minnesota
3514:(September 10, 1970), 23.
3095:Minnesota Judicial Branch
2548:(May 24, 1970), 30A.
2539:Minnesota Judicial Branch
2130:, 35 (8 April 1971).
2069:Profile of "Jack Baker",
1810:Minnesota Free University
1425:Minnesota Judicial Branch
1395:Minnesota Judicial Branch
1226:Minnesota Judicial Branch
366:Minnesota Free University
220:Master of Library Science
181:affirmed a court clerk's
171:On October 15, 1971, the
41:
3265:August 26, 2015, at the
3219:The Family Law Reporter,
3086:August 26, 2015, at the
2847:(January 2012), page 52.
2765:(December 11, 2012), 3A+
2513:Financial Times Magazine
2360:(December 31, 1971), 68.
2123:, page 4 (5 April 1971).
1266:August 26, 2015, at the
389:Student Homophile League
295:Oklahoma City University
3651:of rebuke and censure."
3641:University News Service
3623:" (November 30, 2010).
3606:University of Minnesota
3553:The New York Times
3464:University of Minnesota
3439:University of Minnesota
2963:The Wall Street Journal
2821:(September 8, 1971), 3.
2819:San Francisco Chronicle
2271:University of Minnesota
2080:, New York, 136 (1972).
1964:Columbia Queer Alliance
832:. WCCO-TV, Minneapolis.
779:Hennepin County Library
722:Defense of Marriage Act
681:Baker, McConnell (2016)
663:Veterans Administration
616:The Family Law Reporter
531:Minnesota Supreme Court
464:The Gay Pride Committee
379:eventually transformed
370:University of Minnesota
173:Minnesota Supreme Court
158:James Michael McConnell
108:James Michael McConnell
3203:(January 7, 1973), 55.
3125:(August 25, 1971), 1A.
2763:St. Paul Pioneer Press
2739:(May 21, 2012).
2631:St. Paul Pioneer Press
2567:St. Paul Pioneer Press
2419:Minnesota Public Radio
2385:Minnesota Public Radio
2300:posted by Brandon Wolf
2018:, 13 (April 10, 1974).
1962:Merged later with the
922:Frame, Robert (2012).
687:valid marriage license
685:The couple obtained a
682:
550:
459:
435:, Prime Archon of the
346:Industrial Engineering
300:University of Oklahoma
230:
216:University of Oklahoma
137:University of Oklahoma
3556:(September 20, 1970),
3327:DFL Gay Rights Caucus
3021:(January 5, 1975), 55
2450:National Public Radio
2027:(September 30, 1970).
1839:as a student group".
1630:"A pioneering couple"
1036:MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE:
934:Bronson, Ken (2004).
680:
559:Benjamin Todd Jealous
548:
453:
324:Des Plaines, Illinois
228:
222:degree in June 1968.
2683:Context: In 2003, a
2493:. (August 18, 2020).
2481:As posted on YouTube
2467:National History Day
2436:(April 8, 2013), 22.
2280:(March 12, 1973), 8.
1080:Marriage Certificate
1058:Certificate 434960:
738:Obergefell v. Hodges
618:argued in 1974 that
419:In 1971, Members of
218:(OU), ending with a
3512:Minneapolis Tribune
3481:(July 16, 1970), 1.
3130:Rocky Mountain News
3123:Minneapolis Tribune
3031:McConnell v. Nooner
2721:Winnipeg Free Press
2515:(August 7, 2015).
2210:(June 1, 2018), A1.
2164:Austin Daily Herald
2155:, 1 (7 April 1972).
2105:, 1 (8 April 1971).
1953:(November 1, 1969).
1787:Library of Congress
1445:West Publishing Co.
962:, Minneapolis, MN:
842:Minnesota United FC
749:friend of the court
693:. Though that case
561:, president of the
503:David Susskind Show
393:Columbia University
342:Bachelor of Science
80:, elsewhere in the
3019:The New York Times
2999:. October 10, 1972
2939:The New York Times
2910:The New York Times
2711:, courtesy of the
2648:(March 13, 1972).
2593:The New York Times
2585:C. Donald Peterson
1767:. Binders #7, #7a
1680:The New York Times
1365:CBS News Minnesota
1120:The New York Times
1021:West Publishing Co
895:Quatrefoil Library
863:The New York Times
730:decided previously
691:U.S. Supreme Court
683:
551:
460:
415:The birth of PRIDE
313:Baker was born in
247:Richard John Baker
231:
192:U.S. Supreme Court
142:Norman High School
3619:Agenda item 7A, "
3425:Available online.
3183:BBC News Magazine
2761:Reprinted in the
2519:Available online.
2334:posted online by
2128:St. Paul Dispatch
2078:Paperback Library
2011:(June 29, 1970).
1844:Minnesota History
1635:Southwest Journal
1614:978-0-300-25574-4
1199:Available online.
1169:Blue Earth County
952:Lavender Magazine
822:Short documentary
764:thing there is."
655:Blue Earth County
599:Blue Earth County
587:head of household
497:Phil Donahue Show
320:Maryville Academy
311:
310:
305:Maryville Academy
281:Pat Lyn McConnell
279:Richard Baker and
148:
147:
98:Michael McConnell
92:
91:
86:several countries
50:Michael McConnell
16:(Redirected from
3753:
3741:Same-sex couples
3685:
3682:
3676:
3665:
3659:
3643:(June 22, 2012).
3639:Source: "News",
3634:
3628:
3617:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3585:Available online
3571:
3565:
3560:Available online
3547:
3545:
3543:
3523:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3488:
3482:
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3406:
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3391:
3385:
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3378:
3372:
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3361:
3359:
3353:
3345:
3339:
3316:Available online
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3250:
3244:
3236:Available online
3230:
3224:
3212:
3206:
3194:
3188:
3179:Available online
3166:
3160:
3143:
3137:
3106:
3100:
3074:
3068:
3063:Available online
3057:
3051:
3028:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2969:Available online
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2901:
2890:
2883:Available online
2855:Available online
2830:
2824:
2804:
2803:Available online
2774:
2768:
2757:Associated Press
2753:
2747:
2743:available online
2737:Washington Blade
2733:
2727:
2685:court of appeals
2671:
2665:
2651:As reprinted by
2642:
2636:
2624:
2618:
2610:"Daily Record",
2608:
2599:
2583:Author: Justice
2578:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2546:Kansas City Star
2529:
2523:
2509:
2503:
2464:
2458:
2443:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2415:Available online
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2347:
2341:
2338:- CBS Minnesota.
2323:
2317:
2301:
2289:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2249:Available online
2243:
2237:
2226:
2220:
2202:
2196:
2191:Available online
2182:
2176:
2162:. Re-printed in
2160:Associated Press
2146:
2140:
2114:
2108:
2096:
2090:
2064:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1949:Press release –
1947:
1941:
1936:Available online
1930:
1924:
1915:Available online
1904:
1898:
1890:
1883:"Interview with
1875:
1866:
1863:Available online
1859:George J. McLeod
1855:
1849:
1833:
1827:
1807:
1801:
1783:available online
1751:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1670:
1664:
1655:available online
1646:
1640:
1639:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
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1546:
1543:
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1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1492:
1481:
1462:
1456:
1441:
1430:
1415:
1409:
1384:
1378:
1360:(May 17, 1970).
1350:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1301:
1284:
1271:
1257:
1248:
1236:U of M Libraries
1232:Available online
1216:
1203:
1189:
1178:
1160:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1078:Certified Copy:
1053:
1044:
1014:
997:
988:
955:
942:
940:
930:
928:
918:
916:
914:
898:
892:
882:
867:
845:
844:. June 23, 2021.
833:
817:
808:
714:first known case
710:Democratic Party
535:different county
429:Independence Day
276:Other names
260:
256:
254:
233:
162:marriage license
125:Norman, Oklahoma
121:
117:
115:
94:
46:
32:
21:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3736:Married couples
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3666:
3662:
3635:
3631:
3618:
3614:
3597:
3593:
3572:
3568:
3541:
3539:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:Minnesota Daily
3476:
3472:
3458:
3454:
3436:
3432:
3413:
3409:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3329:(June 9, 1972).
3306:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3267:Wayback Machine
3251:
3247:
3231:
3227:
3213:
3209:
3195:
3191:
3167:
3163:
3144:
3140:
3107:
3103:
3088:Wayback Machine
3075:
3071:
3058:
3054:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2935:"Wedding Bells"
2932:
2931:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2893:
2831:
2827:
2802:
2775:
2771:
2754:
2750:
2734:
2730:
2713:McConnell Files
2672:
2668:
2643:
2639:
2625:
2621:
2609:
2602:
2579:
2575:
2558:
2554:
2530:
2526:
2510:
2506:
2491:Wayback Machine
2486:Baker v. Nelson
2465:
2461:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2427:
2411:(May 16, 2013).
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2348:
2344:
2324:
2320:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2278:Minnesota Daily
2265:
2261:
2244:
2240:
2227:
2223:
2203:
2199:
2183:
2179:
2153:Minnesota Daily
2147:
2143:
2121:Minnesota Daily
2115:
2111:
2103:Minnesota Daily
2097:
2093:
2071:Minnesota Daily
2065:
2061:
2044:
2040:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1931:
1927:
1905:
1901:
1895:(page 14).
1881:
1876:
1869:
1856:
1852:
1834:
1830:
1808:
1804:
1752:
1743:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1647:
1643:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1493:
1484:
1463:
1459:
1442:
1433:
1416:
1412:
1385:
1381:
1351:
1342:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1304:
1285:
1274:
1268:Wayback Machine
1258:
1251:
1217:
1206:
1190:
1181:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1112:Padnani, Amisha
1110:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1054:
1047:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
1000:
989:
978:
973:
945:
938:
933:
926:
921:
912:
910:
901:
890:
885:
870:
855:
852:
850:Further reading
836:
827:
824:
811:
798:
795:
761:
744:Baker v. Nelson
675:
650:Hennepin County
638:
621:Baker v. Nelson
595:
571:
543:
522:
520:Baker v. Nelson
516:
492:modern movement
488:
417:
358:Stonewall riots
354:
303:
298:
293:
280:
271:
261:
258:
252:
250:
249:
248:
238:
208:
200:"precise issue"
187:Hennepin County
178:Baker v. Nelson
140:
128:
122:
119:
113:
111:
110:
109:
99:
60:
59:
53:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3759:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3645:
3644:
3629:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3608:(Winter 1972).
3602:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3483:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3407:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3300:
3288:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3256:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3201:New York Times
3189:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3023:
3010:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2951:
2922:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2849:
2848:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2678:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2619:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2588:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2438:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2397:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2255:, Minneapolis.
2238:
2236:, Minneapolis.
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:, Minneapolis.
2211:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2156:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2009:Honeywell Inc.
1997:
1985:New York Times
1968:
1955:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1867:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1779:
1761:
1741:
1701:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1641:
1620:
1613:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1340:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1272:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1222:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1165:
1144:
1125:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
975:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
956:
943:
931:
919:
899:
883:
868:
851:
848:
847:
846:
834:
823:
820:
819:
818:
809:
794:
791:
769:District Court
760:
757:
674:
671:
637:
634:
594:
591:
570:
567:
542:
539:
518:Main article:
515:
512:
487:
484:
416:
413:
391:recognized by
353:
350:
338:U.S. Air Force
309:
308:
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:
262:
257:March 10, 1942
246:
244:
240:
239:
236:
207:
204:
146:
145:
134:
130:
129:
123:
107:
105:
101:
100:
97:
90:
89:
74:
73:Known for
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3758:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Living people
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3579:Haworth Press
3576:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3421:(March 2015).
3420:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:(1 May 2015).
2964:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2709:posted online
2706:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2050:History Press
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1906:Lily Hansen,
1903:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1887:(1993-11-05)"
1886:
1885:Koreen Phelps
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:(1973), 145.
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1003:
995:
994:
987:
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3170:Minneapolis
3152:Edited copy
2653:Ken Bronson
2329:Dave 'Moore
1715:www.nps.gov
1329:October 27,
508:Allan Spear
456:Minneapolis
381:Minneapolis
206:Early years
3695:Categories
3532:OpenJurist
3497:Justia Law
2707:Letter is
2615:Free Press
2471:Saint Paul
1152:StoryCorps
1023:. (1968).
1004:References
838:"Halftime"
793:Interviews
786:Eric Kaler
642:gay rights
610:grand jury
439:, crafted
344:degree in
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699:followed
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